# content_muscular_2

system: muscular
main_group: muscles of the head
memorix_page: 112
latin: musculi cranii
en: muscles of the head
main_description:
  <p>According to their origin and function, <strong>the muscles of the head </strong>can be divided into the&nbsp;<strong>facial muscles </strong>and the <strong>masticatory muscles</strong>.</p>


system: muscular
main_group: muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: musculi cranii
latin: Musculi faciei
en: Facial muscles
main_description:
  <p>The facial muscles are derived from the second pharyngeal arch. They are <strong>inserted into the skin of the head </strong>and therefore form wrinkles and <strong>control facial expression</strong>. All facial muscles are <strong>innervated by branches of the facial nerve (n. VII)</strong>.</p>

general_description:
  <p><strong>The modiolus </strong>(<em>modiolus anguli oris</em>, &ldquo;corner spindle&rdquo;) is a centre for the insertion of several facial muscles. It is known as&nbsp; the&nbsp; &ldquo;motor&nbsp; centre of the human face&rdquo;. Muscle fibres of the buccinator, depressor anguli oris, levator anguli oris and zygomaticus major insert into the marginal part of the orbicularis oris at the modiolus.</p>

  <p><strong>SMAS </strong>is an abbreviation for the superficial muscular-aponeurotic system. It is a fibromuscular layer found on the head that covers the&nbsp;facial muscles. It is more developed over the calvaria as the epicranial aponeurosis (<em>galea aponeurotica</em>) and on the face.</p>

  <p><strong>The thin subgalear connective tissue </strong>is a lowresistance area that facilitates scalping (removing the scalp from the bone).</p>

clinical_notes:
  <p><strong>The frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis </strong>may contain very painful myofascial trigger points. It is typically caused by overloading of the ipsilateral sternocleidomastoid. This trigger point may be released by traction of the occipitofrontalis.</p>

  <p><strong>Trigger points in the temporoparietalis </strong>may be activated by disorders of the temporomandibular joint and can occur in the cervico-cranial syndrome.</p>


custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Musculi faciei
latin: musculi apicranius
en: epicranial muscle group
main_description:
  <p><strong>The epicranius </strong>is a <strong>flat muscle of the cranial vault</strong>. It consists of two main parts connected by a flat tendon called the&nbsp;<strong>epicranial aponeurosis</strong>.</p>


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: musculus epicranius
memorix_page: 7/1
object_id: aponeurosis epicranialis
latin: galea aponeurotica
en: Epicranial aponeurosis
en_description:
  – forms the largest middle part of the muscle
  – an aponeurotic tendinous structure
  – is connected to the periosteum of the cranial vault by
  tenuous fibrous tissue, thus is freely movable over the skull

related_objects:
  os parietale 1, os frontale, os parietale 2,venter frontalis musculus occipitofrontalis, venter occipitalis musculus occipitofrontalis


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: musculus occipitofrontalis
en_origin: epicranial aponeurosis – ventral margin
en_insertion: skin of the eyebrows and glabella
en_innervation: facial nerve – temporal branches
memorix_page: 7/2.1.
object_id: venter frontalis musculus occipitofrontalis
latin: venter frontalis
en: Frontal belly
en_function:
  elevates the skin of the forehead, forms horizontal wrinkles of the forehead, contributes to elevation of the upper eyelid and creates expressions of attention and astonishment

related_objects:
  os parietale 1, os frontale, os parietale 2,venter frontalis musculus occipitofrontalis, venter occipitalis musculus occipitofrontalis


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: musculus occipitofrontalis
en_origin: occipital bone – highest nuchal line (lateral 2/3)
en_insertion: epicranial aponeurosis – dorsal margin
en_innervation: facial nerve – occipital branch of the posterior auricular nerve
memorix_page: 7/2.2
object_id: venter occipitalis musculus occipitofrontalis
latin: venter occipitalis
en: Occipital belly
en_function:
  pulls the epicranial aponeurosis dorsally, stabilises the epicranial aponeurosis and assists the frontal belly in the elevation of the upper eyelids

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 134 characters]


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Musculi faciei
latin: Musculi auriculares
en: auricular muscle group
main_description:
  <p><strong>The intrinsic muscles of the external ear </strong>are <strong>rudimentary muscles </strong>that originate and insert on the lateral surface of the auricle. <strong>The extrinsic muscles of the external ear </strong>insert on <strong>the root of the auricle</strong>. The extrinsic muscles consist of the anterior, superior and posterior auricularis as well as the temporoparietalis. Their common function is <strong>movement of the auricle</strong>. They have no practical importance in humans.</p>


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Musculi faciei
latin: musculus nasalis
en: nasal muscle group
main_description:
  <p><strong>The nasal muscle group </strong>consists of three muscles that insert and act on the nose. <strong>The nasalis </strong>has two parts according to the course of its fibers: the transverse part (compressor naris) and the alar part (dilatator naris). The transverse part <strong>constricts the nostrils </strong>and the alar part <strong>dilates </strong>them.</p>

general_description:
  <p><strong>Compressor naris </strong>is an obsolete term for the transverse part of the nasalis.</p>

  <p><strong>Dilatator nasi </strong>is an obsolete term for the alar part of the nasalis.</p>

  <p><strong>The muscle of Elvis </strong>is a laic term used for the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi. Its contraction produces a facial expression famously associated with Elvis Presley.</p>

  <p><strong>The levator labii superioris alaeque nasi </strong>has the longest name</p>

clinical_notes:
  <p><strong>The auxiliary muscle fibres of the frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis </strong>insert into the orbicularis oculi and contribute to the elevation of the upper eyelid. These fibres may help in eye opening in palsy of the oculomotor nerve (n. III).</p>


system: muscular
main_group: muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Nasal muscle group
en_origin: maxilla – frontal process
en_insertion: lateral crus of major alar cartilage
en_innervation: facial nerve – buccal branches
memorix_page: 6/3.2
object_id: musculus levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
latin: musculus levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
en: Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,cartilago alaris major 1,os nasale 1
en_function:
  dilates the nostrils, elevates the upper lip, elevates and smooths out the nasolabial sulcus produces an expression of discontent


system: muscular
main_group: muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Nasal muscle group
en_origin: incisive fossa on the anterior surface of the maxilla
en_insertion:
  nasal septum – mobile part
  nasalis – alar part (dorsal aspect)

en_innervation: facial nerve – buccal branch and zygomatic branch
memorix_page: 6/3.3
object_id: musculus depressor septi nasi
latin: musculus depressor septi nasi
en: Depressor septi nasi
en_function:
  depresses the nasal septum, dilates the nares, moves the apex of the nose during movements of the upper lip (e.g. during speech)

related_objects:
  corpus maxillae 2, corpus maxillae 1,cartilago alaris major 1,cartilago alaris major 2,os nasale 2,os nasale 1


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Musculi faciei
en: circumorbital and palpebral muscle groups
main_description:
  <p><strong>The orbicularis oculi </strong>is an annular muscle located around the orbital opening. It is composed of two main parts: the orbital part and the palpebral part. <strong>The orbital part </strong>forms the peripheral part of the muscle and is located around the orbital opening. <strong>The palpebral part </strong>covers the eyelids. The main function of orbicularis oculi is to <strong>close the eyelids and thus to narrow the palpebral fissure.</strong></p>


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Circumorbital and palpebral muscle groups
en_innervation: facial nerve – temporal and zygomatic branches
memorix_page: 6/2.1
object_id: musculus orbicularis oculi
latin: musculus orbicularis oculi
en: Orbicularis oculi
related_objects: os lacrimale 1, os frontale, corpus maxillae 1
en_function:
  firm closure of the eye lids, creates wrinkles extending outwards from the lateral angle of the eye (crow’s feet)


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: musculus orbicularis oculi
en_description: – the peripheral part of the muscle
latin: pars orbitalis
en: Orbital part
en_origin:
  frontal bone – nasal part
  maxilla – frontal process
  medial palpebral ligament (a ligament that connects the
  medial angle of the eyelids to the frontal process of the maxilla)


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Circumorbital and palpebral muscle groups
en_insertion: skin of the middle part of the eyebrows
en_innervation: facial nerve – temporal branches
memorix_page: 9
object_id: musculus corrugator supercilii
latin: musculus corrugator supercilii
en: Corrugator supercilii
related_objects: os frontale
en_origin:
  frontal bone – above the frontonasal suture and on the medial end of the supercilliary arch of the frontal bone

en_function:
  pulls the eyebrows mediocaudally and forms vertical wrinkles above the root of the nose, forming facial expressions of frowning and pain


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Musculi faciei
en: Buccolabial muscle group
main_description:
  <p style="margin-left:25.05pt"><strong>The orbicularis oris </strong>is a complex annular muscle located around the oral opening on <strong>the upper and lower lips</strong>. It consists of two parts: the marginal part and the labial part. <strong>The marginal part </strong>consists of the outer fibers and lies closer to the bone. The <strong>labial part </strong>lies within the lips. <strong>The buccinator </strong>is the deepest of the facial muscles and is located in <strong>the cheek</strong>.</p>

general_description:
  <p><strong>The mentalis </strong>is also known as the muscle of pride. Its contraction creates an expression of scorn.</p>

  <p><strong>The buccinator </strong>is also known as the trumpeter&rsquo;s muscle.</p>

  <p><strong>The levator labii superioris </strong>is divided according to its origins into:</p>

  <p><strong>1. angular part</strong> (pars angularis)</p>

  <p>originates on the frontal process of the maxilla</p>

  <p><strong>2. infraorbital part</strong></p>

  <p>(<em>pars infraorbitalis</em>)</p>

  <p>originates above the infraorbital foramen</p>

  <p><strong>3. zygomatic part </strong>(<em>pars zygomatica</em>)</p>

  <p>originates on the zygomatic bone, behind the zygomaticomaxillary suture</p>

clinical_notes:
  <p><strong>Both central and peripheral palsies of the facial nerve </strong>(n. VII) cause impairment and weakness of the buc- cinator. This leads to an inability to puff out the cheeks and whistle.</p>


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 5.1
main_group: muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Buccolabial muscle group
en_insertion: labial part: fuses with the contralateral part, in the skin of the lips
en_innervation: facial nerve – buccal branches
memorix_page: 6/5.1
object_id: musculus orbicularis oris
latin: musculus orbicularis oris
en: Orbicularis oris
related_objects: corpus maxillae 2, corpus maxillae 1, mandibula
en_description:
  1 Marginal part (pars marginalis)
  – outer fi bers, are located close to the bone
  2 Labial part (pars labialis)
  – gives shape to the lips
  3 Modiolus (modiolus anguli oris)
  – a chiasma (crossing of fi bres) of the facial
  muscles located at the angle of the mouth

en_origin:
  the fibres are arranged in a circle around the lips and can be divided into four segments corresponding to the four quadrants of the lips

en_function:
  closes the lips, presses the lips against the teeth, with stronger contraction of the marginal part it protrudes the lips (puckers the lips)


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 5.3
main_group: muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Buccolabial muscle group
en_origin: zygomatic bone – medial to the zygomaticus major
en_insertion: upper lip
en_innervation: facial nerve – zygomati c branches
memorix_page: 6/5.3
object_id: musculus zigomaticus minor
latin: musculus zygomaticus minor
en: Zygomaticus minor
related_objects: os zygomaticum 1,corpus maxillae 1
en_function:
  elevates the lateral third of the nasolabial sulcus, producing a smile and an expression of compassion


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 5.10
main_group: muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Buccolabial muscle group
en_insertion: modiolus, fibres of the orbicularis oris of both the upper and lower lips
en_innervation: facial nerve – buccal branches
memorix_page: 6/5.10
object_id: musculus buccinator
latin: musculus buccinator
en: Buccinator
related_objects: mandibula,corpus maxillae 2,Orbicularis oris
en_origin:
  maxilla and mandible – alveolar yokes of the molars, pterygomandibular raphe (fibres running from the pterygoid hamulus to the medial surface of the border between the body and ramus of the mandible)

en_function:
  presses the cheeks against the teeth and gums (moves food between the molars), squeezes air out of the oral cavity when the mouth is open, prevents compression of the cheeks during mastication (chewing)


system: muscular
main_group: muscles of the head
muscle_group: Masticatory muscles
parent: musculi cranii
latin: Musculi masticatorii
en: Masticatory muscles
main_description:
  <p><strong>The masticatory muscles </strong>are derived from the first pharyngeal arch. They insert on the <strong>mandible </strong>and perform <strong>masticatory (chewing) movements</strong>. All masticatory muscles are <strong>innervated by the mandibular nerve (n. V3)</strong>.</p>

general_description:
  <p><strong>Newborns and suckling infants </strong>activate the deep part of the masseter, which protracts and retracts the mandible during breast-feeding</p>

  <p><strong>The temporalis </strong>maintains a degree of muscle tone during mastication. Thus, it typically atrophies in people without teeth.</p>

  <p><strong>The angular tract </strong>/ mandibulostylohyoid ligament (<em>tractus angularis</em>) is a strengthened band of the parotideomasseteric fascia. It runs from the angle of the mandible to the stylohyoid ligament and hyoid bone and separates the parotideomasseteric region from the submandibular triangle (i.e. separates the parotid and submandibular glands).</p>

clinical_notes:
  <p><strong>The temporalis </strong>is a wide muscle that has a predilection to develop trigger points. Pain from its anterior part typically radiates above the orbit and into the superior canines. Trigger points located in front of the auricle radiate into the superior molars.</p>

  <p><strong>Extensive chewing </strong>of a chewing gum in chronic&nbsp; stress&nbsp; conditions&nbsp; in predisposed persons can cause <strong>overloading of the masseter</strong>. Pain is not situated inside the muscle, contrarily the typical complaint is pain radiating into the superior and inferior molars, ear or above the orbit.</p>

  <p><strong>Trigger points in the medial and lateral pterygoids </strong>may lead to ear pain. Thus, it is important to consider this disorder when diagnosing a patient with ear pain.&nbsp; Trigger points may be released by the postisometric relaxation method described above. Both muscles and trigger points are palpable through the mouth.</p>


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: muscles of the head
muscle_group: Masticatory muscles
parent: Musculi masticatorii
en_origin: temporal fossa, parietal bone – inferior temporal line
en_insertion: mandible – coronoid process and temporal crest
en_innervation: mandibular nerve (n. V3) – deep temporal nerves
memorix_page: 12/1
object_id: musculus temporalis
latin: musculus temporalis
en: Temporalis / temporal muscle
related_objects: os parietale 1,os sphenoidale,mandibula,os frontale
en_function:
  elevates the mandible (anterior fibers), retracts the mandible (posterior fibers), maintains the static position of the mandible (closed mouth), generates static tension in the masticatory muscles


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: muscles of the head
muscle_group: Masticatory muscles
parent: Musculi masticatorii
memorix_page: 12/2
latin: musculus masseter
en: Masseter
en_description:
  Parts: superficial part and deep part Innervation of the muscle:
  mandibular nerve (n. V3) – masseteric nerve


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: muscles of the head
muscle_group: Masticatory muscles
parent: musculus masseter
en_origin: zygomatic arch (posterior part)
en_function: elevates the mandible
memorix_page: 12/2
object_id: pars profunda musculi masseteris
latin: musculus masseter pars profunda
en: Masseter Deep part
related_objects: os zygomaticum 1,os temporale 1,mandibula
en_insertion:
  Course of fibers: caudal (ventrocaudal in newborns)
  mandible – ramus of mandible (deep part) and coronoid process


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: muscles of the head
muscle_group: Masticatory muscles
parent: Musculi masticatorii
en_insertion: mandible – pterygoid tuberosity
en_innervation: mandibular nerve (n. V3) – nerve to medial pterygoid
memorix_page: 12/3
object_id: musculus pterygoideus medialis
latin: musculus pterygoideus medialis
en: Medial pterygoid
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1, os sphenoidale,mandibula
en_origin:
  1 Superficial part (pars superficialis): maxilla – maxillary tuberosity
  2 Deep part (pars profunda): sphenoid bone (pterygoid process) – pterygoid fossa

en_function:
  elevation of the mandible (bilateral contration), lateropulsion of the mandible (unilateral contraction) – frictional masticatory movements


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: muscles of the head
muscle_group: Masticatory muscles
parent: Musculi masticatorii
en_innervation: mandibular nerve (n. V3) – nerve to lateral pterygoid
memorix_page: 12/4
object_id: musculus pterygoideus lateralis
latin: musculus pterygoideus lateralis
en: Lateral pterygoid
related_objects: os sphenoidale,mandibula
en_origin:
  1 Upper/superior head (caput superius): sphenoidal bone (greater wing)
  – infratemporal surface and crest
  2 Lower/inferior head (caput inferius): sphenoidal bone (pterygoid process)
  – lateral plate

en_insertion:
  mandible (condylar process) – pterygoid fovea, temporomandibular joint (articular capsule and its disc)

en_function:
  protraction of the mandible (bilateral contraction), lateropulsion of the mandible (unilateral contraction) – frictional masticatory movements, contributes to the opening of the oral fissure by pulling the condylar process and articular disc of the temporomandibular joint ventrally


system: muscular
main_group: muscles of the head
muscle_group: Fasciae of the head
parent: musculi cranii
en: Fasciae of the head
main_description:
  <p>As the facial muscles insert into the skin they do not have a continuous fascial covering. Fasciae cover <strong>the parotid gland, masticatory muscles and some of the buccinator</strong>.</p>


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: muscles of the head
muscle_group: Fasciae of the head
parent: Fasciae of the head
memorix_page: 13/1
latin: fascia temporalis
en: Temporal fascia
en_description:
  – 2 layers: a superficial layer and a deep layer
  – cranial attachment and border: superior temporal line
  – caudal attachment and border: zygomatic arch


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: muscles of the head
muscle_group: Fasciae of the head
parent: Fasciae of the head
memorix_page: 13/2
latin: fascia parotidea
en: Parotid fascia
en_description:
  – covers the parotid gland
  – partially fuses with the masseteric fascia forming the parotideomasseteric fascia


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: muscles of the head
muscle_group: Fasciae of the head
parent: Fasciae of the head
memorix_page: 13/3
latin: fascia masseterica
en: Masseteric fascia
en_description:
  – covers the masseter
  – cranial attachment and border: zygomatic arch
  – ventral attachment and border: ramus of mandible (ventral margin)
  – dorsal attachment and border: partially fuses with the parotid fascia forming the parotideomasseteric fascia
  – caudal attachment and border: continuous with the superficial layer of the cervical fascia


