# content_generalanatomy

system: general anatomy
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Planes, axes and lines
sub_group: Planes of the human body
parent: Planes, axes and lines
latin: plana corporis humani
en: Planes of the human body
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  To avoid confusion, the structures of the human body are described in a specific posture. This posture is called <b> the anatomical position and is an upright posture with the upper limbs on the sides of the body with the palms facing forward. </b> To help us orientate structures on the human body, we use <b> three principle perpendicular planes of reference. </b> These are the sagittal plane, the frontal plane and the transverse plane.  <b>The sagittal plane </b> runs through the body from the back to the front.  

  <b>The frontal plane </b> is parallel to the forehead and divides the body into posterior and anterior portions.  <b>The transverse plane </b> runs through the body horizontally, dividing it into cranial and caudal portions.  <b>The mid-sagitt al or median plane </b> is a sagittal plane found  <b>exactly at the midpoint of the body </b> and cuts the body into <b> symmetrical left and right halves. </b>


# content_arterial

system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
en: Common carotid artery and its branches
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The right common carotid artery arises with the right subclavian artery</b> from the brachiocephalic trunk.<b>The left common carotid artery arises directly from the aortic arch.</b> Each common carotid artery passes cranially along the trachea and bifurcates into the internal and external carotid arteries<b>within the carotid triangle</b> at the level of the superior margin of the thyroid cartilage (at the level of C4). <b>The common carotid artery</b> gives off no other branches as it<b>travels with the internal jugular vein</b>, the vagus nerve and the superior branch of the deep cervical ansa in the fibrous carotid sheath (vagina carotica).

general_description:
  <b>The carotid body (glomus caroticum)</b> is located in the carotid bifurcation. It is a chemoreceptor, which detects changes in the internal environment (mainly partial pressure of oxygen, concentration of carbon dioxide and changes in pH).
  <b>The stapedial branch</b> of the stylomastoid artery is a small artery, which is an embryological remnant of the main artery of the second pharyngeal arch.<br>

clinical_notes:
  <b>Carotid ultrasonography</b> is an ultrasonographic procedure that shows the quality of blood flow within the carotid arteries. It measures the luminal diameter (6-7 mm), blood flow and the intima-media thickness (IMT), which is a marker of atherosclerosis.<br>
  <b>Carotid stenosis</b> is, in the majority of cases, caused by an atherosclerotic plaque. A piece of the plaque can break off and travel through the circulation to the blood vessels in the brain. The pieces can lodge in the vessel wall and restrict blood flow, causing a thrombembolic stroke.<br>
  <b>The carotid tubercle</b> / tubercle of Chassaignac is a synonym for the anterior tubercle of the transverse process of the sixth cervical vertebra. The common carotid artery can be compressed against it.<br>
  <b>Electrocautery</b> refers to a process that uses electric current to destroy vessels and stop bleeding. <b>Embolisation</b> is a procedure in which a chemical substance injected by an intra-arterial catheter causes selective occlusion of a blood vessel. Learning HTML, CSS and JS is essential to become a web or a front-end developer.


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: Common carotid artery
parent: Common carotid artery and its branches
en: Common carotid artery
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> ascends along the trachea</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> bifurcates within the carotid triangle</indent>

clinical_notes:
  <b>The common carotid artery</b> can be examined with a stethoscope. Such an examination is called auscultation and allows the detection of an abnormal sound called a bruit, which indicates the presence of stenosis. The bruit manifests as a regular rustling sound during each heart contraction and can indicate stenosis of the artery even when the pulse is normally palpable.


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: Common carotid artery
parent: Common carotid artery
memorix_page: 277
object_id: arteria carotis communis dextra
latin: arteria carotis communis dextra
en: Right common carotid artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 198 characters]

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,atrium dextrum,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,aorta ascendens,bulbus aortae,arcus aortae,truncus brachiocephalicus,arteria subclavia dextra,arteria carotis communis dextra,arteria carotis communis sinistra,arteria subclavia sinistra,ligamentum arteriosum,aorta thoracica,aorta abdominalis


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: Internal carotid artery
parent: Internal carotid artery and its branches
object_id: arteria carotis interna
latin: arteria carotis interna
en: Internal carotid artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> passes dorsolaterally giving off no branches within the neck</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> enters the cranium to give off branches supplying the brain and eyeball</indent>

related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2,atlas c1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t1,costa prima 1,corpus maxillae 1,os palatinum 1,corpus maxillae 2,os palatinum 2,os nasale 1,os nasale 2,os zygomaticum 1,os zygomaticum 2,os hyoideum,concha nasi inferior 1,os lacrimale 1,os occipitale,vomer,concha nasi inferior 2,os lacrimale 2,os sphenoidale,os ethmoidale,os temporale 1,os temporale 2,dentes canini 3,dentes canini b3,dentes incisivi 1,dentes incisivi 2,dentes incisivi b1,dentes incisivi b2,dentes morales 6,dentes morales 7,dentes morales 8,dentes morales b7,dentes morales b8,dentes premolares 4,dentes premolares 5,dentes premolares b4,dentes premolares b5,dentes premolares b6,dentes canini 004,dentes canini b004,dentes incisivi 003,dentes incisivi 004,dentes incisivi b003,dentes incisivi b004,dentes morales 009,dentes morales 010,dentes morales 011,dentes morales b009,dentes morales b010,dentes premolares 006,dentes premolares 007,dentes premolares b007,dentes premolares b008,dentes premolares b009


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Ventral branches of external carotid artery
object_id: arteria thyroidea superior
latin: arteria thyroidea superior
en: Superior thyroid artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Course</b>
  - <indent=3em> the first branch of the external carotid artery</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> passes ventrally then descends to the anterior surface of the thyroid gland</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria thyroidea superior
object_id: arteria laryngea superior
latin: arteria laryngea superior
en: Superior laryngeal artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> supplies the larynx and accompanies the superior laryngeal nerve as it passes through the thyrohyoid membrane</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria lingualis
object_id: arteria sublingualis
latin: arteria sublingualis
en: Sublingual artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> supplies the sublingual gland and the floor of the oral cavity</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> arises from the lingual artery before entering the tongue</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> passes along the floor of the oral cavity below the sublingual gland</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria lingualis
object_id: arteria profunda linguae
latin: arteria profunda linguae
en: Deep lingual artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> passes inside the tongue between the genioglossus and the inferior longitudinal muscle to the apex of the tongue</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Ventral branches of external carotid artery
object_id: arteria facialis
latin: arteria facialis
en: Facial artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Course</b>
  - <indent=3em> the third branch from the external carotid artery, passes through the submandibular triangle to the ramus of the mandible</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> then it passes behind (medially to) the stylohyoid and posterior belly of the digastric and either through or under the submandibular gland (the facial vein passes superficially to both the gland and muscles)</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> reaches the face along the anterior margin of the masseter and has a tortuous course along the oral and nasal angles</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> its terminal branch, the angular artery, ascends to the medial margin of the orbit where it anastomoses with the branches of the ophthalmic and infraorbital arteries</indent> <br>

  Is the third branch and ascends across the face towards the orbit.

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]

general_description:
  <b>The facial and lingual artery</b> can arise from a common origin called the linguofacial trunk. This is important to known when performing catheterisation.<br>

clinical_notes:
  <b>The facial artery</b> is palpable where it crosses the margin of the mandible in front of the insertion of the masseter. This is a pressure point used to stop arterial bleeding.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.3.1
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria facialis
object_id: arteria palatina ascendens
latin: arteria palatina ascendens
en: Ascending palatine artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> supplies the isthmus of the fauces, pharynx, and palate</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> passes cranially along the pharyngeal wall within the prestyloid space</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.3.2
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria facialis
object_id: arteria submentalis
latin: arteria submentalis
en: Submental artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> supplies the suprahyoid muscles</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> passes along the inferior surface of the mylohyoid</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.3.3
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria facialis
object_id: arteria labialis inferior
latin: arteria labialis inferior
en: Inferior labial branch
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> supplies the lower lip, passes under the orbicularis oris and anastomoses with the contralateral inferior labial branch</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.3.4
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria facialis
object_id: arteria labialis superior
latin: arteria labialis superior
en: Superior labial branch
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> supplies the upper lip, passes under the orbicularis oris and anastomoses with the contralateral superior labial branch</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]

general_description:
  <b>The right and left superior labial branches</b> of the facial artery anastomose and form an arterial circle within the area of the upper lip. Similarly, the inferior labial branches form an arterial circle within the area of the lower lip.  


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.3.6
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria facialis
object_id: arteria angularis
latin: arteria angularis
en: Angular artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> supplies the medial angle of the eye</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> passes along the nasal wing to the medial angle of the eye</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Dorsal branches of external carotid artery
object_id: arteria occipitalis
latin: arteria occipitalis
en: Occipital artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Course</b>
  - <indent=3em> passes along the posterior margin of the posterior belly of the digastric to the base of the skull behind the mastoid process where it runs in the shallow occipital groove and enters the external soft tissue of the skull</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Dorsal branches of external carotid artery
object_id: arteria auricularis posterior
latin: arteria auricularis posterior
en: Posterior auricular artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Course</b>
  - <indent=3em> passes along the posterior belly of the digastric behind the auricle and in front of the mastoid process</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria stylomastoidea
object_id: arteria tympanica posterior
latin: arteria tympanica posterior
en: Posterior tympanic artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> passes through the canaliculus for the chorda tympani and supplies the tympanic cavity</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 5.1
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Terminal branches of external carotid artery
object_id: arteria temporalis superficialis
latin: arteria temporalis superficialis
en: Superficial temporal artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Course</b>
  - <indent=3em> ascends behind the temporomandibular joint through the parotid gland, then it crosses the zygomatic arch, and in front of the auricle it gives off branches that travel into the frontal, temporal, and parietal regions</indent> <br>

  The superficial temporal artery is one of the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery. <b>It supplies the parotid gland, auricle, temporal muscle and external soft tissue of the skull within the temporal and zygomatico-orbital regions.</b>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]

clinical_notes:
  <b>The superficial temporal artery</b> is palpable in front of the auricle and above the temporomandibular joint. The most common disease affecting this artery is a type of arteritis called Horton’s disease or temporal arteritis. This disease manifests as a red painful line over the course of the superficial temporal artery.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 5.1.5
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria temporalis superficialis
object_id: rami auriculares anteriores arteriae temporalis superficialis
latin: rami auriculares anteriores arteriae temporalis superficialis
en: Anterior auricular branches
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> supply the temporomandibular joint and the lateral surface of the external acoustic meatus</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 5.1.7
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria temporalis superficialis
object_id: arteria temporalis media
latin: arteria temporalis media superficialis
en: Middle temporal artery of superficial temporal artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> perforates the temporal fascia, supplies the temporalis and ascends along the squamous part of the temporal bone in a shallow groove for the middle temporal artery</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 5.3
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Terminal branches of external carotid artery
en: Maxillary artery - mandibular part
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Course</b>
  - <indent=3em> runs between the neck of the mandible and the sphenomandibular ligament and ascends to the infratemporal fossa


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 5.3.2
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Maxillary artery - mandibular part
object_id: arteria tympanica anterior
latin: arteria tympanica anterior
en: Anterior tympanic artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> supplies the tympanic cavity</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> passes through the petrotympanic fissure into the tympanic cavity</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria meningea media
object_id: arteria tympanica superior
latin: arteria tympanica superior
en: Superior tympanic artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> supplies the tympanic cavity</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> passes through the canal for the lesser petrosal nerve</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria alveolaris inferior
object_id: ramus mentalis arteriae alveolaris inferioris
latin: ramus mentalis arteriae alveolaris inferioris
en: Mental branch of inferior alveolar artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> the terminal branch</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> passes through the mental foramen to reach the mental region</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 5.4
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Terminal branches of external carotid artery
en: Maxillary artery - pterygoid part
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Course</b>
   - <indent=3em> usually lies between the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles</indent>


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Maxillary artery - pterygoid part
object_id: arteria masseterica
latin: arteria masseterica
en: Masseteric artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> passes through the mandibular notch and enters the medial surface of the masseter</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Maxillary artery - pterygoid part
latin: arteriae temporalis profundae
en: Deep temporal arteries
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> two arteries running cranially and entering the temporalis from the medial side</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 5.5
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Terminal branches of external carotid artery
en: Maxillary artery - pterygopalatine part
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Course</b>
   <indent=3em> passes through the pterygomaxillary fissure to enter the pterygopalatine fossa</indent>


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Maxillary artery - pterygopalatine part
object_id: arteria alveolaris posterior superior
latin: arteria alveolaris posterior superior
en: Posterior superior alveolar artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> passes over the maxillary tuberosity and travels through the alveolar canals to reach the tooth sockets (alveoli) of the upper premolars and molars</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Maxillary artery - pterygopalatine part
object_id: arteria infraorbitalis
latin: arteria infraorbitalis
en: Infraorbital artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> supplies the facial area under the orbit and the anterior upper teeth</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> passes through the inferior orbital fissure and along the infraorbital groove</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> enters the infraorbital canal and leaves it through the infraorbital foramen</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Maxillary artery - pterygopalatine part
object_id: arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores
latin: arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores
en: Anterior superior alveolar arteries
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> branch from the infraorbital artery in the infraorbital canal and descend in osseous canals to the tooth sockets of the upper incisors and canines</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria palatina descendens
object_id: arteria palatina major
latin: arteria palatina major
en: Greater palatine artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> passes through the greater palatine foramen to reach the mucosa of the hard palate</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria palatina descendens
object_id: arteriae palatinae minores
latin: arteriae palatinae minores
en: Lesser palatine arteries
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> pass through the lesser palatine canals and foramina to reach the mucosa of the soft palate</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Maxillary artery - pterygopalatine part
object_id: arteria sphenopalatina
latin: arteria sphenopalatina
en: Sphenopalatine artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> passes through the sphenopalatine foramen to reach the posterior part of the nasal cavity</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]

clinical_notes:
  <b>The sphenopalatine artery</b> is often responsible for nasal bleeding (epistaxis). It can be occluded with electrocautery or embolisation.


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria sphenopalatina
object_id: arteriae nasales posteriores laterales
latin: arteriae nasales posteriores laterales
en: Posterior lateral nasal arteries
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> pass to the mucosa of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and to the nasal septum</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.0
main_group: Brachial artery
sub_group: Brachial artery and its branches
parent: Brachial artery and its branches
memorix_page: 284
object_id: arteria brachialis
latin: arteria brachialis
en: Brachial artery master branch
cell_type: 0
en_description:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 136 characters]

related_objects:
  atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,os costale 3,costa prima 1,costa secunda 2,clavicula,scapula,humerus,ulna,radius


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.0
main_group: Axillary artery
sub_group: Axillary artery and its branches
parent: Axillary artery and its branches
memorix_page: 284
object_id: arteria axillaris
latin: arteria axillaris
en: Axillary artery master branch
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,os costale 3,costa prima 1,costa secunda 2,clavicula,scapula,humerus


system: arterial
main_group: Radial, ulnar, palmar arteries
memorix_page: 285
latin: arteria radialis, arteria ulnaris, arcus palmaris superficialis et profundus
en: Radial, ulnar and palmar arteries
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The radial and ulnar arteries </b>are the terminal branches of the brachial artery. The radial artery supplies the <b>lateral part of the forearm and hand </b>and the ulnar artery supplies the <b>medial part of the forearm and hand</b>. Both arteries continue to the palm, but neither of them pass in the carpal tunnel. They form vascular arches within the palm. <b>The superficial palmar arch </b>is supplied mainly by the <b>ulnar artery </b>and the <b>deep palmar arch </b>is supplied mainly by the <b>radial artery</b>.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The radial artery </b>serves as an approach for diagnostic and therapeutic coronary catheterisation. The ulnar artery is less commonly used.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.0
main_group: Radial, ulnar, palmar arteries
sub_group: Radial artery and its branches
parent: Radial artery and its branches
memorix_page: 285
object_id: arteria radialis
latin: arteria radialis
en: Radial artery master branch*2
general_description: <b>The radial artery </b>is palpable in the radial foveola (the "anatomical snuff -box”).
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Course of radial artery</b><br>
  <b>1.</b> <indent=4em>its initial segment is located between the pronator teres and the brachioradialis</indent> 
  <b>2.</b> <indent=4em>passes between the brachioradialis and flexor carpi radialis and then continues between the radial styloid process and scaphoid</indent> 
  <b>3. </b><indent=4em>then it runs on the lateral surface of the wrist to the radial foveola and passes through the first interdigital space to reach the palm</indent>

related_objects:
  ulna,radius,phalanx proximalis pollicis 1,phalanx distalis pollicis 1,os triquetrum,os trapezoideum,os trapezium,os scaphoideum,os capitatum,os proximalis manus 2,os pisiforme,os metacarpale pollicis 1,os metacarpale 5,os metacarpale 4,os metacarpale 3,os metacarpale 2,os lunatum,os hamatum,os proximalis manus 3,phalanx media manus 5,phalanx media manus 4,phalanx media manus 3,phalanx media manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 5,phalanx distalis manus 4,phalanx distalis manus 3,phalanx distalis manus 2,os proximalis manus 5,os proximalis manus 4

clinical_notes:
  <b>Pulse is most usually palpated</b> by compressing the radial artery against the radius in the distal part of the forearm, a few centimetres proximal to the wrist.<br>
  <b>The radial artery </b>can be used to create an arterio-venous fistula (anastomosis) for haemodialysis. The most common type is the radiocephalic fistula.<br>
  <b>The radial artery </b>can be also used as a graft in coronary artery bypass surgery. Its diameter is 2.0 - 3.2 mm.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Radial, ulnar, palmar arteries
sub_group: Superficial arches
parent: Superficial arches
memorix_page: 285
object_id: arcus palmaris superficialis
latin: arcus palmaris superficialis
en: Superficial palmar arch
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>is formed by an anastomosis between the larger trunk of the ulnar artery and the smaller superficial palmar branch of the radial artery

related_objects:
  ulna,radius,humerus,scapula,clavicula,costae spuriae 9,costae spuriae 8,os costale 5,os costale 6,os costale 7,costa secunda 2,os costale 3,os costale 4,phalanx proximalis pollicis 1,phalanx distalis pollicis 1,os triquetrum,os trapezoideum,os trapezium,os scaphoideum,os capitatum,os proximalis manus 2,os pisiforme,os metacarpale pollicis 1,os metacarpale 5,os metacarpale 4,os metacarpale 3,os metacarpale 2,os lunatum,os hamatum,os proximalis manus 3,phalanx media manus 5,phalanx media manus 4,phalanx media manus 3,phalanx media manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 5,phalanx distalis manus 4,phalanx distalis manus 3,phalanx distalis manus 2,os proximalis manus 5,os proximalis manus 4

general_description:
  <b>The superficial palmar arch </b>is completely formed only in 27 % of cases. It is unclosed in a majority of cases.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: Subclavian artery branches
memorix_page: 282
object_id: arteria vertebralis 1,arteria vertebralis 2
latin: arteria vertebralis
en: Vertebral artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The vertebral artery is the first branch of the subclavian artery. </b>It passes through the <b>transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae</b> as it ascends in the neck. It supplies blood to the<b> circle of Willis. </b>The vertebral artery supplies the<b> posterior part of the brain, the cranial part of the spinal cord, cranial and spinal meninges and the deep cervical muscles.</b> Its course can be divided into four parts.<br>
   </b>Course of arteria vertebralis</b><br>
  <b>Prevertebral part -V1</b>(pars prevertebralis )
   - <indent=3em>runs cranially between the longus colli and the scalenus anterior</indent><br>
  <b>Transverse part - V2</b> (pars transversaria ) 
  - <indent=3em>enters the transverse foramen of the 6th cervical vertebra and ascends through the transverse foramina of the other cervical vertebrae to the atlas</indent><br>
  <b>Atlantic part - V3 </b>(pars atlantica ) 
  - <indent=3em>after leaving the transverse foramen of the atlas, lies in the groove for the vertebral artery on the posterior arch of the atlas</indent>
  - <indent=3em>then perforates the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane and spinal dura mater and passes through the foramen magnum into the cranial cavity"</indent>
  pars intracranialis <br>
  <b>Intracranial part -V4 (pars intracranialis)</b>
  - <indent=3em>is located in the posterior cerebral fossa on the clivus of the occipital bone, the two vertebral arteries fuse near the inferior margin of the pons to form the unpaired basilar artery</indent>

related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2,atlas c1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t1,costa prima 1,costa secunda 2,os occipitalis


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: Subclavian artery branches
memorix_page: 282
object_id: arteria thoracica interna
latin: arteria thoracica interna
en: Internal thoracic artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Course of internal thoracic artery </b> <br> 
  <b>1.</b> passes through the superior thoracic aperture to enter the thorax
  <b>2.</b> runs approximately 1 cm laterally to the sternum through the anterior layer of the superior mediastinum and the anterior inferior mediastinum to the level of the 6th intercostal space
  <b>3.</b> its terminal branch, the superior epigastric artery, passes through the diaphragm in front of the sternocostal triangle and terminates in the anterior abdominal wall
  - <indent=3em>supplies the thorax and diaphragm</indent><br>

related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2,atlas c1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t10,os costale 3,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t1,costae spuriae 10,costae spuriae 9,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae spuriae 8,os costale 5,os costale 6,os costale 7,costa prima 1,costa secunda 2,os costale 4

general_description:
  Internal mammary artery is an obsolete term for the internal thoracic artery.
  The internal thoracic artery is the only vessel in the human body with a diameter of 1,8-2,6 mm, which has an elastic wall. Smaller arteries usually have muscular walls. The internal thoracic artery is an ideal graft for cardiac bypass because it is only rarely affected by atherosclerosis.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The internal thoracic artery</b> can be used as a graft for bypassing a stenotic coronary vessel in cardiosurgery.<br>
  <b>LIMA-RIA-bypass </b>means a bypass from the left internal thoracic artery to the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: Subclavian artery branches
memorix_page: 283
object_id: truncus thyrocervicalis
latin: truncus thyrocervicalis
en: Thyrocervical trunk
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Course of thyrocervical trunk </b> <br>
  <b>1.</b>passes close to the medial margin of the anterior scalenus
  - <indent=3em>supplies the thyroid gland, larynx, lateral cervical region and its muscles and also scapular muscles<br>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 277 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior prima
latin: ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae
en: Dorsal branch of first posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior prima
latin: ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae
en: Collateral branch of first posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior prima
latin: ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae
en: Medial cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of first posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior prima
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of first posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior secunda
latin: ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae
en: Dorsal branch of second posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior secunda
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior secundae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of second posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior secundae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior secundae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior secunda
latin: ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae
en: Collateral branch of second posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior secunda
latin: ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae
en: Medial cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of second posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior secunda
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of second posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Heart - general overview
sub_group: Pericardium*2
parent: Heart - general overview
memorix_page: 266
latin: Pericardium*22
en: Pericardium*2
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The pericardium forms several structures where its parietal layer and visceral layers fuse:<br>
  <b>1</b> Porta arteriarum - a cranially positioned opening for the aorta and pulmonary trunk arising from the heart
  <b>2</b> Porta venarum - a caudally positioned opening for the two caval veins and the four pulmonary veins entering the heart
  <b>3</b> Transverse pericardial sinus (sinus transversus pericardii) - a space on the posterior surface of the pericardium
  between porta arteriarum and porta venarum
  <b>4</b> Oblique pericardial sinus (sinus obliquus pericardii) - a space beneath the area of the porta venarum


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Heart - general overview
sub_group: Heart chambers
parent: Heart chambers
en_description: - <indent=3em>receives oxygen-poor blood from the systemic circulation
memorix_page: 267
latin: atrium dextrum*2
en: Right atrium*2
cell_type: 0
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  atrium dextrum,!epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,atrium dextrum


