# content_connective

joint: Joints of the skull
latin: Juncturae cranii
name: Joints of the skull
description:
  In the skull, <b>all the main types of joints are found</b>. The bones of the cranial vault are connected by <b>sutures, </b>which, during course of aging, change to <b>synostoses</b>. The majority of the bones of the base of the skull are connected to each other by <b>synchondroses. </b>The mandible is connected to the temporal bone by a <b>synovial joint.</b>


joint: Joints of the skull
group_name: Synarthroses of the skull
parent: Juncturae cranii
name: Synarthroses of the skull
general_description:
   In the majority of the population, the frontal suture fuses by the age of 2. However, 5-;8 % of the population have a <b>persistent frontal suture</b>(sutura frontalis persistens, sutura metopica) separating the two frontal bones. Such individuals may have abnormally shaped foreheads.


joint: Joints of the skull
group_name: Synarthroses of the skull
parent: Synarthroses of the skull
custom_hierarchy: 1
name: sutures
description:
  -<indent=3em>fibrous joints of the cranial vault</indent>
  -<indent=3em>there are 33 sutures in the skull</indent>


joint: Joints of the skull
group_name: Synarthroses of the skull
parent: Synarthroses of the skull
custom_hierarchy: 2
latin: fonticuli cranii
name: Fontanelles
description:
  -<indent=3em>joints of the skull of a newborn</indent>
  -<indent=3em>soft fibrous tissue that covers gaps between the cranial bones</indent>


joint: Joints of the skull
group_name: Synarthroses of the skull
parent: Synarthroses of the skull
custom_hierarchy: 5
latin: Synchondroses cranii
name: Synchondroses of skull
description:
  -<indent=3em>firm continuous connections between bones that are mediated by hyaline cartilage</indent>


joint: Joints of the skull
group_name: Temporomandibular joint
parent: Juncturae cranii
latin: articulatio temporomandibularis
name: Temporomandibular joint
description:
  Temporomandibular joint is a synovial joint between the temporal bone and the mandible. Is functionally responsible as a cranio- mandibular articulation for move of the jaw.

general_description:
  <b>Lateropulsion Is</b> a movement of the mandible to the side. This movement occurs during chewing. The lateral pterygoid muscle working unilaterally produces these movements. <b>Mediopulsion</b> is a movement back to the middle position of the joint.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Disorders of the temporomandibular joint </b>cause pain in the temporal region. It is thus important to evaluate the temporomandibular joint in patients with unilateral headache originating in this region. 

  <b>The lateral pterygoid muscles prevent the articular disc </b>of the temporomandibular joint from becoming displaced and causing joint restriction. It is inserted through the capsule directly into the articular disc.


joint: Vertebral joints
latin: Juncturae columnae vertebralis
name: Vertebral joints
description:
  <b>In the vertebral column, </b>all the main types of joints are found. <b>Fibrous joints </b>are represented by the long and short ligaments of the vertebral column. The Intervertebral joints are a type of <b>cartilaginous joint</b>. The sacral and coccygeal vertebrae fuse together as <b>synostoses </b>during development to form the sacrum and coccyx, respectively. <b>Synovial joints </b>exist between the superior and inferior articular facets of adjacent vertebrae.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Spinal disc herniation </b>(prolapsus disci intervertebralis) occurs when the annulus fibrosus tears and the nucleus pulposus a protrudes through the tear. The herniating disc can impinge the spine nerve roots causing radiculopathy. For more details see the peripheral nervous system chapter.


joint: Vertebral joints
group_name: Syndesmoses of intervertebral discs
parent: Long ligaments of vertebral joints
object_id: ligamentum longitudinale anterius
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
latin: ligamentum longitudinale anterius
name: Anterior longitudinal ligament
memorix_page: 7/1.1
description:
  -<indent=3em>is located on the ventral surface of the vertebral bodies C1 to S1</indent>
  -<indent=3em>stabilises and fixates the vertebral column to the vertebral bodies</indent>

related_objects:
  os sacrum, vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c3, vertebrae cervicales c4, axis c2, atlas c1