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: muscles of the head
muscle_group: Fasciae of the head
parent: Fasciae of the head
memorix_page: 13/4
latin: fascia buccopharyngea
en: Buccopharyngeal fascia
en_description:
  – covers the buccinator
  – dorsal attachment and border: connects to the pterygomandibular raphe, continues into the fibrous tissue of the pharynx


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: muscles of the head
muscle_group: Fasciae of the head
parent: Fasciae of the head
memorix_page: 13/5
latin: lamina interpterygoidea
en: Interpterygoid plate
en_description:
  – a fibrous plate between the pterygoid muscles
  – cranial attachment and border: base of the skull
  – caudal attachment and border: mandible


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: muscles of the head
muscle_group: Fasciae of the head
parent: Fasciae of the head
memorix_page: 13/6
latin: corpus adiposum buccae
en: Buccal fat pad/ Bichat‘s fat pad
en_description:
  – is located in the infratemporal fossa
  – is divided into 3 lobes (anterior, intermediate and posterior lobes)
  – extends to four processes (buccal, temporal, pterygoid and pterygopalatine processes)


system: muscular
main_group: Muscles of the neck
latin: Musculi colli
en: Muscles of the neck
main_description:
  <p><strong>The muscles of the neck </strong>can be divided into <strong>5 groups</strong>: the superficial muscle group, the suprahyoid muscles, the infrahyoid muscles, the scaleni and the deep muscle group.</p>

clinical_notes:
  <p><strong>Trigger points in the platysma </strong>cause pain on the lateral side of the mandible. This pain is commonly described as prickling.</p>

  <p><strong>Pain in the sternocleidomastoid </strong>can radiate to various parts of the body, such as the forehead, eyes, ears and vertex.</p>

  <p><strong>Trigger points in the sternocleidomastoid </strong>may lead to postural instability and impairment in motion perception. A patient develops difficulties in perception of the initiation and termination of particular movements. This occurs most commonly during traveling in vehicles.</p>

  <p><strong>Trigger points in the sternocleidomastoid </strong>may be activated by the bird watching posture (a forward position of the head with retroflexion at the atlantooccipital joint)</p>

  <p><strong>Increased tone in the sternocleidomastoid </strong>may lead to impairment in swallowing. It has to be differentiated from other disorders leading to problems with swallowing by the following maneuver: the patient is in the supine position, the muscle is gripped by examiner&rsquo;s fingers as in pincers and the patient is requested to swallow. If pain does not occur, it is caused by the sternocleidomastoid.</p>

  <p><strong>Torticollis </strong>is a shortening (spasm or dystonia) of the sternocleidomastoid causing the head to tilt to the affected side and rotate towards the unaffected side.</p>


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Superficial muscle group
parent: Musculi colli
memorix_page: 14/1
latin: musculi colli superficiales
en: Superficial muscle group
main_description:
  <p><strong>The superficial muscles of the neck </strong>consist of two muscles: the platysma and the sternocleidomastoid. <strong>The platysma </strong>is located above to the cervical fascia and <strong>the sternocleidomastoid </strong>is embedded with it. These two muscles have a different origins, insertions and innervations. They are united only by their <strong>superficial location in the neck</strong>.</p>


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Superficial muscle group
parent: musculi colli superficiales
en_origin: pectoral and deltoid fascia (below the clavicle)
en_innervation: facial nerve – cervical branch
memorix_page: 14/1.1, 15
en: Platysma
en_insertion:
  mandibular part: mandible – caudal margin,
  labial part: lower lip – lateral part,
  modiolar part: skin around the angle of the mouth
  (at the modiolus)

en_function:
  controls tension in the skin of the neck, contributes to depression of the angle of the mouth and mandible


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Superficial muscle group
parent: musculi colli superficiales
en_insertion:
  temporal bone – mastoid process,
  occipital bone – superior nuchal line (lateral margin)

en_innervation: accessory nerve (n. XI), additional fibres from the anterior rami of the spinal nerves C2–C4
memorix_page: 14/1.2, 15
object_id: musculus sternocleidomastoideus
latin: musculus sternocleidomastoideus
en: Sternocleidomastoid
related_objects: manubrium sterni, clavicula,os temporale 1, os occipitale
en_origin:
  1 Sternal part (pars sternalis): sternum – manubrium of sternum
  2 Clavicular part (pars clavicularis): clavicle – sternal end – the two origins form the lesser supraclavicular fossa which is located between them
  – the jugular fossa is located between the sternal origins of the sternocleidomastoids of each side

en_function:
  ventral flexion of the head (anterior fibers), dorsal flexion of the head (posterior fibers), protraction of the head (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion of the head to the side of the contracted muscle and rotation of the head to the opposite side (unilateral contraction)


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Suprahyoid muscles
parent: Musculi colli
memorix_page: 14/2,
latin: musculi suprahyoidei
en: Suprahyoid muscles
main_description:
  <p>The suprahyoid muscles are located within the <strong>superficial layer of the cervical fascia and cranially to the hyoid bone</strong>. The common function of the suprahyoid muscles is <strong>movement of the hyoid bone</strong>. Additionally, some of the suprahyoid muscles <strong>act on the mandible</strong>.</p>

general_description:
  <p><strong>The sternohyoid </strong>tightens the pretracheal lamina of the cervical fascia.</p>

  <p><strong>The anterior belly of the digastric </strong>is one of the most variable muscles in the human body. The anatomical description of this muscle is seen in less than 50 % of dissections.</p>

clinical_notes:
  <p><strong>Hypertonicity of the digastric </strong>leads to a pathological position of the hyoid bone protruding to the unaffected side.</p>


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
brief_parent: musculus digastricus
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Suprahyoid muscles
parent: musculi suprahyoidei
memorix_page: 14/2.1, 16
latin: musculus digastricus
en: Digastric
en_description:
  – the digastric has two bellies that are connected in the middle by a tendon that is partially attached to the hyoid bone


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Suprahyoid muscles
parent: musculi suprahyoidei
en_origin: mandible – mylohyoid line
en_insertion: hyoid bone – body, fuses with the contralateral muscle in the mylohyoid raphe
en_innervation: mandibular nerve (n. V3) – nerve to mylohyoid
memorix_page: 14/2.3, 16
object_id: musculus mylohyoideus
latin: musculus mylohyoideus
en: Mylohyoid
related_objects: mandibula,os hyoideum
en_function:
  elevates the hyoid bone, depresses the mandible (when the hyoid bone is fixed), bulges the floor of the oral cavity during swallowing


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.4
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Suprahyoid muscles
parent: musculi suprahyoidei
en_origin: mandible – inferior mental spine
en_insertion: hyoid bone – body
en_innervation: superior root of deep cervical ansa (anterior ramus of spinal nerve C1 via the hypoglossal nerve)
memorix_page: 14/2.4, 16
object_id: musculus geniohyoideus
latin: musculus geniohyoideus
en: Geniohyoid
related_objects: mandibula,os hyoideum
en_function:
  elevati on of the body of the hyoid, depression of the mandible (when the hyoid bone is fixed), bulges the floor of the oral cavity during swallowing


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Infrahyoid muscles
parent: Musculi colli
memorix_page: 14/3
latin: musculi infrahyoidei
en: Infrahyoid muscles
main_description:
  <p>The infrahyoid muscles are located <strong>caudally to the hyoid bone</strong>. Their <strong>common innervation </strong>comes from <strong>the deep cervical ansa</strong>. The infrahyoid muscles are located within the <strong>pretracheal layer of the cervical fascia. The omohyoids form the lateral border of this fascia. </strong>The infrahyoid muscles <strong>help maintain the position of the hyoid bone</strong>. Without this, depression of the mandible would not be possible. The infrahyoid muscles also <strong>change the height of the larynx </strong>and therefore change the frequency of produced tones in voice production.</p>


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Infrahyoid muscles
parent: musculi infrahyoidei
en_insertion: hyoid bone – body (caudal margin)
en_function: depression of the hyoid bone, stretches the pretracheal layer of the cervical fascia
en_innervation: deep cervical ansa (branches of the spinal nerves C1–C3)
memorix_page: 14/3.1, 17
object_id: musculus sternohyoideus
latin: musculus sternohyoideus
en: Sternohyoid
related_objects: clavicula, manubrium sterni,os hyoideum
en_origin:
  clavicle – sternal end,
  sternum – manubrium of sternum,
  dorsal part of the sternoclavicular joint (posterior sternoclavicular ligament)
  Course of fibers: the paired muscles diverge caudally


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Infrahyoid muscles
parent: musculi infrahyoidei
en_insertion: thyroid cartilage – oblique line
en_function: depression of the larynx and thyroid cartilage
en_innervation: deep cervical ansa (branches of the spinal nerves C1–C3)
memorix_page: 14/3.2, 17
object_id: musculus sternothyroideus
latin: musculus sternothyroideus
en: Sternothyroid
related_objects: manubrium sterni,cartilago thyroidea
en_origin:
  manubrium of sternum – posterior surface, cartilage of the 1st rib (posterior margin)
  Course of fibers: the paired muscles diverge cranially


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.4
brief_parent: musculus omohyoideus
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Infrahyoid muscles
parent: musculi infrahyoidei
en_origin:
  scapula – suprascapular notch
  and superior transverse scapular
  ligament (inferior belly)

en_insertion: hyoid bone – body (superior belly)
en_innervation:
  deep cervical ansa
  (branches of spinal nerves C1–C3)

memorix_page: 14/3.4, 17
latin: musculus omohyoideus
en: Omohyoid
en_description:
  – a muscle that has two bellies, which are connected by a tendinous intersection
  – this intermediate tendon is fused to the carotid sheath

en_function:
  depresses the hyoid bone, stretches the
  pretracheal layer of the cervical fascia
  and pulls the caroti d sheath, which dilates
  the internal jugular vein and increases
  the blood fl ow within it


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Scaleni
parent: Musculi colli
memorix_page: 14/4
latin: musculi scaleni
en: Scaleni
main_description:
  <p><strong>The scaleni </strong>are a group of muscles that run from the vertebral&nbsp; colum&nbsp; to the 1st&nbsp; and 2nd ribs. Their fibres course in a <strong>laterocaudal direction</strong>. They are <strong>accessory muscles of inspiration </strong>and are located within the <strong>prevertebral layer of the cervical fascia</strong>.</p>

general_description:
  <p><strong>The main function of the scalene muscles </strong>is stabilisation of the cervical part of the vertebral column. The auxiliary inspiration function is activated only during deep breathing.</p>

  <p><strong>The scalenic fissure </strong>(<em>ﬁssura scalenorum</em>) is a slit between the anterior and middle scaleni that contains the brachial plexus and subclavian artery (for details see page 545).</p>

  <p><strong>The rectus capitis anterior and lateralis </strong>are sometimes classified as nuchal muscles (according to TA 1998). From the developmental point of view, these muscles are derived from the hypaxial myotomes and thus their innervation differs from the nuchal muscles. On the other hand, their functional activity may be considered to be similar to the nuchal muscles.</p>

  <p><strong>The longus capitis </strong>is an antagonist of the rectus capitis posterior major and minor.</p>

clinical_notes:
  <p><strong>The scaleni and upper spaula fixators </strong>are often found to be simutaneously hypertonic on clinical examination. This leads to impairment in the moving the head backwards.</p>

  <p><strong>Some people activate the scalenic muscles </strong>during respiration, which typically leads to overloading of these muscles. This causes cervical pain and even atypical pain that radiates to the upper extremity. This pain is different from the cervical radicular syndromes, in which pain follows a radicular distribution (for details see the peripheral nervous system chapter). Overload of the scalenic muscles may cause the finger flexion test to be positive, as the patient is not able to touch his metacarpophalangeal joints with his fingertips due to the pain.</p>

  <p><strong>Thoracic outlet syndrome </strong>(scalenic syndrome) is caused by compression of the subclavian artery and/or brachial plexus within the scalenic fissure. Compression of the brachial artery typically leads to impairment in blood supply to the upper limb. This can be detected by a difference in blood pressure between the affected and unaffected arms. Compression of the brachial plexus leads to motor and sensory defects corresponding to the compressed nerves (for details see the brachial plexus in the peripheral nervous system chapter).</p>


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Scaleni
parent: musculi scaleni
en_origin: vertebrae C3–C6 – transverse processes
en_insertion: 1st rib – scalene tubercle
en_innervation: anterior rami of the spinal nerves C5–C7
memorix_page: 14/4.1, 18
object_id: musculus scalenus anterior
latin: musculus scalenus anterior
en: Scalenus anterior / anterior scalene
en_function:
  ventral flexion of the cervical vertebral column (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion of the cervical vertebral column to the side of the contracted muscle and rotation to the opposite side (unilateral contraction), elevation of the 1st rib (acts as an accessory muscle of inspiration when the vertebral column is fixed)

related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c3,costa prima 1


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Scaleni
parent: musculi scaleni
en_origin: vertebrae C2–C7 – transverse processes
en_insertion: 1st rib – dorsal to the subclavian artery
en_innervation: anterior rami of the spinal nerves C3–C8
memorix_page: 14/4.2, 18
object_id: musculus scalenus medius
latin: musculus scalenus medius
en: Scalenus medius / middle scalene
en_function:
  ventral flexion of the cervical vertebral column (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion of the cervical vertebral column to the side of the contracted muscle and rotation to the opposite side (unilateral contraction), elevation of the 1st rib (acts as an accessory muscle of inspiration when the vertebral column is fixed)

related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c3, axis c2,costa prima 1


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 4.3
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Scaleni
parent: musculi scaleni
en_origin: vertebrae C5–C7 – transverse processes
en_insertion: 2 nd rib – dorsal to the tuberosity for the serratus anterior
en_innervation: anterior rami of the spinal nerves C6–C8
memorix_page: 14/4.3, 18
object_id: musculus scalenus posterior
latin: musculus scalenus posterior
en: Scalenus posterior / posterior scalene
related_objects: vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4,costa prima 1
en_function:
  ventral flexion of the cervical vertebral column (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion of the cervical vertebral column to the side of the contracted muscle and rotation to the opposite side (unilateral contraction), elevation of the 2nd rib (acts as an accessory muscle of inspiration when the vertebral column is fixed)


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 4.4
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Scaleni
parent: musculi scaleni
en_description: – a variable muscle present in 50% of cases
en_insertion: 1st rib (internal surface), cupula of pleura
en_function: stretches the cupula of the pleura
en_innervation: anterior ramus of the spinal nerve C7
memorix_page: 14/4.4, 18
latin: musculus scalenus minimus
en: Scalenus minimus
en_origin:
  vertebra C7 – transverse process
  Course of fibers: in the scalene fissure (fissura scalenorum) and on part of the scalenopleural membrane


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Deep muscle group
parent: Musculi colli
memorix_page: 14/5
latin: musculi colli profundi
en: Deep muscle group
main_description:
  <p><strong>The deep group of the cervical muscles </strong>are located ventrally to the cervical vertebral column and are covered by the <strong>prevertebral layer of the cervical fascia</strong>. The common function of these muscles is <strong>movement of the cervical vertebral column</strong>.</p>


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 5.2
brief_parent: musculus longus colli
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Deep muscle group
parent: musculi colli profundi
en_description: – longus colli is subdivided into three parts
memorix_page: 14/5.2, 19
object_id: musculus lonngus colii
latin: musculus longus colli
en: Longus colli
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c3, axis c2, atlas c1


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 5.2.1
brief_parent: musculus longus colli
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Deep muscle group
parent: musculus longus colli
en_origin: vertebrae C3–C5 – transverse processes
en_insertion: atlas (C1) – anterior tubercle
en_innervation: anterior rami of the spinal nerves C2–C6
latin: musculus longus colli
en: Cranial oblique part
en_function:
  ventral flexion of the cervical vertebral column (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion of the vertebral column (unilateral contraction), rotation of the vertebral column to the opposite side (unilateral contracti on) – caudal oblique part, rotation of the head to the same side (unilateral contraction) – cranial oblique part


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 5.3
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Deep muscle group
parent: musculi colli profundi
en_origin: atlas (C1) – lateral mass and transverse process (anterior surface)
en_insertion: occipital bone (dorsocranially to the pharyngeal tubercle)
en_innervation: anterior rami of the spinal nerves C1–C2
memorix_page: 14/5.3, 19
latin: musculus rectus capitis anterior
en: Rectus capitis anterior
en_function:
  ventral flexion of the head (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion of the head (unilateral contraction), fine balancing movements of the head


system: muscular
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Cervical fascia
parent: Musculi colli
latin: fascia cervicalis
en: Cervical fascia
main_description:
  <p><strong>The cervical fascia has three layers </strong>that embed and cover the cervical muscles. The fascia forms spaces, which contain organs nerves and vessels.</p>


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Cervical fascia
parent: fascia cervicalis
memorix_page: 20/1
latin: lamina superficialis fasciae cervicalis
en: Superficial layer
en_description:
  – covers the surface of the neck
  – the platysma is superficial to the fascia
  – envelops the trapezius (as the nuchal fascia) and the sternocleidomastoid


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Cervical fascia
parent: lamina prevertebralis fasciae cervicalis
memorix_page: 20/3.1
latin: fascia scalenorum
en: Scalene fascia
en_description:
  – part of the prevertebral layer that covers the scaleni
  – on the pleural cupula it continues into the suprapleural membrane and axillary fascia


system: muscular
main_group: Muscles of the back
latin: Musculi dorsi
en: Muscles of the back
main_description:
  <p>The muscles of the back can be <strong>organised into four layers</strong>. <strong>The muscles of the 1</strong><strong>st </strong><strong>layer </strong>insert on <strong>the upper limb </strong>and are therefore known as the <strong>spinohumeral muscles</strong>. The muscles of the <strong>2</strong><strong>nd </strong><strong>layer </strong>insert on the <strong>scapula</strong>, these muscles are thus known as <strong>the spinoscapular muscles</strong>. <strong>The 3</strong><strong>rd </strong><strong>layer </strong>of the back muscles inserts on the <strong>ribs</strong>, thus they are known as <strong>the spinocostal muscles</strong>. <strong>The fourth layer </strong>of the back muscles are <strong>epaxial muscles </strong>and are innervated by the posterior rami of spinal nerves.</p>

general_description:
  <p><strong>The speculum rhomboideum </strong>is an aponeurotic field of the trapezius at the level of the vertebra C7.</p>