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Heart - general overview
sub_group: Heart chambers
parent: atrium dextrum*2
memorix_page: 267
latin: auricula dextra*2
en: Right auricle*2
cell_type: 0
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  auricula dextra,!epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Heart - general overview
sub_group: Heart chambers
parent: Heart chambers
en_description: - <indent=3em>receives oxygen-rich blood from the pulmonary circulation
memorix_page: 267
latin: atrium sinistrum*2
en: Left atrium*2
cell_type: 0
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  atrium sinistrum,!epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Heart - general overview
sub_group: Heart chambers
parent: atrium sinistrum*2
memorix_page: 267
latin: auricula sinistra*2
en: Left auricle*2
cell_type: 0
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  auricula sinistra,!epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Heart - general overview
sub_group: Heart chambers
parent: Heart chambers
memorix_page: 267
latin: ventriculus dexter*2
en: Right ventricle*2
cell_type: 0
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the pulmonary circulation via the pulmonary trunk

object_id:
  ventriculus dexter,!epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 192 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Heart - general overview
sub_group: Heart chambers
parent: Heart chambers
memorix_page: 267
latin: ventriculus sinister*2
en: Left ventricle*2
cell_type: 0
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the systemic circulation via the aorta

object_id:
  ventriculus sinister,!epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 192 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior tertia
latin: ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae
en: Dorsal branch of third posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior tertia
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior tertiae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of third posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior tertiae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior tertia
latin: ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae
en: Collateral branch of third posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior tertia
latin: ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae
en: Medial cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of third posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior tertia
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of third posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior quarta
latin: ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae
en: Dorsal branch of fourth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior quarta
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior quartae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of fourth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior quartae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior quartae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior quarta
latin: ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae
en: Collateral branch of fourth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior quarta
latin: ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae
en: Medial cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of fourth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior quarta
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of fourth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 2

related_objects:
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system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior quinta
latin: ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae
en: Dorsal branch of fifth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior quinta
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior quintae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of fifth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior quintae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior quintae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior quinta
latin: ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae
en: Collateral branch of fifth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior quinta
latin: ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae
en: Medial cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of fifth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 2

related_objects:
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system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior quinta
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of fifth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 2

related_objects:
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system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior sexta
latin: ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae
en: Dorsal branch of sixth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 2

related_objects:
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system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior sexta
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior sextae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of sixth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior sextae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior sextae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior sexta
latin: ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae
en: Collateral branch of sixth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 2

related_objects:
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system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior sexta
latin: ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae
en: Medial cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of sixth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 2

related_objects:
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system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior sexta
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of sixth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 2

related_objects:
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system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior septima
latin: ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae
en: Dorsal branch of seventh posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 2

related_objects:
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system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior septima
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior septimae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of seventh posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior septimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior septimae 2

related_objects:
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system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior septima
latin: ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae
en: Collateral branch of seventh posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 2

related_objects:
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system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior septima
latin: ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae
en: Medial cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of seventh posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 2

related_objects:
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system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior septima
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of seventh posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 2

related_objects:
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system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior octava
latin: ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae
en: Dorsal branch of Eighth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 2

related_objects:
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system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior octava
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior octavae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of eight posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior octavae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior octavae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior octava
latin: ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae
en: Collateral branch of Eighth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 2

related_objects:
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system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior octava
latin: ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae
en: Medial cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of Eighth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 2

related_objects:
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system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior octava
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of Eighth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 2

related_objects:
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system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior nona
latin: ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae
en: Dorsal branch of ninth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior nona
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior nonae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of ninth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior nonae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior nonae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior nona
latin: ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae
en: Collateral branch of ninth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior nona
latin: ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae
en: Medial cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of ninth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior nona
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of ninth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior decima
latin: ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae
en: Dorsal branch of tenth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior decima
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior decimae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of tenth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior decimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior decimae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior decima
latin: ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae
en: Collateral branch of tenth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior decima
latin: ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae
en: Medial cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of tenth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior decima
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of tenth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior undecima
latin: ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae
en: Dorsal branch of eleventh posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior undecima
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior undecimae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of eleventh posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior undecimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior undecimae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior undecima
latin: ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae
en: Collateral branch of eleventh posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior undecima
latin: ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae
en: Medial cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of eleventh posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior undecima
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of eleventh posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 2

related_objects:
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system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria subcostalis
latin: ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae subcostalis
en: Medial cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of suncostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus sutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae subcostalis 1,ramus sutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae subcostalis 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria subcostalis
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae subcostalis
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of suncostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus sutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae subcostalis 1,ramus sutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae subcostalis 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Visceral branches of thoracic aorta
parent: rami bronchiales aortae thoracicae descendetis
object_id: ramus bronchiales inferiores aortae thoracicae descendentis
latin: ramus bronchiales inferiores aortae thoracicae descendentis
en: Inferior bronchial branch
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2,atlas c1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t10,os costale 3,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t1,


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of abdominal aorta
parent: arteriae lumbales
object_id: arteria lumbalis prima 1,arteria lumbalis prima 2
latin: arteria lumbalis prima
en: First lumbar artery
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae spuriae 10


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of abdominal aorta
parent: Parietal branches of abdominal aorta
object_id: arteria sacralis mediana
latin: arteria sacralis mediana
en: Median sacral artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>an unpaired artery, the caudal axial continuation of the aorta
  - <indent=3em>arises from the aortic bifurcation and descends on the anterior surface of the sacrum to the coccyx

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae spuriae 11


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 7
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
parent: Unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
object_id: truncus coeliacus
latin: truncus coeliacus
en: Coeliac trunk
general_description: <b>Tripus Halleri</b> is an obsolete term for the coeliac trunk.
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The coeliac trunk is a one centimeter long trunk arising from the anterior side of the abdominal aorta at the level of T12 to L1.</b> It trifurcates into <b>three main branches that supply the abdominal part of the oesophagus, stomach, spleen, liver, bile ducts, oral half of the duodenum, and the majority of the pancreas.</b>

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae spuriae 10,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,costae spuriae 8,os sacrum,oc coccygis


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Pulmonary arteries
sub_group: Pulmonary arteries of the left side
parent: Pulmonary arteries of the left side
object_id: arteriae pulmonalis sinistra
latin: arteriae pulmonalis sinistra
en: Left pulmonary artery
cell_type: 0
tags: maingroup_desc
related_objects:
  bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 1,bronchus lingularis superior,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 2,bronchus lobaris inferior dexter,bronchus lingularis inferior,bronchus lingularis,bronchus segmentalis superior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 1,bronchus segmentalis superior 2,bronchus lobaris inferior sinister,bronchus segmentalis lateralis,bronchus segmentalis medialis,bronchus lobaris medius,bronchus principalis dexter,bronchus segmentalis posterior,bronchus lobaris superior dexter,bronchus divisio superior,bronchus lobaris superior sinister,bronchus segmentalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 2,bronchus principalis sinister,bronchus segmentalis anterior 2,bronchus segmentalis apicalis,bronchus segmentalis apicoposterior,carina tracheae,paries membranaceus,ligamenta anularia,ligamentum cricotracheale,cartilagines tracheales,truncus pulmonaris,conus arterious,valvula semilunaris dextra,valvula semilunaris anterior,valvula semilunaris sinistra,tunica mucosa trachealia


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Heart wall
parent: Heart wall
memorix_page: 265
object_id: epicardium
latin: Epicardium
en: Epicardium*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>the visceral layer of pericardium, a serosal membrane</indent>
  - <indent=3em>lies over the heart and the vessels that supply the myocardium with oxygen and nutrients</indent>

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2


system: arterial
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: Right atrium*4
memorix_page: 268
object_id: atrium dextrum
latin: atrium dextrum
en: Right atrium*3
cell_type: 0
master_object: atrium dextrum
en_description:
  Blood from the systemic circulation flows <b>through the superior and inferior vena cava into the right atrium</b>. The <b>tricuspid valve </b>directs blood from the right atrium into the right ventricle. The initial parts of the conducting system of the heart, <b>the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes</b>, are located in the wall of the right atrium.

related_objects:
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general_description:
  <b>The average weight of a human heart </b>is 290-350 g. <b>The location of the heart </b>depends on age, position of the diaphragm, the respiratory movements, the shape of the thorax and body position. In a short and wide thorax with a high position of the diaphragm the heart is positioned more horizontally. In a narrow and long thorax the heart is positioned more longitudinally. <b>Pendulum heart </b><i>(cor pendulum) </i>is a term for a heart located in a narrow and long thorax; the heart looks like it's hanging down from the great vessels.<br>
  <b>The auscultation points </b>are also termed Testut`s points. Connecting these points with a line traces the circumference of the projection of the heart onto the thoracic wall.<br>
  <b>Viscerosensory innervation of the heart </b>is provided by branches of the phrenic nerves that innervate the pericardium.<br>
  <b>The pericardiacophrenic arteries </b>accompanying the phrenic nerves provide the arterial supply of the pericardium.<br>
  <b>Normal blood pressure values </b>are around 120/80 mmHg. Elevated blood pressure (hypertension) is defined as blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg. Blood pressure below 90/60 mmHg is considered abnormally low (hypotension).<br>
  <b>Right and left coronary artery </b>dominance depends on whether the posterior interventricular branch originates from the right, or left coronary artery, respectively. In one third of cases, both arteries equally supply the posterior interventricular branch. In 50 % of cases, the right coronary artery is dominant with a thick right posterolateral branch.<br>
  <b>The coronary arteries</b>, in the subepicardial layer on the heart's surface, has a tortuous course. This allows them to elongate and shorten as the heart contracts and dilates.<br>
  <b>Lymph drainage </b>from the heart goes from the left atrium and ventricle via the left lymphatic trunk to the inferior tracheobronchial nodes (and then to the right lymphatic duct). From the right atrium and ventricle, lymphatic drainage is directed through the right lymphatic trunk to the anterior mediastinal nodes (and then to the thoracic duct).<br>
  <b>The oblique vein of the left atrium of Marshal </b>(<i>v. obliqua atrii sinistri</i>) is a remnant of the left superior vena cava.<br>

clinical_notes:
  <b>Cardiac tamponade </b>is a pathological disorder in which fluid accumulates in the pericardial cavity causing the heart to be unable to adequately distend during diastole. The pericardial cavity can expand to contain 1000 ml of fluid. If the increase of fluid occurs slowly over a long period of time there may be no clinical manifestations. An acute tamponade is caused by a sudden increase of fluid, by approximately tens of millilitres (max. 200 ml) and is a medical emergency. This situation may occur due to rupture of free myocardial wall over a postischemic scar or as a result of rupture or dissection of the aorta.<br>
  <b>Pericardiocentesis </b>is a surgical procedure in which fluid is removed from the pericardial cavity. It is performed with a special needle that is inserted between the xiphoid process and the left costal margin within the infrasternal angle under ultrasound control. It is also performed, but less commonly, in the inferior interpleural area in the 5th left intercostal space near the left sternal border.<br>
  <b>Ischemic heart disease </b>is the result of coronary artery disease on the heart. Coronary artery disease results from atherosclerosis obstructing the lumen of the coronary arteries. The extent of the obstruction leads to variable range of clinical entities: stable/unstable angina, myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death and heart failure.<br>
  <b>Angina pectoris </b>is a form of ischaemic heart disease that classically presents with chest pain or discomfort.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: atrium dextrum
en_description: - <indent=3em>an outpocketing appendage of the right atrium
memorix_page: 268
object_id: auricula dextra
latin: auricula dextra
en: Right auricle
cell_type: 0
tags: subgroup_desc
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system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: auricula dextra
en: Lateral wall of the right atrium
cell_type: 0
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  paries lateralis atrii dextri,!epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
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system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: auricula dextra
en_description: - <indent=3em>comb-like muscle fascicles inside the right auricle
memorix_page: 268
latin: musculi pectinati
en: Pectinate muscles
cell_type: 0
color: 2d8c02
hit_position: 0.00260,0.00401,0.16964
hit_normal: 0.28716,0.10740,-0.02929
body_rotation: 1.71476,247.58120,4.14856
object_id:
  atrium dextrum,auricula dextra,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: atrium dextrum
en_description: - <indent=3em>a thin barrier separating the right and left atria
memorix_page: 268
latin: septum interatriale
en: Interatrial septum
cell_type: 0
color: 78dd23
hit_position: 0.00243,0.01117,0.16990
hit_normal: 0.23531,-0.17686,-0.07713
body_rotation: 352.36190,303.12210,11.51467
object_id:
  atrium dextrum,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 7.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: sinus venarum cavarum
memorix_page: 268
object_id: ostium venae cavae superioris,!paries lateralis atrii dextri
latin: ostium venae cavae superioris
en: Opening of superior vena cava
cell_type: 0
tags: hide_parts
related_objects:
  atrium dextrum,auricula dextra,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 7.2.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: ostium venae cavae inferioris
memorix_page: 268
latin: valvula venae cavae inferioris
en: Valve of inferior vena cava / Eustachian valve
cell_type: 0
master_object: atrium dextrum
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>a semilunar fold at the opening of the inferior vena cava</indent>
  - <indent=3em>directs blood through foramen ovale to the left atrium during prenatal life</indent>

object_id:
  valvula venae cavae inferioris,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,valvula venae cavae inferioris,valvula sinus coronarii,


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 8
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: Openings in the right atrium
en_description: - <indent=3em>the opening of the main vein draining blood from the heart
memorix_page: 268
latin: ostium sinus coronarii
en: Opening of coronary sinus
cell_type: 0
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  ostium sinus coronarii,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  atrium dextrum,auricula dextra,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 8.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: ostium sinus coronarii
en_description: - <indent=3em>a fold covering the opening of the coronary sinus
memorix_page: 268
latin: valvula sinus coronarii
en: Valve of coronary sinus / Thebesian valve
cell_type: 0
master_object: atrium dextrum
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  valvula sinus coronarii,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,valvula venae cavae inferioris,valvula sinus coronarii


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 11.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: valva atrioventricularis dextra / tricuspidalis
en_description: - <indent=3em>is anchored to the anterior and septal papillary muscles
memorix_page: 268
latin: cuspis anterior valva tricuspidalis
en: Anterior cusp of tricuspid valve
cell_type: 0
master_object: Tricuspid valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  cuspis anterior 2,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  atrium dextrum,auricula dextra,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,musculus papillaris anterior,musculus papillaris posterior,musculus papillaris septalis,musculus papillaris anterior 2,musculus papillaris posterior 2


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 11.2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: valva atrioventricularis dextra / tricuspidalis
en_description: - <indent=3em>is anchored to the posterior and septal papillary muscles
memorix_page: 268
latin: cuspis posterior valva tricuspidalis
en: Posterior cusp of tricuspid valve
cell_type: 0
master_object: Tricuspid valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  cuspis posterior 2,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  atrium dextrum,auricula dextra,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,musculus papillaris anterior,musculus papillaris posterior,musculus papillaris septalis,musculus papillaris anterior 2,musculus papillaris posterior 2


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 11.3
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: valva atrioventricularis dextra / tricuspidalis
en_description: - <indent=3em>is anchored to the posterior and septal papillary muscles
memorix_page: 268
latin: cuspis septalis valva tricuspidalis
en: Septal cusp of tricuspid valve
cell_type: 0
master_object: Tricuspid valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  cuspis septalis 2,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  atrium dextrum,auricula dextra,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,musculus papillaris anterior,musculus papillaris posterior,musculus papillaris septalis,musculus papillaris anterior 2,musculus papillaris posterior 2


system: arterial
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: Right ventricle*3
object_id: ventriculus dexter
latin: Ventriculus dexter
en: Right ventricle*4
cell_type: 0
master_object: ventriculus dexter
tags: subgroup_desc
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,musculus papillaris anterior,musculus papillaris posterior,musculus papillaris septalis,trabeculae carnae

general_description:
  <b>The anterior veins of the right ventricle </b>are small veins on the anterior surface of the heart that open directly into the right atrium. <b>The right ventricular outflow tract </b>is also called the conus arteriosus (<i>infundibulum / pars glabra</i>) because of its funneloutflowlike shape narrowing cranially towards the opening of the pulmonary trunk.<br>
  <b>The stroke volume </b>is the volume of blood ejected in each heartbeat.<br>
  <b>The thickness of the wall of the right ventricle </b>is 3-4 mm. The left ventricular wall can be up to three times thicker (7-11 mm).<br>

clinical_notes:
  <b>Right heart failure </b>results in blood congestion in the systemic circulation and an elevation in central venous pressure. This condition manifests with oedema, which accumulates around the ankles (perimalleolar oedema) due to gravity and elevated jugular venous pressure detected by increased filling of the external jugular veins. Blood also accumulates in the portal circulation, which leads to enlargement of the liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly) and an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity (ascites).<br>
  <b>Pulmonary stenosis </b>is a narrowing of the right ventricular outflow tract in the area of the pulmonary valve and usually occurs as a part of complex congenital heart defects. <br>
  <b>Pulmonary valve insufficiency </b>is a relatively rare condition in which blood regurgitates from the pulmonary trunk to the right ventricle. It is caused by a relative dilation of the right ventricle (result of volume overload and pulmonary hypertension) in adult patients treated for complex congenital heart defect in childhood.


system: arterial
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: Ventriculus dexter
latin: paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri
en: Anterolateral wall of right ventricle
cell_type: 0
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  ventriculus dexter,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: Inflow tract
en_description: - <indent=3em>the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle
memorix_page: 269
latin: ostium atrioventriculare dextrum*2
en: Right atrioventricular orifice*2
related_objects: atrium dextrum,auricula dextra
cell_type: 0
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  ostium atrioventriculare dextrum,!paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: valva atrioventricularis dextra/tricuspidalis
en_description: - <indent=3em>is anchored to the anterior and septal papillary muscles
memorix_page: 269
latin: cuspis anterior valva tricuspidalis*2
en: Anterior cusp of tricuspid valve*2
related_objects: atrium dextrum,auricula dextra
cell_type: 0
master_object: Tricuspid valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  cuspis anterior 2,!paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: valva atrioventricularis dextra/tricuspidalis
en_description: - <indent=3em>is anchored to the posterior and septal papillary muscles
memorix_page: 269
latin: cuspis posterior valva tricuspidali*2
en: Posterior cusp of tricuspid valve*2
related_objects: atrium dextrum,auricula dextra
cell_type: 0
master_object: Tricuspid valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  cuspis posterior 2,!paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: valva atrioventricularis dextra/tricuspidalis
en_description: - <indent=3em>is anchored to the posterior and septal papillary muscles
memorix_page: 269
latin: cuspis septalis valva tricuspidalis*2
en: Septal cusp of tricuspid valve*2
related_objects: atrium dextrum,auricula dextra
cell_type: 0
master_object: Tricuspid valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  cuspis septalis 2,!paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: musculi papillares ventriculi dextri
en_description: - <indent=3em>is attached to the anterior cusp
memorix_page: 269
latin: musculus papillaris anterior ventriculi dextri
en: Anterior papillary muscle
cell_type: 0
master_object: ventriculus dexter
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  musculus papillaris anterior,!paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,musculus papillaris anterior,musculus papillaris posterior,musculus papillaris septalis,trabeculae carnae


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: musculi papillares ventriculi dextri
en_description: - <indent=3em>is attached to the posterior and septal cusps
memorix_page: 269
latin: musculus papillaris posterior ventriculi dextri
en: Posterior papillary muscle
cell_type: 0
master_object: ventriculus dexter
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  musculus papillaris posterior,!paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,musculus papillaris anterior,musculus papillaris posterior,musculus papillaris septalis,trabeculae carnae


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: musculi papillares ventriculi dextri
en_description: - <indent=3em>is attached to the anterior, posterior, and septal cusps
memorix_page: 269
latin: musculus papillaris septalis ventriculi dextri
en: Septal papillary muscle
general_description: <b>The septal papillary muscle </b>is made up of several smaller muscles.
cell_type: 0
master_object: ventriculus dexter
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  musculus papillaris septalis,!paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 321 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: Inflow tract
en_description: - <indent=3em>thick muscular bundles in the right ventricular inflow tract
memorix_page: 269
latin: trabeculae carnae
en: Trabeculae carnae
cell_type: 0
master_object: ventriculus dexter
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  trabeculae carnae,!paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 321 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: Inflow tract
latin: chordae tendinae ventriculi dextri
en: Chordae tendinae of right ventricle
cell_type: 0
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  chordae tendinae ventriculi dextri,!paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,musculus papillaris anterior,musculus papillaris posterior,musculus papillaris septalis,trabeculae carnae,ventriculus dexter,ventriculus sinister,musculus papillaris anterior 2,musculus papillaris posterior 2


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 10.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: valva trunci pulmonalis
memorix_page: 269
latin: valvula semilunaris anterior valva pulmonalis
en: Anterior semilunar cusp
related_objects: ventriculus dexter,truncus pulmonaris,conus arterious
cell_type: 0
master_object: Pulmonary valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  valvula semilunaris anterior,!paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 10.2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: valva trunci pulmonalis
memorix_page: 269
latin: valvula semilunaris dextra valva pulmonalis
en: Right semilunar cusp
related_objects: ventriculus dexter,truncus pulmonaris,conus arterious
cell_type: 0
master_object: Pulmonary valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  valvula semilunaris dextra,!paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 10.3
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: valva trunci pulmonalis
memorix_page: 269
latin: valvula semilunaris sinistra valva pulmonalis
en: Left semilunar cusp
related_objects: ventriculus dexter,truncus pulmonaris,conus arterious
cell_type: 0
master_object: Pulmonary valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  valvula semilunaris sinistra,!paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Left atrium*3
parent: Left atrium*3
memorix_page: 270
object_id: atrium sinistrum
latin: atrium sinistrum*4
en: Left atrium*5
cell_type: 0
tags: subgroup_desc
related_objects:
  auricula sinistra,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,

clinical_notes:
  <b>Atrial fibrillation </b>is a heart rhythm disorder in which the atria contract irregularly, chaotically, and thus ineffectively. This causes a change of blood flow in the atrial auricle from laminar to turbulent with an increased risk of blood clot formation. A blood clot may be released to the systemic circulation and obstruct an artery supplying the brain and/or other organs (thromboembolism), leading to a complete or partial loss of blood supply (ischaemia).


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Left atrium*3
parent: atrium sinistrum*4
en_description: - <indent=3em>an outpocketing appendage of the left atrium
memorix_page: 270
object_id: auricula sinistra
latin: auricula sinistra
en: Left auricle
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  atrium sinistrum,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Left atrium*3
parent: atrium sinistrum*4
object_id: paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri
latin: paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri
en: Posterolateral wall of left atrium
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  atrium sinistrum,auricula sinistra,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Left atrium*3
parent: Openings in the left atrium
en_description: - <indent=3em>an opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle containing the mitral valve
memorix_page: 270
object_id: ostium atrioventriculare sinistrum
latin: ostium atrioventriculare sinistrum
en: Left atrioventricular orifice
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  atrium dextrum,auricula dextra,atrium sinistrum, auricula sinistra,musculus papillaris anterior,musculus papillaris posterior,musculus papillaris septalis,musculus papillaris anterior 2,musculus papillaris posterior,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2


system: arterial
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Left ventricle*3
parent: Left ventricle*3
object_id: ventriculus sinister
latin: Ventriculus sinister
en: Left ventricle*4
cell_type: 0
master_object: ventriculus dexter
tags: subgroup_desc
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,

general_description:
  <b>Left-sided heart failure </b>leads to congestion of blood and elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation. This situation results in lung oedema presenting as dyspnoea that is most prominent when lying down. Dyspnoea is relieved when the patient sits or stands up (orthopnoea).