joint: Vertebral joints
group_name: Syndesmoses of intervertebral discs
parent: ligamentum longitudinale posterius
description: -<indent=3em>cervical part of posterior longitudinal ligament</indent>
object_id: ligamentum longitudinale posterius cervical
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.3
latin: ligamentum longitudinale posterius cervical
name: Posterior longitudinal ligament cervical
memorix_page: 7/1.2
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c3, axis c2, atlas c1


joint: Vertebral joints
group_name: Syndesmoses of intervertebral discs
parent: ligamentum longitudinale posterius
description: -<indent=3em>lumbar part of posterior longitudinal ligament</indent>
object_id: ligamentum longitudinale posterius lumbar
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.4
latin: ligamentum longitudinale posterius lumbar
name: Posterior longitudinal ligament lumbar
memorix_page: 7/1.2
related_objects:
  vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1


joint: Vertebral joints
group_name: Syndesmoses of intervertebral discs
parent: ligamentum longitudinale posterius
description: -<indent=3em>thoracic part of posterior longitudinal ligament</indent>
object_id: ligamentum longitudinale posterius thoracic
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.5
latin: ligamentum longitudinale posterius thoracic
name: Posterior longitudinal ligament thoracic
memorix_page: 7/1.2
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1


joint: Vertebral joints
group_name: Syndesmoses of intervertebral discs
parent: ligamentum longitudinale posterius
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.2
latin: membrana tectoria
name: Tectorial membrane*1
description:
  -<indent=3em>the cranial continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament</indent>
  -<indent=3em>runs through the foramen magnum into the skull</indent>
  -<indent=3em>covers the dorsal surface of the median atlanto-axial joint</indent>


joint: Vertebral joints
group_name: Syndesmoses of intervertebral discs
parent: Long ligaments of vertebral joints
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
latin: ligamentum sacrococcygeum posterius superficiale
name: Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
description:
  -<indent=3em>runs from the median sacral crest across the sacral and coccygeal horns to the posterior surface of the coccyx</indent>
  -<indent=3em>borders the sacral hiatus</indent>


joint: Vertebral joints
group_name: Syndesmoses of intervertebral discs
parent: Short ligaments of vertebral joints
object_id: Ligamenta flava
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
latin: ligamenta flava
name: Ligamenta flava
memorix_page: 7/2.1
general_description: Ligamenta interarcualia is an obsolete term for the yellow ligaments (ligamenta flava).
description:
  -<indent=3em>are composed of elastic connective tissue</indent>
  -<indent=3em>run between the vertebral arches</indent>
  -<indent=3em>maintain an erect vertebral column</indent>
  -<indent=3em>allow passive extension of the vertebral column</indent>

related_objects:
  os sacrum, vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c3, vertebrae cervicales c4, axis c2, atlas c1


joint: Vertebral joints
group_name: Syndesmoses of intervertebral discs
parent: ligamenta interspinalia
object_id: ligamenta interspinalia cervicae
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.1
latin: ligamenta interspinalia cervicae
name: Interspinous ligaments cervical part
related_objects:
  os occipitale, atlas c1, axis c2, vertebrae cervicales c3, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c8


joint: Vertebral joints
group_name: Syndesmoses of intervertebral discs
parent: ligamenta interspinalia
object_id: ligamenta interspinalia lumborum
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.3
latin: ligamenta interspinalia lumborum
name: Interspinous ligaments lumbar part
memorix_page: 7/2.2
related_objects:
  vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t12


joint: Vertebral joints
group_name: Syndesmoses of intervertebral discs
parent: ligamenta interspinalia
object_id: ligamenta interspinalia thoracis
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.4
latin: ligamenta interspinalia thoracis
name: Interspinous ligaments thoracic part
memorix_page: 7/2.2 +
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae thoracales t1


joint: Vertebral joints
group_name: Syndesmoses of intervertebral discs
parent: Short ligaments of vertebral joints
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
latin: ligamentum supraspinale
name: Supraspinous ligament
memorix_page: 7/2.3
description:
  -<indent=3em>connects the tips of the spinous processes of the cervical, thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae</indent>


joint: Vertebral joints
group_name: Syndesmoses of intervertebral discs
parent: ligamentum supraspinale
object_id: ligamentum supraspinale thoracis
custom_hierarchy: 2.3.3
latin: ligamentum supraspinale thoracis
name: Supraspinous ligament thoracic part
memorix_page: 7/2.3
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7