  <p><strong>The tendon of the latissimus dorsi </strong>is able to rotate through an angle of 180&deg;. The more caudal fibres insert on the proximal portion of the crest of the lesser tubercle and the cranial fibres insert to the distal portion of the crest of the lesser tubercle.</p>

  <p><strong>The posterior axillary fold </strong>(<em>plica axillaris posterior</em>) is formed by the fused tendons of the latissimus dorsi and teres major.</p>

  <p><strong>The latissimus dorsi </strong>is innervated and supplied by the thoracodorsal nerve and vessels entering the muscle in its insertion. Thus, it is possible to cut this muscle at its origin, shift it and use in reconstructive surgery.</p>

clinical_notes:
  <p>The ascending part of the trapezius is typically weakened concurrently with the serratus anterior.</p>

  <p><strong>The descending part of the trapezius </strong>may be overloaded by carrying heavy luggage.</p>

  <p><strong>The descending part of the trapezius </strong>contains the so-called &ldquo;key latent&nbsp; trigger&nbsp;&nbsp; point&rdquo;,&nbsp;&nbsp; which&nbsp;&nbsp; has a potential for chaining and pain accenting. This weak point of the trapezius is termed the key perpetuating factor and therapy must be targeted to the primary trigger point, otherwise it is not successful.</p>

  <p><strong>The transverse part of the trapezius </strong>usually contains so-called &ldquo;hypertonic fibres&rdquo;, which are typically present when the antagonist (pectoralis major) shortens and serratus anterior weakens.</p>

  <p><strong>Chronic cough </strong>leads to overloading of the lateral portion of the latissimus dorsi.</p>

  <p><strong>A hypertonic latissimus dorsi </strong>may lead to a painful blockage at the thoracolumbal transition.</p>


custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Muscles of the 1st layer
parent: Musculi dorsi
en_description: – spinohumeral muscles
en: Muscles of the 1st layer
main_description:
  <p><strong>The 1</strong><strong>st </strong><strong>group of back muscles </strong>are the most superficial muscles of the back. They insert on the upper limb and are thus known as <strong>the spinohumeral muscles</strong>. This group of muscles consists of two muscles: <strong>the trapezius and latissmimus dorsi. </strong>Together these two muscles cover almost the entire surface of the back.</p>


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Muscles of the 1st layer
parent: Muscles of the 1st layer
memorix_page: 20/1.1
latin: musculus trapezius
en: Trapezius
en_innervation:
  Innervation: accessory nerve (n. XI), anterior rami of the spinal nerves C3–C4
  Function: external rotation of the scapula during simultaneous
  contraction of the ascending and descending part
  (inferior angle rotates laterally), which produces
  elevation of the arm above the horizontal line
  (synergist of the serratus anterior)


system: muscular
brief_parent: musculus trapezius
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Muscles of the 1st layer
parent: musculus trapezius
en_insertion:
  clavicle – acromial end,
  scapula – acromion

memorix_page: 21/1
object_id: musculus trapezius pars descendens
latin: musculus trapezius pars descendens
en: Trapezius Descending / superior part
en_origin:
  occipital bone – superior nuchal line,
  occipital bone – external occipital protuberance,
  vertebrae C1–C6 – spinous processes (via the nuchal ligament)

en_function:
  elevation of the scapula, dorsal flexion of the head (when the scapula is fixed, bilateral contraction), lateroflexion of the head (when the scapula is fixed, unilateral contraction), fixates the scapula to the vertebral column

related_objects:
  atlas c1, os occipitale, axis c2, vertebrae cervicales c3, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c6,clavicula


system: muscular
brief_parent: musculus trapezius
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Muscles of the 1st layer
parent: musculus trapezius
en_origin: vertebrae C7–T3 – spinous processes
en_insertion:
  scapula – spine of scapula (lateral part – superior margin),
  scapula – acromion

en_function: retraction of the scapula and its fixation to the vertebral column
memorix_page: 21/2
object_id: musculus trapezius pars transversa
latin: musculus trapezius pars transversa
en: Trapezius Transverse / middle part
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t3,scapula


system: muscular
brief_parent: musculus trapezius
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Muscles of the 1st layer
parent: musculus trapezius
en_origin: vertebrae T4–T12 – spinous processes
en_insertion: scapula – spine of scapula (medial part to the deltoid tubercle)
en_function: depression of the scapula and its fixation to the vertebral column
memorix_page: 21/3
object_id: musculus trapezius pars ascendens
latin: musculus trapezius pars ascendens
en: Trapezius Ascending / inferior part
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t12,scapula


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Muscles of the 1st layer
parent: Muscles of the 1st layer
en_insertion: humerus – crest of lesser tubercle
en_innervation: thoracodorsal nerve
memorix_page: 21
object_id: musculus latissimus dorsi
latin: musculus latissimus dorsi
en: Latissimus dorsi
en_origin:
  vertebrae T7–S5 – spinous processes and median sacral crest, thoracolumbar fascia – posterior layer, hip bone – posterior superior iliac spine and iliac crest (outer lip), 1 0th–12th rib, inferior angle of scapula

en_function:
  internal rotation, adduction and dorsal flexion of the arm, auxiliary inspiration muscle when the upper limb is fixed (elevates the ribs), auxiliary expiration muscle
  – during strong expiration (cough) intensifies the curvature of the thoracic vertebral column and therefore reduces the volume of the thorax

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l5, os sacrum,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12, pelvis, scapula,humerus


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Muscles of the 2nd layer
parent: Musculi dorsi
en_description: - spinoscapular muscles
en: Muscles of the 2nd layer
main_description:
  <p><strong>The muscles of the second layer insert on the scapula </strong>(spinoscapular muscles). <strong>The rhomboids </strong>belong to <strong>the lower scapula fixators</strong>, and <strong>the levator scapulae </strong>belongs to <strong>the upper scapula fixators</strong>.</p>

general_description:
  <p><strong>The scapula </strong>is fixed mainly by the surrounding muscles. The muscles of the scapula affect the position of the head, arms and cervical part of the vertebral column. The position of the scapula depends on the equilibrium between the superior and inferior scapular fixators and the serratus anterior.</p>

clinical_notes:
  <p><strong>The rhomboid major and minor </strong>are responsible for stabilisation of the cervicothoracic transition. These muscles tend to weaken and it is important to stretch and exercise them together with the pectoral muscles. However, the weak rhomboid muscles often contain painful trigger points.</p>

  <p><strong>Upper crossed syndrome </strong>is caused by a muscular imbalance with the accentuated thoracic kyphosis and cervical lordosis (descending part&nbsp; of the trapezius, levator scapulae and sternocleidomastoid, and inferior part of the major pectoralis are shortened; the nuchal muscles, rhomboids and superior part of the major pectoralis are weakened).</p>

  <p><strong>The levator scapulae </strong>is typically overloaded by carrying of heavy luggage or by a constant arm elevation (computer working and long lasting use of a mouse). Similarly to the trapezius, this muscle is very sensitive to cold air conditions (leading to painful spasms).</p>


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Muscles of the 2nd layer
parent: Muscles of the 2nd layer
en_origin: vertebrae T2–T5 – spinous processes
en_insertion: scapula – caudal 2/3 of the medial border
en_function: elevation and retraction of the scapula, backdraw of elevated arm (180°)
en_innervation: dorsal scapular nerve
memorix_page: 22
object_id: musculus rhomboideus major
latin: musculus rhomboideus major
en: Rhomboid major
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2,scapula


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Muscles of the 2nd layer
parent: Muscles of the 2nd layer
en_origin: vertebrae C1–C4 – transverse processes (posterior tubercle)
en_insertion: scapula – superior angle, upper margin of medial border of scapula
en_innervation: anterior rami of the spinal nerves C3–C4, dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
memorix_page: 22
object_id: musculus levator scapulae
latin: musculus levator scapulae
en: Levator scapulae
related_objects: atlas c1, axis c2, vertebrae cervicales c3, vertebrae cervicales c4,scapula
en_function:
  elevation of the scapula, lateroflexion of the vertebral column (when the scapula is fixed), internal rotation of the scapula (lateral rotation of the inferior angle), antagonist of the trapezius and serratus anterior


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Muscles of the 3rd layer
parent: Musculi dorsi
en_description: - spinocostal muscles
en: Muscles of the 3rd layer
main_description:
  <p>The muscles of the 3rd layer <strong>insert on the ribs </strong>and are known as the spinocostal muscles. They are structurally <strong>weak muscles </strong>and function as <strong>auxiliary respiratory muscles.</strong></p>

clinical_notes:
  <p><strong>The posterior superior serratus </strong>is palpable in the depth of the back&nbsp; in a maximal scapular abduction. This muscle is typically overloaded in constant forward position of the head and in paradoxical breathing. Its trigger point irradiation typically emits under the scapula, to the posterior part of the arm, into the triceps, elbow, ulnar part of the forearm, to the 5th finger. It is important to note this disorder and differentiate it from radicular syndromes of C8 and T1.</p>

  <p><strong>The splenius capitis and sternocleidomastoid </strong>may cause transferred pain in the vertex.</p>


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Muscles of the 3rd layer
parent: Muscles of the 3rd layer
en_origin: vertebrae C6–T2 – spinous processes
en_insertion: 2nd–5th rib – angle of rib
en_function: elevation of the ribs – auxiliary inspiration muscle
en_innervation: intercostal nerves I–IV
memorix_page: 22
object_id: musculus serratus posterius superior
latin: musculus serratus posterior superior
en: Serratus posterior superior
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7,costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Muscles of the 3rd layer
parent: Muscles of the 3rd layer
en_origin: vertebrae T11–L2 – spinous processes
en_insertion: 9th–12th rib
en_innervation: intercostal nerves IX–XI, subcostal nerve
memorix_page: 22
object_id: musculus serratus posterior inferior
latin: musculus serratus posterior inferior
en: Serratus posterior inferior
en_function:
  auxiliary inspiration muscle (fixates the caudal ribs and therefore aids the function of the diaphragm)

related_objects:
  vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae thoracales t11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae spuriae 10, costae spuriae 9


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: Musculi dorsi
latin: Musculi dorsi proprii
en: Deep muscles of the back
main_description:
  <p><strong>The deepest layer of back muscles</strong>, <strong>the fourth layer</strong>, differs from the other layers in both its structure and development. These muscles are known as <strong>epaxial muscles</strong>, a term which reflects their embryological origin from the dorsal part of the myotomes. They are innervated by the <strong>posterior rami of spinal nerves</strong>. Almost all the deep back muscles insert&nbsp;&nbsp; and originate on the vertebrae (hence their other name, the intrinsic back muscles). The deep back muscles are further divided into <strong>5 muscle systems</strong>. However, they all share a common function of <strong>extension of the vertebral column</strong>. The more superficial subgroups of the deep back muscles, which include the spinotransverse and spinospinous systems, have <strong>sectional organisation</strong>. They act over several vertebral levels, providing stability for particular sections of the vertebral column. The deeper muscles of the deep back muscles have <strong>segmental organisation</strong>. This means that they connect and provide stability to adjacent vertebrae.</p>

general_description:
  <p><strong>The erector spinae </strong>is a muscular complex alongside the vertebralcolumn which is formed by (in a lat- eromedial direction): iliocostalis, longissimus and spinalis.</p>

  <p><strong>The sacrospinal system </strong>is another term for the longissimus and iliocos- talis regarding the origin and course of these muscles.</p>

  <p><strong>Lumbosacral fascia </strong>is an obsolete term for the thoracolumbar fascia.</p>

  <p><strong>The nuchal fascia </strong>separates the trapezius and rhomboids from the deep back muscles. Laterally it con- tinues to the superficial lamina of the cervical fascia and in the mid- line it is strengthened by the nuchal ligament. The nuchal fascia covers the trapezius. Its superficial part attaches to the highest nuchal line and is called the superficial fascia of the back (<em>fascia dorsi superﬁcialis</em>).</p>

  <p><strong>The&nbsp;&nbsp; rhombus&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; of&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Michaelis&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </strong>is a rhombus-shaped area in the lum- bar region. Its superior corner is formed by the spinous processus of vertebra L4, the lateral corners are formed by the superior posterior iliac spines and the inferior corner is located in the region of the sacro- coccygeal transition (at the superior margin of the intergluteal cleft). If symmetrical, it indicates physiologi- cal development of the pelvis.</p>

clinical_notes:
  <p><strong>The deep back muscles </strong>tend to weaken and atrophy. This is common for many people of modern society. The superficial muscles are hyperactive and the deep and stabilisation muscles become weakened.</p>

  <p><strong>The erector spinae </strong>is typically overloaded and hypertonic in the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral regions.</p>

  <p><strong>The nuchal muscles </strong>are some of the most susceptible muscles to become hypertonic. This can be caused by a head posture characterised by chin protraction and head retroflexion. Hypertonia in the nuchal muscles can lead to a disturbance in proprioception of the entire locomotor system. It can also reduce perfusion of the brain, increase the lumbar kyphosis and is one of the main parts of the cervicocranial syndrome. It causes pain during sleep and is often associated with dysfunction of vision and a decrease in the effectiveness of lenses and glasses on visual acuity.</p>

  <p><strong>When the nuchal muscles are overloaded</strong>, the patient complains of pain in the occipital region. The patients report that they can eliminate this pain by themselves using finger pressure or a specific massage. Correction of head posture and improvement of the working environment is fundamental to bringing permanent relief.</p>

  <p><strong>The dorsal fasciae </strong>(both the superficial and deep fasciae) must be freely movable in all directions. Increased mobility by means of the melting phenomenon (or&nbsp; heating)&nbsp; <strong>can&nbsp; be a potential method of treatment.</strong></p>

  <p><strong>A disorder of extensibility of the thoracolumbar fascia </strong>is one of the most frequent reflexive changes accompanying disorders of the lumbar part of the vertebral column.</p>


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus splenius
en_origin: nuchal ligament (caudal part), vertebrae C7–T4 – spinous processes
en_innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves (inferior cervical segments)
memorix_page: 23/1.1
object_id: musculus splenius capitis
latin: musculus splenius capitis
en: Splenius capitis
en_insertion:
  temporal bone – mastoid process,
  occipital bone – occipital plane
  (below the lateral third of the superior nuchal line)

en_function:
  dorsal flexion of the head (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion and rotation of the head to the side of the contracted muscle (unilateral contraction)

related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c3, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t3,os temporale 1, os occipitale


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus splenius
en_origin: vertebrae T3–T6 – spinous processes
en_insertion: vertebrae C1–C3 – transverse processes
en_innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves (caudal cervical and cranial thoracic segments)
memorix_page: 23/1.2
object_id: musculus splenius cervicis
latin: musculus splenius cervicis
en: Splenius cervicis
en_function:
  dorsal flexion of the head (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion and rotation of the head to the side of the contracted muscle (unilateral contraction)
  – these are common functions for both parts of the splenius

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t6,atlas c1, axis c2, vertebrae cervicales c3


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: Spinotransverse system
memorix_page: 24/2
latin: musculus longissimus
en: Longissimus
en_innervation:
  Function: dorsal flexion of the vertebral column and head (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion and rotation of the vertebral column and head to the side of the contracted muscle (unilateral contraction)
  Innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus longissimus
memorix_page: 24/2.1
object_id: musculus longissimus thoracis
latin: musculus longissimus thoracis
en: Longissimus thoracis
en_origin:
  erector spinae aponeurosis (large common tendon), spinous processes T11–L5,
  sacrum – median sacral crest

en_insertion:
  vertebrae L1–L5 – costal processes,
  vertebrae T1–T12 – transverse processes,
  3 rd–12th rib,
  thoracolumbar fascia – middle layer

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l5, os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, pelvis, vertebrae lumbales l1, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae spuriae 10, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 8, os costale 7, os costale 6, os costale 5, os costale 4, os costale 3, costa secunda 2


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: Spinotransverse system
en_description: – forms the lateral part of the erector spinae
memorix_page: 24/3
latin: musculus iliocostalis
en: Iliocostalis
en_innervation:
  Function of the whole muscle:
  dorsal flexion of the vertebral column (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion and rotation of the vertebral column to the side of the contracted muscle (unilateral contraction)
  Innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves


system: muscular
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus iliocostalis lumborum
en_insertion: 6th–12th rib – angle of rib
memorix_page: 24/3.1.1
object_id: musculus iliocostalis lumborum
latin: iliocostalis lumborum pars lumbalis
en: Iliocostalis lumborus Lumbar part
en_origin:
  erector spinae aponeurosis (large common tendon),
  sacrum – lateral sacral crest,
  hip bone – outer lip of iliac crest

related_objects:
  pelvis, os sacrum,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12, costae spuriae 10, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 8, os costale 7, os costale 6


system: muscular
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus iliocostalis lumborum
en_origin: 6 th–12th rib – angle of rib (mediocranially to the insertion of the lumbar part)
en_insertion:
  1st–6th rib – angle of rib,
  vertebra C7 – transverse process

memorix_page: 24/3.1.2
object_id: musculus iliocostalis thoracis
latin: iliocostalis lumborum pars thoracica
en: Iliocostalis lumborus Thoracic part
related_objects:
  costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12, costae spuriae 10, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 8, os costale 7, os costale 6,os costale 6, os costale 5, os costale 4, os costale 3, costa secunda 2, costa prima 1


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.3.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus iliocostalis
en_origin:
  3 rd–6th rib – angle of rib
  (medial to the insertion of the thoracic part)

en_insertion: vertebrae C4–C6 – transverse processes
memorix_page: 24/3.2
object_id: musculus iliocostalis cervicis
latin: musculus iliocostalis cervicis
en: Iliocostalis cervicis
related_objects:
  os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 3,vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: Spinospinal system
memorix_page: 25/1
latin: musculus spinalis
en: Spinalis
en_innervation:
  Function of the whole muscle: dorsal flexion of the vertebral column and head (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion of the vertebral column to the side of the contracted muscle (unilateral contraction)
  Innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus spinalis
en_description: – fuses with the longissimus thoracis (they are very difficult to differentiate)
en_origin: vertebrae T11–L2 – spinous processes
en_insertion: 4–8 cranial thoracic vertebrae – spinous processes
memorix_page: 25/1.1
object_id: musculus spinalis thoracis
latin: musculus spinalis thoracis
en: Spinalis thoracis
related_objects:
  musculus longissimus thoracis,vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus spinalis
en_description: – a variable muscle
en_origin: nuchal ligament, vertebrae C7-T2 – spinous processes
en_insertion: axis (C2) – spinous process, vertebrae C3 and C4 – spinous processes (variable insertion))
memorix_page: 25/1.2
object_id: musculus spinalis cervicis
latin: musculus spinalis cervicis
en: Spinalis cervicis
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5,axis c2, vertebrae cervicales c3, vertebrae cervicales c4