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Valves
parent: valva atrioventricularis dextra / valva tricuspidalis
en_description: - <indent=3em>is anchored to the anterior and septal papillary muscles by tendinous cords
memorix_page: 269
latin: cuspis anterior valva tricuspidalis*4
en: Anterior cusp of tricuspidal valve
cell_type: 0
master_object: Tricuspid valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  cuspis anterior 2,!paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,!atrium sinistrum,!atrium dextrum,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!aorta ascendens,!truncus pulmonaris,!auricula dextra,!auricula sinistra,!valvula sinus coronarii,!valvula venae cavae inferioris

related_objects:
  ventriculus dexter,ventriculus sinister,conus arterious,bulbus aortae,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,musculus papillaris anterior,musculus papillaris posterior,musculus papillaris septalis,musculus papillaris anterior 2,musculus papillaris posterior 2,trabeculae carnae


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Valves
parent: valva atrioventricularis dextra / valva tricuspidalis
en_description: - <indent=3em>is anchored to the posterior and septal papillary muscles by tendinous cords
memorix_page: 269
latin: cuspis posterior valva tricuspidalis*4
en: Posterior cusp of tricuspidal valve
cell_type: 0
master_object: Tricuspid valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  cuspis posterior 2,!paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,!atrium sinistrum,!atrium dextrum,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!aorta ascendens,!truncus pulmonaris,!auricula dextra,!auricula sinistra,!valvula sinus coronarii,!valvula venae cavae inferioris

related_objects:
  ventriculus dexter,ventriculus sinister,conus arterious,bulbus aortae,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,musculus papillaris anterior,musculus papillaris posterior,musculus papillaris septalis,musculus papillaris anterior 2,musculus papillaris posterior 2,trabeculae carnae


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Valves
parent: valva atrioventricularis dextra / valva tricuspidalis
memorix_page: 269
latin: cuspis septalis valva tricuspidalis*4
en: Septal cusp of tricuspidal valve
cell_type: 0
master_object: Tricuspid valve
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>is anchored to the anterior, posterior and septal papillary muscles by tendinous cords

object_id:
  cuspis septalis 2,!paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,!atrium sinistrum,!atrium dextrum,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!aorta ascendens,!truncus pulmonaris,!auricula dextra,!auricula sinistra,!valvula sinus coronarii,!valvula venae cavae inferioris

related_objects:
  ventriculus dexter,ventriculus sinister,conus arterious,bulbus aortae,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,musculus papillaris anterior,musculus papillaris posterior,musculus papillaris septalis,musculus papillaris anterior 2,musculus papillaris posterior 2,trabeculae carnae


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Valves
parent: valva atrioventricularis sinistra / valva bicuspidalis/mitralis
en_description: - <indent=3em>anchored to the anterior and posterior papillary muscles by tendinous cords
memorix_page: 270
latin: cuspis anterior valva mitralis*3
en: Anterior cusp of mitral valve*3
cell_type: 0
master_object: Mitral valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  cuspis anterior 1,!paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,!atrium sinistrum,!atrium dextrum,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!aorta ascendens,!truncus pulmonaris,!auricula dextra,!auricula sinistra,!valvula sinus coronarii,!valvula venae cavae inferioris

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 454 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Valves
parent: valva atrioventricularis sinistra / valva bicuspidalis/mitralis
en_description: - <indent=3em>anchored to the posterior and anterior papillary muscles by tendinous cords
memorix_page: 270
latin: cuspis posterior valva mitralis*3
en: Posterior cusp of mitral valve*3
cell_type: 0
master_object: Mitral valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  cuspis posterior 1,!paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,!atrium sinistrum,!atrium dextrum,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!aorta ascendens,!truncus pulmonaris,!auricula dextra,!auricula sinistra,!valvula sinus coronarii,!valvula venae cavae inferioris

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 454 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Valves
parent: valva trunci pulmonalis*2
memorix_page: 272
latin: valvula semilunaris anterior valva pulmonalis*2
en: Anterior semilunar cusp of pulmonary valve
cell_type: 0
master_object: Pulmonary valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  valvula semilunaris anterior,!paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,!atrium sinistrum,!atrium dextrum,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!aorta ascendens,!truncus pulmonaris,!auricula dextra,!auricula sinistra,!valvula sinus coronarii,!valvula venae cavae inferioris

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 454 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Valves
parent: valva trunci pulmonalis*2
memorix_page: 272
latin: valvula semilunaris dextra valva pulmonalis*2
en: Right semilunar cusp of pulmonary valve
cell_type: 0
master_object: Pulmonary valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  valvula semilunaris dextra,!paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,!atrium sinistrum,!atrium dextrum,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!aorta ascendens,!truncus pulmonaris,!auricula dextra,!auricula sinistra,!valvula sinus coronarii,!valvula venae cavae inferioris

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 454 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Valves
parent: valva trunci pulmonalis*2
memorix_page: 272
latin: valvula semilunaris sinistra valva pulmonalis*2
en: Left semilunar cusp of pulmonary valve
cell_type: 0
master_object: Pulmonary valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  valvula semilunaris sinistra,!paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,!atrium sinistrum,!atrium dextrum,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!aorta ascendens,!truncus pulmonaris,!auricula dextra,!auricula sinistra,!valvula sinus coronarii,!valvula venae cavae inferioris

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 454 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Valves
parent: valva aortae*2
memorix_page: 271
latin: valvula semilunaris dextra valva aortae*2
en: Right semilunar cusp of aortic valve
cell_type: 0
master_object: Aortic valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  valvula semilunaris dextra 2,!paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,!atrium sinistrum,!atrium dextrum,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!aorta ascendens,!truncus pulmonaris,!auricula dextra,!auricula sinistra,!valvula sinus coronarii,!valvula venae cavae inferioris

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 454 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Valves
parent: valva aortae*2
memorix_page: 271
latin: valvula semilunaris sinistra valva aortae*2
en: Left semilunar cusp of aortic valve
cell_type: 0
master_object: Aortic valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  valvula semilunaris sinistra 2,!paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,!atrium sinistrum,!atrium dextrum,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!aorta ascendens,!truncus pulmonaris,!auricula dextra,!auricula sinistra,!valvula sinus coronarii,!valvula venae cavae inferioris

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 454 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4.3
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Valves
parent: valva aortae*2
memorix_page: 271
latin: valvula semilunaris posterior valva aortae*2
en: Posterior semilunar cusp of aortic valve
cell_type: 0
master_object: Aortic valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  valvula semilunaris posterior 2,!paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,!atrium sinistrum,!atrium dextrum,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!aorta ascendens,!truncus pulmonaris,!auricula dextra,!auricula sinistra,!valvula sinus coronarii,!valvula venae cavae inferioris

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 454 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Cardiac skeleton
parent: Fibrous rings*2
en_description: - <indent=3em>the fibrous ring of the tricuspid valve
memorix_page: 273
latin: annulus fibrosus dexter
en: Right fibrous ring
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cardiac skeleton
object_id:
  anulus fibrosus dexter,!paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,!atrium sinistrum,!atrium dextrum,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!aorta ascendens,!truncus pulmonaris,!auricula dextra,!auricula sinistra

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,


system: arterial
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Cardiac skeleton
parent: Fibrous rings*2
en_description: - <indent=3em>the fibrous ring of the mitral valve
memorix_page: 273
latin: annulus fibrosus sinister
en: Left fibrous ring
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cardiac skeleton
object_id:
  anulus fibrosus sinister,!paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,!atrium sinistrum,!atrium dextrum,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!aorta ascendens,!truncus pulmonaris,!auricula dextra,!auricula sinistra

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 216 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Cardiac skeleton
parent: Fibrous rings*2
en_description: - <indent=3em>the fibrous ring of the aorta
memorix_page: 273
latin: annulus aorticus
en: Aortic ring
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cardiac skeleton
object_id:
  anulus aorticus,!paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,!atrium sinistrum,!atrium dextrum,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!aorta ascendens,!truncus pulmonaris,!auricula dextra,!auricula sinistra

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 216 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: Arteriae coronariae
memorix_page: 275
latin: arteria coronaria dextra /ACD
en: Right coronary artery /RCA
cell_type: 0
master_object: acd
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>arises from the right aortic sinus</indent>
  - <indent=3em>runs in the coronary sulcus between the right auricle and the right ventricle</indent>

object_id:
  arteria coronaria dextra,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  ventriculus dexter,ventriculus sinister,atrium sinistrum,atrium dextrum,,paries posterolateralis ventriculi sinistri,paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,paries lateralis atrii dextri,auricula dextra,auricula sinistra


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: arteria coronaria dextra /ACD
memorix_page: 275
latin: ramus coni arteriosi*1
en: Conus branch*1
cell_type: 0
master_object: acd
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>the first branch</indent>
  - <indent=3em>supplies the right ventricular outflow tract</indent>

object_id:
  ramus coni arteriosi rca,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  ventriculus dexter,ventriculus sinister,atrium sinistrum,atrium dextrum,,paries posterolateralis ventriculi sinistri,paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,paries lateralis atrii dextri,auricula dextra,auricula sinistra


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: arteria coronaria dextra /ACD
en_description: - <indent=3em>supplies the SA node
memorix_page: 275
latin: ramus nodi sinuatrialis
en: Sinu-atrial nodal branch
cell_type: 0
master_object: acd
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  ramus nodi sinuatrialis,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  ventriculus dexter,ventriculus sinister,atrium sinistrum,atrium dextrum,,paries posterolateralis ventriculi sinistri,paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,paries lateralis atrii dextri,auricula dextra,auricula sinistra


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.5
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: arteria coronaria dextra /ACD
en_description: - <indent=3em>a large branch for the right ventricle, passes on the right heart border
memorix_page: 275
latin: ramus marginalis dexter, RMD
en: Right marginal branch
cell_type: 0
master_object: acd
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  ramus marginalis dexter,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 260 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.6
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: arteria coronaria dextra /ACD
en_description: - <indent=3em>the first terminal branch, runs in the posterior interventricular sulcus
memorix_page: 275
latin: ramus interventricularis posterior, RIP, RIVP
en: Posterior interventricular branch
cell_type: 0
master_object: acd
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  ramus interventricularis posterior,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 260 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.7
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: arteria coronaria dextra /ACD
memorix_page: 275
latin: ramus posterolateralis dexter, RPLD
en: Right posterolateral branch
cell_type: 0
master_object: acd
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>the second terminal branch, supplies the right part of the posterior wall of the left ventricle

object_id:
  ramus posterolateralis dexter,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 260 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: Arteriae coronariae
memorix_page: 275
latin: arteria coronaria sinistra / ACS
en: Left coronary artery / LCA
cell_type: 0
master_object: acs
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  A 1-2 cm long stem that arises from the left aortic sinus and divides into two main branches:<br>
  - <indent=3em>circumflex branch</indent>
  - <indent=3em>anterior interventricular branch</indent>
  - <indent=3em>branch additively</indent>

object_id:
  arteria coronaria sinistra,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 260 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: arteria coronaria sinistra / ACS
memorix_page: 275
latin: ramus interventricularis anterior / RIA
en: Anterior interventricular branch / LAD
cell_type: 0
master_object: acs
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>descends in the anterior interventricular sulcus to the apex of the heart and supplies the left ventricle

object_id:
  ramus interventricularis anterior,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 260 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: ramus interventricularis anterior / RIA
memorix_page: 275
latin: ramus coni arteriosi*2
en: Conus branch*2
cell_type: 0
master_object: acs
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>the first branch</indent>
  - <indent=3em>supplies the left ventricular outflow tract</indent>

object_id:
  ramus coni arteriosi lca,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 260 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.3
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: ramus interventricularis anterior / RIA
en_description: - <indent=3em>supply the left ventricle</indent>
memorix_page: 275
latin: rami ventriculares anteriores
en: Anterior ventricular branches
cell_type: 0
master_object: acs
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  rami ventriculares anteriores,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 260 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.4
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: ramus interventricularis anterior / RIA
memorix_page: 275
latin: rami interventriculares septales
en: Interventricular septal branches
cell_type: 0
master_object: acs
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  rami interventriculares septales,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 260 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: ramus circumflexus / RCX
en_description: - <indent=3em>supplies the left atrium and ventricle
memorix_page: 275
latin: rami atrioventriculares
en: Atrioventricular branches
cell_type: 0
master_object: acs
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  rami atrioventriculares,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 260 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: ramus circumflexus / RCX
en_description: - <indent=3em>supplies the lateral wall of the left ventricle
memorix_page: 275
latin: ramus marginalis sinister / RMS
en: Left marginal branch
cell_type: 0
master_object: acs
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  ramus marginalis sinister,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 260 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.4
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: ramus circumflexus / RCX
en_description: - <indent=3em>the terminal branch on the left part of the posterior wall of the left ventricle
memorix_page: 275
latin: ramus posterolateralis sinister / RPLS
en: Left posterolateral branch
cell_type: 0
master_object: acs
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  ramus posterolateralis sinister,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 260 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 0
main_group: Iliac arteries
sub_group: Common iliac artery branch
parent: Common iliac artery branch
object_id: arteria iliaca communis 1,arteria iliaca communis 2
latin: arteria iliaca communis
en: Common iliac artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The common iliac artery is a paired continuation of the abdominal aorta</b> from its bifurcation at the level of L4. The artery passes on the medial surface of the psoas major, and divides into the external and internal iliac arteries at the level of the sacroiliac joint. The common iliac artery <b>supplies the pelvis and lower extremities.</b>

  - <indent=3em>arises from the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta</indent>

related_objects:
  vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,pelvis,os coccygis,os femoris,vertebrae lumbales l1,os sacrum


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Anterior and posterior tibial arteries
sub_group: Anterior tibial artery branch
parent: Anterior tibial artery branch
object_id: arteria tibialis anterior
latin: arteria tibialis anterior
en: Anterior tibial artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Anterior tibial artery course </b> <br>
  <b>1.</b> perforates then travels along the anterior side of the interosseous membrane of the leg, to which it is attached by fibrous loops
  <b>2.</b> is accompanied by the deep fibular nerve and anterior tibial veins
  <b>3.</b> distally, it gets to the dorsum of the foot after passing under the superior and inferior extensor retinacula and continues as the dorsal pedis artery

related_objects:
  os talus,os calcis,os naviculare,os cuneiforme mediale,os metatarsale 3,os metatarsale 4,os cuneiforme laterale,os cuneiforme intermedium,os cuboideum,phalanx proximalis pedis 5,phalanx proximalis pedis 4,phalanx proximalis pedis 3,phalanx proximalis pedis 2,phalanx proximalis hallucis 1,phalanx media pedis 5,phalanx media pedis 4,phalanx media pedis 3,phalanx media pedis 2,phalanx distalis pedis 5,phalanx distalis pedis 4,phalanx distalis pedis 3,phalanx distalis pedis 2,phalanx distalis hallucis 1,os metatarsale hallucis 1,os metatarsale 5,os metatarsale 2,tibia,corpus fibula


system: arterial
main_group: Arteries of the brain
latin: arteriae cerebri
en: Arteries of the brain
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Two pairs of arteries</b> provide the blood supply of the brain: the two internal carotid and the two vertebral arteries. These arteries branch at the base of the brain and anastomose to<b> form the circle of Willis</b>. The circle of Willis provides a continuous supply of oxygen to the brain, moderates pulse waves and allows blood that enters from either of the vertebral or carotid arteries to supply any part of the brain.

general_description:
  <b>Cerebral arteries</b> are divided into segments which are denoted by terms and abbreviations (A1-A5, M1-M4, and P1-P4). They are important in vascular interventions.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Rupture of aneurysm causes</b> haemorrhage into the subarachnoid space.

   <b>The recurrent artery of Heubner</b> is a branch of the anterior communicating artery or of the anterior cerebral artery. The artery supplies the head of the caudate nucleus, anterior limb of the internal capsule, anterior part of the lentiform nucleus, thalamus, hypothalamus, rhinencephalon, and septum verum. Occlusion of the recurrent artery usually causes contralateral paresis of the muscles of the head and upper limb (so-called hemiparesis with faciobrachial predominance). 

  <b>Arteria haemorrhagica of Charcot</b> is a clinical term for the artery belonging to a group of the anterolateral central arteries and to their lateral striate branches (clinically termed the lenticulostriate arteries). Rupture of the artery causes bleeding and mechanical damage of the fibers of the internal capsule. The arteries originate from the circle of Willis or from the anterior choroid artery, alternatively from the segment M1 of the middle cerebral artery. They supply the striatum, pallidum, and internal capsule. Damage of the artery damage typically causes contralateral paresis


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Main classification of brain arteries
parent: Main classification of brain arteries
object_id: arteria vertebralis 1,arteria vertebralis 2
latin: arteria vertebralis*2
en: Vertebral artery*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 131 characters]

related_objects:
  os occipitale,cerebellum 1,medulla oblongata 1,pons 1,mesencephalon 1,hypothalamus 1,thalamus opticus 1,thalamus opticus 2,pons 2,mesencephalon 2,medulla oblongata 2,hypothalamus 2,cerebellum 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 1,nuclei lateralis thalami 2,nuclei lateralis thalami 1,nuclei anteriores thalami 2,nuclei anteriores thalami 1,lamina terminalis 2,lamina terminalis 1,lamina medullaris medialis 2,lamina medullaris medialis 1,epithalamus 2,epithalamus 1,corpus callosum 2,corpus callosum 1


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Main classification of brain arteries
parent: Main classification of brain arteries
object_id: arteria carotis interna
latin: arteria carotis interna*2
en: Internal carotid artery (ICA)*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a branch of the common carotid artery, gives no branches in the neck
  - enters the skull via the carotid canal in the petrous bone, loops in the cavernous sinus, passes through the dura mater and branches in its last part (pars cerebralis), the ophthalmic and cerebral arteries
  - bifurcates into terminal branches: anterior and middle cerebral artery

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 527 characters]

general_description:
  <b>Carotid syphon</b> ( sipho caroticus) is the term for the sinuous course of the internal carotid artery. In the cavernous part, the convexity is oriented dorsocranially, in the cerebral part the convexity is oriented ventrally.


system: arterial
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Main classification of brain arteries
parent: arteria pericallosa
object_id: rami parietooccipitales arteriae pericallosae
latin: rami parietooccipitales arteriae pericallosae
en: Parietoocipital branches of pericallosal artery
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os occipitale,cerebellum 1,medulla oblongata 1,pons 1,mesencephalon 1,hypothalamus 1,thalamus opticus 1,thalamus opticus 2,pons 2,mesencephalon 2,medulla oblongata 2,hypothalamus 2,cerebellum 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 1,nuclei lateralis thalami 2,nuclei lateralis thalami 1,nuclei anteriores thalami 2,nuclei anteriores thalami 1,lamina terminalis 2,lamina terminalis 1,lamina medullaris medialis 2,lamina medullaris medialis 1,epithalamus 2,epithalamus 1,corpus callosum 2,corpus callosum 1,lobus parietalis 1,lobus temporalis 1,lobus occipitalis 1,gyrus cinguli 1,lobus frontalis 1


system: arterial
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Main classification of brain arteries
parent: pars corticalis superior arteriae cerebri mediale
object_id: arteria parietalis posterior
latin: arteria parietalis posterior
en: Posterior parietal artery
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 619 characters]

clinical_notes:
  <b>Occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery</b> causes cortical homonymous hemianopsia - impairment in the contralateral visual field.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 6.1
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Arteries of the spinal cord
parent: Arteries of the spinal cord
latin: arteria radicularis anterior
en: Anterior radicular artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - pass along the anterior and posterior root of the spinal nerve
  - drain into the longitudinal trunks - spinal arteries
  - participate in the blood supply of the meninges, vertebrae and intervertebral discs


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 6.3
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Arteries of the spinal cord
parent: Arteries of the spinal cord
en: Arteria radicularis magna of Adamkiewicz
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a clinical term of the largest spinal branch
  - it usually enters the intervertebral foramen at the level of T9-T11, in 65 % of cases on the left side
  - supplies the lumbosacral enlargement and inferior two-thirds of the spinal cord

clinical_notes:
  <b>The arteria radicularis magna of Adamkiewicz</b> can be damaged during aortic aneurysm surgeries at the level of the transition from the thoracic to the lumbar part of the vertebral column (complication of the surgery). Insertion of an artificial material can cause a discontinuance of the blood flow to the spinal cord, which results in paraplegia (paralysis of both lower limbs).


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 6.4
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Arteries of the spinal cord
parent: Arteries of the spinal cord
object_id: arteria spinalis anterior
latin: arteria spinalis anterior*2
en: Anterior spinal artery*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a paired branch of the vertebral artery before the origin of the basilar artery
  - both initially fuse into an unpaired trunk
  - descends superficially in the anterior median fissure
  - gives 5-8 branches supplying the anterior 2/3 of the spinal cord

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 527 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Arteries of the spinal cord
parent: arteria spinalis anterior
latin: arteria sulcocommisurales
en: Sulcocommisural arteries
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - branches of the anterior spinal artery into the anterior median fissure supplying the central part of the spinal cord


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 6.5
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Arteries of the spinal cord
parent: Arteries of the spinal cord
object_id: arteria spinalis posterior
latin: arteria spinalis posterior*2
en: Posterior spinal artery*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - each artery originates individually as a branch of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery
  - descends in the posterolateral sulcus
  - usually bifurcates during its course
  - gives branches supplying the posterior 1/3 of the spinal cord

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 527 characters]


# content_venous

system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Jugular veins
memorix_page: 296
latin: venae jugulares
en: Jugular veins
cell_type: 0
general_description:
  <b>The only valve in the internal jugular vein</b> is located near the inferior bulb.<br>
  <b>The anatomy of the veins of the neck varies among different individuals.</b> This is especially true where veins drain into other veins. The facial, retromandibular, occipital, vertebral and external jugular veins all show considerable variation in their anatomy.<br>

clinical_notes:
  Central venous pressure can be evaluated by examination of the jugular vein filling pressure. In a patient sitting at 30° the jugular veins shouldn't fill more than 2 cm above the sternoclavicular joint. Distension of the jugular vein beyond this level can occur in right ventricular insufficiency, tricuspidal valve disease and superior vena cava syndrome. In patients with right ventricular failure, applying sustained pressure for 10 s on the right hypochondrium causes the jugular venous pressure to increase significantly (> 4cm). 

  Central venous catheterisation is the insertion of a catheter into the internal jugular or subclavian vein. It is used for long-term intravenous administration of medication, fl uids or nutrition, and for the measurement of central venous pressure (normal value 1-10 mmHg). Potential complications are: pneumothorax caused by puncturing the cervical pleura and injury to the brachial plexus and subclavian artery.


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 2.6
main_group: Jugular veins
sub_group: External jugular vein and its branches
parent: External jugular vein and its branches
en_description: - <indent=3em>drain the lateral cervical region
memorix_page: 296
object_id: venae transversae colli
latin: venae transversae colli
en: Transverse cervical veins
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  clavicula,costae spuriae 9,costae spuriae 8,os costale 5,os costale 6,os costale 7,costa secunda 2,os costale 3,humerus,scapula,os costale 4,phalanx proximalis pollicis 1,phalanx distalis pollicis 1,os triquetrum,os trapezoideum,os trapezium,os scaphoideum,os capitatum,os proximalis manus 2,os pisiforme,os metacarpale pollicis 1,os metacarpale 5,os metacarpale 4,os metacarpale 3,os metacarpale 2,os lunatum,os hamatum,ulna,radius,os proximalis manus 3,phalanx media manus 5,phalanx media manus 4,phalanx media manus 3,phalanx media manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 5,phalanx distalis manus 4,phalanx distalis manus 3,phalanx distalis manus 2,os proximalis manus 5,os proximalis manus 4


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Subclavian and axillary veins
sub_group: Subclavian vein
parent: vena subclavia
memorix_page: 296
object_id: vena subclavia 1,vena subclavia 2
en: Subclavian vein master branch
cell_type: 0
tags: subgroup_desc
related_objects:
  clavicula,costae spuriae 9,costae spuriae 8,os costale 5,os costale 6,os costale 7,costa secunda 2,os costale 3,humerus,scapula,os costale 4


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1
main_group: Subclavian and axillary veins
sub_group: Subclavian vein
parent: Subclavian vein master branch
en_description: - <indent=3em>drains the area supplied by the dorsal scapular artery
memorix_page: 296
object_id: vena scapularis dorsalis
latin: vena scapularis dorsalis
en: Dorsal scapular vein
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  clavicula,costae spuriae 9,costae spuriae 8,os costale 5,os costale 6,os costale 7,costa secunda 2,os costale 3,humerus,scapula,os costale 4,venae transversae colli


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Subclavian and axillary veins
sub_group: Axillary vein
parent: vena axillaris
memorix_page: 296
object_id: vena axillaris
en: Axillary vein master branch
cell_type: 0
tags: subgroup_desc
related_objects:
  clavicula,costae spuriae 9,costae spuriae 8,os costale 5,os costale 6,os costale 7,costa secunda 2,os costale 3,humerus,scapula,os costale 4,vena subclavia 1


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.1
main_group: Subclavian and axillary veins
sub_group: Axillary vein
parent: Axillary vein master branch
memorix_page: 296
object_id: venae thoracoepigastricae
latin: venae thoracoepigastricae
en: Thoraco-epigastric veins
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>drain the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior and lateral aspects of the thoracic wall</indent>
  - <indent=3em>anastomose with the subcutaneous abdominal veins</indent>

related_objects:
  clavicula,costae spuriae 9,costae spuriae 8,os costale 5,os costale 6,os costale 7,costa secunda 2,os costale 3,humerus,scapula,os costale 4,vena axillaris,vena thoracica lateralis


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.2
main_group: Subclavian and axillary veins
sub_group: Axillary vein
parent: Axillary vein master branch
en_description: - <indent=3em>drains the lateral aspect of the thoracic wall
memorix_page: 296
object_id: vena thoracica lateralis
latin: vena thoracica lateralis
en: Lateral thoracic vein
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  clavicula,costae spuriae 9,costae spuriae 8,os costale 5,os costale 6,os costale 7,costa secunda 2,os costale 3,humerus,scapula,os costale 4,vena axillaris


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.5
main_group: Subclavian and axillary veins
sub_group: Axillary vein
parent: Axillary vein master branch
memorix_page: 296
latin: vena cephalica
en: Cephalic vein
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>a superficial vein of the upper limb arising from the dorsal venous plexus of the hand</indent>
  - <indent=3em>passes through the infraclavicular (oval) fossa in the clavipectoral fascia</indent>

related_objects:
  clavicula,costae spuriae 9,costae spuriae 8,os costale 5,os costale 6,os costale 7,costa secunda 2,os costale 3,humerus,scapula,os costale 4,vena axillaris,ulna,radius


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.6.1
main_group: Subclavian and axillary veins
sub_group: Axillary vein
parent: vena subscapularis
object_id: vena thoracodorsalis
latin: vena thoracodorsalis
en: Thoracodorsal vein
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  clavicula,costae spuriae 9,costae spuriae 8,os costale 5,os costale 6,os costale 7,costa secunda 2,os costale 3,humerus,scapula,os costale 4,vena axillaris,vena subscapularis


system: venous
main_group: Vena cava
sub_group: Vena cava divisions
parent: Vena cava divisions
object_id: vena cava superior
latin: vena cava superior
en: Superior vena cava
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The superior vena cava</b> is a <b>short vein of a large diameter (2- 3 cm) without valves</b>, arising from the confluence of the right and left brachiocephalic veins at the level of the cartilage of the first right rib. <b>It descends vertically through the superior mediastinum</b> to <b>empty into the right atrium at the level of the third sternocostal joint.</b> It carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body (head, neck, upper limbs, thorax and upper part of the back).

related_objects:
  clavicula,costae spuriae 9,costae spuriae 8,os costale 5,os costale 6,os costale 7,costa secunda 2,os costale 3,humerus,scapula,os costale 4,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,


system: venous
main_group: Vena cava
sub_group: Vena cava divisions
parent: Vena cava divisions
object_id: vena cava inferior
latin: vena cava inferior
en: Inferior vena cava
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The inferior vena cava is the largest vein in the human body. It collects blood from the inferior half of the body</b> (below the diaphragm) and possesses <b>no valves.</b> I<b>t arises from the junction of the right and left common iliac veins</b> at the level of L4 - L5. <b>It is runs on the right of the abdominal aorta, courses dorsally to the liver</b> in the groove for the inferior vena cava and passes <b>through the diaphragm</b> in the caval opening. It has both parietal and visceral tributaries.