joint: Vertebral joints
group_name: Syndesmoses of intervertebral discs
parent: ligamentum supraspinale
custom_hierarchy: 2.3.1
latin: ligamentum nuchae
name: Nuchal ligament
description:
  -<indent=3em>the cranial continuation of the supraspinous ligaments</indent>
  -<indent=3em>runs from the spinous process of C7 to the external occipital protuberance</indent>


joint: Vertebral joints
group_name: Syndesmoses of intervertebral discs
parent: ligamenta intertransversaria
object_id: ligamenta intertransversaria
custom_hierarchy: 2.4.1
latin: ligamenta intertransversaria lumborum
name: Intertransverse ligaments lumbar part
related_objects:
  os sacrum, vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t13


joint: Vertebral joints
group_name: Syndesmoses of intervertebral discs
parent: ligamenta intertransversaria
object_id: ligamenta intertransversaria thoracic
custom_hierarchy: 2.4.2
latin: ligamenta intertransversaria thoracis
name: Intertransverse ligaments thoracic part
memorix_page: 7/2.4 +
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1


joint: Vertebral joints
group_name: Synchondroses of intervertebral discs
parent: Synchondroses of intervertebral discs
custom_hierarchy: 1
latin: disci intervertebrales
name: Intervertebral discs
description:
  -<indent=3em>23 discs in total</indent>
  -<indent=3em>evenly distribute pressure during movements of the vertebral column</indent>
  -<indent=3em>are compressed by neighboring vertebrae to allow movements of the spine</indent>

general_description:
   <b>The fibrocartilage of the Intervertebral discs </b>absorbs fluid during sleep. During wakefulness, it gradually releases this fluid. Therefore, humans are actually taller in the morning than in the evening. In adults, this difference in height can be as muchas 2 cm.


joint: Vertebral joints
group_name: Synchondroses of intervertebral discs
parent: disci intervertebrales L5-S1
latin: anulus fibrosus
name: Annulus fibrosus
description:
  -<indent=3em>a ring of fibrous cartilage</indent>
  -<indent=3em>constitutes most of the mass of the Intervertebral disc</indent>


joint: Vertebral joints
group_name: Synchondroses of intervertebral discs
parent: disci intervertebrales L5-S1
latin: nucleus pulposus
name: Nucleus pulposus
description:
  -<indent=3em>a spherical incompressible gel-like substance located in the middle of the Intervertebral disc</indent>

general_description:
   <b>The nucleus pulposus </b>of the Intervertebral disc is made of an incompressible fluid and behaves like a ball bearing.


joint: Vertebral joints
group_name: Synchondroses of intervertebral discs
parent: Synchondroses of intervertebral discs
custom_hierarchy: 2
latin: symphysis lumbosacralis
name: Lumbosacral symphysis
description:
  -<indent=3em>an Intervertebral disc located between the vertebra L5 and the sacrum</indent>
  -<indent=3em>is supported by the long and short ligaments of the vertebral column</indent>


joint: Vertebral joints
group_name: Synchondroses of intervertebral discs
parent: Synchondroses of intervertebral discs
custom_hierarchy: 3
latin: symphysis sacrococcygea
name: Sacrococcygeal symphysis
description:
  -<indent=3em>an Intervertebral disc located between the sacrum and coccyx that ossifies by the 40th year of life</indent>
  -<indent=3em>during pregnancy, this joint becomes looser due to the effect of the hormone relaxin</indent>
  -<indent=3em>is supported by the anterior, lateral and posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments, which are each divided into superficial and deep parts</indent>


joint: Vertebral joints
group_name: Vertebral synovial joints
parent: Articulationes columnae vertebralis
description: -<indent=3em>a paired joint between the atlas and occipital bone</indent>
custom_hierarchy: 2
latin: articulatio atlantooccipitalis
name: Atlanto-occipital joint
general_description:
  <b>The atlanto-occipital joint </b>allows forward and backward movement of the head, which occur when nodding the head.