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus semispinalis
en_origin: vertebrae T1–T6 – transverse processes
en_insertion: vertebrae C2–C6 – spinous processes
memorix_page: 25/1.2
object_id: musculus semispinalis cervicis
latin: musculus semispinalis cervicis
en: Semispinalis cervicis
related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t6,axis c2, vertebrae cervicales c3, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c6


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.3
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus semispinalis
en_insertion: occipital bone – the inferior nuchal line
memorix_page: 25/1.3
object_id: musculus semispinalis capitis
latin: musculus semispinalis capitis
en: Semispinalis capitis
en_origin:
  vertebrae T6–C7 – transverse processes
  vertebrae C4–C6 – articular processes,
  vertebrae C7–T1 – spinous processes (variably)

related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c3, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t6,os occipitale


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: Transversospinal system
en_innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves
memorix_page: 26/2
object_id: musculus multifidus
latin: musculi multifidi
en: Multifidi
en_description:
  – short muscles located very deeply in the back
  – fi ll the space lateral to the spinous processes of the vertebrae
  – are most distinct at the level of the lumbar vertebral column

en_origin:
  sacrum – dorsal surface, posterior sacro-iliac ligament, hip bone – posterior superior iliac spine,
  vertebrae L1–L5 – mammillary processes (costal processes),
  vertebrae T1–T12 – transverse processes,
  vertebrae C4–C7 – arti cular processes

en_insertion:
  spinous processes of vertebrae
  – superficial multifidi 3–4 vertebrae above their origin,
  the deepest multifidi to the adjacent vertebra of their origin

en_function:
  dorsal flexion of the vertebral column (bilateral contraction),
  rotation of the vertebral column to the opposite side
  of the contracted muscles (unilateral contraction)

related_objects:
  pelvis, os sacrum, vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4,pelvis, os sacrum, vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c3, axis c2


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
brief_parent: musculi rotatores
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: Transversospinal system
en_innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves
memorix_page: 26/3
latin: musculi rotatores
en: Rotatores
en_description:
  – the deepest layer of muscles, are always present in the
  thoracic part of the vertebral column (rotatores thoracis)
  – variably present in the cervical and lumbar vertebral column

en_function:
  dorsal flexion of the spine – neighbouring vertebrae (bilateral contraction),
  rotation of the vertebral column to the opposite side
  of the contracted muscles (unilateral contraction)


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.3.1
brief_parent: musculi rotatores
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi rotatores
en_origin: vertebrae – transverse processes
en_insertion: vertebrae – vertebral arches (next to spinous process)
object_id: musculi rotatores brevis
latin: musculi rotatores breves
en: Rotatores breves muscle
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t12


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.3.2
brief_parent: musculi rotatores
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi rotatores
en_origin: vertebrae – transverse processes
en_insertion: vertebrae – vertebrae above
object_id: musculi rotatores longi
latin: musculi rotatores longi
en: Rotatores longi muscle
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t13


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
brief_parent: musculi interspinales
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: System of short muscles
en_innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves
memorix_page: 26/1
latin: musculi interspinales
en: Interspinales
en_description:
  "– a paired system of muscles that are located between spinous processes of neighbouring vertebrae
  – are most developed in the cervical part of the vertebral column
  – there are 7 pairs of interspinales cervicis (T1–C2)"

en_function:
  dorsal fl exion of the vertebral column,
  maintain stability of the vertebral column (postural muscles)


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 4.1.1
brief_parent: musculi interspinales
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi interspinales
en_innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves
object_id: musculi interspinales cervicis
latin: musculi interspinales cervicis
en: Interspinales muscles of cervical spine
en_description:
  "– a paired system of muscles that are located between spinous processes of neighbouring vertebrae
  – are most developed in the cervical part of the vertebral column
  – there are 7 pairs of interspinales cervicis (T1–C2)"

en_function:
  dorsal fl exion of the vertebral column,
  maintain stability of the vertebral column (postural muscles)

related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c3, axis c2, atlas c1,vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c3, axis c2, atlas c1


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 4.1.2
brief_parent: musculi interspinales
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi interspinales
en_innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves
object_id: musculi interspinale lumborum
latin: musculi interspinales lumborum
en: Interspinales muscles of lumbar spine
en_description:
  "– a paired system of muscles that are located between spinous processes of neighbouring vertebrae
  – are most developed in the cervical part of the vertebral column
  – there are 7 pairs of interspinales cervicis (T1–C2)"

en_function:
  dorsal fl exion of the vertebral column,
  maintain stability of the vertebral column (postural muscles)

related_objects:
  vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l5


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 4.1.3
brief_parent: musculi interspinales
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi interspinales
en_innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves
object_id: musculi interspinale thoracis
latin: musculi interspinales thoracis
en: Interspinales muscles of thoracic spine
en_description:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 219 characters]

en_function:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 102 characters]

related_objects:
  vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
brief_parent: musculi intertransversarii
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: System of short muscles
en_function: lateroflexion of the vertebral column
en_innervation: anterior and posterior rami of spinal nerves
memorix_page: 26/2
latin: musculi intertransversarii
en: Intertransversarii
en_description:
  – a system of muscles that are located between transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae
  – are most developed in the cervical part of the vertebral column
  – in other parts of the vertebral column they are poorly developed


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 4.2.2
brief_parent: musculi intertransversarii
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi intertransversarii
object_id: musculi intertransversarii posteriores cervicis
latin: musculi intertransversarii posteriores cervicis
en: Posterior Intertransversarii of cervical spine
related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c3, axis c2, atlas c2,vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c3, axis c2, atlas c2


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 4.2.3
brief_parent: musculi intertransversarii
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi intertransversarii
object_id: musculi intertransversarii laterales lumborum
latin: musculi intertransversarii laterales lumborum
en: Lateral Intertransversarii of lumbar spine
related_objects:
  vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t12,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t12,os sacrum


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 4.2.5
brief_parent: musculi intertransversarii
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi intertransversarii
object_id: musculi intertransversarii thoracis
latin: musculi intertransversarii thoracis
en: Intertransversarii of thoracic spine
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: Musculi dorsi proprii
latin: musculi suboccipitales
en: Suboccipital muscles
en_description:
  – suboccipital muscles are a system of deep muscles of the neck
  located between the fi rst two vertebrae and the occipital bone
  – these muscles form the suboccipital triangle


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 5.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi suboccipitales
en_origin: atlas (C1) – posterior tubercle
en_innervation: subocciptal nerve (posterior ramus of the spinal nerve C1)
memorix_page: 27/2
object_id: musculus rectus capitis posterior minor
latin: musculus rectus capitis posterior minor
en: Rectus capitis posterior minor
related_objects: atlas c1,os occipitale
en_insertion:
  occipital bone – occipital plane, inferior nuchal line (medially to the rectus capitis posterior major)

en_function:
  dorsal flexion of the head (bilateral contraction),
  lateroflexion and rotation of the head to the side of the contracted muscle (unilateral contraction)


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 5.3
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi suboccipitales
en_origin: atlas (C1) – transverse process
en_insertion: occipital bone – occipital plane, lateral part of inferior nuchal line
en_innervation: suboccipital nerve (posterior ramus of the spinal nerve C1)
memorix_page: 27/3
object_id: musculus obliquus capitis superior
latin: musculus obliquus capitis superior
en: Obliquus capitis superior
related_objects: atlas c1,os occipitale
en_function:
  dorsal flexion of the head (bilateral contraction), rotation of the head to the opposite side of the contracted muscle (unilateral contraction)


system: muscular
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Fasciae of the back
parent: Musculi dorsi
en: Fasciae of the back
main_description:
  <p>The superficial back muscles are covered by <strong>the superficial fascia of the back</strong>. <strong>The thoracolumbar fascia </strong>is located deeply in the caudal part of the back and forms the aponeurotic origin of the latissimus dorsi from which the lateral muscles of the abdominal wall originate. <strong>The middle layer of the thoracolumbar fascia </strong>develops from the horizontal myoseptum and forms the <strong>borderline between the epaxial and hypaxial muscles</strong>.</p>


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Fasciae of the back
parent: Fasciae of the back
latin: fascia dorsi superficialis
en: Superficial fascia of back
en_description:
  – covers the surface of the back
  – is formed by fusion of the fasciae of the muscles of the superfi cial layer (tenuo


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Fasciae of the back
parent: fascia thoracolumbalis
memorix_page: 27/2.2
latin: lamina media
en: Middle layer
en_description:
  – a firm aponeurotic membrane
  – separates the deep back muscles from the quadratus lumborum
  – develops from the horizontal myoseptum (which forms the border between the epaxial and hypaxial muscles)


system: muscular
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
latin: Musculi thoracis
en: Muscles of the thorax
main_description:
  <p>The muscles of the thorax are organised into three groups: <strong>the thoracohumeral muscles, </strong>which insert on the upper limb, <strong>the proper muscles of the thorax, </strong>which are the main muscles of respiration, and <strong>the diaphragm</strong>.</p>

general_description:
  <p><strong>The anterior axillary fold </strong>(<em>plica axillaris anterior</em>) is formed by the tendon of the pectoralis major.</p>

  <p><strong>The subclavius </strong>is functionally considered to be part of the pectoralis major.</p>

clinical_notes:
  <p><strong>The subclavius </strong>protects the vessels and nerves that run under the clavicle. This is important in fractures of the clavicle.</p>

  <p><strong>All three parts of the pectoralis major </strong>tend to shorten and must be evaluated and exercised separately.</p>

  <p><strong>Trigger points in the sternocostal part of the pectoralis major </strong>may cause hypersensitivity of the nipple and areola.</p>

  <p><strong>The trigger point of cardiac arrhythmia </strong>is a trigger point situated in the sternocostal part of the pectoralis major under the 5th rib 3&ndash;4 cm laterally from the midline. It may cause a sense of palpitations, but there is no underlying cardiac pathology.</p>

  <p><strong>The pectoralis minor </strong>may compress some branches of the axillary artery and distal parts of the brachial plexus. This muscle is usually examined in abduction and lateral rotation of the shoulder.</p>

  <p><strong>Shortening of the pectoralis minor </strong>leads to protraction&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; arms. A hypertonic pectoralis minor is associated with pain in the infraclavicular region.</p>

  <p><strong>Trigger points in the serratus anterior </strong>may lead to problems with breathing. Such patient may suffer from a lack of air and may even complain of painful inspiration. The pain may radiate to the ulnar part of the arm, forearm and hand.</p>


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Thoracohumeral muscles
parent: Musculi thoracis
en: Thoracohumeral muscles
main_description:
  <p style="margin-left:5.8pt">The thoracohumeral muscles are a group of the thoracic muscles with diverse functions. The thoracohumeral muscles&nbsp;<strong>originate on the thorax and insert on the bones of the upper limb </strong>(clavicle, scapula and humerus).</p>


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Thoracohumeral muscles
parent: Thoracohumeral muscles
en_insertion: humerus – crest of greater tubercle (caudal part
en_function: adducti on, fl exion and internal rotati on of the arm at the shoulder joint,
en_innervation: pectoral nerves (medial and lateral)
memorix_page: 28/1.1, 29
object_id: musculus pectoralis major
latin: musculus pectoralis major
en: Pectoralis major
related_objects: clavicula, corpus sterni, manubrium sterni,musculus obliquus externus abdominis,humerus
en_description:
  – according to its origin the pectoralis major can be divided into three parts, which are capable of contracting independently

en_origin:
  - Clavicular part (pars clavicularis) – clavicle – medial part
  - Sternocostal part (pars sternocostalis) – sternum
  to the att achment of the 7th rib,
  carti lage of the 1st–7th rib (1st and 7th rib variably)
  -  Abdominal part (pars abdominalis) – aponeuroses
  of the lateral muscles of the abdomen


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Thoracohumeral muscles
parent: Thoracohumeral muscles
en_insertion: scapula – medial border
en_innervation: long thoracic nerve
memorix_page: 28/1.3, 29
object_id: musculus serratus anterior
latin: musculus serratus anterior
en: Serratus anterior
en_origin:
  as muscular slips on the 1st–9th rib (the 5 caudal slips interdigitate with the origins of the external oblique)

en_function:
  protraction of the scapula, holds the scapula on the thoracic wall, external rotation of the scapula (rotates the inferior angle laterally and elevates the arm above the horizontal plane, a synergist of the trapezius, an auxiliary inspiration muscle (when the upper limb is fixed

related_objects:
  scapula,costa prima 1, costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Proper muscles of the thorax
parent: Musculi thoracis
en: Proper muscles of the thorax
main_description:
  <p>The proper muscles of the thorax <strong>insert on the ribs</strong>. They move the ribs, change the volume of the thoracic cavity and thus belong to the <strong>main muscles of respiration</strong>.</p>

general_description:
  <p><strong>The subcostal muscles are rudimentary muscles </strong>underneath the innermost intercostal muscles. Their origins are situated on the inner surface of the ribs close to the angle of the rib and their attachments are situated caudally, usually skipping one or two ribs and again to the angle of the rib. Their function is mainly fixation of the ribs in cooperation with the internal intercostal muscles.</p>

  <p><strong>The levatores costarum</strong>, from the developmental point of view, are epaxial muscles and, together with the diaphragm, they have a phasic activity in inspiration.</p>

  <p><strong>The sternalis </strong>is an inconstant muscle (present in 1 % of the population) close to the sternocostal part of the pectoralis major. It runs near to the margin of the sternum.</p>

  <p><strong>The muscular fibres of the diaphragm </strong>may intermingle with the fibres of the psoas major.</p>

  <p><strong>The diaphragm </strong>has three different functions: respiratory, stabilization and (oesophageal) sfincter function. Equilibrium is important for its proper functions.</p>

clinical_notes:
  <p><strong>Hiccups </strong>(<em>singultus</em>) are caused by reflexive contractions of the diaphragm. They can be stopped by post-isometric relaxation of the diaphragm. This can be achieved by elevating the arm while holding the breath in inspiration.</p>

  <p><strong>The thoracic fasciae </strong>are contracted in majority of the population. This is associated with hypertonic and even painful pectoral muscles.</p>


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Proper muscles of the thorax
parent: musculi intercostales
en_origin: ribs – caudal margin of the rib
en_function: elevation of the ribs (main inspiration muscles)
memorix_page: 28/2.1.1, 30
object_id: musculus intercostales externi
latin: musculi intercostales externi
en: External intercostal muscles
en_description:
  – the superficial layer of the intercostal muscles
  – are located in the dorsal two thirds of the intercostal space, extending from the vertebral column to the transition between the bony rib and rib cartilage
  – are absent in the region of the costal cartilages where they are substituted by the external intercostal membrane

en_insertion:
  Course of fibres: the fibres run in an oblique ventrocaudal direction
  ribs – cranial margin of the rib below the origin

related_objects:
  costa prima 1, costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costa prima 1, costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.2
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Proper muscles of the thorax
parent: musculi intercostales
en_origin: ribs – caudal margin of the rib
en_insertion:
  Course of fibers: oblique dorsocaudal
  ribs – cranial margin on the rib below the origin

en_function: depression of the ribs (muscles of expiration), stabilisati on of the ribs (aid the diaphragm)
memorix_page: 28/2.1.2, 30
object_id: musculus intercostales interni
latin: musculi intercostales interni
en: Internal intercostal muscles
en_description:
  – the middle layer of the intercostal muscles
  – are located in the ventral two thirds of the intercostal space, extending from the angle of the rib to the sternum
  – are absent from the vertebral column to the angle of the rib where they are substituted by the internal intercostal membrane

related_objects:
  costa prima 1, costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,costa prima 1, costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.3
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Proper muscles of the thorax
parent: musculi intercostales
en_origin: ribs – caudal margin
en_insertion:
  Course of fibers: oblique dorsocaudal
  ribs – cranial margin of the rib below the origin

en_function: depression of the ribs (muscles of expiration), stabilisation of the ribs (aid the diaphragm)
en_innervation: intercostal nerves I–XI
memorix_page: 28/2.1.3, 30
object_id: musculus intercostales intimi
latin: musculi intercostales intimi
en: Innermost intercostal muscles
en_description:
  – the internal layer of the intercostal muscles
  – follow the course of the internal intercostal muscles
  – weak and often with missing parts
  – only in the ventral two thirds of the intercostal space extending from the angle of the rib to the sternum

related_objects:
  costa prima 1, costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 13,costa prima 1, costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 13


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Proper muscles of the thorax
parent: Proper muscles of the thorax
en_origin: sternum (caudal third of the internal surface), cartilage of the 4th–7th rib
en_insertion: cartilage of the 2nd–6th ribs
en_function: depression of the ribs (an auxiliary muscle of expiration)
en_innervation: intercostal nerves I–VI
memorix_page: 28/2.2, 30
object_id: musculus transversus thoracis
latin: musculus transversus thoracis
en: Transverse thoracis
related_objects: corpus sterni,cartilago costalis
en_description:
  – the transverse thoracis is a muscle whose fibres radiate outwards on the internal surface of the sternum