related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2,atlas c1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t10,os costale 3,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t1,costae spuriae 10,costae spuriae 9,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae spuriae 8,os costale 5,os costale 6,os costale 7,costa prima 1,costa secunda 2,os costale 4,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.3
main_group: Vena cava
sub_group: Superior vena cava branches
parent: vena brachiocephalica dextra
object_id: vena preicardiophrenica 2
latin: vena preicardiophrenica*2
en: Pericardiacophrenic vein*2
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2,atlas c1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t1,


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.5
main_group: Vena cava
sub_group: Superior vena cava branches
parent: vena brachiocephalica dextra
object_id: venae thymicae
latin: venae thymicae
en: Thymic vein
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2,atlas c1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5, clavicula, manubrium sterni


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 1.3.1
main_group: Vena cava
sub_group: Superior vena cava branches
parent: vena azygos
object_id: venae oesophageales dextrae
latin: venae oesophageales *3
en: Esophageal veins of Azygos vein
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2,atlas c1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae lumbales l1,


system: venous
main_group: Vena cava
sub_group: Inferior vena cava branches
parent: venae renales
en_description: - <indent=3em>opens into into the left renal vein
object_id: vena testicularis sinistrae,vena ovarica sinistra f
latin: vena testicularis sinistra/ovarica sinistra
en: Left testicular/ovarian vein
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae spuriae 10,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,costae spuriae 8,os sacrum,oc coccygis,pelvis


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Veins of the upper limb
sub_group: Superficial system of upper limb
parent: Superficial system of upper limb
object_id: venae intercapitulares
latin: venae intercapitulares
en: Intercapitular veins
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>connections draining venous blood from the palm to the dorsal venous network of the hand

related_objects:
  phalanx proximalis pollicis 1,phalanx distalis pollicis 1,os triquetrum,os trapezoideum,os trapezium,os scaphoideum,os capitatum,os proximalis manus 2,os pisiforme,os metacarpale pollicis 1,os metacarpale 5,os metacarpale 4,os metacarpale 3,os metacarpale 2,os lunatum,os hamatum,ulna,radius,os proximalis manus 3,phalanx media manus 5,phalanx media manus 4,phalanx media manus 3,phalanx media manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 5,phalanx distalis manus 4,phalanx distalis manus 3,phalanx distalis manus 2,os proximalis manus 5,os proximalis manus 4


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Veins of the upper limb
sub_group: Deep system of upper limb
parent: Deep system of upper limb
en_description: - <indent=3em>thin veins draining the area supplied by the ulnar artery
object_id: venae ulnares
latin: venae ulnares
en: Ulnar veins
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  phalanx proximalis pollicis 1,phalanx distalis pollicis 1,os triquetrum,os trapezoideum,os trapezium,os scaphoideum,os capitatum,os proximalis manus 2,os pisiforme,os metacarpale pollicis 1,os metacarpale 5,os metacarpale 4,os metacarpale 3,os metacarpale 2,os lunatum,os hamatum,ulna,radius,os proximalis manus 3,phalanx media manus 5,phalanx media manus 4,phalanx media manus 3,phalanx media manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 5,phalanx distalis manus 4,phalanx distalis manus 3,phalanx distalis manus 2,os proximalis manus 5,os proximalis manus 4,radius,ulna


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Veins of the heart
sub_group: Coronary Vessels
parent: Coronary Vessels
memorix_page: 276
object_id: sinus coronarius
latin: sinus coronarius
en: Coronary sinus
cell_type: 0
master_object: sinus coronarius
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>is located in the coronary sulcus on the inferior wall of the heart</indent>
  - <indent=3em>collects blood from its tributaries and directs it to the right atrium</indent>

related_objects:
  ventriculus dexter,ventriculus sinister,atrium sinistrum,atrium dextrum,,paries posterolateralis ventriculi sinistri,paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,paries lateralis atrii dextri


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Pulmonary veins
sub_group: Pulmonary veins of the left side
parent: Pulmonary veins of the left side
object_id: vena pulmonaris sinistra superior
latin: vena pulmonaris sinistra superior
en: Left superior pulmonary vein
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 1,bronchus lingularis superior,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 2,bronchus lobaris inferior dexter,bronchus lingularis inferior,bronchus lingularis,bronchus segmentalis superior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 1,bronchus segmentalis superior 2,bronchus lobaris inferior sinister,bronchus segmentalis lateralis,bronchus segmentalis medialis,bronchus lobaris medius,bronchus principalis dexter,bronchus segmentalis posterior,bronchus lobaris superior dexter,bronchus divisio superior,bronchus lobaris superior sinister,bronchus segmentalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 2,bronchus principalis sinister,bronchus segmentalis anterior 2,bronchus segmentalis apicalis,bronchus segmentalis apicoposterior,carina tracheae,paries membranaceus,ligamenta anularia,ligamentum cricotracheale,cartilagines tracheales,truncus pulmonaris,conus arterious,valvula semilunaris dextra,valvula semilunaris anterior,valvula semilunaris sinistra,tunica mucosa trachealia,atrium sinistrum


system: venous
main_group: Iliac veins
sub_group: Common iliac vein branch
parent: Common iliac vein branch
object_id: vena iliaca communis 1,vena iliaca communis 2
latin: vena iliaca communis
en: Common iliac vein
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The common iliac vein originates at the confluence of the internal and external iliac veins ventrally to the sacroiliac joint. The common iliac veins join to form the inferior vena cava</b> at the level of the vertebra L4. These veins usually do not possess valves.

related_objects:
  vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,pelvis,os coccygis,vertebrae lumbales l1,os sacrum


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Veins of the lower limb
sub_group: Superficial system of lower limb
parent: Superficial system of lower limb
en_description: - <indent=3em>a venous arch on the dorsum of the foot
object_id: arcus venosus dorsalis pedis
latin: arcus venosus dorsalis pedis
en: Dorsal venous arch of foot
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os talus,os calcis,os naviculare,os cuneiforme mediale,os metatarsale 3,os metatarsale 4,os cuneiforme laterale,os cuneiforme intermedium,os cuboideum,phalanx proximalis pedis 5,phalanx proximalis pedis 4,phalanx proximalis pedis 3,phalanx proximalis pedis 2,phalanx proximalis hallucis 1,phalanx media pedis 5,phalanx media pedis 4,phalanx media pedis 3,phalanx media pedis 2,phalanx distalis pedis 5,phalanx distalis pedis 4,phalanx distalis pedis 3,phalanx distalis pedis 2,phalanx distalis hallucis 1,os metatarsale hallucis 1,os metatarsale 5,os metatarsale 2


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 1.6.1
main_group: Veins of the lower limb
sub_group: Superficial system of lower limb
parent: confluens venosus subinguinalis
object_id: vena circumflexa femoris medialis
latin: vena circumflexa femoris medialis
en: Medial circumflex femoral vein
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,pelvis,os coccygis,vertebrae lumbales l1,os sacrum,os femoris


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Veins of the brain
sub_group: Deep veins of the brain
parent: venae profundae cerebri
object_id: vena magna cerebri
latin: vena magna cerebri
en: Great cerebral vein of Galenos
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a large, short, unpaired vein
  - is formed by a union of the right and left internal cerebral vein under the splenium of the corpus callosum
  - the basilar vein empties into the great cerebral vein
  - enters the quadrigeminal cistern (cistern of great cerebral vein) and drains into the straight sinus

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 527 characters]


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Veins of the brain
sub_group: Deep veins of the brain
parent: vena magna cerebri
object_id: vena interna cerebri
latin: vena interna cerebri
en: Internal cerebral vein
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - Internal cerebral vein (v. interna cerebri)
  - a paired vein located above the roof of the third ventricle, in the telondiencephalic fissure
  - collects blood from the basal ganglia, internal capsule, septum, choroid plexus and from parts of the white matter of the hemispheres

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 527 characters]

general_description:
  <b>The infratentorial veins</b> are the cerebellar veins accompanying homonymous arteries. They drain into the great cerebral vein in the midline and laterally into the nearest venous sinuses (superior petrosal, transverse, sigmoid sinus).


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.3
main_group: Veins of the brain
sub_group: Deep veins of the brain
parent: vena interna cerebri
latin: vena thalamostriata superior
en: Superior thalamostriate vein
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - drains blood from the thalamus, striatum, and internal capsule (lies under the stria terminalis of the thalamus)


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Veins of the brain
sub_group: Great cerebral vein of Galenos
parent: venae superficiales cerebri
object_id: vena cerebri media superficialis
latin: vena cerebri media superficialis
en: Superficial middle cerebral vein
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a visible vein begins close to the supramarginal gyrus, runs along the lateral cerebral sulcus and drains into the sphenoparietal or cavernous sinus

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 619 characters]


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Veins of the brain
sub_group: Great cerebral vein of Galenos
parent: venae superficiales cerebri
object_id: venae cerebri superiores
latin: venae cerebri superiores
en: Superior cerebral veins
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - collect blood from the superior part of the hemispheric convexity and empty into the superior sagittal sinus

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 619 characters]


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.1
main_group: Veins of the brain
sub_group: Great cerebral vein of Galenos
parent: vena cerebri media superficialis
object_id: vena anastomotica superior
latin: vena anastomotica superior
en: Superior anastomotic vein of Trolard
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a connection between the superficial middle cerebral vein and superior cerebral veins (superior sagittal sinus)

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 619 characters]


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.2
main_group: Veins of the brain
sub_group: Great cerebral vein of Galenos
parent: vena cerebri media superficialis
object_id: vena anastomotica inferior
latin: vena anastomotica inferior
en: Inferior anastomotic vein of Labbé
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a connection between the superficial middle cerebral vein and inferior cerebral veins (transverse sinus)

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 619 characters]


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Veins of the brain
sub_group: Great cerebral vein of Galenos
parent: venae superficiales cerebri
latin: vena cerebri media profunda
en: Deep middle cerebral vein
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - accompanies the middle cerebral artery at the base of the lateral cerebral fossa
  - drains the insular lobe and empties into the basal vein


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 2.4
main_group: Veins of the brain
sub_group: Great cerebral vein of Galenos
parent: venae superficiales cerebri
object_id: vena cereberi inferiores
latin: venae cerebri inferiores
en: Inferior cerebral veins
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - drain the inferior part of the hemispheric convexity and inferior surface of the hemisphere
  - empty into the transverse, superior petrosal, and inferior petrosal sinus

related_objects:
  os sphenoidale,cerebellum 1,medulla oblongata 1,pons 1,mesencephalon 1,hypothalamus 1,thalamus opticus 1,thalamus opticus 2,pons 2,mesencephalon 2,medulla oblongata 2,hypothalamus 2,cerebellum 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 1,nuclei lateralis thalami 2,nuclei lateralis thalami 1,nuclei anteriores thalami 2,nuclei anteriores thalami 1,lamina terminalis 2,lamina terminalis 1,lamina medullaris medialis 2,lamina medullaris medialis 1,epithalamus 2,epithalamus 1,corpus callosum 2,corpus callosum 1


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 2.5
main_group: Veins of the brain
sub_group: Great cerebral vein of Galenos
parent: venae superficiales cerebri
object_id: vena basalis
latin: vena basalis
en: Basal vein of Rosenthal
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - originates by the confluence of the deep middle cerebral vein, anterior cerebral vein, and small inferior thalamostriate veins at the level of the anterior perforated substance
  - collects blood from the inferior surface of the frontal lobe and adjacent parts of diencephalon
  - encloses the cerebral crura, passes via the ambiens cistern and drains into the great cerebral vein

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 527 characters]


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Veins of the brain
sub_group: Dural venous sinuses
parent: sinus durae matris
object_id: confluens sinuum
latin: confluens sinuum
en: Confluence of sinuses
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the confluence is located near the internal occipital protuberance
  - is formed by connection of the superior sagittal, straight, and occipital sinus

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 527 characters]


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.1
main_group: Veins of the brain
sub_group: Dural venous sinuses
parent: confluens sinuum
object_id: sinus sagittalis superior
latin: sinus sagittalis superior
en: Superior sagittal sinus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - passes in the midline within the superior margin of the falx cerebri
  - originates in front of the crista galli and terminates in front of the internal occipital protuberance, where it opens into the confluence of the sinuses
  - arachnoid granulations of Pacchioni are projections which bulge into the sinuses and by which cerebrospinal fluid is absorbed into the venous system

related_objects:
  os occipitalis,cerebellum 1,medulla oblongata 1,pons 1,mesencephalon 1,hypothalamus 1,thalamus opticus 1,thalamus opticus 2,pons 2,mesencephalon 2,medulla oblongata 2,hypothalamus 2,cerebellum 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 1,nuclei lateralis thalami 2,nuclei lateralis thalami 1,nuclei anteriores thalami 2,nuclei anteriores thalami 1,lamina terminalis 2,lamina terminalis 1,lamina medullaris medialis 2,lamina medullaris medialis 1,epithalamus 2,epithalamus 1,corpus callosum 2,corpus callosum 1,lobus parietalis 1,lobus temporalis 1,lobus occipitalis 1,gyrus cinguli 1,lobus frontalis 1


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.2
main_group: Veins of the brain
sub_group: Dural venous sinuses
parent: confluens sinuum
object_id: sinus rectus
latin: sinus rectus
en: Straight sinus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - is located at the junction of the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
  - originates as a confluence of the inferior sagittal sinus and great cerebral vein

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 527 characters]


system: venous
main_group: Veins of the brain
sub_group: Dural venous sinuses
parent: sinus rectus
object_id: sinus sagittalis inferior
latin: sinus sagittalis inferior
en: Inferior sagittal sinus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - passes within the inferior margin of the falx cerebri
  - opens into the straight sinus in the site of the falx cerebri insertion into the tentorium cerebelli

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 619 characters]


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.3
main_group: Veins of the brain
sub_group: Dural venous sinuses
parent: confluens sinuum
object_id: sinus occipitalis
latin: sinus occipitalis
en: Occipital sinus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - originates near the foramen magnum
  - passes upwards in front of the internal occipital crest and opens into the confluence of the sinuses or the terminal segment of the transverse sinus

related_objects:
  os sphenoidale,cerebellum 1,medulla oblongata 1,pons 1,mesencephalon 1,hypothalamus 1,thalamus opticus 1,thalamus opticus 2,pons 2,mesencephalon 2,medulla oblongata 2,hypothalamus 2,cerebellum 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 1,nuclei lateralis thalami 2,nuclei lateralis thalami 1,nuclei anteriores thalami 2,nuclei anteriores thalami 1,lamina terminalis 2,lamina terminalis 1,lamina medullaris medialis 2,lamina medullaris medialis 1,epithalamus 2,epithalamus 1,corpus callosum 2,corpus callosum 1


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.4
main_group: Veins of the brain
sub_group: Dural venous sinuses
parent: confluens sinuum
object_id: sinus marginalis
latin: sinus marginalis
en: Marginal sinus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a paired sinus passing around the foramen magnum
  - caudally it is connected with the internal vertebral venous plexuses, dorsally with the occipital sinus, and ventraly with the basilar plexus

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 527 characters]


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Veins of the brain
sub_group: Dural venous sinuses
parent: sinus durae matris
object_id: sinus transverus 1,sinus transverus 2
latin: sinus transverus
en: Transverse sinus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a paired sinus located in the groove for the transverse sinus
  - laterally it continues as the sigmoid sinus

related_objects:
  os sphenoidale,cerebellum 1,medulla oblongata 1,pons 1,mesencephalon 1,hypothalamus 1,thalamus opticus 1,thalamus opticus 2,pons 2,mesencephalon 2,medulla oblongata 2,hypothalamus 2,cerebellum 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 1,nuclei lateralis thalami 2,nuclei lateralis thalami 1,nuclei anteriores thalami 2,nuclei anteriores thalami 1,lamina terminalis 2,lamina terminalis 1,lamina medullaris medialis 2,lamina medullaris medialis 1,epithalamus 2,epithalamus 1,corpus callosum 2,corpus callosum 1,lobus parietalis 1,lobus temporalis 1,lobus occipitalis 1,gyrus cinguli 1,lobus frontalis 1


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.6
main_group: Veins of the brain
sub_group: Dural venous sinuses
parent: sinus transverus
object_id: sinus sigmoideus
latin: sinus sigmoideus
en: Sigmoid sinus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a paired sinus, a continuation of the transverse sinus
  - the superior bulb of the internal jugular vein originates as a confluence of the sigmoid and inferior petrosal sinus at the level of the jugular foramen

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 527 characters]


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
main_group: Veins of the brain
sub_group: Dural venous sinuses
parent: sinus durae matris
object_id: plexus basilaris
latin: plexus basilaris
en: Basilar plexus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a venous sinus located on the clivus of the occipital bone
  - interconnects the cavernous and both inferior petrosal sinuses
  - communicates with the system of the internal vertebral venous sinuses

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 527 characters]


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 3.4
main_group: Veins of the brain
sub_group: Dural venous sinuses
parent: sinus durae matris
object_id: sinus cavernosus
latin: sinus cavernosus
en: Cavernous sinus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - passes from the superior orbital fissure to the apex of the petrous bone
  - the internal carotid artery passes within the cavernous sinus together with the oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, ophthalmic, and maxillary nerve
  - the superior ophthalmic vein empties into the sinus
  - the right and left sinus are interconnected by the anterior and posterior intercavernous sinus (sinus intercavernosus anterior et posterior)

related_objects:
  os occipitale,os sphenoidale,cerebellum 1,medulla oblongata 1,pons 1,mesencephalon 1,hypothalamus 1,thalamus opticus 1,thalamus opticus 2,pons 2,mesencephalon 2,medulla oblongata 2,hypothalamus 2,cerebellum 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 1,nuclei lateralis thalami 2,nuclei lateralis thalami 1,nuclei anteriores thalami 2,nuclei anteriores thalami 1,lamina terminalis 2,lamina terminalis 1,lamina medullaris medialis 2,lamina medullaris medialis 1,epithalamus 2,epithalamus 1,corpus callosum 2,corpus callosum 1


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 3.4.2
main_group: Veins of the brain
sub_group: Dural venous sinuses
parent: sinus cavernosus
object_id: sinus sphenoparietalis
latin: sinus sphenoparietalis
en: Sphenoparietal sinus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - medially drains into the cavernous sinus
  - courses along the posterior margin of the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 527 characters]


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 3.4.3
main_group: Veins of the brain
sub_group: Dural venous sinuses
parent: sinus cavernosus
object_id: sinus petrosus superior
latin: sinus petrosus superior
en: Superior petrosal sinus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - interconnects the cavernous and sigmoid sinus
  - coursing along the superior margin of the petrous bone

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 527 characters]


system: venous
custom_hierarchy: 3.4.4
main_group: Veins of the brain
sub_group: Dural venous sinuses
parent: sinus cavernosus
object_id: sinus petrosus inferior
latin: sinus petrosus inferior
en: Inferior petrosal sinus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a connection of the cavernous sinus to the jugular foramen
  - gives an origin to the internal jugular vein by a confluence with the sigmoid sinus

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 527 characters]


system: venous
main_group: Veins of the brain
sub_group: Veins of the spinal cord
parent: venae spinales
object_id: plexus venosi vertebrales interni
latin: plexus venosi vertebrales interni
en: Internal vertebral venous plexuses
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the plexuses are located in the epidural space
  - blood is drained to the external vertebral venous plexuses along the roots of the spinal nerves and through the vertebral bodies

related_objects:
  os occipitale,cerebellum 1,medulla oblongata 1,pons 1,mesencephalon 1,hypothalamus 1,thalamus opticus 1,thalamus opticus 2,pons 2,mesencephalon 2,medulla oblongata 2,hypothalamus 2,cerebellum 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 1,nuclei lateralis thalami 2,nuclei lateralis thalami 1,nuclei anteriores thalami 2,nuclei anteriores thalami 1,lamina terminalis 2,lamina terminalis 1,lamina medullaris medialis 2,lamina medullaris medialis 1,epithalamus 2,epithalamus 1,corpus callosum 2,corpus callosum 1,medulla spinalis


system: venous
main_group: Veins of the brain
sub_group: Veins of the spinal cord
parent: venae spinales
object_id: plexus venosus vertebralis externus anterior
latin: plexus venosi vertebrales externi anterior
en: Anterior external vertebral venous plexuses
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - are located around the vertebral bodies and arches
  - are connected with the veins around the vertbral column

related_objects:
  os occipitale,cerebellum 1,medulla oblongata 1,pons 1,mesencephalon 1,hypothalamus 1,thalamus opticus 1,thalamus opticus 2,pons 2,mesencephalon 2,medulla oblongata 2,hypothalamus 2,cerebellum 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 1,nuclei lateralis thalami 2,nuclei lateralis thalami 1,nuclei anteriores thalami 2,nuclei anteriores thalami 1,lamina terminalis 2,lamina terminalis 1,lamina medullaris medialis 2,lamina medullaris medialis 1,epithalamus 2,epithalamus 1,corpus callosum 2,corpus callosum 1,medulla spinalis


system: venous
main_group: Veins of the brain
sub_group: Veins of the spinal cord
parent: venae spinales
latin: venae basivertebrales
en: Basivertebral veins
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - pass through the vertebral bodies, which are richly vascularized
  - connect the internal and external vertebral plexuses

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 544 characters]


# content_nervous

system: nervous
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
memorix_page: 369
en: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a relatively independent part of the nervous system.</b> It innervates smooth muscle in the internal organs, skin and vessels and regulates the activity of the heart and glands. The effector component of the ANS consists of preganglionic and postganglionic visceromotor fibres. Preganglionic fibres enter autonomic ganglia, where they branch extensively and form synapses with postganglionic neurons. The postganglionic fibres travel to the target organs. <b>The hypothalamus and reticular formation</b> are the highest centres of the ANS. The ANS is functionally divided into <b>the sympathetic part (pars sympathica) and the parasympathetic parts (pars parasympathica).</b> <b>The enteric nervous system is located</b> within the wall of the gastrointestinal tract (myenteric and submucous plexus). It regulates the function of the gastrointestinal tract and is relatively independent from the rest of the ANS.

general_description:
  <b>The anastomosis of Jacobson </b>is formed by the tympanic nerve, tympanic plexus and minor petrosal nerve. It contains autonomous fibres for the otic ganglion.

  <b>The Cannon-Böhm point</b> corresponds to the developmental border between the midgut (innervated by the vagus nerve) and hindgut (innervated by sacral parasympathetic fibres).

  <p><b>The part of the internal carotid plexus</b> within the carotid sinus is sometimes called the cavernous plexus (plexus cavernosus). 

  <b>The subclavian ansa ( ansa subclavia)</b> is a connection between the middle cervical ganglion and cervicothoracic ganglion, which forms a loop around the subclavian artery.

  <b>The splanchnic nerves</b> ( nervi splanchnici) consist mainly of preganglionic fibres, which synapse in either the prevertebral or intramural ganglia. 

  <b>The sacral ansa (ansa sacralis)</b> is the terminal part of both sympathetic trunks. It connects the 4th sacral ganglia with the ganglion impar.

  Difference in nomenclature:<br>
  - nerves (nervi) are formed by sympathetic fibres
  - branches (rami) are formed by parasympathetic fibres

  <b> ANS</b> is an abbreviation for the Autonomic Nervous System. 

  <b>The vegetative nervous system</b> is an obsolete term for the ANS. 

  <b>The sympathetic nervous system</b> is called the thoraco-lumbar part of the ANS and the parasympathetic nervous system the cranio-sacral part of the ANS.