joint: Vertebral joints
group_name: Vertebral synovial joints
parent: articulatio atlantoaxialis lateralis
custom_hierarchy: 5
name: Movement*13
description:
  <i></i>
  -<indent=3em>limited movements in all three axes</indent>
  -<indent=3em>inclination of the atlas</indent>


joint: Thoracic joints
group_name: Synarthroses of the thorax*4
parent: syndesmoses thoracis
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
latin: membrana intercostalis externa
name: External intercostal membrane
description:
  -<indent=3em>the ventral continuation of the external intercostal muscles</indent>
  -<indent=3em>is located in the ventral third of the intercostal space</indent>


joint: Thoracic joints
group_name: Synarthroses of the thorax*4
parent: syndesmoses thoracis
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
latin: membrana intercostalis interna
name: Internal intercostal membrane
description:
  -<indent=3em>the dorsal continuation of the internal intercostal muscles</indent>
  -<indent=3em>is located in the dorsal third of the intercostal space</indent>


joint: Thoracic joints
group_name: Synarthroses of the thorax*4
parent: synchondroses thoracis
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
latin: synchondroses costochondrales
name: Costochondral synchondroses
description:
  -<indent=3em>articulations between the ventral ends of the 1st-10th rib and their costal cartilages</indent>


joint: Thoracic joints
group_name: Costovertebral joints
parent: Ligaments *14
object_id: Ligamentum capitis costae radiatum
custom_hierarchy: 4.3
latin: Ligamentum capitis costae radiatum
name: Radiate ligament
memorix_page: 9/4.3
related_objects:
  costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12, vertebrae thoracales t12, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, costa prima 1, costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 10


joint: Thoracic joints
group_name: Costovertebral joints
parent: articulationes costovertebrales
custom_hierarchy: 5
latin: articulatio costotransversaria
name: Costotransverse joint
general_description:
  <b>The costotransverse foramen </b>(foramen costco transversarium) is a space between the neck of the rib and transverse process of the vertebra. It contains the costotransverse ligament.


joint: Thoracic joints
group_name: Costovertebral joints
parent: Ligaments *24
object_id: ligamentum costotransversarium superius
custom_hierarchy: 5.3.1
latin: ligamentum costotransversarium superius
name: Superior costotransverse ligaments
related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c7, costa prima 1, costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, vertebrae thoracales t6, os costale 7, vertebrae thoracales t7, costae spuriae 8, vertebrae thoracales t8, costae spuriae 9, vertebrae thoracales t9, costae spuriae 10, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae thoracales t2


joint: Thoracic joints
group_name: Costovertebral joints
parent: Ligaments *24
object_id: ligamentum costotransversarum laterale
custom_hierarchy: 5.3.2
latin: ligamentum costotransversarium laterale
name: Lateral costotransverse ligaments
memorix_page: 9/5.4
related_objects:
  costa prima 1, vertebrae thoracales t1, costa secunda 2, vertebrae thoracales t2, os costale 3, vertebrae thoracales t3, os costale 4, vertebrae thoracales t4, os costale 5, vertebrae thoracales t5, os costale 6, vertebrae thoracales t6, os costale 7, vertebrae thoracales t7, costae spuriae 8, vertebrae thoracales t8, costae spuriae 9, vertebrae thoracales t9, costae spuriae 10, vertebrae thoracales t10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, vertebrae thoracales t11


joint: Thoracic joints
group_name: Sternocostal joint*3
parent: Juncturae thoracis
custom_hierarchy: 6
latin: articulationes sternocostales
name: Sternocostal joint*3
general_description:
   <b>The radiate sternocostal ligaments extend</b> from the perichondrium of the ribs to the periosteum of the sternum and blend with the fibres from the contralateral radiate sternocostal ligaments, forming the <b>sternal membrane </b> (membrana sterni). 