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.3.1
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Proper muscles of the thorax
parent: musculi levatores costarum
en_origin: vertebrae C7–T11 – transverse processes
en_insertion: rib – between the tubercle and angle of the rib (one rib caudally)
memorix_page: 30/1
object_id: musculi levatores costarum breves
latin: musculi levatores costarum breves
en: Levatores costarum breves
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7,costa prima 1, costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.3.2
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Proper muscles of the thorax
parent: musculi levatores costarum
en_origin: vertebrae T8–T11 – transverse processes
en_insertion: rib – in between the tubercle and angle of the rib (two ribs caudally)
memorix_page: 30/2
object_id: musculi levatores costarum longi
latin: musculi levatores costarum longi
en: Levatores costarum longi
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c8,costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 13


custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: diaphragma
parent: Musculi thoracis
latin: diaphragm
en: diaphragma
main_description:
  <p><strong>The diagphragm is a flat muscle </strong>that forms a horizontal <strong>septum between the thoracic and abdominal cavity</strong>. It is comprised of <strong>three muscular parts </strong>(lumbar part, costal part and sternal part) that are connected to each other <strong>in a central fibrous tendon</strong>. The sternocostal and lumbocostal triangles are small fibrous triangles located between the individual parts of the diaphram. The diaphragm forms an arch with <strong>two vaults: one at the level of the 4</strong><strong>th intercostal space on the right side and one at the 5th intercostal space on the left side</strong>. The vaults flatten during inspiration and the central tendon descends caudally which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm is the <strong>main muscle of inspiration</strong>.</p>


system: muscular
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: diaphragma
parent: diaphragm
en_innervation: phrenic nerve (C4 and small connections from C3–C5)
memorix_page: 31
object_id: diaphragm
en: Diaphragm Muscle
en_origin:
  1 Lumbar part (pars lumbalis)
  1.1 Right crus (crus dextrum): bodies of the vertebrae L1–L4
  1.2 Left crus (crus sinistrum): bodies of the vertebrae L1–L3
  1.3 Median arcuate ligament (ligamentum arcuatum medianum)
  – the aortic arcade
  – intersection of the right and left crus
  – encloses the aortic hiatus
  1.4 Medial arcuate ligament (ligamentum arcuatum mediale)
  – the psoatic arcade
  – from the body of the vertebrae L1–L2 to the costal process of L1
  1.5 Lateral arcuate ligament (ligamentum arcuatum laterale)
  – the quadratic arcade
  – from the costal process of L1 to the 12th rib
  2 Costal part (pars costalis)
  2.1 7th–12th rib – alternate with the origins of the transversus abdominis
  3 Sternal part (pars sternalis)
  3.1 Sternum – xiphoid process
  3.2 Rectus sheath (vagina musculi recti abdominis)

en_insertion:
  4 Central tendon (centrum tendineum)
  – is located in the middle of the diaphragm
  – the tendinous insertion of all three parts of the diaphragm

en_function:
  – the main muscle of inspiration and an important postural muscle
  – contributes to stabilisation of the thoracolumbar transition of the vertebral column
  – separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
  – organs, nerves and vessels run through openings in the diaphragm
  – contributes to closure of the oesophagus at the cardia
  (the phreno-oesophageal membrane of Leimer)
  – fixates and stabilises the caudal ribs

related_objects:
  vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae spuriae 10, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 8, os costale 7, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12_CLONED, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11_CLONED, costae spuriae 10_CLONED, costae spuriae 9_CLONED, costae spuriae 8_CLONED, os costale 7_CLONED, corpus sterni, processus xiphoideus


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Fasciae of the thorax
parent: Musculi thoracis
en: Fasciae of the thorax
main_description:
  <p>The thoracohumeral muscles are covered by <strong>the superficial fasciae of the thorax</strong>. These fasciae are the <strong>pectoral fascia </strong>and <strong>clavipectoral fascia</strong>. The skeleton of the thorax and the <strong>proper muscles of the thorax </strong>are covered by fasciae on their internal and external surfaces by <strong>the endothoracic and the thoracic fasciae</strong>, respectively.</p>


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Fasciae of the thorax
parent: Fasciae of the thorax
memorix_page: 31/2
latin: fascia clavipectoralis
en: Clavipectoral fascia
en_description:
  – is located under the pectoralis major
  – is stretched between the clavicle, coracoid process, cartilaginous ends of the ribs and the caudal origin of the pectoralis minor
  – contains the infraclavicular oval fossa
  – covers the subclavius and pectoralis minor


system: muscular
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
latin: Musculi abdominis
en: Muscles of the abdomen
main_description:
  <p>The muscles of the abdomen are organised into <strong>three groups </strong>(anterior, lateral and posterior) that form the <strong>abdominal wall</strong>. <strong>All the muscles of the abdomen </strong>significantly cooperate in their functions. Together with the diaphragm and the muscles of the pelvis, the abdominal muscles produce and <strong>maintain intra-abdominal pressure</strong>. Intraabdominal pressure is important for stabilisation of the vertebral column, defecation, coughing, vomiting and partuition.</p>

general_description:
  <p><strong>The inguinal ligament </strong>is the strengthened caudal margin of the aponeurosis of the external oblique. It is stretched between the superior anterior iliac spine and pubic tubercle.</p>

  <p><strong>The inguinal falx </strong>or conjoint tendon (<em>falx inguinalis, tendo conjunctivus</em>) is formed by an adhesion between the internal oblique and transversus abdominis.</p>

  <p><strong>The rectus abdominis </strong>is an important muscle for bipedal locomotion (walking, running and jumping). It is a synergist and stabilisation muscle</p>

  <p>for the iliopsoas. Important is its eccentric function in deceleration of movement while walking downstairs or downhill. Exercising in the gym is usually focused more on concentric contractions.</p>

  <p><strong>The best exercise for the rectus abdominis </strong>is the first 20&ndash;30 degrees of sit-ups. After this, the iliopsoas&nbsp; is activated more than the rectus abdominis.</p>

  <p><strong>The transversus abdominis </strong>supports peristalsis and defecation.</p>

  <p><strong>The direction of the course of the fibres of the external oblique </strong>can be remembered as being the sam eas the direction of the fingers placed into the front trouser pockets.</p>

clinical_notes:
  <p><strong>Trigger points in the rectus ab- dominis </strong>are situated just above&nbsp; the pubic symphysis. The rectus abdominis is typically overloaded in its upper part between the xiphoid process and umbilicus. It is usually weakened from the umbilicus to the pubic symphysis. The linea alba may be split in extremely obese patients and in a pregnancy. This is called diastasis.</p>


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Anterior group
parent: Anterior group
en_origin: 5 th–7th rib, sternum – xiphoid process
en_innervation: intercostal nerves VII–XI, subcostal nerve
memorix_page: 32/1.1,
object_id: musculus rectus abdominis
latin: musculus rectus abdominis
en: Rectus abdominis
related_objects: cartilago costalis, os costale 6, os costale 7, os costale 5, processus xiphoideus,pelvis
en_insertion:
  pubis – body of pubis between the pubic symphysis and pubic tubercle, tendinous intersections (transverse tendinous strips in the muscle, usually three with the lowest at the height of the umbilicus

en_function:
  ventral flexion of the vertebral column (when the pelvis is fixed), tilting of the pelvis (when the trunk is fixed), pulls the ribs caudally (an auxiliary expiration muscle), contributes to intra-abdominal pressure


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Lateral group
parent: Lateral group
en_insertion: hip bone – iliac crest (outer lip), linea alba via its aponeurosis
en_innervation: intercostal nerves V-XI, subcostal nerve
memorix_page: 32/2.1, 33
object_id: musculus obliquus externus abdominis
latin: musculus obliquus externus abdominis
en: External oblique
en_origin:
  from the 5th–12th rib as eight slips (the cranial 5 slips interdigitate with the serratus anterior)
  Course of fibers: run in a ventrocaudal direction

en_function:
  ventral flexion of the trunk (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion of the vertebral column to the side of the contracted muscle and rotation to the opposite side (unilateral contraction), contributes to intra-abdominal pressure, an auxiliary muscle of inspiration

related_objects:
  os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,pelvis, linea alba


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Lateral group
parent: Lateral group
en_insertion: 10th–12th rib, linea alba via its aponeurosis, inguinal falx
en_innervation: intercostal nerves VIII–XI, subcostal nerve, iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve
memorix_page: 32/2.2, 33
object_id: musulus obliquus internus abdominis
latin: musculus obliquus internus abdominis
en: Internal oblique
en_origin:
  thoracolumbar fascia (anterior layer), hip bone – iliac crest (intermediate zone), inguinal ligament (lateral half)
  Course of fibres: run in a ventrocranial direction

en_function:
  ventral flexion of the vertebral column when the pelvis is fixed (bilateral contraction), tilting of the pelvis when the trunk is fixed (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion and rotation of the vertebral column to the side of the contracted muscle (unilateral contraction),contributes to intra-abdominal pressure, an auxiliary muscle of expiration

related_objects:
  ligamentum inguinale, pelvis,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae spuriae 10,linea alba,cartilago costalis


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Lateral group
parent: Lateral group
en_insertion: linea alba via its aponeurosis, inguinal falx
en_innervation:
  intercostal nerves VII–XI, subcostal nerve,
  iliohypogastric nerve, ilio-inguinal nerve

memorix_page: 32/2.3, 33
object_id: musculus transversus abdominis
latin: musculus transversus abdominis
en: Transversus abdominis / transverse abdominal
en_origin:
  7 th–12th rib – internal surface (origins alternate with the origins of the diaphragm), thoracolumbar fascia – anterior layer, hip bone – iliac crest (inner lip), inguinal ligament – lateral part

en_function:
  rotation of the trunk to the side of the contracted muscle (unilateral contraction), stabilises the ribs for optimal function of the diaphragm, contributes to intra-abdominal pressure, an auxiliary muscle of expiration (flatt ens the abdominal wall)

related_objects:
  costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae spuriae 10, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 8, os costale 7, os costale 6, cartilago costalis,linea alba, ligamentum inguinale


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.4
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Lateral group
parent: Lateral group
en_insertion: elevates the testi s and scrotum towards the body
en_innervation: genital branch of genitofemoral nerve (L1 and L2)
memorix_page: 32/2.4, 33
latin: musculus cremaster
en: Cremaster
en_origin:
  – is composed of fibres from the caudal part of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis
  – covers the spermatic cord and scrotum


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Posterior group
parent: Posterior group
en_origin: 12th rib, vertebrae L1–L4 – costal processes
en_insertion: hip bone – iliac crest, iliolumbar ligament
en_innervation: subcostal nerve, anterior rami of L1–L3 (variably L4)
memorix_page: 32/3.1, 34
object_id: musculus quadratus lumborum
latin: musculus quadratus lumborum
en: Quadratus lumborum
en_function:
  extension of the vertebral column (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion of the vertebral column when the pelvis is fixed elevation of the iliac crest when the vertebral column is fixed (unilateral contraction), stabilisation of the 12th rib and interaction with movements of the diaphragm (speech, singing), strong expiration (coughing)


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Fasciae of the abdomen
parent: Fasciae of the abdomen
memorix_page: 34/1
latin: fascia abdominis subcutanea scarpae
en: Subcutaneous abdominal fascia / fascia of Scarpa
en_description:
  – a layer of thickened subcutaneous connective tissue (a membranous layer of the subcutaneous tissue of the abdomen)
  – comprises 2/3 of the width of the subcutaneous tissue,
  – separates the superficial and deep fatty layer
  – more distinct in slim individuals
  – fades away cranially at the level of the umbilicus
  – continues caudally in the lower limbs, perineum and scrotum
  – to the lower limb as the saphenous fascia
  – to the perineum as the superficial perineal fascia (of Colles)
  – to the scrotum as the dartos fascia


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Fasciae of the abdomen
parent: Fasciae of the abdomen
memorix_page: 34/2
latin: fascia abdominis superficialis / fascia investiens abdominis superficialis
en: Superficial abdominal fascia / superficial investing abdominal fascia
en_description:
  – the fascia of the external oblique
  – no particular att achments to bones
  – continuous with the pectoral fascia on the thorax
  – continuous with the fascia lata on the femur
  – continuous with the superficial fascia of the back
  – continuous with the perineal fascia (of Gallaudet)
  – continuous with the deep fascia of the penis (of Buck)
  – continuous with the external spermatic fascia of the scrotum


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Fasciae of the abdomen
parent: Fasciae of the abdomen
memorix_page: 34/3
latin: fascia abdominis parietalis / fascia endoabdominalis
en: Parietal abdominal fascia / endo-abdominal fascia
en_description:
  – covers all muscles of the abdominal cavity (including the diaphragm)
  – continuous with the anterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia on the quadratus lumborum
  – continuous with the parietal pelvic fascia


system: muscular
main_group: Muscles of the pelvic floor
muscle_group: Pelvic diaphragm / pelvic floor
parent: Diaphragma pelvis
en_innervation: pudendal nerve, anterior rami of the spinal nerves S2–S4
memorix_page: 35
latin: musculus levator ani
en: Levator ani
en_function:
  – compresses the organs of the pelvic outlet
  – elevates the pelvic floor and anus
  – contributes to the support of the uterus
  – contributes to anorectal and urine continence (an accessory sphincter of the anus)
  – contributes to intra-abdominal pressure
  – belongs to the deep stabilising system (together with the deep back muscles, diaphragm and muscles of the abdomen maintains the stability of the vertebral column)


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the pelvic floor
muscle_group: Pelvic diaphragm / pelvic floor
parent: musculus levator ani
en_insertion: coccyx – lateral side, iliococcygeal raphe (connects to the anococcygeal ligament)
memorix_page: 35/1
object_id: musculus iliococcygeus
latin: musculus iliococcygeus
en: Iliococcygeus
related_objects: pelvis,os coccygis
en_origin:
  hip bone – ischial spine, tendinous arch of the levator ani (ligamentous band on the obturator fascia)


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the pelvic floor
muscle_group: Pelvic diaphragm / pelvic floor
parent: musculus levator ani
memorix_page: 35/2
object_id: musculus pubococcygeus
latin: musculus pubococcygeus
en: Pubococcygeus
related_objects: os sacrum, pelvis, pelvis_CLONED
en_description:
  – muscular bands between the coccyx and pubis
  – encircles the organs of the lesser pelvis
  – is divided into parts that are not macroscopically visible (puboperineal, puboprostatic, pubovaginal and puboanal parts)


system: muscular
brief_parent: musculus sphincter ani externus
main_group: Muscles of the pelvic floor
muscle_group: Pelvic diaphragm / pelvic floor
parent: Diaphragma pelvis
en_function: compresses the anal canal and therefore maintains anorectal continence
en_innervation: pudendal nerve, anterior rami of the spinal nerves S3–S4
memorix_page: 35
latin: musculus sphincter ani externus
en: External anal sphincter
en_description:
  1 Subcutaneous part (pars subcutanea) – below the internal anal sphincter
  2 Superficial part (pars superficialis) – encircles the caudal part of the internal anal sphincter
  3 Deep part (pars profunda) – encircles the cranial part of the internal anal sphincter
  – partially merges with the puborectalis


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the pelvic floor
muscle_group: Fasciae of the pelvis
parent: Fasciae of the pelvis
memorix_page: 36/1
latin: fascia pelvis parietalis / fascia endopelvina
en: Parietal pelvic fascia / endopelvic fascia
en_description:
  – covers the internal surface of all muscles of the pelvic cavity and pelvic floor
  – continues into the parietal abdominal fascia on the abdomen


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the pelvic floor
muscle_group: Fasciae of the pelvis
parent: Fasciae of the pelvis
memorix_page: 36/3
latin: fascia perinei / fascia investiens perinei superficialis
en: Perineal fascia of Gallaudet
en_description:
  – covers the caudal surface of the urogenital floor (perineal membrane / deep transverses perineal muscle, ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus)
  – separates the erectile bodies from the subcutaneous tissue of the perineum
  – continues into the superficial abdominal fascia
  – continues into the deep fascia of the penis (of Buck)
  – continues into the external spermatic fascia of the scrotum
  – continues into the fascia lata on the femur
  – continues into the gluteal fascia


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Muscles of the pelvic floor
muscle_group: Fasciae of the pelvis
parent: Fasciae of the pelvis
memorix_page: 36/4
latin: fascia perinei superficialis
en: Superficial perineal fascia of Colles
en_description:
  – a thickened layer of subcutaneous tissue (the membranous layer of the subcutaneous tissue of the abdomen)
  – continues into the subcutaneous abdominal fascia (of Scarpa)
  – continues into the saphenous fascia on the femur
  – continues into the superficial fascia of the penis
  – continues into the dartos fascia on the scrotum


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1
brief_parent: musculus deltoideus
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the shoulder joint
parent: Muscles of the shoulder joint
en_description: – multipennate muscle
en_insertion: humerus – deltoid tuberosity
en_innervation: axillary nerve (C5 and C6)
memorix_page: 37
latin: musculus deltoideus
en: Deltoid
en_origin:
  1 Spinal part (pars spinalis): scapula – lateral 2/3 of the spine of the scapula
  2 Acromial part (pars acromialis): scapula – acromion
  3 Clavicular part (pars clavicularis): clavicle – lateral 1/3

en_function:
  the muscle working as whole presses the head of the humerus into the articular fossa of the shoulder joint and therefore increases stability of the shoulder joint
  1 Spinal part (pars spinalis): dorsal flexion and external rotation of the arm
  2 Acromial part (pars acromialis): abduction of the arm
  3 Clavicular part (pars clavicularis): ventral flexion, abduction and internal rotation of the arm


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the shoulder joint
parent: Muscles of the shoulder joint
en_origin: scapula – supraspinous fossa
en_insertion: humerus – greater tubercle
en_innervation: suprascapular nerve (C5)
memorix_page: 37
object_id: musculus supraspinatus
latin: musculus supraspinatus
en: Supraspinatus
related_objects: scapula,humerus
en_function:
  initial abduction and external rotation of the arm, stabilisation of the head of the humerus in the articular fossa of the shoulder joint


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
brief_parent: musculus biceps brachii
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the arm
parent: Anterior (flexor) group
en_description: – the biceps brachii is comprised of a long head and a short head
en_innervation: musculocutaneous nerve (C5 and C6)
latin: musculus biceps brachii
en: Biceps brachii
en_function:
  at the shoulder joint:
  – abduction of the arm (long head)
  – adduction and ventral flexion of the arm (short head)
  at the elbow joint:
  – supination of a pronated forearm
  – flexion (only when the forearm is supinated)


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.1
brief_parent: musculus biceps brachii
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the arm
parent: musculus biceps brachii
en_origin: scapula – supraglenoid tubercle
en_innervation: musculocutaneous nerve (C5 and C6)
memorix_page: 38/1.1
object_id: musculus biceps brachii caput longum
latin: musculus biceps brachii caput longum
en: Biceps brachii long head
related_objects: scapula,humerus
en_insertion:
  radius – radial tuberosity, medial side of the forearm – antebrachial fascia via the bicipital aponeurosis (lacertus fibrosus)


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.3
brief_parent: musculus biceps brachii
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the arm
parent: musculus biceps brachii
en_description: - an expansion of the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle
object_id: aponeurosis bicipitalis brachii
latin: aponeurosis musculi bicipitis
en: Bicipital aponeurosis
related_objects:
  musculus biceps brachii caput longum,musculus biceps brachii caput breve,musculus flexor carpi ulnaris


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the arm
parent: Anterior (flexor) group
en_origin: scapula – coracoid process
en_insertion: humerus (anteromedial surface) – in the middle of the humerus
memorix_page: 38/1.2
object_id: musculus coracobrachialis
latin: musculus coracobrachialis
en: Coracobrachialis
related_objects: scapula,humerus
en_function:
  adduction and ventral flexion of the arm, returns the arm to the middle (basic) position from both external and internal rotation