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Parasympathetic part
parent: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
latin: pars parasympathica
en: Parasympathetic part
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - purely parasympathetic ganglia are only found in the head
  - ganglia are situated closely to the innervated organs


system: nervous
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Parasympathetic part
parent: nervus facialis*1
object_id: ganglion pterygopalatinum
latin: ganglion pterygopalatinum
en: Pterygopalatine ganglion
related_objects: os sphenoidale,corpus maxillae 1
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - is located in the pterygopalatine fossa
  - innervates the lacrimal, palatine, nasal and nasopharyngeal glands


system: nervous
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Parasympathetic part
parent: nervus facialis*1
object_id: ganglion submandibulare
latin: ganglion submandibulare*1
en: Submandibular ganglion*1
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - is located in the submandibular triangle
  - innervates the submandibular, sublingual and lingual glands
  - fibres from the chorda tympani reach the submandibular ganglion via the lingual nerve


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.4
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Parasympathetic part
parent: Cranial part of parasympathetic part
object_id: nervus glossopharyngeus
latin: nervus glossopharyngeus*1
en: Glossopharyngeal nerve*1
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - innervates the parotid gland
  - preganglionic fibres reach the otic ganglion (ganglion oticum) via the tympanic nerve, tympanic plexus (plexus tympanicus) and lesser petrosal nerve
  - the postganglionic fibres travel to the parotid gland via the auriculotemporal nerve and to the buccal glands via the buccal nerve


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.5
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Parasympathetic part
parent: Cranial part of parasympathetic part
object_id: nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2
latin: nervus vagus*3
en: Vagus nerve*3
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - forms ganglia within the walls of organs
  - innervates of smooth muscle, glands, internal organs and myocardium

related_objects:
  os occipitale,atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7


system: nervous
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Parasympathetic part
parent: Sacral part of parasympathetic part
object_id: nervi splanchnici sacrales 1,nervi splanchnici sacrales 2
latin: nervi splanchnici sacrales*2
en: Sacral splanchnic nerves*2
related_objects: os sacrum
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - preganglionic fibers
  - parasympathetic fibres into the inferior hypogastric plexus (plexus hypogastricus inferior)
  - preganglionic fibres enter the mixed pelvic plexuses around the organs of the lesser pelvis and synapse with postganglionic fibres in the purely parasympathetic ganglia


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
memorix_page: 370
latin: pars sympathica
en: Sympathetic part
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The sympathetic nervous system</b> consists of both central and peripheral parts. The central part consists of the <b>intermediolateral nuclei</b> in the grey mater of spinal cord segments C8-L3.
  <b>The paried sympathetic trunks</b> make up the peripheral part. They lie lateral to the vertebral bodies and extend all the way from the base of the skull to the coccyx. They penetrate the diaphragm as they pass from the thorax to the abdomen, and then lie in the retroperitoneal space. The sympathetic trunks consist of a series of ganglia, interconnected by interganglionic branches. The sympathetic nervous system <b>increases energy expenditure and catabolism. It increases heart rate and myocardial contractility, dilates bronchi, increases blood pressure and indirectly increases blood glucose and lipid levels.</b>

  - purely sympathetic paravertebral ganglia are located in the sympathetic trunk
  - consists of the paravertebral ganglia interconnected by interganglional branches (rami interganglionares)

general_description:
  <p><b>The part of the internal carotid plexus</b> within the carotid sinus is sometimes called the cavernous plexus (plexus cavernosus). <b>The subclavian ansa ( ansa subclavia)</b> is a connection between the middle cervical ganglion and cervicothoracic ganglion, which forms a loop around the subclavian artery. <b>The splanchnic nerves</b> ( nervi splanchnici) consist mainly of preganglionic fibres, which synapse in either the prevertebral or intramural ganglia. <b>The sacral ansa (ansa sacralis)</b> is the terminal part of both sympathetic trunks. It connects the 4th sacral ganglia with the ganglion impar.</p>

clinical_notes:
  <b>Impairment of the sympathetic internal carotid plexus</b> (plexus caroticus internus) may be caused by dissection of the internal carotid artery (usually traumatic or postoperative separation of the intima from the media) or by damage to the cervicothoracic ganglion (by tumors in the apex of the lungs). The clinical manifestation is called <b>Claude Bernard- Horner syndrome</b>. It presents as ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid), miosis (constricted pupil), enophthalmos (posterior displacement of the eyeball) and anhidrosis in the face (absence of sweating).


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: pars sympathica
latin: ganglia cervicalia trunci sympathici
en: Cervical ganglia
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - 3 pairs
  - are located lateral to the cervical vertebral column, within the prevertebral layer of the cervical fascia


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.1
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: ganglia cervicalia trunci sympathici
object_id: ganglion cervicale superius
latin: ganglion cervicale superius
en: Superior cervical ganglion
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - is located on the surface of the longus capitis at the level of C2-C4
  - its preganglionic fibers originate from spinal segments C8-T1

related_objects:
  os occipitale,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2,atlas c1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae thoracales t1,os temporale 1,os temporale 2


system: nervous
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: ganglion cervicale superius
latin: nervus jugularis
en: Jugular nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - travels towards the jugular foramen
  - connects the inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve with the inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve
  - functionally it is a grey ramus communicans composed of postganglionic fibers

related_objects:
  os occipitale,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2,atlas c1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae thoracales t1,os temporale 1,os temporale 2


system: nervous
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: ganglion cervicale superius
object_id: nervus caroticus internus
latin: nervus caroticus internus
en: Internal carotid nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - forms the internal carotid plexus (plexus caroticus internus) within the adventitia of the carotid artery, travels the cavernous sinus and then splits along the branches of the internal carotid artery

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 204 characters]


system: nervous
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: nervus caroticus internus
object_id: nervus petrosus profundus
latin: nervus petrosus profundus
en: Deep petrosal nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - carries sympathetic fibers into the pterygopalatine ganglion
  - enters the base of the skull at the sphenopetrosal synchondrosis
  - fuses with the greater petrosal nerve to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal, then travels to the pterygopalatine fossa

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 204 characters]


system: nervous
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: nervus caroticus internus
object_id: radix sympathica ganglii ciliaris
latin: radix sympathica ganglii ciliaris
en: Sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - arises from the ophthalmic plexus (plexus ophthalmicus)
  - passes through the ciliary ganglion without synapsing and forms the short ciliary nerves
  - synapse with unmyelinated postganglionic fibers takes place in the superior cervical ganglion

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 204 characters]


system: nervous
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: ganglion cervicale superius
object_id: nervi carotici externi 1,nervi carotici externi 2
latin: nervi carotici externi
en: External carotid nerves
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - approach the external carotid artery, form the external carotid plexus (plexus caroticus externus) within adventitia of the external carotid artery and then continues downward to the common carotid artery

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 204 characters]


system: nervous
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: ganglion cervicale superius
object_id: rami laryngopharyngei ganglii cervicalis superioris
latin: rami laryngopharyngei ganglii cervicalis superioris
en: Laryngopharyngeal branches
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - join the pharyngeal branches from the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves and form the pharyngeal plexus

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 204 characters]


system: nervous
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: ganglion cervicale superius
object_id: nervus cardiacus cervicalis superior 1,nervus cardiacus cervicalis superior 2
latin: nervus cardiacus cervicalis superior*2
en: Superior cervical cardiac nerve *2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - on the left, it runs behind the common carotid artery, on the right it, runs behind the brachiocephalic trunk
  - enters the mediastinum and terminates in the cardiac plexus (plexus cardiacus)

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 204 characters]


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.2
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: ganglia cervicalia trunci sympathici
object_id: ganglion cervicale medium 1,ganglion cervicale medium 2
latin: ganglion cervicale medium
en: Middle cervical ganglion
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - is located on the surface of the longus colli at the level of C6
  - in this area, the sympathetic trunk splits into several bundles that surround and form a loop around the subclavian artery
  - the preganglionic fibres are derived from spinal segments C8-T1

related_objects:
  os occipitale,atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7


system: nervous
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: ganglion cervicale medium
latin: rami vasculares ganglii cervicalis medii
en: Vascular branches of middle cervical ganglion
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - head towards the common carotid artery,
  - form the common carotid plexus (plexus caroticus communis)


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.3
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: ganglia cervicalia trunci sympathici
object_id: ganglion cervicothoracicum 1,ganglion cervicothoracicum 2
latin: ganglion cervicale inferius
en: Inferior cervical ganglion
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - in the majority of cases, merges with the 1st thoracic ganglion forming the cervicothoracic/stellate ganglion (ganglion cervicothoracicum/stellatum)
  - is located anterior to the transverse process (processus transversus) of C7 and posterior to the vertebral artery
  - its preganglionic fibers originate from spinal segments C8-T1

related_objects:
  os occipitale,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2,atlas c1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,os temporale 1,os temporale 2


system: nervous
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: ganglion cervicale inferius
object_id: ganglion cervicothoracicum 1,ganglion cervicothoracicum 2
latin: ganglion cervicothoracicum, stellatum
en: Cervicothoracic, stellate ganglion
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - is formed by fusion of the inferior cervical ganglion with first thoracic ganglion (ganglion thoracicum primum) 
  - is present in the majority of cases

related_objects:
  os occipitale,atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7


system: nervous
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: ganglion cervicale inferius
memorix_page: 370
object_id: rami communicantes grisei ganglii inferiori
latin: rami communicantes grisei ganglii cervicalis inferioris
en: Grey rami communicantes (inferior ganglion)
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - join the intercostal nerves in cervical part
  - emerge from all ganglia of the sympathetic trunk
  - join the spinal nerves and innervate cutaneous glands and smooth muscle in the skin (the erector pili muscles)

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 150 characters]


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: pars sympathica
memorix_page: 370
object_id: ganglia thoracica trunci sympathetici 1,ganglia thoracica trunci sympathetici 2
latin: ganglia thoracica trunci sympathici
en: Thoracic ganglia
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - 10-11 ganglia
  - the trunk passes through the lumbar part of the diaphragm
  - the preganglionic fibres originate from the thoracic spinal segments
  - the white rami communicantes emerge from the intercostal nerves

related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12


system: nervous
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: ganglia thoracica trunci sympathici
memorix_page: 370
object_id: rami communicantes grisei pars thoracica 1,rami communicantes grisei pars thoracica 2
latin: rami communicantes grisei gangliorum thoracicorum
en: Grey rami communicantes (thoracic part)
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - join the intercostal nerves in thoracic part 
  - emerge from all ganglia of the sympathetic trunk
  - join the spinal nerves and innervate cutaneous glands and smooth muscle in the skin (the erector pili muscles)

related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12


system: nervous
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: ganglia thoracica trunci sympathici
object_id: rami communicantes albi pars thoracica 1,rami communicantes albi pars thoracica 2
latin: rami communicantes albi gangliorum thoracicorum
en: White rami communicantes (thoracic part)
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - heavily myelinated axons of neurones from the intermediolateral nucleus
  - enter the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk
  - the preganglionic fibres enter ganglia from the level of the cervicothoracic ganglion (ganglion cervicothoracicum) to the lumbar ganglion (ganglion lumbale) L3

related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12


system: nervous
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: ganglia thoracica trunci sympathici
memorix_page: 370
latin: rami vasculares gangliorum thoracicorum
en: Vascular branches of thoracic ganglia
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - follow the individual branches of the thoracic aorta
  - travel with arteries
  - form plexuses in the adventitia
  - provide sympathetic innervation of the organs and limbs


system: nervous
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: ganglia thoracica trunci sympathici
memorix_page: 370
object_id: nervi cardiaci thoracici 1,nervi cardiaci thoracici 2
latin: nervi cardiaci thoracici*2
en: Thoracic cardiac nerves*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - arise from from the 2nd - 4th thoracic ganglia
  - terminate in the cardiac plexus (plexus cardiacus)

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 314 characters]


system: nervous
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: ganglia thoracica trunci sympathici
memorix_page: 370
latin: rami pulmonales partis sympathicae
en: Pulmonary branches of sympathetic part
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - arise from the 2nd - 5th thoracic ganglia
  - form the pulmonary plexus (plexus pulmonalis) with parasympathetic fibres from the vagus nerve


system: nervous
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: ganglia thoracica trunci sympathici
memorix_page: 370
latin: rami oesophagei partis sympathicae
en: Oesophageal branches of sympathetic part
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - form the oesophageal plexus (plexus oesophageus) with parasympathetic branches from the left and right vagus nerves


system: nervous
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: ganglia thoracica trunci sympathici
memorix_page: 370
object_id: nervus splanchnicus major 1,nervus splanchnicus major 2
latin: nervus splanchnicus major
en: Greater splanchnic nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - enters the abdominal cavity through the lumbar part of the diaphragm (through the innominate foramen)
  - terminates in the coeliac plexus (plexus coeliacus)

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 314 characters]


system: nervous
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: ganglia thoracica trunci sympathici
memorix_page: 370
object_id: nervus splanchnicus minor 1,nervus splanchnicus minor 2
latin: nervus splanchnicus minor
en: Lesser splanchnic nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - originates from the 10th and 11th thoracic ganglia
  - enters the abdomen through the lumbar part of the diaphragm
  - terminates in the coeliac, renal and adrenal plexuses (plexus coeliacus, plexus renalis et suprarenalis)

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 314 characters]


system: nervous
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: ganglia thoracica trunci sympathici
memorix_page: 370
object_id: nervus splanchnicus imus 1,nervus splanchnicus imus 2
latin: nervus splanchnicus imus
en: Least splanchnic nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - arises from the 12th thoracic ganglion
  - terminates in the renal and adrenal plexus (plexus renalis et suprarenalis)

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 314 characters]


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 3.4
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: pars sympathica
memorix_page: 370
object_id: ganglia lumbalia trunci sympathici 1,ganglia lumbalia trunci sympathici 2
latin: ganglia lumbalia trunci sympathici
en: Lumbar ganglia
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - 4-5 ganglia in the lumbar region
  - the preganglionic fibers originate from spinal segments L1-L3
  - the right sympathetic trunk (truncus sympathicus dexter) lies medially to the psoas major and posteriorly to the inferior vena cava
  - the left sympathetic trunk (truncus sympathicus sinister) lies medially to the psoas major and laterally to the abdominal aorta
  - both trunks enter the lesser pelvis and travel caudally

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t12,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,os coccygis


system: nervous
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: ganglia lumbalia trunci sympathici
memorix_page: 370
object_id: rami communicantes grisei pars lumbalia 1,rami communicantes grisei pars lumbalia 2
latin: rami communicantes grisei gangliorum lumbalium
en: Grey rami communicantes (lumbar part)
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - join the intercostal nerves in llumbar part
  - emerge from all ganglia of the sympathetic trunk
  - join the spinal nerves and innervate cutaneous glands and smooth muscle in the skin (the erector pili muscles)

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t12,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,os coccygis


system: nervous
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: ganglia lumbalia trunci sympathici
memorix_page: 370
object_id: nervi splanchnici lumbales 1,nervi splanchnici lumbales 2
latin: nervi splanchnici lumbales
en: Lumbar splanchnic nerves
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - terminate in the abdominal aortic plexus and the plexuses around the branches of the abdominal aorta

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 156 characters]


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 3.5
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: pars sympathica
object_id: ganglia sacralia trunci sympathici 1,ganglia sacralia trunci sympathici 2
latin: ganglia sacralia trunci sympathici
en: Sacral ganglia
related_objects: vertebrae lumbales l5,os coccygis,os sacrum
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - 4 pairs
  - are located on the pelvic surface of the sacrum, medial to the anterior sacral foramina (foramina sacralia anteriora)
  - trunk enter the lesser pelvis, travel caudally and merge together at the ganglion impar


system: nervous
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: ganglia sacralia trunci sympathici
memorix_page: 370
object_id: rami communicantes grisei pars sacralia 1,rami communicantes grisei pars sacralia 2
latin: rami communicantes grisei*3
en: Grey rami communicantes (sacral part)
related_objects: vertebrae lumbales l5,os coccygis,os sacrum
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - join the intercostal nerves in sacral part
  - emerge from all ganglia of the sympathetic trunk
  - join the spinal nerves and innervate cutaneous glands and smooth muscle in the skin (the erector pili muscles)


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 3.6
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Sympathetic part
parent: pars sympathica
object_id: ganglion impar
latin: ganglion impar
en: Ganglion impar
related_objects: vertebrae lumbales l5,os coccygis,os sacrum
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the caudal ganglion
  - is unpaired
  - is located in front of the coccyx
  - connects the left and right sympathetic trunks


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Thorax autonomic plexuses
parent: plexus cardiacus
en_description: - <indent=3em>lies between the aortic arch and the pulmonary trunk
object_id: plexus cardiacus superficialis
latin: plexus cardiacus superficialis
en: Superficial cardiac plexus
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  ventriculus dexter,ventriculus sinister,atrium sinistrum,atrium dextrum,,paries posterolateralis ventriculi sinistri,paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,paries lateralis atrii dextri,bronchus principalis sinister,carina tracheae,tunica mucosa trachealia,paries membranaceus,ligamenta anularia,cartilagines tracheales,bronchus principalis dexter,aorta ascendens,arcus aortae,truncus pulmonaris,conus arterious,auricula dextra,


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Abdomen autonomic plexuses
parent: Abdomen autonomic plexuses
memorix_page: 373
object_id: plexus aorticus abdominalis,plexus aorticus abdominalis f
latin: plexus aorticus abdominalis
en: Aortic abdominal plexus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - surrounds the abdominal aorta
  - splits into two iliac plexuses at the aortic bifurcation
  - ramifies into several smaller plexuses, which innervate individual organs

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,os coccygis,aorta abdominalis


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Abdomen autonomic plexuses
parent: Abdomen autonomic plexuses
memorix_page: 373
object_id: plexus vesicalis 1,plexus vesicalis 2,plexus vesicalis f 1,plexus vesicalis f 2
latin: plexus uretericus
en: Ureteric plexus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - innervates the ureters 5 Superior mesenteric plexus (plexus mesentericus superior)
  - is located at the point where the superior mesenteric artery emerges from the aorta
  - participates in the innervation of the intestines from the major duodenal papilla to the left colic flexure

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 272 characters]


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Abdomen autonomic plexuses
parent: Abdomen autonomic plexuses
memorix_page: 373
object_id: plexus mesentericus superior
latin: plexus mesentericus superior
en: Superior mesenteric plexus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - is located at the point where the superior mesenteric artery emerges from the aorta
  - participates in the innervation of the intestines from the major duodenal papilla to the left colic flexure

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 272 characters]


system: nervous
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Abdomen autonomic plexuses
parent: plexus mesentericus superior
memorix_page: 373
object_id: ganglion mesentericum superius
latin: ganglion mesentericum superius
en: Superior mesenteric ganglion
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - an unpaired ganglion
  - is located at the point where the superior mesenteric artery emerges from the aorta

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 272 characters]


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Abdomen autonomic plexuses
parent: Abdomen autonomic plexuses
memorix_page: 373
object_id: plexus mesentericus inferior
latin: plexus mesentericus inferior
en: Inferior mesenteric plexus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - is located at the level of the inferior mesenteric artery
  - parasympathetic fibres come from the sacral part of the parasympathetic nervous system
  - innervates the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectal ampulla

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 272 characters]


system: nervous
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Abdomen autonomic plexuses
parent: plexus mesentericus inferior
memorix_page: 373
object_id: ganglion mesentericum inferius
latin: ganglion mesentericum inferius
en: Inferior mesenteric ganglion
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - unpaired ganglion
  - there may be multiple inferior mesenteric ganglia
  - located at the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 272 characters]


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Pelvis autonomic plexuses
parent: Pelvis autonomic plexuses
memorix_page: 374
object_id: superior hypogastric plexus
latin: plexus hypogastricus superior / nervus presacralis
en: Superior hypogastric plexus / presacral nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the continuation of the abdominal aortic plexus (plexus aorticus abdominalis)
  - splits into the right and left hypogastric nerves (nervus hypogastricus dexter et sinister) at the sacral promontory

related_objects:
  vertebrae lumbales l5,os coccygis,os sacrum,pelvis,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Pelvis autonomic plexuses
parent: Pelvis autonomic plexuses
memorix_page: 374
latin: plexus hypogastricus inferior / plexus pelvicus
en: Inferior hypogastric plexus / pelvic plexus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a mixed plexus forming a continuation of the hypogastric nerves
  - passes laterally to the rectum into the lesser pelvis
  - the parasympathetic fibres come from the white communicating branches of S2-4 via te sacral splanchnic nerves
  - parasympathetic fibres synapse in ganglia close to the pelvic organs
  - branches into smaller plexuses which innervate the individual organs of the lesser pelvis and follow the branches of the internal iliac artery

object_id:
  plexus hypogastricus inferior 1,plexus hypogastricus inferior 2,plexus hypogastricus inferior f 1,plexus hypogastricus inferior f 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 138 characters]


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Pelvis autonomic plexuses
parent: plexus hypogastricus inferior / plexus pelvicus
memorix_page: 374
object_id: plexus prostaticus 1,plexus prostaticus 2
latin: plexus prostaticus
en: Prostatic plexus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - innervates the smooth muscle of the prostate, prostatic part of urethra, prostatic and urethral glands and seminal glands

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 138 characters]


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 2.6
main_group: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sub_group: Pelvis autonomic plexuses
parent: plexus hypogastricus inferior / plexus pelvicus
en_description: - innervates the cavernous bodies of the penis and clitoris
memorix_page: 374
latin: nervi cavernosi clitoridis/penis
en: Cavernous nerves of clitoris/penis
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  nervi cavernosi penis 1,nervi cavernosi penis 2,nervi cavernosi clitoridis f 1,nervi cavernosi clitoridis f 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 138 characters]


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Olfactory nerve (N. I)
parent: nervi craniales
latin: nervus olfactorius (N. I)
en: Olfactory nerve (N. I)
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The <b>olfactory nerve</b> conducts the sensation of smell to the brain via the olfactory bulb and tract. It develops from a<b> pouch of the telencephalon.</b> It consists of the axons of the olfactory cells <b>(fila olfactoria)</b> in the<b> nasal mucosa</b>, which penetrate the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and enter the anterior cranial fossa, where they synapse with <b>the mitral cells</b> in the olfactory bulb. The axons of mitral cells travel in the olfactory tract to the <b>olfactory trigone</b> and the<b> olfactory area</b> of the cerebral cortex<br>
  <b>Afferent:</b> sense of smell<br>

general_description:
  <b>The neurones of the olfactory tract</b> send impulses to the olfactory cortex for the conscious perception of smell. They also send impulses to some subcortical structures (the amygdala, septum verum and dorsomedial thalamus). The subcortical connections work in cooperation with the limbic system to create emotional reactions and revoke both good and bad memories in response to smell.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Hyperosmia</b> is increased sensitivity to smell. 

  <b>Parosmia</b> is a qualitative smell defect. 

  <b>Hyposmia</b> is a reduced ability to smell. 

  <b>Anosmia</b> is a complete loss of smell.


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Olfactory nerve (N. I)
parent: nervus olfactorius (N. I)
object_id: nervus olfactorius
latin: fila olfactoria / nervus olfactorius
en: Olfactory nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - consists of bundles of axons of the olfactory cells
  - passes through the cribriform plate to synapse in the olfactory bulb

related_objects:
  os occipitale,os sphenoidale,cerebellum 1,medulla oblongata 1,pons 1,mesencephalon 1,hypothalamus 1,thalamus opticus 1,thalamus opticus 2,pons 2,mesencephalon 2,medulla oblongata 2,hypothalamus 2,cerebellum 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 1,nuclei lateralis thalami 2,nuclei lateralis thalami 1,nuclei anteriores thalami 2,nuclei anteriores thalami 1,lamina terminalis 2,lamina terminalis 1,lamina medullaris medialis 2,lamina medullaris medialis 1,epithalamus 2,epithalamus 1,corpus callosum 2,corpus callosum 1


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Optic nerve (N. II)
parent: nervi craniales
latin: nervus opticus (N. II)
en: Optic nerve (N. II)
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The optic nerve carries <b>visual information</b> to the brain via the optic tract. It develops from a pouch of the diencephalon. It consists of the <b>axons of the retinal ganglion</b> cells (the 3rd order neurons of the optic pathway). It originates on the posterior side of the eyeball and enters the cranial cavity through the<b> optic canal</b>. It passes through the <b>optic chiasma, where about half of its fibres decussate with the contralateral nerve</b> and then continues as the <b>optic tract</b> to the lateral<b> geniculate nucleus in the metathalamus</b>. The meninges cover the optic nerve in its entire course from the brain to the eyeball. Dura mater forms the external sheath of the optic nerve and the leptomeninges form the internal sheath of the optic nerve. The central retinal artery enters the optic nerve in the orbit and supplies the retina.<br>
  <b>Afferent:</b> sense of vision<br>


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Oculomotor nerve (N. III)
parent: nervi craniales
latin: nervus oculomotorius (N. III)
en: Oculomotor nerve (N. III)
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  There are <b>two nuclei</b> for the oculomotor nerve in the<b> midbrain</b>: the nucleus of the oculomotor nerve and the accessory posterior nucleus of the oculomotor nerve. The oculomotor nerve emerges from the midbrain in the<b> interpeduncular fossa</b>. It penetrates the dura mater to run laterally in the wall of the<b> cavernous sinus</b>. It <b>enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure</b>. <b>It carries parasympathetic fibres and somator motor fibres.</b> The parasympathetic fibres innervate the ciliary muscle, which focuses the eye on near objects (accomodation), and the sphincter pupillae, which constricts the pupil. The somatomotor fibres innervate most of the extraocular muscles.<b>The parasympathetic visceromotor</b> fibres synapse in the<b> ciliary ganglion</b>, which is located posterior to the eyball in the orbit.<br>
  <b>COURSE</b>
  <b>1. </b>emerges from midbrain in the interpeduncular fossa
  <b>2. </b>penetrates the dura mater and runs laterocranially in the cavernous sinus
  <b>3. </b>enters the orbit via the superior orbital fissure within the common tendinous ring (anulus tendineus communis)<br>
  <b>Somatomotor:</b> four eye muscles (the superior, inferior and medial rectus and the inferior oblique) and the levator palpebrae superioris
  <b>Visceromotor (parasympathetic):</b>  the ciliary body and the sphincter pupillae<br>

general_description:
  <b>The fibres of the oculomotor nerve</b> destined for the superior rectus decussate within the brain stem and join the contralateral nerve. 

  The sphincter pupillae</b> (m. sphincter pupillae) narrows the pupil (miosis).  

clinical_notes:
  <b>Unilateral paresis</b> of the oculomotor nerve causes divergent strabismus, dilated pupil (mydriasis), impaired accommodation (cycloplegia), ptosis and double vision (diplopia).


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Oculomotor nerve (N. III)
parent: nervus oculomotorius (N. III)
object_id: nervus oculomotorius
latin: nervus oculomotorius*2
en: Oculomotor nerve
cell_type: 0
tags: subgroup_desc
related_objects:
  os occipitale,os sphenoidale,cerebellum 1,medulla oblongata 1,pons 1,mesencephalon 1,hypothalamus 1,thalamus opticus 1,thalamus opticus 2,pons 2,mesencephalon 2,medulla oblongata 2,hypothalamus 2,cerebellum 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 1,nuclei lateralis thalami 2,nuclei lateralis thalami 1,nuclei anteriores thalami 2,nuclei anteriores thalami 1,lamina terminalis 2,lamina terminalis 1,lamina medullaris medialis 2,lamina medullaris medialis 1,epithalamus 2,epithalamus 1,corpus callosum 2,corpus callosum 1,n3 nucleus nervi oculomotorii


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.3
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Oculomotor nerve (N. III)
parent: nervus oculomotorius*2
object_id: ganglion ciliare
latin: ganglion ciliare*2
en: Ciliary ganglion*2
related_objects: os sphenoidale,os ethmoidale,corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a parasympathetic ganglion
  - is located within the orbit, posterior to the eyeball and lateral to the optic nerve


system: nervous
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Oculomotor nerve (N. III)
parent: ganglion ciliare*2
object_id: nervi ciliares breves
latin: nervi ciliares breves
en: Short ciliary nerves
related_objects: os sphenoidale,os ethmoidale,corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - contain parasympathetic postganglionic fibres, which leave the ciliary ganglion to innervate the ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.1
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Oculomotor nerve (N. III)
parent: nuclei nervi oculomotorii
object_id: n3 nucleus nervi oculomotorii
latin: nucleus nervi oculomotorii
en: Nucleus of oculomotor nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a somatomotor nucleus
  - innervates the superior, inferior and medial rectus, inferior oblique and levator palpebrae superioris


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.2
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Oculomotor nerve (N. III)
parent: nuclei nervi oculomotorii
object_id: n3 nucleus accessorius dorsalis nervi oculomotorii
latin: nucleus accessorius dorsalis nervi oculomotorii
en: Accessory posterior nucleus of oculomotor nerve / Edinger-Westphal nucleus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Contraction of the ciliary muscle</b> (m. ciliaris) focuses the eye on near objects. Relaxation focuses the eye on distant objects.<b>


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Trochlear nerve (N. IV)
parent: nervi craniales
latin: nervus trochlearis (N. IV)
en: Trochlear nerve (N. IV)
general_description: <b>The fibres of the trochlear nerve</b> decussate within the tectum of the mesencephalon.
clinical_notes: <b>Unilateral paresis</b> of the trochlear nerve causes diplopia while looking down and laterally
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The trochlear nerve decussates in the midbrain before emerging under the inferior colliculus. It is the<b> only nerve that leaves from the posterior side of the brainstem.</b> It passes the lateral surface of the mesencephalon to enter and run on the lateral wall of the<b> cavernous sinus.</b> It then enters the orbit via the <b>superior orbital fissure</b>. The trochlear nerve is exclusively <b>somatomotor</b> and innervates only one muscle:<b> the superior oblique</b>.<br>
  <b>COURSE</b>
  <b>1.</b> emerges under the inferior colliculus on the posterior side of the mesencephalon
  <b>2. </b>passes around the cerebral peduncle within the cisterna ambiens
  <b>3.</b> runs laterocranially in the cavernous sinus
  <b>4. </b>enters the orbit via the superior orbital fissure, but not within the common tendinous ring <br>
  <b>Somatomotor:</b> the superior oblique<br>


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Trigeminal nerve (N. V)
parent: nervi craniales
latin: nervus trigeminus
en: Trigeminal nerve (N. V)
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The trigeminal nerve leaves the <b>pons</b> at the level of the middle cerebellar peduncle. The nerve has two roots: a <b>sensory root</b> (radix sensoria) and a<b> motor root</b> (radix motoria). The trunk of the nerve is formed from both roots and runs towards the apex of petrous part of the temporal bone, where the somatosensory <b>trigeminal ganglion</b> is located in the <b>trigeminal impression</b> (impressio trigeminalis). The nerve then splits into <b>three terminal branches</b>: the ophthalmic nerve, the maxillary nerve and the mandibular nerve. The skin and organs of the face and head up to the interauricular line receive somatosensory fibres from branches of the trigeminal nerve. All three branches of the trigeminal nerve carry <b>somatosensory fibres</b>, but only the <b>mandibular nerve contains motor fibres</b>. They innervate the<b> masticatory muscles</b> and four other muscles, which originate <b>from the first pharyngeal arch</b>. Parasympathetic and sympathetic fibres join peripheral branches of trigeminal nerve at autonomic ganglia to innervate glands and smooth muscle of the head and neck.<br>
  <b>Somatomotor:</b> the 4 masticatory muscles (masseter, temporalis and lateral and medial pterygoids), mylohyoid, anterior belly of the digastric, tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani
  <b>Aomatosensory:</b> the skin of the head ventral to the interauricular line, the dura mater and oral and nasal mucosa<br>

general_description:
  <b>The trigeminal nerve</b> is the largest cranial nerve. 

  <b>The mesencephalic nucleus</b> of the trigeminal nerve receives proprioception information from the masticatory muscles. A feedback loop is located between it and the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. This ensures optimal masticatory muscles tension and prevents damage of the teeth.

  <b>The function of this loop may be demonstrated as follows</b>: if you try to bite your tongue very strongly, the feedback loop diminishes the tension of the masticatory muscles in order to prevent injury. 

  <b>The principal nucleus</b> of the trigeminal nerve was formerly called the pontine nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. 

  The points at which the branches</b> of the trigeminal nerve leave the skull are palpable on the face: 
  <b>V1 (as the supraorbital nerve)</b> - in the eyebrows, on a line passing vertically through the pupil
  <b>V2 (as the infraorbital nerve) </b>- inferior to the eye, on a line between the pupil and angle of the mouth 
  <b>V3 (as the mental nerve) </b>- on the mandible, on a line passing vertically downwards from the angle of the mouth. 
  Painful palpation at any of these points signifies pathological irritation of the trigeminal nerve. 

  <b>The function of the trigeminal nerve</b> may be assessed by the following reflexes: 
  <b>The masseter reflex</b> is provoked by tapping the teeth of the lower jaw. Stretching tendon of the masseter evokes its contraction. 
  <b>The corneal reflex</b> is provoked by gently touching the conjunctiva. It results in the contraction of the orbicularis oculi (causing a wink). The ophthalmic nerve provides the afferent limb of the reflex arc and the facial nerve provides the efferent limb. 

  <b>The trigeminal nerve</b> innervates most of the meninges. Each of its branches gives off one meningeal branch: <b>
  <b>V1 - tentorial branch</b> ( ramus tentorius)</b> before passing through the superior orbital fissure <b>
  <b>V2 - meningeal branch</b> (ramus meningeus)</b> before passing through the foramen rotundum <b>
  <b>V3 - meningeal branch</b> (ramus meningeus) </b>is given off in the infratemporal fossa and enters the cranial cavity via the foramen spinosum. The ventral part of the falx cerebri is innervated by the anterior ethmoidal nerve. 

  <b>The tensor veli palatini</b> is the only muscle of the soft palate innervated by the trigeminal nerve and not by the pharyngeal plexus.
  A tiny part of the meninges around the jugular foramen is innervated by the vagus nerve.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Trigeminal neuralgia / prosopalgia</b> is characterised by intensive unbearable episodic facial pain in areas innervated by branches of the trigeminal nerve (the supraorbital, infraorbital and mental nerves). The most common cause is impingement of the trigeminal nerve by an aberrant loop of the superior cerebellar artery at the junction between the CNS and PNS, where oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells meet (the Obersteiner-Redlich zone). This may be treated by microvascular decompression. Nonlesional causes can be treated by gama-knife surgery (radiosurgery) of the trigeminal ganglion.


system: nervous
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Trigeminal nerve (N. V)
parent: ganglion trigeminale
object_id: radix sensoria nervi trigemini
latin: radix sensoria nervi trigemini
en: Sensory root of trigeminal nerve
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 542 characters]

general_description:
  <b>The sensory part of the trigeminal nerve</b> was formerly called the greater portion (portio major) and the motor part the lesser portion (portio minor).<b>


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 5.1
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Trigeminal nerve (N. V)
parent: nervus trigeminus
object_id: nervus ophthalmicus
latin: nervus ophthalmicus (V1)
en: Ophthalmic nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Fibres</b>
  - somatosensory innervation of the face (forehead, upper eyelids, nasal dorsum), part of the dura mater, the orbit and its content, part of the mucosa in the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses<br>
  <b>COURSE</b>
  - passes through the superior orbital fissure into the orbit
  - some of its branches continue to the forehead

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 542 characters]

clinical_notes:
  <b>Herpes zoster ophthalmicus</b> is caused by reactivation of the varicella- zoster virus in the ophthalmic nerve. It presents with a painful rash in of the skin innervated by the ophthalmic nerve and can affect the conjunctiva and cornea.


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 5.1.1
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Trigeminal nerve (N. V)
parent: nervus ophthalmicus (V1)
object_id: nervus lacrimalis
latin: nervus lacrimalis
en: Lacrimal nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - runs along the lateral rectus towards the lacrimal gland
  - receives a communicating branch with the zygomatic nerve (ramus communicans nervi lacrimalis cum nervo zygomatico), which brings parasympathetic fibres to the lacrimal gland
  - innervates the skin of the lateral part of the eyelid and the adjacent part of the conjunctiva

related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2,atlas c1,corpus maxillae 1,os palatinum 1,corpus maxillae 2,os palatinum 2,os nasale 1,os nasale 2,os zygomaticum 1,os zygomaticum 2,concha nasi inferior 1,os lacrimale 1,os occipitale,vomer,concha nasi inferior 2,os lacrimale 2,os sphenoidale,os ethmoidale,os temporale 1,os temporale 2


system: nervous
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Trigeminal nerve (N. V)
parent: nervus supraorbitalis
object_id: ramus lateralis nervi supraorbitalis
latin: ramus lateralis nervi supraorbitalis
en: Lateral branch of supraorbital nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - leaves the orbit via the supraorbital notch
  - innervates the skin of the upper eyelid and forehead

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 319 characters]


system: nervous
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Trigeminal nerve (N. V)
parent: nervus nasociliaris
object_id: ramus communicans cum ganglio ciliari
latin: ramus communicans cum ganglio ciliari
en: Communicating branch with ciliary ganglion
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - carries sensory fibres for the eyeball, which pass through the ciliary ganglion and then continue as the short ciliary nerves (nervi ciliares breves) to reach the eyeball

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 319 characters]


system: nervous
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Trigeminal nerve (N. V)
parent: nervus nasociliaris
object_id: nervus ethmoidalis anterior
latin: nervus ethmoidalis anterior
en: Anterior ethmoidal nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - leaves the orbit through the anterior ethmoidal foramen, runs through the orbitocranial canal and then through the cribriform plate into the nasal cavity
  - sensory innervation of the frontal sinus, anterior nasal mucosa and skin of the apex and dorsum of the nose

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 319 characters]


system: nervous
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Trigeminal nerve (N. V)
parent: nervus nasociliaris
object_id: nervus infratrochlearis
latin: nervus infratrochlearis
en: Infratrochlear nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the terminal branch of the ophthalmic nerve
  - sensory innervation of the medial part of both eyelids and the adjacent conjunctiva

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 319 characters]


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 5.2
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Trigeminal nerve (N. V)
parent: nervus trigeminus
object_id: nervus maxillaris
latin: nervus maxillaris (V2)
en: Maxillary nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Fibers</b>
  - somatosensory innervation of the middle part of the face (lower eyelid, upper lip, ala of nose and upper part of the cheek), upper teeth and part of the nasal, oral and nasopharyngeal mucosa <br>
  <b>COURSE</b>
  - runs through the foramen rotundum to reach the pterygopalatine fossa
  - branches at the pterygopalatine ganglion

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 542 characters]


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 5.2.1
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Trigeminal nerve (N. V)
parent: nervus maxillaris (V2)
object_id: nervus zygomaticus
latin: nervus zygomaticus
en: Zygomatic nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - reaches the orbit via the inferior orbital fissure, runs on the inferior orbital wall
  - enters the zygomatico-orbital foramen and branches within the zygomatic bone

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 319 characters]


system: nervous
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Trigeminal nerve (N. V)
parent: nervus zygomaticus
object_id: ramus zygomaticofacialis
latin: ramus zygomaticofacialis
en: Zygomaticofacial branch
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - reaches the upper lateral part of the cheek via the zygomaticofacial foramen
  - innervates the skin of the zygomatic region

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 319 characters]


system: nervous
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Trigeminal nerve (N. V)
parent: nervus zygomaticus
object_id: nervus zygomaticotemporalis
latin: nervus zygomaticotemporalis
en: Zygomaticotemporal branch
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - reaches the temporal fossa by passing through the zygomaticotemporal foramen
  - innervates the skin of the temporal region

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 319 characters]


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 5.2.2
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Trigeminal nerve (N. V)
parent: nervus maxillaris (V2)
object_id: nervus infraorbitalis
latin: nervus infraorbitalis
en: Infraorbital nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - enters the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure, runs in the infra-orbital groove then enters the infra-orbital canal
  - leaves the infra-orbital canal through the infra-orbital foramen to reach the anterior surface of the maxilla,

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 319 characters]

general_description:
  <b>The three branches of the infraorbital nerve</b> (for the eyelid, nose and upper lip) in the infra-orbital foramen are collectively known as the pes anserinus minor.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Regional anaesthesia</b> is different for the upper and lower jaw. For the lower teeth it is administered at a single point posterior to the 3rd molar, next to the trunk of the inferior alveolar nerve. For the upper teeth there are 3 points (anterior, middle, posterior) to administer anaesthesia to the individual branches of the infraorbital nerve as they leave the maxilla.


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 5.2.3
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Trigeminal nerve (N. V)
parent: nervus maxillaris (V2)
object_id: rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris
latin: rami alveolares superiores posteriores
en: Posterior superior alveolar branches
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - travel towards the maxillary tuberosity and enter the alveolar foramina, then travel in the alveolar canals to reach the posterior upper teeth

related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2,atlas c1,os palatinum 1,os palatinum 2,os nasale 1,os nasale 2,os zygomaticum 1,os zygomaticum 2,concha nasi inferior 1,os lacrimale 1,os occipitale,vomer,concha nasi inferior 2,os lacrimale 2,os sphenoidale,os ethmoidale,os temporale 1,os temporale 2,dentes canini 3,dentes canini b3,dentes incisivi 1,dentes incisivi 2,dentes incisivi b1,dentes incisivi b2,dentes morales 6,dentes morales 7,dentes morales 8,dentes morales b7,dentes morales b8,dentes premolares 4,dentes premolares 5,dentes premolares b4,dentes premolares b5,dentes premolares b6,mandibula

general_description:
  <b>The superior and inferior dental and gingival branches</b> ( rami gingivales et dentales superiores and inferiores) form the superior and inferior dental plexus.


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 5.3
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Trigeminal nerve (N. V)
parent: nervus trigeminus
object_id: nervus mandibularis
latin: nervus mandibularis (V3)
en: Mandibular nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>FIBRES</b>
  - somatosensory innervation of the skin of the lower part of the face (lower lip, part of the cheek and chin), teeth of the lower jaw and part of the oral mucosa
  - innervation of 8 muscles: 4 masticatory muscles, anterior belly of digastric, mylohyoid, tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani<br>
  <b>COURSE</b>
  - travels through the foramen ovale to reach the infratemporal fossa, where it gives of its terminal branches
  - the otic ganglion is found on the medial side of the nerve

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 542 characters]


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 5.3.4.3
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Trigeminal nerve (N. V)
parent: Somatosensory branches of mandibular nerve
object_id: nervus auriculotemporalis
latin: nervus auriculotemporalis
en: Auriculotemporal nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - innervates part of the auricle and the skin of the temporal region
  - forms a loop around the middle meningeal artery

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 319 characters]


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 5.3.4.4
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Trigeminal nerve (N. V)
parent: Somatosensory branches of mandibular nerve
en_description:
  - innervates the teeth, gingiva and oral mucosa
  - passes through the mandibular foramen and canal

object_id: nervus alveolaris inferior
latin: nervus alveolaris inferior
en: Inferior alveolar nerve
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2,atlas c1,corpus maxillae 1,os palatinum 1,corpus maxillae 2,os palatinum 2,os nasale 1,os nasale 2,os zygomaticum 1,os zygomaticum 2,concha nasi inferior 1,os lacrimale 1,os occipitale,vomer,concha nasi inferior 2,os lacrimale 2,os sphenoidale,os ethmoidale,os temporale 1,os temporale 2,dentes canini 3,dentes canini b3,dentes incisivi 1,dentes incisivi 2,dentes incisivi b1,dentes incisivi b2,dentes morales 6,dentes morales 7,dentes morales 8,dentes morales b7,dentes morales b8,dentes premolares 4,dentes premolares 5,dentes premolares b4,dentes premolares b5,dentes premolares b6


system: nervous
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Trigeminal nerve (N. V)
parent: nervus alveolaris inferior
object_id: nervus mentalis
latin: nervus mentalis
en: Mental nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  the terminal branch emerging from the mental foramen
  - innervates the skin covering the body of the mandible

related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2,atlas c1,corpus maxillae 1,os palatinum 1,corpus maxillae 2,os palatinum 2,os nasale 1,os nasale 2,os zygomaticum 1,os zygomaticum 2,concha nasi inferior 1,os lacrimale 1,os occipitale,vomer,concha nasi inferior 2,os lacrimale 2,os sphenoidale,os ethmoidale,os temporale 1,os temporale 2,mandibula


system: nervous
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Trigeminal nerve (N. V)
parent: nervus lingualis
object_id: chorda tympani
latin: chorda tympani
en: Chorda tympani
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a branch of the facial nerve containing visceromotor and sensory taste fibers
  - joins the lingual nerve and continues to the submandibular ganglion and into the tongue
  - gustatory fibers carry taste information from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue (from the apex to the terminal sulcus, excluding the vallate papillae)

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 319 characters]


system: nervous
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Trigeminal nerve (N. V)
parent: nuclei nervi trigemini
object_id: n5 nucleus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini
latin: nucleus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini
en: Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the most dorsal nucleus in the mesencephalon
  - receives proprioceptive information from the masticatory, mimetic and extra-ocular muscles


system: nervous
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Trigeminal nerve (N. V)
parent: nuclei nervi trigemini
object_id: n5 nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini
latin: nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini
en: Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - is located in the medulla oblongata and spinal cord (C1-3)
  - receives information about crude touch, pain and temperature
  - receives the same modalities from n. IX and n. X


system: nervous
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Trigeminal nerve (N. V)
parent: nuclei nervi trigemini
object_id: n5 nucleus motorius nervi trigemini
latin: nucleus motorius nervi trigemini
en: Motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - is located in the pons
  - innervates the muscles of the first pharyngeal arch: masticatory muscles (masseter, temporalis, lateral and medial pterygoid), tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, anterior belly of the digastric and the mylohyoid


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Abducent nerve (N. VI)
parent: nervi craniales
latin: nervus abducens (N. VI)
en: Abducent nerve (N. VI)
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The abducent nerve originates at the border between the pons and the medulla oblongata, the<b> medullopontine sulcus</b> (sulcus bulbopontinus). It travels ventrolaterally on the internal surface of the base of the skull, penetrates the meninges and runs medially within the <b>cavernous sinus</b>. It reaches the<b> orbit</b> through the <b>superior orbital fissure</b> and common tendinous ring and innervates the <b>lateral rectus</b>, which causes the eyeball to abduct.<br>
  <b>COURSE</b>
  <b>1.</b> emerges from the medullopontine sulcus between the pons and medulla oblongata
  <b>2.</b> leaves the brainstem on the ventral side 
  <b>3.</b> runs on the base of the skull, penetrates the dura mater then runs through Dorello canal to enter the cavernous sinus
  <b>4. </b>enters the orbit via the superior orbital fissure and common tendinous ring<br>
  <b>Somatomotor:</b> one eye muscle (the lateral rectus)<br>

general_description:
  <b>Dorello canal / canal of abducent nerve</b> is a passage between the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone and the petrosphenoideal ligament of Gruber. It contains the abducent nerve and inferior petrosal sinus. The abducent nerve is in an extradural position as it travels in this canal.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Unilateral paresis of the abducent</b> nerve manifests as convergent strabism and diplopia (double vision) when looking to the side.


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 7
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Facial nerve (N. VII)
parent: nervi craniales
latin: nervus facialis (N. VII)
en: Facial nerve (N. VII)
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The facial nerve develops from the<b> 2nd pharyngeal arch</b>. It innervates <b>all the facial muscles</b>. It emerges from the pons near the cerebellopontine angle as two roots: the facial motor root and the intermediate nerve. The facial motor root carries somatomotor fibres and the intermediate nerve carries visceromotor and special sensory fibres. The two roots run in the<b> internal acoustic meatus</b> and then pass through the<b> facial nerve canal where they unite</b>. The facial nerve leaves the skull through the<b> stylomastoid foramen</b>. It gives off its terminal branches within the substance of the <b>parotid gland</b>.<br>
  <b>COURSE</b>
  <b>1.</b> within the brainstem, it turns around the nucleus of the abducens nerve and thus elevates the facial colliculus on the floor of the fourth ventricle
  <b>2.</b> leaves the pons at the pontocerebellar angle
  <b>3.</b> runs in the posterior cerebral fossa
  <b>4.</b> enters the internal acoustic canal and passes through the anterior superior quadrant of the fundus
  - this is where the facial canal / Fallopian canal (canalis nervi facialis) starts
  <b>5.</b> travels through the facial canal
  <b>5.1</b> runs ventrolaterally in the labyrinthic part (pars labyrinthica),
  <b>5.2</b> takes a 90° turn at the geniculum of the facial canal (geniculum canalis nervi facialis),
  <b>5.3</b> runs dorsolaterally in the tympanic part (pars tympanica),
  <b>5.4</b> runs caudally in the mastoid part (pars mastoidea)
  <b>6.</b> leaves the skull via the stylomastoid foramen (foramen stylomastoideum)
  <b>7.</b> enters the parotid gland, where it splits into inferior and superior branches, which form the parotid plexus (plexus intraparotideus), which gives rise to the terminal branches for the facial muscles<br>
  <b>Somatomotor:</b> the stapedius, mimetic muscles, platysma, stylohyoid and posterior belly of the digastric
  <b>Visceromotor </b>(parasympathetic): sublingual, submandibular and lacrimal glands and other small glands (nasal, palatine and nasopharyngeal)
  <b>Special sensory:</b> sense of taste in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue<br>

clinical_notes:
  <b>Central paralysis of the facial nerve</b> presents as a drop of the contralateral angle of the mouth. However, innervation of both eyelids remains unaltered. The most common cause is a stroke.

  <b> Peripheral paralysis of the facial nerve</b> may arise from a lesion at any point of the nerve. It presents as dysfunction of both the upper and lower branches, so that one whole half of the face is affected. Apart from paresis of the orbicularis oris it has other manifestation, including: 
  <b>Lagophthalmus</b> - an inability to close the eye caused by dysfunction of the orbicularis oculi. 
  <b>Xerophthalmia</b> - conjunctival and corneal dryness caused by dysfunction of the lacrimal gland. It increases the risk of corneal scaring and subsequent blindness and eye infections.
  <b>Xerostomia</b> - dryness of the mouth due to dysfunction of the sublingual and submandibular glands. 
  <b>Hyperacusis</b> - pain when hearing loud sounds due to an impaired stapedial reflex.
  <b>Hypogeusis</b> - decreased perception of taste caused by dysfunction of the chorda tympani. 

  <b>If the facial nerve is transsected</b> (e.g. in parotidectomy), the lesion can be bridged by a graft from either the sural or hypoglossal nerve.


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 7.2.1
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Facial nerve (N. VII)
parent: Branches arising within the facial canal
object_id: nervus petrosus major
latin: nervus petrosus major
en: Greater petrosal nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - emerges from geniculum of the facial canal and runs in the canal for the greater petrosal nerve
  - travels through the hiatus for the greater petrosal nerve, then lies in the groove for the greater petrosal nerve
  - runs through the sphenopetrosal synchondrosis and the pterygoid canal
  - reaches the pterygopalatine fossa where it terminates in the pterygopalatine ganglion
  - brings parasympathetic fibres from superior salivatory nucleus and some taste fibres to the pterygopalatine ganglion

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 329 characters]


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 7.2.2
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Facial nerve (N. VII)
parent: Branches arising within the facial canal
object_id: ganglion geniculi
latin: ganglion geniculi
en: Geniculate ganglion
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a special sensory ganglion of the facial nerve located in the first flexure of the facial canal within the petrous part of the temporal bone
  - contains pseudounipolar neurons for the chorda tympani (taste fibres)

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 329 characters]


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 7.2.4
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Facial nerve (N. VII)
parent: Branches arising within the facial canal
object_id: chorda tympani
latin: chorda tympani*3
en: Chorda tympani*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - branches from the facial nerve in the mastoid part of the facial canal
  - passes through the canaliculus for the chorda tympani to reach the tympanic cavity
  - runs within a mucosal fold between malleus and stapes and then turns ventrocaudally towards the petrotympanic fissure
  - leaves the tympanic cavity via the petrotympanic fissure to enter the infratemporal fossa
  - joins the lingual nerve to travel to the submandibular ganglion
  - provides parasympathetic innervation for the submandibular and sublingual glands and the lingual glands in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 329 characters]


system: nervous
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Facial nerve (N. VII)
parent: nuclei nervi facialis
object_id: n9 nucleus nervi facialis
latin: nucleus nervi facialis
en: Motor nucleus of facial nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a somatomotor nucleus for innervation of all facial muscles, platysma, stylohyoid and posterior belly of the digastric


system: nervous
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Facial nerve (N. VII)
parent: nuclei nervi facialis
object_id: n12 nucleus salivatorius superior
latin: nucleus salivatorius superior
en: Superior salivatory nucleus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a visceromotor nucleus for parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland, nasal glands, palatine glands, nasopharyngeal glands, submandibular gland, sublingual gland and lingual glands


system: nervous
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Facial nerve (N. VII)
parent: nuclei nervi facialis
latin: nucleus gustatorius
en: Gustatory nucleus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a special sensory nucleus
  - the rostral part of the nuclei of the solitary tract
  - receives impulses from the chorda tympani

general_description:
  <b>The gustatory nucleus</b> is located in the rostral part of the solitary tract. It receives taste fibres from the facial nerve and sends impulses to the thalamus and cortex.