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the arm
parent: Posterior (extensor) group
en_description: 4 Anconeus (musculus anconeus)
en_origin: humerus – lateral epicondyle, radial collateral ligament
en_insertion: ulna (posterior border) – proximally up to the olecranon
en_innervation: radial nerve (C7–C8)
memorix_page: 38/2.2
latin: musculus anconeus
en: Anconeus
en_function:
  accessory extensor of the forearm, stretches the articular capsule of the elbow joint and therefore prevents its constriction, stabilises the elbow joint during supination and pronation


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: 1st layer
en_insertion: radius – pronator tuberosity
en_function: flexion and pronation of the forearm
en_innervation: median nerve (C6–C7)
memorix_page: 40/1.2
object_id: musculus pronator teres
latin: musculus pronator teres
en: Pronator teres
related_objects: humerus,ulna
en_origin:
  – a muscle of the 1st layer
  1 Humeral head (caput humerale): humerus – medial epicondyle
  2 Ulnar head (caput ulnare): ulna – coronoid process


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: 1st layer
en_function: flexion of the forearm, ulnar duction and flexion of the hand
en_innervation: ulnar nerve (C8–T1)
memorix_page: 40/1.4
object_id: musculus flexor carpi ulnaris
latin: musculus flexor carpi ulnaris
en: Flexor carpi ulnaris
related_objects: humerus,ulna
en_origin:
  – a muscle of the 1st layer
  1 Humeral head (caput humerale): humerus – medial epicondyle
  2 Ulnar head (caput ulnare): ulna – olecranon and posterior border

en_insertion:
  pisiform, hook of hamate (as the pisohamate ligament), base of the 5th metacarpal (as the pisometacarpal ligament)


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.5
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: 2nd layer
en_innervation: median nerve (C7–T1)
memorix_page: 40/1.5
object_id: musculus flexor digitorum superficialis
latin: musculus flexor digitorum superficialis
en: Flexor digitorum superficialis
related_objects: humerus,ulna,radius
en_origin:
  – a muscle of the 2nd layer
  1 Humero-ulnar head (caput humeroulnare):
  humerus – medial epicondyle, 
  ulna – ulnar tuberosity,
  ulnar collateral ligament
  2 Radial head (caput radiale):
  radius – anterior surface from radial to pronator tuberosity

en_insertion:
  as four tendons to the 2nd–5th digits, which bifurcate to insert on both sides of the base of the middle phalanx

en_function:
  flexion of the 2nd–5th digits at the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints, accessory flexion of the forearm and hand


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.6
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: 3rd layer
en_origin:
  – a muscle of the 3rd layer
  ulna – anterior surface,
  interosseous membrane of forearm.

en_insertion: as four tendons on the 2nd–5th finger that insert on the base of the distal phalanges
en_innervation: median nerve (C7–T1) – for the 2nd and 3rd finger, ulnar nerve (C8–T1) – for the 4th and 5th finger
memorix_page: 40/1.6
object_id: musculus flexor digitorum profundus
latin: musculus flexor digitorum profundus
en: Flexor digitorum profundus
en_function:
  flexion of the 2nd–5th fingers at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints, accessory flexion of the hand

related_objects:
  ulna,membrana interossea antebrachii,phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 5,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.7
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: 3rd layer
en_insertion: base of the distal phalanx of the thumb
en_innervation: median nerve (C6–C7)
memorix_page: 40/1.7
object_id: musculus flexor policis longus
latin: musculus flexor pollicis longus
en: Flexor pollicis longus
en_origin:
  – a muscle of the 3rd layer
  radius – anterior surface, between the insertion of the pronator teres proximally and the insertion of the pronator quadratus distally, interosseous membrane of forearm

en_function:
  flexion of the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints,accessory flexion of the hand

related_objects:
  radius,membrana interossea antebrachii,phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx distalis pollicis 1,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Superficial layer (radial)
en_origin:
  – a muscle of the superficial layer
  humerus – lateral supraepicondylar ridge

en_insertion: radius – suprastyloid crest
en_innervation: radial nerve (C5–C6)
memorix_page: 40/2.1
object_id: musculus brachioradialis
latin: musculus brachioradialis
en: Brachioradialis
related_objects: humerus,radius
en_function:
  supination of the extended forearm, pronation of the flexed forearm, flexion of the forearm, stabilises the elbow joint to prevent its overstretching


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Superficial layer (radial)
en_insertion: base of the 2nd metacarpal – posterior surface
en_innervation: radial nerve (C6–C7)
memorix_page: 4/2.2
object_id: musculus extensor carpi radialis longus
latin: musculus extensor carpi radialis longus
en: Extensor carpi radialis longus
en_origin:
  – a muscle of the superficial layer
  humerus – lateral supraepicondylar ridge distally to the brachioradialis

en_function:
  dorsal flexion and radial duction of the hand supination of the extended forearm, pronation of the flexed forearm, accessory flexion of the forearm

related_objects:
  humerus,os metacarpale 2,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Superficial layer (radial)
en_origin:
  – a muscle of the superficial layer
  humerus – lateral epicondyle, radial collateral ligament

en_insertion: base of the 3rd metacarpal – posterior surface
en_innervation: radial nerve (C6–C7)
memorix_page: 40/2.3
object_id: musculus extensor carpi radialis brevis
latin: musculus extensor carpi radialis brevis
en: Extensor carpi radialis brevis
en_function:
  dorsal flexion and radial duction of the hand, supination of the extended forearm, pronation of the flexed forearm

related_objects:
  humerus,os metacarpale 3,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.4
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Deep layer (radial)
en_insertion: radius – laterally and proximally to the pronator tuberosity
en_function: supination of the forearm
en_innervation: radial nerve (C5–C7)
memorix_page: 40/2.4
object_id: musculus supinator
latin: musculus supinator
en: Supinator
related_objects: humerus,radius,ulna,radius
en_origin:
  – a muscle of the deep layer
  – consists of 2 parts (layers)
  1 Superficial layer:
  humerus – lateral epicondyle, radial collateral ligament, anular ligament of radius
  2 Deep layer:
  ulna – supinator crest


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Superficial layer (extensor)
en_origin:
  – a muscle of the superficial layer
  humerus – lateral epicondyle and antebrachial fascia

en_innervation: radial nerve (C6–C8)
memorix_page: 40/3.1
object_id: musculus extensor digitorum
latin: musculus extensor digitorum
en: Extensor digitorum
en_insertion:
  as four tendons to the 2nd–5th fi ngers, which insert on the dorsal aponeurosis on the base of the middle and distal phalanges

en_function:
  extension of the 2nd–5th fi ngers at the metacarpophalangeal and proximal and distal interphalangeal joints, dorsal flexion of the hand

related_objects:
  humerus,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Superficial layer (extensor)
en_origin:
  – a muscle of the superficial layer
  humerus – lateral epicondyle

en_insertion: dorsal aponeurosis of the 5th finger on the base of the middle and distal phalanges
en_innervation: radial nerve (C7–C8)
memorix_page: 40/3.2
object_id: musculus extensor digiti minimi
latin: musculus extensor digiti minimi
en: Extensor digiti minimi
en_function:
  extension of the 5th fi nger at the metacarpophalangeal joint and proximal and distal interphalangeal joints, flexion of the hand

related_objects:
  humerus,phalanx distalis manus 5,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Superficial layer (extensor)
en_insertion: base of the 5th metacarpal – medial side
en_function: ulnar duction and dorsal flexion of the hand
en_innervation: radial nerve (C7–C8, variably C6)
memorix_page: 40/3.3
object_id: musculus extensor carpi ulnaris
latin: musculus extensor carpi ulnaris
en: Extensor carpi ulnaris
en_origin:
  – a muscle of the superficial layer
  1 Humeral head (caput humerale): humerus – lateral epicondyle
  2 Ulnar head (caput ulnare): ulna – posterior border

related_objects:
  humerus,ulna,os metacarpale 5,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.4
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Deep layer (extensor)
en_insertion: base of the 1st metacarpal – lateral side trapezium
en_function: abduction of the thumb, radial duction of the hand
en_innervation: radial nerve (C6–C7)
memorix_page: 40/3.4
object_id: musculus abductor pollicis longus
latin: musculus abductor pollicis longus
en: Abductor pollicis longus
en_origin:
  – a muscle of the deep layer
  radius – middle 1/3 of the posterior surface
  ulna – middle 1/3 of the posterior surface interosseous membrane of forearm – middle 1/3 of the posterior surface

related_objects:
  radius,ulna,membrana interossea antebrachii,os metacarpale pollicis 1,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.5
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Deep layer (extensor)
en_insertion: proximal phalanx of thumb – posterior surface
en_function: extension and abduction of the thumb at the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints
en_innervation: radial nerve (C6–C7)
memorix_page: 40/3.5
object_id: musculus extensor pollicis brevis
latin: musculus extensor pollicis brevis
en: Extensor pollicis brevis
en_origin:
  – a muscle of the deep layer
  radius – middle 1/3 of the posterior surface interosseous membrane of forearm – middle 1/3 of the posterior surface

related_objects:
  radius,membrana interossea antebrachii,phalanx proximalis pollicis 1,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.6
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Deep layer (extensor)
en_insertion: proximal phalanx of thumb (posterior surface)
en_innervation: radial nerve (C6–C7, variably C8)
memorix_page: 40/3.6
object_id: musculus extensor pollicis longus
latin: musculus extensor pollicis longus
en: Extensor pollicis longus
en_origin:
  – a muscle of the deep layer
  ulna – middle 1/3 of the posterior surface interosseous membrane of forearm – middle 1/3 of the posterior surface

en_function:
  extension of the thumb (in the carpometacarpal, metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joint), accessory abductor of the thumb

related_objects:
  ulna,membrana interossea antebrachii,phalanx distalis pollicis 1,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.7
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Deep layer (extensor)
en_insertion: dorsal aponeurosis of the 2nd finger, base of the middle and distal phalanges of the 2nd digit
en_innervation: radial nerve (C6–C7)
memorix_page: 40/3.7
object_id: musculus extensor indicis
latin: musculus extensor indicis
en: Extensor indicis
en_origin:
  – a muscle of the deep layer
  ulna – distal 1/3 of the posterior surface
  interosseous membrane of forearm – distal 1/3 of the posterior surface

en_function:
  extension of the 2nd digit at the metacarpophalangeal joint and proximal and distal interphalangeal joints, accessory flexion of the hand

related_objects:
  ulna,membrana interossea antebrachii,phalanx media manus 2, phalanx distalis manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: Thenar muscles (thumb group)
en_origin: radial carpal eminence, flexor retinaculum
en_insertion: base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb (lateral side), lateral sesamoid bone of the thumb
en_function: abduction of the thumb
en_innervation: median nerve (C6–C7)
memorix_page: 46/1.1
object_id: musculus abductor pollicis brevis
latin: musculus abductor pollicis brevis
en: Abductor pollicis brevis
related_objects:
  ligamentum carpi transversum,,phalanx proximalis pollicis 1,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: Thenar muscles (thumb group)
en_origin: radial carpal eminence, flexor retinaculum
en_insertion: 1st metacarpal – opponens crest
en_function: opposition and flexion of the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint
en_innervation: median nerve (C6–C7)
memorix_page: 46/1.2
object_id: musculus opponens pollicis
latin: musculus opponens pollicis
en: Opponens pollicis
related_objects:
  ligamentum carpi transversum,,os metacarpale pollicis 1,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: Thenar muscles (thumb group)
en_insertion: base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb (lateral side), lateral sesamoid bone of the thumb
en_function: flexion of the thumb at the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints
memorix_page: 46/1.3
object_id: musculus flexor pollicis brevis
latin: musculus flexor pollicis brevis
en: Flexor pollicis brevis
en_origin:
  1 Superficial head (caput superficiale):
  radial carpal eminence,
  flexor retinaculum
  2 Deep head (caput profundum):
  trapezoid,
  capitate,
  palmar intercarpal ligaments

en_innervation:
  1 Superficial head (caput superficiale): median nerve (C6–C7)
  2 Deep head (caput profundum): ulnar nerve (C6–C7)

related_objects:
  ligamentum carpi transversum, os trapezoideum, os capitatum,phalanx proximalis pollicis 1,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: Thenar muscles (thumb group)
en_insertion: base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb (medial side), medial sesamoid bone of the thumb
en_function: adduction of the thumb
en_innervation: ulnar nerve (C6–C7)
memorix_page: 46/1.4
object_id: musculus adductor pollicis transversus
latin: Musculus adductor pollicis
en: Adductor pollicis
en_origin:
  1 Oblique head (caput obliquum):
  capitate,
  trapezoid,
  base of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpal (anterior surface)
  2 Transverse head (caput transversum):
  3 rd metacarpal (anterior surface)

related_objects:
  os metacarpale 3,phalanx proximalis pollicis 1,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: Hypothenar muscles (little finger group)
en_origin: palmar aponeurosis (medial margin)
en_insertion: skin of the hypothenar eminence
en_function: pulls the skin of the hypothenar eminence
en_innervation: ulnar nerve (C8–T1)
memorix_page: 46/2.1
object_id: musculus palmaris brevis
latin: Musculus palmaris brevis
en: Palmaris brevis
related_objects:
  aponeurosis palmaris,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: Hypothenar muscles (little finger group)
en_origin: pisiform
en_insertion: base of the proximal phalanx of the little finger (ulnar side)
en_function: abducti on of the little finger
en_innervation: ulnar nerve (C8–T1)
memorix_page: 46/2.2
object_id: musculus abductor digiti minimi manus
latin: musculus abductor digiti minimi
en: Abductor digiti minimi
related_objects:
  os pisiforme,os proximalis manus 5,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: Hypothenar muscles (little finger group)
en_origin: hook of hamate, flexor retinaculum
en_insertion: base of the proximal phalanx of the little finger (medial side)
en_function: flexion of the little finger at themetacarpophalangeal joint
en_innervation: ulnar nerve (C8–T1)
memorix_page: 46/2.3
latin: musculus flexor digiti minimi brevis
en: Flexor digiti minimi brevis
related_objects:
  os hamatum,os metacarpale 5,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
brief_parent: musculi interossei palmares
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi interossei
en_innervation: ulnar nerve (C8–T1)
memorix_page: 46/3.1
latin: musculi interossei palmares
en: Palmar interossei
en_origin:
  – the palmar interossei (PI) are three muscles located in the 2nd–4th interosseous spaces between the metacarpals
  2nd metacarpal – medial side (1st PI)
  4th metacarpal – lateral side (2nd PI)
  5 th metacarpal – lateral side (3rd PI)

en_insertion:
  dorsal aponeurosis and base of proximal phalanges on the sides facing the 3rd digit
  2 nd digit, proximal phalanx – medial side (1st PI)
  4th digit, proximal phalanx – lateral side (2nd PI)
  5 th digit, proximal phalanx – lateral side (3rd PI)

en_function:
  flexion of the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints, extension of the phalanges at the interphalangeal joints (by pulling the dorsal aponeurosis),
  duction of the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints to an axis that runs through the centre of the 3rd fi nger


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.1
brief_parent: musculi interossei palmares
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi interossei palmares
object_id: musculus interosseous palmares primus
latin: musculus interossei palmares primus
en: 1st Palmar interossei
related_objects:
  os metacarpale 2,os proximalis manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.2
brief_parent: musculi interossei palmares
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi interossei palmares
object_id: musculus interosseous palmares secundus
latin: musculus interossei palmares secundus
en: 2nd Palmar interossei
related_objects:
  os metacarpale 4,os proximalis manus 4,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.3
brief_parent: musculi interossei palmares
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi interossei palmares
object_id: musculus interosseous palmares tertius
latin: musculus interossei palmares tertius
en: 3rd Palmar interossei
related_objects:
  os metacarpale 5,os proximalis manus 5,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
brief_parent: musculi interossei dorsales
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi interossei
en_innervation: ulnar nerve (C8–T1)
memorix_page: 46/3.2
latin: musculi interossei dorsales
en: Dorsal interossei
en_origin:
  – the dorsal interossei (DI) are four muscles located in the 1st–4th interosseous spaces between the metacarpals
  as two heads on adjacent metacarpals which meet in the interosseous space, resembling the shape of a tree

en_insertion:
  the dorsal aponeurosis of the digits 2–5 both sides of the proximal phalanx of the 3rd digit and on the sides facing away from the 3rd digit of the proximal phalanges of the 2nd and 4th digit
  2 nd digit, proximal phalanx – lateral side (1st DI),
  3 rd digit, proximal phalanx – lateral side (2nd DI) and medial side (3rd DI)
  4th digit, proximal phalanx – medial side (4th DI)

en_function:
  flexion of the digits at the metacarpophalangeal joints, extension of the phalanges at the interphalangeal joints (by pulling the dorsal aponeurosis), duction of the fingers at metacarpophalangeal joints towards an axis that runs through the centre of the 3rd digit)


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.1
brief_parent: musculi interossei dorsales
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi interossei dorsales
object_id: musculus interossei dorsalis manus primus
latin: musculus interossei dorsalis manus primus
en: 1st Dorsal interossei
related_objects:
  os metacarpale pollicis 1, os metacarpale 2,os proximalis manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.2
brief_parent: musculi interossei dorsales
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi interossei dorsales
object_id: musculus interosseus dorsalis manus secundus
latin: musculus interosseus dorsalis manus secundus
en: 2nd Dorsal interossei
related_objects:
  os metacarpale 2, os metacarpale 3,os proximalis manus 3,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.3
brief_parent: musculi interossei dorsales
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi interossei dorsales
object_id: musculus interosseus dorsalis manus tertius
latin: musculus interosseus dorsalis manus tertius
en: 3rd Dorsal interossei
related_objects:
  os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 4,os proximalis manus 3,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.4
brief_parent: musculi interossei dorsales
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi interossei dorsales
object_id: musculus interosseus dorsalis manus quartius
latin: musculus interosseus dorsalis manus quartius
en: 4th Dorsal interossei
related_objects:
  os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4,os proximalis manus 4,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 4
brief_parent: musculi lumbricales
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: Musculi manus
en_innervation:
  Innervation:
  Lumbrical I and II: median nerve (C8–T1)
  Lumbrical III and IV: ulnar nerve (C8–T1)

memorix_page: 46/4.1
latin: musculi lumbricales
en: Lumbricals
en_origin:
  – four muscles corresponding to the 2nd–5th digits
  on the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus of the 2nd–5th finger

en_insertion:
  dorsal aponeuroses of the 2nd–5th digits, base of the proximal phalanges of the 2nd–5th fi nger (laterally)

en_function:
  flexion of the digits at the metacarpophalangeal joints, extension of the phalanges at the interphalangeal joints (by pulling the dorsal aponeurosis), radial duction of the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints (towards the thumb)