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 8
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Vestibulocochlear nerve (N. VIII)
parent: nervi craniales
latin: nervus vestibulocochlearis (N. VIII)
en: Vestibulocochlear nerve (N. VIII)
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  <b>The vestibulocochlear nerve</b> emerges from the <b>pons</b> at the <b>pontocerebellar angle</b>. It passes through the<b> internal acoustic meatus</b> and bifurcates into the cochlear nerve and the vestibular nerve. <b>The cochlear nerve</b> transmits sound information. It consists of axons of the bipolar neurons of the cochlear ganglion, whose cell bodies are located in the modiolus of the bony cochlear. Their dendrites receive signals from the spiral organ of Corti and their axons synapse in the<b> two cochlear nuclei</b> (anterior and posterior) in the brainstem. <b>The vestibular nerve</b> transmits information about balance, motion and acceleration. It is formed by axons of the <b>bipolar neurons of the vestibular ganglion</b> travelling through the internal acoustic meatus. Their dendrites receive information from <b>the saccule, utricule and semicircular ducts</b> and their axons synapse in the <b>four vestibular nuclei</b> (superior, inferior, medial and lateral) in the pons and in the cerebellum.<br>
  <b>COURSE</b>
  <b>1.</b> leaves the pons at the pontocerebellar angle
  <b>2.</b> runs in the posterior cranial fossa
  <b>3.</b> enters the internal acoustic meatus via the internal acoustic opening
  - the cochlear nerve penetrates the anterior inferior quadrant (the cochlear area) of the fundus with the tractus spiralis foraminosus
  - the vestibular nerve penetrates the superior and inferior posterior quadrants (vestibular areas)<br>
  <b>Special sensory:</b> sense of hearing and balance<br>

general_description:
  <b>The stato-acoustic nerve</b> (nervus statoacusticus) is an obsolete for the vestibulocochelar nerve.


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 8.2
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Vestibulocochlear nerve (N. VIII)
parent: nervus vestibulocochlearis (N. VIII)
latin: nuclei nervi vestibulocochlearis
en: Nuclei of vestibulocochlear nerve
cell_type: 0
general_description:
  <b>The vestibular nuclei</b> are located in the vestibular area under the floor of the fourth ventricle.


system: nervous
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Vestibulocochlear nerve (N. VIII)
parent: nuclei nervi vestibulocochlearis
en_description: - special sensory nuclei of the cochlear nerve
object_id: n8 nuclei cochleares anterior
latin: nucleus cochlearis anterior et posterior
en: Anterior and posterior cochlear nuclei
cell_type: 0
general_description:
  <b>The cochlear nuclei</b> are situated under the acoustic tuberculum, which is located in the lateral corner of the fourth ventricle.


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 9
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Glossopharyngeal nerve (N. IX)
parent: nervi craniales
latin: nervus glossopharyngeus (N. IX)
en: Glossopharyngeal nerve (N. IX)
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The glossopharyngeal nerve emerges from the medulla oblongata at the<b> retro-olivary groove</b> and leaves the cranial cavity via the<b> jugular foramen.</b> It <b>forms the lateral mixed system</b> with the vagus and accessory nerves. It contains<b> motor, sensory and special sensory fibres</b>. It innervates the muscles of the pharynx and soft palate, glands and mucosa of the pharynx, posterior third of the tongue, parotid gland and middle ear. It transmits taste impulses from the posterior<b> third of the tongue and the vallate papillae</b>.<br>
  <b>COURSE</b>
  <b>1.</b> emerges from the medulla oblongata at the retro-olivary groove with the vagus and accessory nerves
  <b>2.</b> leaves the cranial cavity via the jugular foramen
  <b>3.</b> forms the superior ganglion above the jugular foramen and the inferior ganglion just below it
  <b>4.</b> after leaving the skull, runs between the internal carotid artery and the internal jugular vein
  <b>5.</b> joins the lateral side of the stylopharyngeus, which it innervates, and enters the pharyngeal wall, where it contributes to forming the pharyngeal plexus<br>
  <b>Somatomotor:</b> the stylopharyngeus
  <b>Visceromotor</b> (parasympathetic): innervation of the parotid gland and buccal glands
  <b>Viscerosomatosensory: </b>carotid body and carotid sinus
  <b>Somatosensory:</b> mucosa of the posterior part of the tongue, isthmus of the fauces, posterior part of the oral cavity, superior half of the pharynx, palatine tonsils and tympanic cavity
  <b>Special sensory: </b>taste in the posterior third of the tongue<br>

clinical_notes:
  <b>Unilateral lesions of the vestibulocochlear nerve</b> cause hearing loss (hypacusis), tinnitus, vertigo, nystagmus (involuntary repetitive eye movements) and gait disorders (titubation). 

  <b>Unilateral paresis of the glossopharyngeal nerve</b> presents as dysphagia (difficulty of swallowing), impaired gag reflex, loss of sensitivity and mildly decreased taste perception (hypogeusis). 

  <b>Glossopharyngeal neuralgia</b> presents as episodic severe pain in the regions supplied by the glossopharygenal nerve (ear, root of tongue, nasopharynx and tonsils).


system: nervous
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Glossopharyngeal nerve (N. IX)
parent: nervus tympanicus
object_id: nervus petrosus minor
latin: nervus petrosus minor
en: Lesser petrosal nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a branch arising in the tympanic cavity carrying parasympathetic fibres
  - passes through the canal, hiatus and groove for the lesser petrosal nerve
  - penetrates via the petrosal foramen or the foramen lacerum (through sphenopetrosal synchondrosis) to reach the infratemporal fossa
  - synapses in the otic ganglion
  - parasympathetic visceromotor innervation of the parotid and buccal glands

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 329 characters]


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 9.1.2
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Glossopharyngeal nerve (N. IX)
parent: nervus glossopharyngeus
object_id: ramus sinus carotici
latin: ramus sinus carotici
en: Carotid branch
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  2 Carotid branch (ramus sinus carotici)
  - descends to the carotid sinus and carotid body
  - transfers viscerosensory information from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 329 characters]


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 9.1.3
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Glossopharyngeal nerve (N. IX)
parent: nervus glossopharyngeus
object_id: rami pharyngei nervi glossopharyngei
latin: rami pharyngei nervi glossopharyngei
en: Pharyngeal branches
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - form the pharyngeal plexus, which provides motor and sensory innervation of the pharyngeal muscles, pharyngeal mucosa and muscles of the soft palate

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 329 characters]


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 9.2.2
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Glossopharyngeal nerve (N. IX)
parent: nuclei nervi glossopharyngei
object_id: n9 nucleus salivatorius inferior
latin: nucleus salivatorius inferior
en: Inferior salivatory nucleus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a parasympathetic visceromotor nucleus
  - innervates the parotid and buccal glands and the glands of the auditory tube
  - its fibers synapse in the otic ganglion and tympanic ganglion


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 9.2.4
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Glossopharyngeal nerve (N. IX)
parent: nuclei nervi glossopharyngei
latin: nucleus gustatorius*2
en: Gustatory nucleus*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a special sensory nucleus
  - the rostral part of the nuclei of the solitary tract
  - transmits taste information from the posterior third of the tongue and vallate papillae


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 10
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Vagus nerve (N. X)
parent: nervi craniales
latin: nervus vagus (N. X)
en: Vagus nerve (N. X)
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The vagus nerve originates in <b>the retro-olivary groove</b> of the medulla oblongata and leaves the cranial cavity via the<b> jugular foramen</b>. It <b>forms the lateral mixed system</b> with the glossopharyngeal and accessory nerves. It contains<b> motor, sensory and special sensory (taste)</b> fibres and is the only cranial nerve to reach <b>the abdominal cavity</b>. It gives numerous branches, which provide<b> parasympathetic and viscerosensory</b> innervation to the organs of the neck, thorax and abdomen, down to the Cannon-Böhm point at the left end of the transverse colon.<br>
  <b>COURSE</b>
  <b></b>1. leaves the medulla oblongata in the retro-olivary groove with the glossopharyngeal and accessory nerves
  <b>2</b>. leaves the cranial cavity via the jugular foramen
  <b>3</b>. its superior ganglion is located above the level of the jugular foramen and inferior ganglion below it
  <b>4.</b> runs in the visceral space of the neck with the internal jugular vein and the internal carotid artery (caudally with the common carotid artery) within the carotid sheath
  <b>5.</b> descends through the superior thoracic aperture, runs dorsally to the bronchi and caudally joins the oesophagus
  - gives off the right recurrent laryngeal nerve, which passes under the right subclavian artery, and the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, which passes under the aortic arch
  <b>6.</b> in the posterior mediastinum, the left vagus nerve moves so it becomes ventral to the oesophagus and the right vagus nerve moves so it becomes dorsal to the oesophagus
  <b>7.</b> the left vagus forms the ventral trunk and the right vagus forms the dorsal trunk follows the oesophagus through the diaphragm via the oesophageal hiatus
  <b>8. </b>parasympathetic branches in the abdominal cavity give rise to the autonomic plexuses
  <b>9.</b> branches reach the individual organs together with vessels<br>
  <b>Somatomotor: </b>muscles of the pharynx, larynx and soft palate
  <b>Visceromotor:</b> (parasympathetic): trachea, bronchi, lungs, heart, oesophagus, liver, pancreas, small intestine, vermiform appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, spleen, adrenals, kidneys, ovaries, testes
  <b>Viscerosensory:</b> the aforementioned organs
  <b>Somatosensory:</b> part of the auricle, external acoustic meatus, dura mater, larynx and pharynx
  <b>Special sensory: </b>taste in the epiglottis

general_description:
  <b>The left vagus nerve</b> travels ventrally and the right vagus nerve travels dorsally to the oesophagus. This is due to the rotation of the primitive gut of 90° clockwise during embryogenesis. 

  <b>The vagus nerve</b> innervates the pharyngeal muscles (except for the stylopharyngeus), muscles of the soft palate (except for the tensor veli palatini), laryngeal muscles and muscles of the upper half of the esophagus. 

  The function of the vagus nerve may be assessed by the following reflexes: 
  <b>The pharyngeal (gag) reflex</b> is triggered by touching the root of the tongue, pharyngeal wall or palatine arches. It evokes contraction of the pharyngeal muscles and causes nausea.
  <b> The oculocardial reflex</b> (Aschner- Dagnini reflex) is induced by stimulating the vagus nerve by applying pressure on the eyeballs. This causes a decrease in pulse rate. The reflex can also be stimulated by pressing the carotid sinus or hitting the epigastrium (to irritate the coeliac plexus) or the testes. 

  <b>The auricular branch of the vagus nerve</b> (Arnold nerve) innervates a small area in the concha of the auricle and external acoustic meatus called the Ramsay Hunt zone.

  <b> The principal gastric branch of Latarjet</b> (from the anterior gastric branch) supplies the lesser curvature of the stomach. Selective vagotomy used to be performed to treat peptic ulcer by surgically interrupting this nerve

clinical_notes:
  <b>.Unilateral paresis of the vagus nerve</b> causes dysphagia, hoarseness and divergence of the uvula.

  <b>Bilateral paresis of the vagus nerve</b> causes rhinolalia, speech defects (dysarthria) and paresis of both vocal cords. 

  <b>Irritation of the vagus nerve</b> may cause bradycardia, smooth muscle spasms (laryngospasm, bronchospasm) and disturbances in gastrointestinal passage.

  <b> In pharmacoresistant depression</b> or epilepsy, vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) is a therapeutic option.


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 10
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Vagus nerve (N. X)
parent: nervus vagus (N. X)
object_id: nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2
latin: nervus vagus
en: Vagus nerve
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os occipitale,atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,os sphenoidale,cerebellum 1,medulla oblongata 1,pons 1,mesencephalon 1,hypothalamus 1,thalamus opticus 1,thalamus opticus 2,pons 2,mesencephalon 2,medulla oblongata 2,hypothalamus 2,cerebellum 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 1,nuclei lateralis thalami 2,nuclei lateralis thalami 1,nuclei anteriores thalami 2,nuclei anteriores thalami 1,lamina terminalis 2,lamina terminalis 1,lamina medullaris medialis 2,lamina medullaris medialis 1,epithalamus 2,epithalamus 1,corpus callosum 2,corpus callosum 1


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 10.4
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Vagus nerve (N. X)
parent: Branches of vagus nerve
object_id: ramus glomi carotici
latin: ramus glomi carotici
en: Branch for carotid body
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - viscerosensory fibers entering the branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve for the carotid body and carotid sinus
  - carries baroreceptor and chemoreceptor information

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 150 characters]


system: nervous
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Vagus nerve (N. X)
parent: nervus laryngeus superior
object_id: ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 2
latin: ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris
en: Internal branch of Superior laryngeal nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a sensory branch for the upper larynx, root of the tongue and epiglottis
  - enters the larynx through the thyrohyoid membrane

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 150 characters]


system: nervous
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Vagus nerve (N. X)
parent: nervus laryngeus superior
object_id: ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 1,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 2
latin: ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris
en: External branch of Superior laryngeal nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a mixed branch, which travels with the superior thyroid artery and innervates the cricothyroid and certain pharyngeal muscles
  - carries parasympathetic and viscerosensory branches for the thyroid and parathyroid glands

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 150 characters]


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 10.6
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Vagus nerve (N. X)
parent: Branches of vagus nerve
object_id: nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2
latin: nervus laryngeus recurrens
en: Recurrent laryngeal nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - innervates the majority of the laryngeal muscles and the laryngeal mucosa below the vocal cords
  - on the right side, it passes under the right subclavian artery, on the left side under the aortic arch
  - runs cranially between the trachea and oesophagus in the tracheo-oesophageal groove

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 150 characters]


system: nervous
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Vagus nerve (N. X)
parent: nervus laryngeus recurrens
latin: nervus laryngeus inferior nervi laryngei recurrentis
en: Terminal branch / inferior laryngeal nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - innervates the laryngeal muscles (except for the cricothyroid) and laryngeal mucosa below the vocal folds


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 10.7.1
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Vagus nerve (N. X)
parent: rami cardiaci nervi vagi
latin: plexus cardiacus*2
en: Cardiac plexus*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a mixed plexus for the heart
  - contain the parasympathetic cardiac branches from the vagus nerve and sympathetic cardiac nerves from the sympathetic trunk

general_description:
  <b>The cardiac plexus</b> continues along the left and right coronary arteries as the left and right coronary plexuses and participates in adjusting the diameter of their lumen. It reaches the conducting system of the heart along the branches of the coronary arteries, where it regulates heart rate. Sympathetic fibres dilate the coronary arteries increasing perfusion of the heart. An increase in sympathetic activation results in tachycardia, higher contraction force, and a higher demand for oxygen and nutrients. Parasympathetic fibres constrict the coronary arteries. Increased parasympathetic activity causes bradycardia and lowers the metabolic demands of the myocardium.

  <b>Accelerating nerves</b> (nervi accelerantes) is an obsolete name for the sympathetic cardiac nerves, which accelerate heart rate. Retarding nerves (nervi retardantes) in an obsolete name for the parasympathetic cardiac branches, which slow the heart rate.


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 10.9
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Vagus nerve (N. X)
parent: Branches of vagus nerve
latin: rami pulmonales nervi vagi
en: Pulmonary branches of vagus nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - viscerosensory and visceromotor fibres
  - the continuation of the bronchial branches into the lungs


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 10.12
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Vagus nerve (N. X)
parent: Branches of vagus nerve
object_id: rami hepatici
latin: rami hepatici nervi vagi
en: Hepatic branches*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - visceromotor and viscerosensory fibers for the liver
  - run along the common hepatic artery and hepatic artery proper

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 272 characters]


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 10.13
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Vagus nerve (N. X)
parent: Branches of vagus nerve
latin: rami renales nervi vagi
en: Renal branches*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - viscerosensory and visceromotor branches for the kidneys, upper part of the urinary tract, adrenals and (partially) testes/ovaries


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 10.14
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Vagus nerve (N. X)
parent: Branches of vagus nerve
latin: rami coeliaci nervi vagi
en: Coelic branches*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - visceromotor and viscerosensory branches, which along with the sympathetic nerves form the coeliac plexus
  - plexuses for the adrenals, kidneys, pancreas, ovaries, testes, small intestine, caecum, ascending colon and 2/3 of the transverse colon (to the Cannon-Böhm point, where they meet with the parasympathetic branches from the sacral plexus)


system: nervous
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Vagus nerve (N. X)
parent: rami coeliaci nervi vagi
object_id: plexus coeliacus
latin: plexus coeliacus*2
en: Coeliac plexus*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a mixed plexus for the abdominal organs containing the parasympathetic and viscerosensory fibers from the n. X and sympathetic fibers from the splanchnic nerves

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,os coccygis,aorta abdominalis,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,


system: nervous
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Vagus nerve (N. X)
parent: Proper nuclei of the vagus nerve
object_id: n10 nucleus posterior nervi vagi
latin: nucleus posterior nervi vagi
en: Posterior nucleus of vagus nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a parasympathetic visceromotor nucleus
  - innervates the smooth muscle and glands of the internal organs
  - innervates the myocardium and conducting system of the heart


system: nervous
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Vagus nerve (N. X)
parent: Proper nuclei of the vagus nerve
object_id: n7 n9 n10 nuclei tractus solitarii
latin: nuclei tractus solitarii*2
en: Nuclei of solitary tract*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a viscerosensory nucleus
  - the axons synapse in the superior and inferior ganglia in the area of the jugular foramen


system: nervous
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Vagus nerve (N. X)
parent: nuclei tractus solitarii*2
latin: nucleus gustatorius*3
en: Gustatory nucleus*3
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a special sensory nucleus
  - the rostral part of the nuclei of the solitary tract
  - receives taste information from the epiglottis, epiglottic valleculae and part of the root of the tongue


system: nervous
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Vagus nerve (N. X)
parent: Nucleus of the trigeminal nerve
object_id: n5 nucleus principalis nervi trigemini
latin: nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini*4
en: Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve*4
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a somatosensory nucleus
  - receives sensory fibres from part of the auricle, external acoustic meatus, dura mater and mucosa of the larynx and pharynx


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 11
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Accessory nerve (N. XI)
parent: nervi craniales
latin: nervus accessorius (N. XI)
en: Accessory nerve (N. XI)
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The accessory nerve emerges from the medulla oblongata at the<b> retro-olivary groove</b> and leaves the cranial cavity via the<b> jugular foramen</b>. It forms the <b>lateral mixed system</b> with the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. It contains <b>somatomotor fibres</b> that innervate the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius. The accessory nerve is the only cranial nerve, which has a <b>nucleus outside the brainstem</b> (in the cervical spinal cord). Its fibres merge inside the skull at the level of the foramen magnum to form the trunk of the accessory nerve.<br>
  <b>COURSE</b>
  <b>1. </b>leaves the cranial cavity via the jugular foramen
  <b>2. </b>passes behind the internal jugular vein and the transverse process of the atlas
  <b>3. </b>continues through the sternocleidomastoid towards the trapezius
  <b>4. </b>runs within the trapezius parallel to the medial border of the scapula<br>
  <b>Somatomotor:</b> trapezius and sternocleidomastoid some branches join the vagus nerve to innervate the laryngeal muscles<br>

general_description:
  <b>The name of the accessory nerve</b> originates from its older name nervus accessorius ad vagum (accessory to vagus), because some of its fibres join the vagus nerve. 

  <b>The sternocleidomastoid and trapezius</b> receive somatomotor fibers from the accessory nerve and spinal segments C2-C4. The spinal root of the accessory innervates muscles derived from somites and was secondarily encompassed into the cranial cavity and therefore separated from direct muscular branches.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The external branch of the accessory</b> nerve can be easily harmed at the spine of the scapula. This can occur from falls on to the back. Lesions in this location impair the ascending part of the trapezius, which is then not able to rotate the scapula, preventing the arm from being abducted above the level of the shoulder. The anterior serratus has a synergistic function, but it is not able to perform this movement alone due to the excessive mass of the limb. The superior angle of the scapula protrudes outwards in what is called a winged scapula (scapula alata).


system: nervous
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Accessory nerve (N. XI)
parent: nuclei nervi accessorii
object_id: n11 nucleus spinalis nervi accessori
latin: nucleus spinalis nervi accessorii
en: Spinal nucleus of accessory nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - spinal roots (radix spinalis) from spinal segments C1-C6
  - ascend laterally to the spinal cord and reach the posterior cranial fossa via the foramen magnum


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 12
main_group: Cranial nerves
sub_group: Hypoglossal nerve (N. XII)
parent: nervi craniales
latin: nervus hypoglossus (N. XII)
en: Hypoglossal nerve (N. XII)
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The hypoglossal nerve emerges from the medulla oblongata at the<b> pre-olivary groove</b> and leaves the cranial cavity via the <b>hypoglossal canal</b>. It forms an arch in its course in the neck. <b>Somatomotor fibres</b> from the cervical plexus (the superior root of the deep cervical ansa) join the nerve, but leave it after a short distance. The hypoglossal nerve innervates the <b>muscles of the tongue.</b>  The hypoglossal nerve joins and travels with the superior root of the deep ansa cervicalis (radix superior ansae cervicalis profundae). However, it does not participate in the motor innervation of the infrahyoid muscles. <br>
  <b>COURSE</b>
  <b>1</b>. leaves the cranial cavity via the hypoglossal canal
  <b>2.</b> passes ventrally between the internal jugular vein and the internal carotid artery
  <b>3.</b> forms an arch in the carotid triangle and continues into the submandibular triangle
  <b>4.</b> enters the root of the tongue where it gives off its terminal branches<br>
  <b>Somatomotor:</b> 3 extraglossal (genioglossus, styloglossus and hyoglossus) and 4 intraglossal muscles (superior and inferior longitundinal, transverse and vertical muscles)<br>

general_description:
  <b>The hypoglossal nerve</b> does not participate in the innervation of the thyrohyoid. Fibres from the cervical plexus (C1) run with the hypoglossal to innervate the thyrohoid.

clinical_notes:
  <b> Lesions of the nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve</b> cause fine trembling of muscle fibres (fasciculation). 

  <b>Unilateral paresis of the hypoglossal nerve</b> cause deviation of the tongue to the side of the lesion (hemiglossoplegia) and atrophy of the muscles and mucosa of the tongue.


system: nervous
main_group: Conducting system of the heart
latin: Complexus stimulans cordis
en: Conducting system of the heart
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  The heart has the capacity to <b>generate and conduct electric impulses</b>. These impulses are <b>produced in the sinoatrial node </b>in the right atrium. They pass through the atria to the <b>atrioventricular node </b>and then pass through the <b>bundle of His </b>to reach the ventricles. After passing through the atrioventricular septum, the bundle of His divides into the <b>right and left bundles of Tawara, </b>which carry the impulses down the interventricular septum and into the left and right ventricles. The final branches of the cardiac conduction system are the <b>subendocardial branches of Purkinje</b>, which spread the impulses throughout the ventricular muscle.

general_description:
  <b>The sympathetic system </b>increases the strength and frequency of myocardial contractions and the conductivity and excitability of the myocardium (positive inotropic, chronotropic, dromotropic, and bathmotropic effects, respectively).<br>
  <b>The parasympathetic system </b>decreases the strength and frequency of myocardial contractions and the conductivity and excitability of the myocardium (negative inotropic, chronotropic, dromotropic, and bathmotropic effects, respectively).

clinical_notes:
  <b>A heart block </b>is a block in the conducting system of the heart, which prevents the propagation of action potential through certain parts of the heart. Heart blocks are differentiated by their ECG profiles and clinical manifestations.<br>
  <b>Sick sinus syndrome </b>is a disorder of the sinoatrial node (the main pacemaker of the heart). Many different patterns of the heart rhythm are typical for this syndrome.<br>
  <b>Atrioventricular blockages </b>represent affections of the atrioventricular communication and action potential transmission. Three stages of AV block are distinguished: 1st, 2nd and 3rd degree block<br>
  <b>Types of bundle branch block</b>: right block, left anterior hemiblock and left posterior hemiblock.


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Conducting system of the heart
sub_group: Parts of conducting system
parent: fasciculus atrioventricularis
object_id: crus dextrum fasciculi atrioventricularis
latin: crus dextrum fasciculi atrioventricularis
en: Right bundles of Tawara
cell_type: 0
master_object: Conducting system of the heart
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>run through the interventricular septum to the heart apex where they divides into the subendocardial branches, the right bundle runs through the septomarginal trabecula of the right ventricle

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 150 characters]


system: nervous
main_group: Cervical plexus
latin: plexus cervicalis (C1–C4)
en: Cervical plexus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The cervical plexus</b> consists of spinal nerves<b> C1 to C4</b> and is located in the lateral cervical region. It produces both sensory and motor nerves. The sensory nerves reach the skin through <b>the nerve point</b> (punctum nervosum), a gap in the superficial cervical fascia located approximately half-way along the posterior margin of the sternocleidomastoid. <b>The motor nerves</b> innervate the <b>anterior group</b> of cervical muscles. <b>The phrenic nerve</b> passes through the mediastinum and innervates the diaphragm.

general_description:
  <b>The hypoglossal nerve</b> joins and travels with the superior root of the deep ansa cervicalis (radix superior ansae cervicalis profundae). However, it does not participate in the motor innervation of the infrahyoid muscles.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Surgical procedures</b> in the area of the carotid bifurcation require very careful precision not to injury the motor branches of the cervical plexus.

  <b>Transverse lesions </b>of the spinal cord above C4 often lead to respiratory arrest. This is common in vertebral column trauma.

  <b>Surgical procedures</b> in the area of the carotid bifurcation require very careful precision not to injury the motor branches of the cervical plexus.


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Cervical plexus
sub_group: Somatosensory branches
parent: Somatosensory branches
object_id: nervus occipitalis minor
latin: nervus occipitalis minor C2-C3
en: Lesser occipital nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a somatosensory nerve, which travels along the posterior margin of the sternocleidomastoid in a cranial direction
  - innervates the lateral part of the nape region

related_objects:
  os occipitale,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2,atlas c1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,os temporale 1,os temporale 2,


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.1
main_group: Cervical plexus
sub_group: Somatosensory branches
parent: nervus auricularis magnus C2-C3
object_id: ramus anterior nervi auricularis magni
latin: ramus anterior nervi auricularis magni
en: Anterior branch of great auricular nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - innervates the skin over the anterior part of the auricle of the inferior part in the parotideomasseteric region

related_objects:
  os occipitale,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2,atlas c1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,os temporale 1,os temporale 2,


system: nervous
main_group: Cervical plexus
sub_group: Somatosensory branches
parent: ramus superior nervi transversi collii
latin: ansa cervicalis superficialis
en: Superficial ansa cervicalis
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a loop forming a connection with the cervical branch of the facial nerve (ramus colli nervi facialis), which carries motor fibres for the platysma


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
main_group: Cervical plexus
sub_group: Somatosensory branches
parent: Somatosensory branches
object_id: nervi supraclaviculares
latin: nervi supraclaviculares C3-C4
en: Supraclavicular nerves
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - three groups of sensory nerves
  - pass superficially over the clavicle giving off branches in a caudal direction

related_objects:
  os occipitale,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2,atlas c1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,os temporale 1,os temporale 2,clavicula,scapula


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 1.5
main_group: Cervical plexus
sub_group: Somatosensory branches
parent: Somatosensory branches
latin: punctum nervosum
en: Nerve point
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the point where the sensory cervical nerves pass through the superficial layer of the cervical fascia, emerging dorsally to the sternocleidomastoid muscle


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Cervical plexus
sub_group: Cervical plexus and branches
parent: Cervical plexus and branches
latin: rami musculares C1-C4
en: Muscular branches
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - innervate the rectus capitis lateralis, rectus capitis anterior, longus capitis, longus colli muscles, scalenus anterior and scalenus medius


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.1
main_group: Cervical plexus
sub_group: Cervical plexus and branches
parent: ansa cervicalis profunda
object_id: radix superior ansae cervicalis
latin: radix superior ansa cervicalis C1-C2
en: Superior root of ansa cevicalis
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - travels with the hypoglossal nerve, but does not exchange of fibres
  - leaves the hypoglossal nerve as it passes the internal carotid artery
  - then descends to join the inferior root

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 229 characters]


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Cervical plexus
sub_group: Mixed branch of cervical plexus
parent: Mixed branch of cervical plexus
object_id: nervus phrenicus 1,nervus phrenicus 2
latin: nervus phrenicus C3-C5*2
en: Phrenic nerve*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - from C4, with accessory fibres from C3 and C5
  - descends bilaterally on the surface of the anterior scalenus muscle and travels through the superior thoracic aperture to reach the thoracic cavity<br>
  <b>Right phrenic nerve (nervus phrenicus dexter)</b>
  - passes between the right subclavian artery and vein
  - descends on the right side from the right brachiocephalic vein and right superior vena cava
  - runs on the surface of the pericardium and enters the diaphragm near the caval opening<br>
  <b>Left phrenic nerve (nervus phrenicus sinister)</b>
  - passes between the left subclavian artery and vein
  - descends behind the left brachiocephalic vein ventrally to the aortic arch and pulmonary hilum 
  - runs on the surface of the pericardium and enters the diaphragm at or venral to the central tendon

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 150 characters]

clinical_notes:
  <b>The phrenic nerve</b> must not be harmed when opening the pericardium during heart surgery. 

  <b>Phrenic nerve irritation</b> results in twitches of the diaphragm causing hiccups (singultus). 

  <b>Unilateral damage</b> to the phrenic nerve leads to ipsilateral paresis of the diaphragm and unilateral respiratory impairment.


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.4
main_group: Cervical plexus
sub_group: Mixed branch of cervical plexus
parent: Mixed branch of cervical plexus
object_id: rami phrenicoabdominales nervi phrenicis 1,rami phrenicoabdominales nervi phrenicis 2
latin: rami phrenicoabdominales nervi phrenicis
en: Phrenicoabdominal branches
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - provide somatosensory innervation of the parietal peritoneum under the diaphragm (down to the gallbladder and pancreas)

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 150 characters]


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 4.1.1
main_group: Cervical plexus
sub_group: Spinal nerves of cervical plexus
parent: C1 spinal nerves
object_id: ramus anterior nervi cervicalis primi
latin: ramus anterior nervi cervicalis primi
en: Anterior ramus of 1st cervical nerve
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c4,os occipitale


system: nervous
main_group: Brachial plexus
memorix_page: 282
latin: Plexus brachialis (C4–T1)
en: Brachial plexus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  The initial part of the brachial plexus consists of the anterior branches of spinal nerves <b>C5 - C8 </b>and connections from <b>spinal segments C4 and T1</b>. These roots converge to form <b>three parallel trunks: the superior </b>(C4 - C6), <b>middle </b>(C7), <b>and inferior </b>(C8 - T1) <b>trunks</b>. The trunks pass through the <b>scalene fissure </b>into the omoclavicular triangle and then divide to form the cords. The clavicle divides the plexus topographically into a <b>supraclavicular and infraclavicular part</b>.

general_description:
  <b>The trunks of the brachial plexus divide to form the cords. </b>Three posterior divisions form the posterior cord, two anterior divisions form the lateral cord and one anterior division forms the medial cord.<br>
  <b>The cords </b>of the brachial plexus are named according to their position to the axillary artery.<br>
  <b>Erb` point </b>(<i>punctum supraclaviculare</i>) is located 2 - 3 cm above a point between the middle and lateral thirds of the clavicle, anterior to the transverse projection of vertebra C6 and lateral to the sternocleidomastoid. Hypersensitivity in this area indicates damage to the brachial plexus.<br>
  <b>The nerves </b>innervating the muscles of the anterior side of the arm, forearm and hand originate from the anterior branches of the brachial plexus (from the medial and lateral cords). The posterior groups of the arm and forearm are innervated by the radial nerve, which is a branch of the posterior cord. <br>
  <b>The most commonly assessed reflexes of nerves originating in the brachial plexus are</b>:  
  -  the bicipital reflex (C5)  
  -  the brachioradial reflex (C5 - C6) 
  -  the tricipital reflex (C7)  
  -  the finger flexors (C8)


system: nervous
main_group: Brachial plexus
sub_group: Anterior branches of spinal nerves
parent: C5 spinal nerves
object_id: ramus anterior nervi cervicalis quinti
latin: ramus anterior nervi cervicalis quinti
en: Anterior ramus of 5th cervical nerve
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,os costale 3,costa prima 1,costa secunda 2,clavicula,scapula


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Brachial plexus
sub_group: Supraclavicular part
parent: Plexus brachialis (C4–T1)
latin: Plexus brachialis pars supraclavicularis
en: Supraclavicular part
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The <b>supraclavicular part of the brachial plexus </b>(<i>pars supraclavicularis plexus brachialis</i>) gives off nerves in the omoclavicular triangle, which innervate the <b>spinohumeral, thoracohumeral and scapular muscles</b>. Somatic Motor fibers predominate in these nerves.


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Brachial plexus
sub_group: Infraclavicular part
parent: Plexus brachialis (C4–T1)
latin: plexus brachialis pars infraclavicularis
en: Infraclavicular part
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The nerves of the <b>infraclavicular part of the brachial plexus </b>(<i>pars infraclavicular plexus brachialis</i>) emerge from <b>the cords</b>. The cords are located around the <b>axillary artery </b>and give both mixed and purely sensory branches, which innervate the entire upper extremity. The cords eventually split into <b>7 terminal branches</b>. The <b>axillary nerve </b>and the <b>radial nerve </b>arises from the posterior cord, the <b>musculocutaneous nerve </b>from the lateral cord, and the <b>ulnar nerve </b>from the medial cord. The medial and lateral cords give off the medial and lateral roots of the median nerve, which fuse to form the median nerve.


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 6.1.3
main_group: Brachial plexus
sub_group: Infraclavicular part
parent: fasciculus medialis plexus braxialis*2
object_id: nervus ulnaris
latin: nervus ulnaris (C7-T1)
en: Ulnar nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>COURSE</b>
  <b>1.</b> travels with the superior collateral ulnar artery and veins in the medial brachial intermuscular septum
  <b>2.</b> passes through the groove for the ulnar nerve behind the medial epicondyle of the humerus, here it is covered by fascia and skin only
  <b>3.</b> passes through the cubital canal between the two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris
  <b>4.</b> runs between and innervates the flexor carpi ulnaris and the flexor digitorum profundus
  <b>5.</b> enters the palm via the ulnar canal

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 686 characters]

general_description:
  <b>The ulnar nerve </b>is particularly vulnerable as it travels behind the medial epicondyle. This point is colloquially known as the “funny bone”.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The ulnar nerve </b>is most commonly harmed in narrow anatomical spaces such as the cubital and ulnar canals. Fractures of the elbow and forearm often damage both the ulnar and median nerves. Injury to the ulnar nerve results in an impairment in motor function giving rise to the clinical appearance of a “claw hand”.


system: nervous
main_group: Brachial plexus
sub_group: Infraclavicular part
parent: ramus dorsalis nervi ulnaris
object_id: nervi digitales dorsales nervi ulnaris
latin: nervi digitales dorsales nervi ulnaris
en: Dorsal digital nerves of ulnar nerve
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  phalanx proximalis pollicis 1,phalanx distalis pollicis 1,os triquetrum,os trapezoideum,os trapezium,os scaphoideum,os capitatum,os proximalis manus 2,os pisiforme,os metacarpale pollicis 1,os metacarpale 5,os metacarpale 4,os metacarpale 3,os metacarpale 2,os lunatum,os hamatum,os proximalis manus 3,phalanx media manus 5,phalanx media manus 4,phalanx media manus 3,phalanx media manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 5,phalanx distalis manus 4,phalanx distalis manus 3,phalanx distalis manus 2,os proximalis manus 5,os proximalis manus 4


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 6.2.2
main_group: Brachial plexus
sub_group: Infraclavicular part
parent: fasciculus lateralis plexus braxialis*2
object_id: nervus musculocutaneus
latin: nervus musculocutaneus
en: Musculocutaneous nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>COURSE</b><br>
  <b>1.</b> penetrates the coracobrachialis
  <b>2.</b> passes between the biceps brachii and the brachialis
  <b>3.</b>  its terminal branch runs on the lateral aspect of the forearm

general_description:
  <b>The musculocutaneous nerve </b>is the only nerve of the arm that penetrates a muscle (the coracobrachialis).


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 6.2.3
main_group: Brachial plexus
sub_group: Infraclavicular part
parent: fasciculus lateralis plexus braxialis*2
object_id: nervus medianus
latin: nervus medianus*2
en: Median nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>COURSE</b><br>
  <b>1.</b> follows the brachial artery and veins within the medial brachial intermuscular septum (septum intermusculare brachii mediale)
  <b>2.</b> enters the cubital fossa (fossa cubitalis)
  <b>3.</b> runs within the pronator canal (canalis pronatorius) between the two heads of the pronator teres and then passes between the two heads of the flexor digitorum superficialis
  <b>4.</b> runs between the flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus in the forearm
  <b>5</b>. runs more superficially in the distal part of the forearm, between the palmaris longus and the flexor carpi radialis
  <b>6.</b> enters the palm through the carpal tunnel (canalis carpi)<br>
  - <indent=3em>arises from the lateral and medial roots

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 686 characters]

clinical_notes:
  <b>The median nerve </b>is most commonly damaged in the carpal tunnel, which results in carpal tunnel syndrome. Shoulder dislocation and stab and bullet wounds can damage the nerves in the axilla. Colles` fracture and slash wounds on the wrist may damage the nerve in the forearm. Damage to the median nerve results in impaired pronation of the forearm (pronator teres and quadratus), impaired opposition and flexion of the thumb (opponens pollicis and the deep head of the flexor pollicis brevis) and impaired flexion of the second and third finger. Flexion of the fourth and fifth finger is preserved, due to the part of the flexor digitorum profundus innervated by the ulnar nerve. The clinical sign is called the “benedict hand (preacher` hand)”.


system: nervous
main_group: Brachial plexus
sub_group: Infraclavicular part
parent: nervus medianus*2
object_id: nervi digitales palmares communes
latin: nervi digitales palmares communes*2
en: Common palmar digital nerves*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>I, II and III</indent>
  - <indent=3em>motor branches for the muscles of the thenar eminence: abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis and the superficial head of the flexor pollicis brevis,</indent>
  - <indent=3em>motor branches for the 1st and 2nd lumbricals</indent>
  - <indent=3em>split into the proper palmar digital nerves (nervi digitales palmares proprii) which innervate the skin of digits 1-3 and the radial side of the 4th digit and reach the distal phalanges on both the palmar and the dorsal sides</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 533 characters]


system: nervous
main_group: Brachial plexus
sub_group: Infraclavicular part
parent: fasciculus posterior plexus braxialis*2
object_id: nervus radialis
latin: nervus radialis (C5-T1)
en: Radial nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>COURSE</b><br>
  <b>1.</b> spirals down the radial canal (a space bound by the groove for the radial nerve and the medial and lateral heads of the triceps brachii on the posterior surface of the humerus) with the deep brachial artery and veins
  <b>2. </b>perforates the lateral intermuscular septum to enter the anterior compartment of the arm, where it travels between brachialis and the brachioradialis
  <b>3. runs through the cubital fossa, where it divides into the superficial and deep branches
  <b>4. </b>the deep branch enters the dorsal forearm through the supinator canal (a space between two heads of the supinator)
  <b>5. </b>the superficial branch runs with the radial artery and veins to the radial fossa, where it divides into somatosensory branches for the dorsum of the hand

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 289 characters]

clinical_notes:
  <b>Radial nerve injuries </b>are fairly common. They are usually caused by fractures of the distal part of the humerus affecting the groove for the radial nerve (Holstein-Lewis fractures). Fractures of the forearm may also affect the radial nerve. Radial nerve injuries manifest as an absent the tricipital reflex and weakness in elbow extension. Another prominent sign of radial nerve palsy is an inability to extend the wrist causing a condition called wrist drop


system: nervous
main_group: Brachial plexus
sub_group: Infraclavicular part
parent: ramus profundus nervi radialis
object_id: nervus interosseus antebrachii posterior
latin: nervus interosseus antebrachii posterior
en: Posterior interosseous nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>runs on the posterior side of the interosseous membrane of the forearm with the posterior interosseous vessels</indent>
  - <indent=3em>innervates the periosteum of both the radius and ulna, the interosseous membrane and both radio-ulnar joints</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 545 characters]

clinical_notes:
  <b>Selective surgical transection </b>of the sensory branches of the posterior interosseous nerve of the forearm can relieve otherwise uncontrollable pain of the wrist (such that may occur in osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis).


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Thoracic nerves
sub_group: T1 thoracic nerves
parent: Nervi thoracici (T1 - T12)
en: T1 thoracic nerves
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - innervates the external, internal and innermost intercostal muscles, subcostales, transversus thoracis, rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, quadratus lumborum and pyramidalis


system: nervous
main_group: Thoracic nerves
sub_group: T1 thoracic nerves
parent: T2 thoracic nerves
object_id: ganglion spinale nervi thoracici primi
latin: ganglion spinale nervi thoracici primi*2
en: Spinal ganglion of first thoracic nerve*2
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os occipitale,atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,os costale 3,costa secunda 4


system: nervous
main_group: Thoracic nerves
sub_group: T2 thoracic nerves
parent: T2 thoracic nerves
object_id: nervus thoracicus secundus
latin: nervus thoracicus secundus
en: Second thoracic nerve
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os occipitale,atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,os costale 3,costa secunda 2


system: nervous
main_group: Thoracic nerves
sub_group: T2 thoracic nerves
parent: T2 thoracic nerves
object_id: ramus anterior nervi thoracici secundi
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cell_type: 0
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  os occipitale,atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 17


system: nervous
main_group: Thoracic nerves
sub_group: T11 thoracic nerves
parent: T11 thoracic nerves
en_description: - somatosensory innervation of the medial part of the mammary and inframammary region and abdomen
object_id: ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi
latin: ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi
en: Anterior cutaneous branch of anterior ramus of eleventh thoracici nerve
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os occipitale,atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 18


system: nervous
main_group: Thoracic nerves
sub_group: T11 thoracic nerves
parent: T11 thoracic nerves
en_description: - somatosensory innervation of the lateral part of the mammary and inframammary regions and abdomen
object_id: ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of anterior ramus of eleventh thoracici nerve
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os occipitale,atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 19


system: nervous
main_group: Thoracic nerves
sub_group: T11 thoracic nerves
parent: T11 thoracic nerves
object_id: ramus posterior nervi thoracici undecimi
latin: ramus posterior nervi thoracici undecimi
en: Posterior ramus of eleventh thoracic nerve
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os occipitale,atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 20


system: nervous
main_group: Thoracic nerves
sub_group: T11 thoracic nerves
parent: T11 thoracic nerves
object_id: ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi
latin: ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi
en: Lateral branch of posterior ramus of eleventh thoracici nerve
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os occipitale,atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 21


system: nervous
main_group: Thoracic nerves
sub_group: T11 thoracic nerves
parent: T11 thoracic nerves
object_id: ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi
latin: ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi
en: Medial branch of posterior ramus of eleventh thoracici nerve
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os occipitale,atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 22


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Sacral plexus
sub_group: Sacral plexus branches
parent: Sacral plexus branches
object_id: nervus gluteus superior
latin: nervus gluteus superior L4–S1
en: Superior gluteal nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>runs through the suprapiriform foramen with superior gluteal artery and veins</indent>
  - <indent=3em>innervates the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and tensor fasciae latae</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 138 characters]

clinical_notes:
  <b>Disorders of the superior gluteal nerve</b> lead to an impairment in abduction of the hip joint. Walking and standing on one foot become difficult and patients develop a duck-like gait. The Trendelenburg sign is positive. It is demonstrated by asking the patient to stand on the affected leg; the unsupported side of the pelvis will drop lower than the side the patient is standing on.


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Sacral plexus
sub_group: Sacral plexus branches
parent: Sacral plexus branches
object_id: nervus gluteus inferior
latin: nervus gluteus inferior L5–S2
en: Inferior gluteal nerve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>runs through the infrapiriform foramen with the inferior gluteal artery and veins</indent>
  - <indent=3em>innervates the gluteus maximus</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 138 characters]

clinical_notes:
  <b>Paresis of the inferior gluteal nerve</b> results in impaired function of the gluteus maximus, limiting extension of the hip joint. This causes difficulties in walking upstairs.


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Sacral plexus
sub_group: Sacral plexus branches
parent: Sacral plexus branches
object_id: nervus ischiadicus
latin: nervus ischiadicus L5–S2
en: Sciatic nerve
related_objects: pelvis,os coccygis,os femoris,os sacrum
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>COURSE</b><br>
   passes through the infrapiriform foramen between the muscles of the posterior thigh then descends distally towards the popliteal fossa<br>
  <b>Branches and structures innervated </b>- splits into two main branches (usually in the distal third of the thigh): the tibial nerve and the common fibular nerve

general_description:
  <b>The sciatic nerve</b> is the longest and thickest nerve in the human body. At its thickest point, it may be thicker than the spinal cord

clinical_notes:
  <b>Pelvic fractures, hip dislocations and incorrectly applied injections can harm the sciatic nerve.</b> Mild forms of sciatic nerve injury hinder the function of the extensors of the thigh and the flexors of the leg.


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 7
main_group: Sacral plexus
sub_group: Sacral plexus branches
parent: Sacral plexus branches
object_id: nervus musculi piriformis
latin: nervus musculi piriformis S1-S2
en: Piriformis muscle nerve
related_objects: pelvis,os coccygis,os femoris,os sacrum
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>arises from the sacral plexus</indent>
  - <indent=3em>motor innervation of piriformis muscle</indent>


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 8
main_group: Sacral plexus
sub_group: Sacral plexus branches
parent: Sacral plexus branches
object_id: nervus musculi levator ani
latin: nervus musculi levator ani S3 -S4
en: Levator ani nerve
related_objects: pelvis,os coccygis,os femoris,os sacrum
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>motor innervation of iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus, puborectalis , levator ani and coccygeus</indent>


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Spinal nerves classification
sub_group: Spinal nerves
parent: Nervi spinales
latin: nervi cervicales
en: Cervical nerves (C1 to C8)
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - 8 pairs of cervical nerves, which innervate the skin and muscles of the upper limbs, head and neck


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Spinal nerves classification
sub_group: Spinal nerves
parent: Nervi spinales
latin: nervi thoracici
en: Thoracic nerves (T1 to T12)
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - 12 pairs of thoracic nerves, which innervate the intercostal muscles, skin and muscles of the back and thorax


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Spinal nerves classification
sub_group: Spinal nerves
parent: Nervi spinales
latin: nervi lumbales
en: Lumbar nerves (L1 to L5)
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - 5 pairs of lumbar nerves, which innervate the muscles and skin of the abdomen, thighs and skin of the genital organs


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Spinal nerves classification
sub_group: Posterior branches of the spinal nerves
parent: Spinal nerves classification
en: Posterior branches of the spinal nerves
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  - are thinner and shorter than the anterior branches
  - innervate the posterior (epaxial) part of the trunk
  - provide motor innervation for the epaxial muscles of the back
  - provide sensory innervation for the skin of the nape, back and buttocks
  - retain segmental organisation


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Spinal nerves classification
sub_group: Posterior branches of the spinal nerves
parent: Posterior branches of the spinal nerves
object_id: nervus suboccipitalis
latin: nervus suboccipitalis*3
en: Suboccipital nerve*3
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the posterior branch of C1
  - a purely motor nerve for the suboccipital muscles and the semispinalis capitis

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 150 characters]


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Spinal nerves classification
sub_group: Posterior branches of the spinal nerves
parent: Posterior branches of the spinal nerves
object_id: nervus occpitalis major
latin: nervus occipitalis major*2
en: Greater occipital nerve*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the posterior branch of C2
  - a purely somatosensory nerve for the skin posterior to the interauricular line (a line joining the auricles in the frontal plane)

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 150 characters]


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Spinal nerves classification
sub_group: Posterior branches of the spinal nerves
parent: Posterior branches of the spinal nerves
object_id: nervus occipitalis tertius
latin: nervus occipitalis tertius*2
en: Third occipital nerve*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the posterior branch of C3
  - a purely somatosensory nerve innervating a narrow area of the skin medial to the greater occipital nerve

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 150 characters]


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 2.4
main_group: Spinal nerves classification
sub_group: Posterior branches of the spinal nerves
parent: Posterior branches of the spinal nerves
object_id: nervi clunium superiores
latin: nervi clunium superiores
en: Superior clunial nerves
related_objects: vertebrae lumbales l5,os coccygis,os sacrum
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the posterior branches of L1 to L3
  - provides somatosensory innervation of the superior gluteal region


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 2.5
main_group: Spinal nerves classification
sub_group: Posterior branches of the spinal nerves
parent: Posterior branches of the spinal nerves
object_id: nervi clunium medii
latin: nervi clunium medii
en: Middle clunial nerves
related_objects: vertebrae lumbales l5,os coccygis,os sacrum
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the posterior branches of S1 to S3
  - provides somatosensory innervation of part of the gluteal region


system: nervous
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Spinal nerves classification
sub_group: Anterior branches of the spinal nerves
parent: Spinal nerves classification
en: Anterior branches of the spinal nerves
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  - provide both motor and sensory innervation of the limbs and the hypaxial part of the trunk
  - provide motor innervation of the muscles of the anterior abdomen, thorax and neck (except for the suprahyoid muscles)
  - provide sensory innervation of the skin on the anterior aspect of the abdomen and thorax