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
brief_parent: musculi lumbricales
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi lumbricales
object_id: musculus lumbricales manus primus
latin: musculi lumbricales manus primus
en: 1st Lumbricals
related_objects:
  musculus flexor digitorum profundus,os proximalis manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
brief_parent: musculi lumbricales
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi lumbricales
object_id: musculus lumbricales manus secundus
latin: musculi lumbricales manus secundus
en: 2nd Lumbricals
related_objects:
  musculus flexor digitorum profundus,os proximalis manus 3,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 4.3
brief_parent: musculi lumbricales
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi lumbricales
object_id: musculus lumbricales manus tertius
latin: musculi lumbricales manus tertius
en: 3rd Lumbricals
related_objects:
  musculus flexor digitorum profundus,os proximalis manus 4,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 4.4
brief_parent: musculi lumbricales
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi lumbricales
object_id: musculus lumbricales manus quartius
latin: musculi lumbricales manus quartius
en: 4th Lumbricals
related_objects:
  musculus flexor digitorum profundus,os proximalis manus 5,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: Palmar tendinous sheaths
memorix_page: 50/3
latin: vagina communis tendinum musculorum flexorum
en: Common flexor sheath
en_description:
  – the common sheath for the flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus
  – usually continues as the tendinous sheath of the little finger


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: Tendinous sheaths of the fingers
memorix_page: 50/1
latin: vaginae fibrosae digitorum manus
en: Fibrous sheaths of digits of hand
en_description:
  – osteofibrous canals of firm fibrous tissue coating the synovial sheaths of the tendons of the fingers
  – connected to the palmar fibrocartilage of the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: vaginae fibrosae digitorum manus
memorix_page: 50/1.1
latin: Vincula tendinum
en_description:
  – fibrous connections inside the tendinous sheaths between the flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus
  – provide nutrition to the tendons


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the upper limb
parent: fascia brachii
memorix_page: 51/3.1
latin: septum intermusculare brachii mediale et laterale
en: Medial and lateral intermuscular septa of arm
en_description:
  – osteofascial septa between the muscles of the anterior and posterior group
  – form two brachial compartments (osteofascial spaces): anterior and posterior
  – form two skin grooves: medial and lateral bicipital grooves


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the upper limb
parent: Fasciae of the upper limb
memorix_page: 51/5
latin: retinaculum musculorum flexorum
en: Flexor retinaculum
en_description:
  – a transverse band of thickened antebrachial fascia, located ventrally on the wrist
  – ventrally borders the carpal canal
  – fuses with the palmar carpal ligament


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 7.4
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the upper limb
parent: fasciae manus
memorix_page: 51/7.4
latin: fascia palmaris superficialis
en: Superficial palmar fascia
en_description:
  – covers the muscles of both the thenar and hypothenar eminences and fuses with the palmar aponeurosis
  – is separated from the interosseous palmar fascia by three compartments and is connected with it by two septa (thenar and hypothenar septa)


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 8
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the upper limb
parent: Fasciae of the upper limb
memorix_page: 51/8
latin: aponeurosis palmaris
en: Palmar aponeurosis
en_description:
  – a fibrous triangle covering the palm
  – fuses with the superficial palmar fascia
  – disappears in bands on the fingers


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
brief_parent: musculus iliopsoas
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: Anterior group
en_insertion:
  1,2 Iliacus and psoas major: femur – lesser trochanter
  3 Psoas minor: iliopubic ramus

memorix_page: 52/1.1
object_id: musculus iliopsoas
latin: musculus iliopsoas
en: Iliopsoas
related_objects: musculus psoas major, musculus iliacus,os femoris
en_origin:
  1 Iliacus (musculus iliacus): ilium – iliac fossa
  2 Psoas major (musculus psoas major): vertebral bodies of T12–L5, intervertebral discs (as 5 digitations), vertebrae L1–L5 – costal processes
  3 Psoas minor (musculus psoas minor) – vertebral bodies of T12 and L1 and the intervertebral discs between them

en_function:
  1,2 Iliacus and psoas major: flexion and external rotation of the thigh
  2,3 Psoas major and psoas minor: ventral flexion of the lumbar vertebral column
  2 Psoas major: lateroflexion of the trunk to the side of the contracted muscle and rotation to the opposite side (unilateral contraction)

en_innervation:
  Innervati on (T12–L4): femoral nerve (iliacus), lumbar plexus – branches of the spinal nerves L1–L3 (psoas major and psoas minor)


system: muscular
brief_parent: musculus iliopsoas
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: musculus iliopsoas
en_insertion: femur – lesser trochanter
object_id: musculus psoas major
latin: musculus psoas major
en: Psoas major
en_origin:
  vertebral bodies of T12–L5,
  intervertebral discs (as 5 digitati ons),
  vertebrae L1–L5 – costal processes

en_function:
  -flexion and external rotation of the thigh
  -ventral flexion of the lumbar vertebral column
  -laterofl exion of the trunk to the side of the contracted muscle
  and rotati on to the opposite side (unilateral contracti on)

related_objects:
  vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae lumbales l5,os femoris,vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l5, os sacrum


system: muscular
brief_parent: musculus iliopsoas
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: musculus iliopsoas
en_origin:
  – vertebral bodies of T12 and L1 and
  the intervertebral discs between them

en_insertion: iliopubic ramus
en_function: ventral flexion of the lumbar vertebral column
object_id: musculus psoas minor
latin: musculus psoas minor
en: Psoas minor
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l5, os sacrum,vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l5, os sacrum


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: Superficial layer
en_insertion:
  femur – gluteal tuberosity,
  tibia – lateral condyle (via the iliotibial tract)

en_innervation: inferior gluteal nerve (L5–S1, variably L4–S2)
memorix_page: 52/2.1
object_id: musculus gluteus maximus
latin: musculus gluteus maximus
en: Gluteus maximus
related_objects: os sacrum, os coccygis, pelvis,os femoris,tibia,musculus tensor fasciae lateae,tractus iliotobialis
en_origin:
  gluteal surface of the ilium – dorsal to the posterior gluteal line, iliac crest – outer lip, thoracolumbar fascia – posterior layer, sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament, gluteal aponeurosis

en_function:
  abduction of the thigh (cranial fibers), extension, external rotation and adduction of the thigh (caudal fibers), maintains extension of the knee joint (by stretching the iliotibial tract), keeps the pelvis in retroversion, maintains the erect standing position and provides lateral stability to the trunk (most important function)


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: Superficial layer
en_insertion: femur – greater trochanter
en_innervation: superior gluteal nerve (L4–S1)
memorix_page: 52/2.2
object_id: musculus gluteus medius
latin: musculus gluteus medius
en: Gluteus medius
related_objects: pelvis,os femoris
en_origin:
  gluteal surface of the ilium – between the posterior and anterior gluteal lines, iliac crest – outer lip

en_function:
  abduction of the thigh and tilting of the pelvis (middle fibers), flexion and internal rotation of the thigh (anterior fibers), extension and external rotation of the thigh (posterior fibers)


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: Superficial layer
en_insertion: femur – greater trochanter
en_innervation: superior gluteal nerve (L4–S1)
memorix_page: 52/2.3
object_id: musculus gluteus minimus
latin: musculus gluteus minimus
en: Gluteus minimus
related_objects: pelvis,os femoris
en_origin:
  gluteal surface of the ilium – between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines, iliac crest – outer lip

en_function:
  abduction of the thigh and tilting of the pelvis (middle fibers), flexion and internal rotation of the thigh (anterior fibers), extension and external rotation of the thigh (posterior fibers)


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.4
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: Superficial layer
en_origin: ilium – anterior superior iliac spine
en_innervation: superior gluteal nerve (L4–S1)
memorix_page: 52/2.4
object_id: musculus tensor fasciae lateae
latin: musculus tensor fasciae latae
en: Tensor fasciae latae / tensor of fascia lata
related_objects: pelvis,tractus iliotobialis, tibia,musculus gluteus maximus,tractus iliotobialis
en_insertion:
  tibia – tuberosity for the iliotibial (on the lateral condyle) tract of Gerdy (via the iliotibial tract)

en_function:
  extension of the knee joint (“locking of the knee joint”), abduction, flexion and internal rotation of the thigh, stabilisation of both knee joints and the hip joint during walking


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.7
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: Deep layer
en_insertion: femur – greater trochanter (small facet above the trochanteric fossa)
en_function: external rotation of the extended thigh, abduction of the flexed thigh
en_innervation: nerve to the obturator internus and direct branches from the sacral plexus (L4–S2)
memorix_page: 52/2.7
object_id: musculus obturatorius internus
latin: musculus obturatorius internus
en: Obturator internus
related_objects: pelvis,os femoris
en_origin:
  internal surface of the obturator membrane, hip bone – obturator foramen (bony margins)
  Course of fibres: passes through the lesser sciatic foramen


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Anterior group
en_origin: ilium – anterior superior iliac spine
en_insertion:
  tibia – medial condyle
  (via the pes anserinus major)

en_innervation: femoral nerve (L2–L3)
memorix_page: 56/1.1
object_id: musculus sartorius
latin: musculus sartorius
en: Sartorius
related_objects: pelvis,tibia
en_function:
  flexion, abduction and external rotation of the thigh,
  flexion of the leg,
  internal rotation of the flexed leg


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Anterior group
en_insertion: tibial tuberosity – via the patellar ligament
en_innervation: femoral nerve (L2–L4)
memorix_page: 56/1.2
latin: musculus quadriceps femoris
en: Quadriceps femoris
en_origin:
  1 Rectus femoris (musculus rectus femoris):1.1 Straight head (caput rectum):ilium – anterior inferior iliac spine, 1.2 Reflected heafemur –  (caput reflexum):ilium – supra-acetabular groove, 
  2 Vastus lateralis (musculus vastus lateralis):femur – linea aspera (proximal half of the lateral lip),femur – intertrochanteric line (proximal part)
  3 Vastus intermedius (musculus vastus intermedius):femur – anterior and lateral surfaces, 
  4 Vastus medialis (musculus vastus medialis):femur – linea aspera (medial lip),femur – intertrochanteric line (distal part)

en_function:
  extension of the leg,control of flexion of the leg (the muscle often works in a state of eccentric contraction),flexion of the thigh (rectus femoris only)


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.2.1
brief_parent: musculus rectus femoris
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: musculus rectus femoris
en_origin: ilium – anterior inferior iliac spine
en_insertion: ti bial tuberosity – via the patellar ligament
en_innervation: femoral nerve (L2–L4)
latin: caput rectum
en: Straight head
related_objects: pelvis,os femoris
en_function:
  extension of the leg,
  control of fl exion of the leg
  (the muscle oft en works in a state
  of eccentric contracti on),
  fl exion of the thigh (rectus femoris only)


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.4
brief_parent: musculus rectus femoris
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: musculus quadriceps femoris
en_insertion: ti bial tuberosity – via the patellar ligament
en_innervation: femoral nerve (L2–L4)
object_id: musculus vastus lateralis
latin: musculus vastus lateralis
en: Vastus lateralis
related_objects: os femoris,tibia,ligamentum patellae,pelvis
en_origin:
  femur – linea aspera (proximal half of the lateral lip),
  femur – intertrochanteric line (proximal part)

en_function:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 160 characters]


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.3.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: musculus vastus intermedius
en_origin: femur
en_insertion: articular capsule
en_innervation: femoral nerve (L2–L4)
object_id: musculus articularis genus
latin: musculus articularis genus
en: Articularis genus
related_objects: os femoris,capsula articulationis genus
en_description:
  - The articularis genus is a deep, cleaved portion of the vastus intermedius. The muscle tightens capsule of the knee joint.


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.5
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Medial group
memorix_page: 56/2.5
object_id: musculus adductor magnus
latin: musculus adductor magnus
en: Adductor magnus
related_objects: pelvis,os femoris
en_origin:
  1 Adductor part: pubis – inferior pubic ramus, 
  2 Extensor part: ischium – ramus and ischial tuberosity

en_insertion:
  1 Adductor part: femur – linea aspera (medial lip)
  2 Extensor part: femur (medial condyle)– adductor tubercle

en_function:
  1 Adductor part: adduction and flexion of the thigh
  2 Extensor part: extension and internal rotation of the thigh

en_innervation:
  1 Adductor part: obturator nerve (L2–L4)
  2 Extensor part: sciatic nerve (L2–L4), obturator nerve (L2–L4)


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.6
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Medial group
en_insertion: femur – trochanteric fossa
en_function: external rotation of the thigh, accessory flexion of the thigh
en_innervation: obturator nerve (L3–L4)
memorix_page: 56/5.6
object_id: musculus obturatorius externus
latin: musculus obturatorius externus
en: Obturator externus
related_objects: membrana obturatoria,pelvis,os femoris
en_origin:
  external surface of the obturator membrane, obturator foramen (bony margins)
  Course of fi bers: run dorsally to the neck of the femur


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: musculus biceps femoris
en_origin: ischial tuberosity
en_insertion: fibula – head of fibula
en_innervation: sciati c nerve (L5–S1, variably L4–S2), tibial nerve
object_id: caput longum musculi biceps femoris
latin: caput longum musculi biceps femoris
en: Long head
related_objects: pelvis,corpus fibula
en_function:
  flexion of the leg, external rotation of the flexed leg, extension and accessory external rotation of the thigh (the long head only)


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Posterior group
en_origin: ischial tuberosity
en_insertion: tibia – medial condyle (via the pes anserinus major)
en_innervation: sciatic nerve – tibial nerve (L4–S1)
memorix_page: 56/3.2
object_id: musculus semitendinosus
latin: musculus semitendinosus
en: Semitendinosus
related_objects: pelvis,tibia,os femoris
en_function:
  flexion of the leg,internal rotation of the flexed leg,
  extension and internal rotation of the thigh,


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Posterior group
en_origin: ischial tuberosity
en_innervation: sciatic nerve – tibial nerve (L4–S1)
memorix_page: 56/3.3
object_id: musculus semimembranosus
latin: musculus semimembranosus
en: Semimembranosus
related_objects: pelvis,tibia, os femoris
en_insertion:
  tibia – medial condyle (2 inserti ons), femur – lateral condyle (via the oblique popliteal ligament)

en_function:
  flexion of the leg, internal rotation of the flexed leg, extension and internal rotation of the thigh


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Anterior group
en_insertion:
  base of the 1st metatarsal,
  medial cuneiform (plantar surface)

en_innervation: deep fibular nerve (L4)
memorix_page: 60/1.1
object_id: musculus tibialis anterior
latin: musculus tibialis anterior
en: Tibialis anterior
en_origin:
  tibia – lateral condyle,
  tibia – body (lateral surface – proximal 2/3), interosseous membrane of leg

en_function:
  dorsal flexion and supination of the foot,
  maintains the longitudinal and transverse arches of the foot

related_objects:
  membrana interossea cruris,tibia,os metatarsale hallucis 1,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os cuboideum, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os metatarsale 3, os metatarsale 2, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os cuneiforme mediale, os cuneiforme intermedium, os cuneiforme laterale, os naviculare, os calcis, os talus, tibia, corpus fibula


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Anterior group
en_function: extension of the 2nd–5th toe, dorsal flexion and accessory pronation of the foot
en_innervation: deep fibular nerve (L4–S1)
memorix_page: 60/1.2
object_id: musculus extensor digitorum longus
latin: musculus extensor digitorum longus
en: Extensor digitorum longus
en_origin:
  tibia – lateral condyle,
  fibula – body (medial surface – proximal 3/4),interosseous membrane of leg, anterior intermuscular septum of leg

en_insertion:
  four tendons to the 2nd–5th toes (into the dorsal aponeurosis of the toes), distal phalanges of the toes

related_objects:
  tibia, corpus fibula,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os cuboideum, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os metatarsale 3, os metatarsale 2, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os cuneiforme mediale, os cuneiforme intermedium, os cuneiforme laterale, os naviculare, os calcis, os talus, tibia, corpus fibula


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Lateral group
en_insertion: base of the 1st metatarsal, medial cuneiform (plantar surface)
en_innervation: superficial fibular nerve (L5–S1)
memorix_page: 60/2.1
object_id: musculus fibularis longus
latin: musculus fibularis longus
en: Fibularis longus
related_objects: corpus fibula,os metatarsale hallucis 2
en_origin:
  fibula – head of fibula,
  fibula – body (lateral surface – proximal 1/2)
  Course of fibers: through the malleolar groove of the fibula (in the common tendinous sheath with the fibularis brevis), through a groove for the tendon on the plantar surface of the cuboid (in the tendinous sheath)

en_function:
  plantar flexion, pronation and abduction of the foot (eversion of the foot), holds both the longitudinal and transverse arch of the foot


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
brief_parent: musculus triceps surae
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Superficial layer
en_insertion: calcaneus – calcaneal tuberosity (via the Achilles/calcaneal tendon)
en_function: plantar flexion of the foot, flexion of the leg (only gastrocnemius), stabilizes the knee joint
en_innervation: tibial nerve (L5–S3)
memorix_page: 60/3.1
latin: musculus triceps surae
en: Triceps surae
en_origin:
  1 Medial head of gastrocnemius (caput mediale musculi gastrocnemii): femur – medial epicondyle, (internal supracondylar tubercle)
  2 Lateral head of gastrocnemius (caput laterale musculi gastrocnemii): femur – lateral epicondyle, (external supracondylar tubercle)
  3 Soleus (Musculus soleus): fibula – head of fibula, tibia – soleal line, tibia – posterior surface (proximal 1/4), tendinous arch of soleus


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.3
brief_parent: musculus triceps surae
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: musculus triceps surae
en_insertion: calcaneus – calcaneal tuberosity (via the Achilles/calcaneal tendon)
en_function: plantar flexion of the foot, flexion of the leg (only gastrocnemius), stabilizes the knee joint
en_innervation: tibial nerve (L5–S3)
object_id: musculus soleus
latin: musculus soleus
en: Soleus
related_objects: corpus fibula, tibia,os calcis,tibia, corpus fibula, os talus, os calcis
en_origin:
  fibula – head of fibula,
  tibia – soleal line,
  tibia – posterior surface (proximal 1/4),
  tendinous arch of soleus


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.4
brief_parent: musculus triceps surae
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: musculus triceps surae
en_insertion: calcaneus – calcaneal tuberosity
object_id: tendon achillis
latin: Achilles tendon
en: tendo calcaneus
related_objects: musculus gastrocnemius caput laterale,os calcis,tibia, corpus fibula, os talus, os calcis
en_description:
  The Achilles tendon is a tendon situated on the back of the leg, and the thickest in the human body. 


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Deep layer
en_origin: femur – lateral condyle (groove for the popliteus)
en_insertion: tibia – posterior surface (above the soleal line)
en_innervation: tibial nerve (L4–S1)
memorix_page: 60/3.3
object_id: musculus popliteus
latin: musculus popliteus
en: Popliteus
related_objects: os femoris,tibia,tibia, corpus fibula, os talus, os calcis
en_function:
  flexion of the leg (“unlocks” the knee joint), internal rotation of the flexed leg, influences the movements of the lateral meniscus of the knee joint


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.4
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Deep layer
en_origin: tibia and fibula – posterior surface (proximal 2/3),interosseous membrane of leg
en_innervation: tibial nerve (L5–S1, variably S2)
memorix_page: 60/3.4
object_id: musculus tibialis posterior
latin: musculus tibialis posterior
en: Tibialis posterior
en_insertion:
  navicular – tuberosity of the navicular, medial cuneiform – plantar surface (medial part of the tendon)

en_function:
  plantar flexion, supination and adduction of the foot (inversion of the foot), holds the longitudinal arch of the foot

related_objects:
  tibia, corpus fibula,os naviculare, os cuneiforme mediale, os metatarsale 4, os metatarsale 3, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme intermedium, os metatarsale 2,tibia, corpus fibula, os talus, os calcis


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.5
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Deep layer
en_origin: tibia – posterior surface (middle 2/4), interosseous membrane of leg
en_insertion: four tendons for the 2nd–5th toes (insertion on the bases of the distal phalanges)
en_innervation: tibial nerve (L5–S2)
memorix_page: 60/3.5
object_id: musculus flexor digitorum longus
latin: musculus flexor digitorum longus
en: Flexor digitorum longus
en_function:
  flexion of the toes at the metatarsophalangeal joint and proximal and distal interphalangeal joints, plantar flexion, supination and adduction of the foot (inversion of the foot), helps to hold the longitudinal arch of the foot

related_objects:
  tibia,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2,tibia, corpus fibula, os talus, os calcis


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.6
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Deep layer
en_origin: fibula – posterior surface (distal 2/3), interosseous membrane of leg
en_insertion: base of the distal phalanx of the big toe
en_innervation: tibial nerve (L5–S2)
memorix_page: 60/3.6
object_id: musculus flexor hallucis longus
latin: musculus flexor hallucis longus
en: Flexor hallucis longus
related_objects: corpus fibula,phalanx distalis hallucis 1,tibia, corpus fibula, os talus, os calcis
en_function:
  flexion of the big toe at metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints, plantar flexion, supination and adduction of the foot (inversion of the foot),helps to hold the longitudinal arch of the foot


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Dorsal group
en_origin: calcaneus – dorsal surface
en_function: extension of the2nd–4th toe (variably the 5th toe)
en_innervation: deep fibular nerve (L4–S1)
memorix_page: 64/1.1
object_id: musculus extensor digitorum brevis
latin: musculus extensor digitorum brevis
en: Extensor digitorum brevis
en_insertion:
  3–4 tendons for the 2nd–4th toe (variably the 5th toe), insertion into the dorsal aponeurosis of the toes

related_objects:
  os calcis,phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 2,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Dorsal group
en_origin: calcaneus – dorsal surface
en_insertion: dorsal aponeurosis of the big toe
en_function: extension of the big toe (only in the metatarsophalangeal joint)
en_innervation: deep fibular nerve (L4–S1)
memorix_page: 64/1.2
object_id: musculus extensor hallucis brevis
latin: musculus extensor hallucis brevis
en: Extensor hallucis brevis
related_objects:
  os calcis,phalanx proximalis hallucis 1,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Medial group
en_origin: calcaneus – calcaneal tuberosity (medial process)
en_insertion: base of the proximal phalanx of the big toe,medial sesamoid bone of the big toe
en_innervation: tibial nerve – medial plantar nerve (L5–S1)
memorix_page: 64/2.1
object_id: musculus abductor hallucis
latin: musculus abductor hallucis
en: Abductor hallucis
en_function:
  abduction and flexion of the big toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint, helps to hold the longitudinal arch of the foot

related_objects:
  os calcis,phalanx proximalis hallucis 1,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Medial group
en_function: flexion of the big toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint
en_innervation: tibial nerve – medial plantar nerve (S1–S2)
memorix_page: 64/2.2
object_id: Musculus flexor hallucis brevis
latin: musculus flexor hallucis brevis
en: Flexor hallucis brevis
en_origin:
  1 Medial head (caput mediale): intermediate cuneiform bone and base of the 2nd–4th metatarsals
  2 Lateral head (caput laterale): cuboid and lateral cuneiform – plantar surface

en_insertion:
  base of the proximal phalanx of the big toe, sesamoid bones of the big toe (both medial and lateral)

related_objects:
  os cuboideum,phalanx proximalis hallucis 1,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Medial group
en_insertion: base of the proximal phalanx of the big toe (plantar surface), lateral sesamoid bone of the big toe
en_function: adduction of the big toe accessory flexion of the toes at the metatarsophalangeal joints
en_innervation: tibial nerve – lateral plantar nerve (S1–S2)
memorix_page: 64/2.3
latin: musculus adductor hallucis
en: Adductor hallucis
en_origin:
  1 Oblique head (caput obliquum): base of the 2nd–4th metatarsal, cuboid – plantar surface,cuneiforms – plantar surface
  2 Transverse head (caput transversum): 3rd–5th metatarsophalangeal joints


system: muscular
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculus adductor hallucis
en_origin: 3rd–5th metatarsophalangeal joints
en_insertion: base of the proximal phalanx of the big toe (plantar surface), lateral sesamoid bone of the big toe
en_function: adduction of the big toe accessory flexion of the toes at the metatarsophalangeal joints
en_innervation: tibial nerve – lateral plantar nerve (S1–S2)
object_id: caput transversum musculi adductoris hallucis
latin: musculus adductor hallucis caput transversum
en: Adductor hallucis Transverse head
related_objects:
  os metatarsale 3, os metatarsale 4, os metatarsale 5,phalanx proximalis hallucis 1,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Lateral group
en_origin: calcaneus – calcaneal tuberosity, plantar aponeurosis
en_insertion: base of the proximal phalanx of the little toe, tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal
en_function: abduction and flexion of the little toe at the metatasophalangeal joint
en_innervation: tibial nerve – lateral plantar nerve (S1–S2)
memorix_page: 64/3.1
object_id: musculus abductor digiti minimi
latin: musculus abductor digiti minimi
en: Abductor digiti minimi
related_objects:
  os calcis,phalanx proximalis pedis 5,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Lateral group
en_origin: base of the 5th metatarsal
en_insertion: base of the proximal phalanx of the little toe
en_function: flexion of the little toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint
en_innervation: tibial nerve – lateral plantar nerve (S1–S2)
memorix_page: 64/3.2
object_id: musculus flexor digiti minimi brevis
latin: musculus flexor digiti minimi brevis
en: Flexor digiti minimi brevis
related_objects:
  os metatarsale 5,phalanx proximalis pedis 5,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Lateral group
en_origin: base of the 5th metatarsal, long plantar ligament
en_insertion: metatarsophalangeal joint of the little toe
en_function: accessory adductor and flexor of the 5th metatarsal
en_innervation: tibial nerve – lateral plantar nerve (S1–S2)
memorix_page: 64/3.3
object_id: musculus opponens digi minimi
latin: musculus opponens digiti minimi
en: Opponens digiti minimi
related_objects:
  os metatarsale 5,os cuboideum,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Middle group
en_origin: calcaneus – calcaneal tuberosity (medial process)
en_insertion: four tendons to the 2nd–5th toes (with bifuracated insertion on the bases of the middle phalages)
en_function: flexion of the 2nd–5th toes at the metatarsophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints
en_innervation: tibial nerve – medial plantar nerve (L5–S1)
memorix_page: 64/4.1
object_id: musculus flexor digitorum brevis
latin: musculus flexor digitorum brevis
en: Flexor digitorum brevis
related_objects:
  os calcis,phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 2,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Middle group
en_origin: calcaneus – plantar surface, long plantar ligament
en_innervation: tibial nerve – lateral plantar nerve (S1–S2)
memorix_page: 64/4.2
object_id: musculus quadratus plantae
latin: musculus quadratus plantae
en: Quadratus plantae
en_insertion:
  into the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus (before it divides into tendons for the inidividual toes)

en_function:
  straightens the oblique traction of the flexor digitorum longus (participates in flexion of the toes)

related_objects:
  os calcis,musculus flexor digitorum longus,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 5.1
brief_parent: musculi interossei plantares
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculi interossei
en_innervation: tibial nerve – lateral plantar nerve (S1–S2)
memorix_page: 64/5.1
latin: musculi interossei plantares
en: Plantar interossei
en_description:
  – the plantar interrossei are three muscles located
  in the 2nd–4th interosseous space of the metatarsals

en_origin:
  3rd–5th metatarsal (tibial side), epimysium of the surrounding muscles, tendon of fibularis longus, long plantar ligament, articular capsules of the tarsometatarsal joints

en_insertion:
  dorsal aponeurosis of the 3rd–5th toes, base of the proximal phalanges of the 3rd–5th toes (medial side)

en_function:
  flexion of the toes at the metatarsophalangeal joints, extension of the toes at the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints (by pulling the dorsal aponeurosis), adduction of the toes (towards the axis that runs through the 2nd toe)


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 5.1.1
brief_parent: musculi interossei plantares
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculi interossei plantares
object_id: musculi interossei plantares primus
latin: musculus interosseus plantares primus
en: 1st Plantar interossei
related_objects:
  os metatarsale 3,phalanx proximalis pedis 3,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 5.1.2
brief_parent: musculi interossei plantares
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculi interossei plantares
object_id: musculi interossei plantares secundus
latin: musculus interosseus plantares secundus
en: 2nd Plantar interossei
related_objects:
  os metatarsale 4,phalanx proximalis pedis 4,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 5.2
brief_parent: musculi interossei dorsales
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculi interossei
en_innervation: tibial nerve – lateral plantar nerve
memorix_page: 64/5.2
latin: musculi interossei dorsales
en: Dorsal interossei
en_description:
  – the dorsal interossei (DI) are 4 muscles located
  in the 1st–4th interosseous spaces of the metatarsals

en_origin:
  each dorsal interreous muscle originates as two heads on neighbouring surfaces of the metatarsals that join in the interosseous space, forming the shape of a tree

en_insertion:
  the dorsal aponeurosis and the bases of the proximal phalanges
  2nd digit, proximal phalanx – on the medial surface (1st DI)
  2nd digit, proximal phalanx – on the lateral surface (2nd DI)
  3rd digit, proximal phalanx – on the lateral surface (3rd DI)
  4th digit, proximal phalanx – on the lateral surface (4th DI)

en_function:
  flexion of the toes at the metatarsophalangeal joints extension of the toes at the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints (by pulling the dorsal aponeurosis),abduction of the toes away from the axis running through the 2nd toe


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 5.2.1
brief_parent: musculi interossei dorsales
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculi interossei dorsales
object_id: musculus interosseus dorsalis pedis primus
latin: musculus interosseus dorsalis pedis primus
en: 1st Dorsal interossei
related_objects:
  os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 2,phalanx proximalis pedis 2,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 5.2.2
brief_parent: musculi interossei dorsales
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculi interossei dorsales
object_id: musculus interosseus dorsalis pedis quartius
latin: musculus interosseus dorsalis pedis quartius
en: 2nd Dorsal interossei
related_objects:
  os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale 3,phalanx proximalis pedis 2,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 5.2.3
brief_parent: musculi interossei dorsales
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculi interossei dorsales
object_id: musculus interosseus dorsalis pedis secundus
latin: musculus interosseus dorsalis pedis secundus
en: 3rd Dorsal interossei
related_objects:
  os metatarsale 3, os metatarsale 4,phalanx proximalis pedis 3,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 5.2.4
brief_parent: musculi interossei dorsales
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculi interossei dorsales
object_id: musculus interosseus dorsalis pedis tercius
latin: musculus interosseus dorsalis pedis tercius
en: 4th Dorsal interossei
related_objects:
  os metatarsale 4, os metatarsale 5,phalanx proximalis pedis 4,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 6
brief_parent: musculi lumbricales
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Musculi pedis
en_description: - The lumbricals are 4 muscles corresponding to the 2nd–5th toe.
en_origin: the tendons of the fl exor digitorum longus of the 2nd–5th toe
latin: musculi lumbricales
en: Lumbricals
en_insertion:
  dorsal aponeurosis of the 2nd–5th toe, the bases of the proximal phalanges of the 2nd–5th toe (on their medial surfaces)

en_function:
  flexion of the toes at the metatarsophalangeal joints, extension of the toes at the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints (by pulling the dosal aponeurosis), medial duction of the toes towards the big toe


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 6.1
brief_parent: musculi lumbricales
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculi lumbricales
memorix_page: 64/6.1
object_id: musculus lumbricales primus
latin: musculus lumbricales primus
en: 1st Lumbricals
related_objects:
  fl exor digitorum longus,phalanx proximalis pedis 2,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 6.2
brief_parent: musculi lumbricales
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculi lumbricales
object_id: musculus lumbricales quartius
latin: musculus lumbricales quartius
en: 2nd Lumbricals
related_objects:
  fl exor digitorum longus,phalanx proximalis pedis 3,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 6.3
brief_parent: musculi lumbricales
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculi lumbricales
object_id: musculus lumbricales secundus
latin: musculus lumbricales secundus
en: 3rd Lumbricals
related_objects:
  fl exor digitorum longus,phalanx proximalis pedis 4,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale


system: muscular
custom_hierarchy: 6.4
brief_parent: musculi lumbricales
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculi lumbricales
object_id: musculus lumbricales tertius
latin: musculus lumbricales tertius
en: 4th Lumbricals
related_objects:
  fl exor digitorum longus,phalanx proximalis pedis 5,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale


custom_hierarchy: 4.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the lower limb
parent: Tendinous sheaths on the sole of the foot
latin: vaginae fibrosae digitorum pedis
en: Fibrous sheaths of toes
en_description:
  – osteofibrous canals made of firm fibrous tissue coating synovial sheaths of the tendons of the toes
  – are connected to the plantar fibrocartilage of the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints


custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the lower limb
parent: Fasciae of the lower limb
latin: fascia glutea
en: Gluteal fascia
en_description:
  – covers the gluteus maximus and gluteus medius
  – attaches proximally to the iliac crest and medially to the sacrum, distally continues as the fascia lata


custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the lower limb
parent: Fasciae of the lower limb
latin: fascia lata femoris
en: Fascia lata
en_description:
  – attaches proximally to the iliac crest and ingiunal ligament, continues dorsally as the gluteal fascia
  – attaches distally to the epicondyles of the femur, base of the patella and head of the fibula


custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the lower limb
parent: fascia lata femoris
latin: tractus iliotibialis
en: Iliotibial tract
en_description:
  – a thickened lateral band of the fascia lata
  – attaches to the tuberosity for the iliotibial tract (tubercle of Gerdy)


custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the lower limb
parent: Fasciae of the lower limb
latin: fascia cruris
en: Deep fascia of leg
en_description:
  – the continuation of the fascia lata
  – attaches into the periosteum of the anterior border and medial surface of the tibia and to the medial and lateral malleolus
  – forms four compartments (osteofascial spaces)


custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the lower limb
parent: Fasciae of the lower limb
latin: retinaculum musculorum flexorum
en: Flexor retinaculum
en_description:
  – a thickened fascia of the leg, stretched from the medial malleolus to the calcaneal tuberosity
  – covers the tendons of the deep layer of the posterior group of muscles of the leg
  – borders the malleolar canal medially


custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the lower limb
parent: Fasciae of the lower limb
latin: retinaculum musculorum fibularium superius et inferius
en: Superior and inferior fibular retinaculum
en_description:
  – a thickening of the fascia of the leg
  – stretches from the calcaneal tuberosity and lateral malleolus to the foot
  – covers the tendons of the fibular muscles as they pass from the leg to the foot


custom_hierarchy: 7
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the lower limb
parent: Fasciae of the lower limb
latin: retinaculum musculorum extensorum superius et inferius
en: Superior and inferior extensor retinaculum
en_description:
  – a thickened ventral part of the fascia of the leg
  – covers the tendons of the extensors where they pass from the leg to the foot


custom_hierarchy: 8.3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the lower limb
parent: fascia pedis
latin: fascia plantaris superficialis
en: Superficial plantar fascia
en_description:
  – covers the lateral and medial group of the foot muscles
  – fuses with the plantar aponeurosis
  – communicates with the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the leg
  – is separated from the interosseous plantar fascia by the medial and lateral osteofascial septa


custom_hierarchy: 9
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the lower limb
parent: Fasciae of the lower limb
latin: aponeurosis plantaris
en: Plantar aponeurosis
en_description:
  – fuses with the surface of the flexor digitorum brevis and covers it
  – originates on the calcaneal tuberosity, disappears distally as bands on the toes


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
memorix_page: 213
object_id: musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis
latin: musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis
en: Lateral cricoarytenoid
en_description:
  course: from the cranial part of the lateral margin of the cricoid cartilage to the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage
  function: moves the muscular process ventrolaterally, adducting the vocal cords and closing the intermembranous part of the rima glottidis


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3
memorix_page: 213
object_id: musculus thyroarytenoideus
latin: musculus thyroarytenoideus
en: Thyroarytenoid
en_description:
  course: from the internal side of the thyroid cartilage along the external side of the vocal ligament to the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage
  function: internal rotation and ventral shift of the arytenoid cartilage – adduction and shortening of the vocal ligament (narrows the rima glottidis)


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
memorix_page: 213
object_id: musculus vocalis
latin: musculus vocalis
en: Vocalis
en_description:
  – the medial part of the thyroarytenoid adjacent to the vocal ligament
  – shortens and relaxes the vocal ligament
  – the main muscle regulating strain on the vocal ligaments
  – contains many motor units