  <b>The costoxiphoid ligaments </b>(ligamentacostoxiphoidea) extend from the sixth and seventh costal cartilages to the xiphoid process of the sternum.


joint: Thoracic joints
group_name: Sternocostal joint*3
parent: Ligaments*15
object_id: ligamenta sternocostalia radiata
custom_hierarchy: 6.3.1
latin: ligamenta sternocostalia radiata
name: Sternocostal radial ligament
memorix_page: 9/6.3
related_objects: cartilago costalis, corpus sterni, manubrium sterni
description:
  the radiate sternocostal ligaments (ligamenta sternocostalia radiata) forming the sternal membrane (membrana sterni) and the intra-articular sternocostal ligaments (ligamenta sternocostalia intraarticularia)


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Shoulder/glenohumeral joint
parent: Ligaments*3
custom_hierarchy: 6.2
latin: ligamenta glenohumeralia
name: Glenohumeral ligaments
description:
  -<indent=3em>three capsular ligaments</indent>
  -<indent=3em>run through the fibrous layer of the articular capsule</indent>

general_description:
   <b>The foramen of Weitbrecht </b>(foramen ovale Weitbrecht ) is one of two weak spots in the glenohumeral joint capsule, located between the superior and middle glenohumeral ligaments.


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Shoulder/glenohumeral joint
parent: Ligaments*3
description: lies above the joint between the coracoid process and acromion
object_id: ligamentum coracoacromiale
custom_hierarchy: 6.3
latin: ligamentum coracoacromiale*1
name: Coraco-acromial ligament
memorix_page: 11/6.3
related_objects: scapula
general_description:
  <b>Fornix humeri </b>is a fibrous arch above the shoulder joint shaped by the coracoacromial ligament. Abduction of the arm greater than 90 deg. is limited by the greater tubercle coming into contact with the fornix humeri. The arm can only be abducted further by concomitant external rotation of the scapula.


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Shoulder/glenohumeral joint
parent: Ligaments*3
object_id: ligamentum transversum humeri
custom_hierarchy: 6.4
latin: ligamentum transversum humeri
name: Transverse humeral ligament
memorix_page: 11/6.4
related_objects: humerus
description:
  -<indent=3em>runs over the greater and lesser tubercle of the humerus</indent>
  -<indent=3em>bridges the intertubercular sulcus, holding the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii firmly in place</indent>


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Shoulder/glenohumeral joint
parent: Inside the articular capsule:
description: a cartilaginous margin that enlarges the articular cavity
object_id: labrum glenoidale
custom_hierarchy: 7.1
latin: labrum glenoidale
name: Glenoid labrum
clinical_notes:
   A <b>SLAP lesion </b>(superior labral tear from anterior to posterior) is an injury to the glenoid labrum, characterised by a tear of the uppermost part of the labrum adjacent to the insertion of the long head of the biceps brachii.


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Shoulder/glenohumeral joint
parent: Inside the articular capsule:
custom_hierarchy: 7.2
latin: tendo capitis longi musculi bicipitis brachii
name: Tendon of long head of biceps brachii
description:
  originates on the supraglenoid tubercle near the glenoid labrum and runs between the fibrous and synovial layers of the articular capsule


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Shoulder/glenohumeral joint
parent: Articulatio humeri/glenohumeralis
name: Rotator cuff*4
description:
  -<indent=3em>the rotator cuff is a group of four muscles that attach to the greater and lesser tubercle of the humerus</indent>
  -<indent=3em>they stabilise the shoulder joint and aid in its rotation</indent>


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Elbow joint
parent: Juncturae membri superioris
latin: articulatio cubiti
name: Elbow joint
description:
  <b>The elbow joint </b>is a compound synovial joint made up of <b>three bones articulating in three separate simple joints</b>. It is a <b>biaxial joint </b>that allows flexion and extension and, in cooperation with the distal radioulnar joint, pronation and supination.

general_description:
  <b>The triangular fibrocartilage complex</b>(TFCC) is a clinical term used for the articular disc of the wrist joint and its associated ligaments, comprising the palmar and dorsal radioulnar ligaments and ulnocarpal ligaments (ulnolunate and lunotriquetral ligaments). It separates the head of the ulna from the proximal row of the carpal bones. From the distal side, the disc looks like an isosceles triangle with the base adjacent to the ulnar notch of the radius and the apex at the styloid process of the ulna. The legs of the triangle grow together with the joint capsule of the distal radioulnar joint and form the palmar and dorsal radioulnar ligament, which help to stabilise the carpal bones. 

   <b>The posterior interosseous vessels</b> (vasa interossea posteriora) pass through an opening between fibres of the oblique cord and the interosseous membrane to enter the dorsal compartment of the forearm.


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Elbow joint
parent: Common parts of the elbow joint
object_id: capsula articularis cubiti
custom_hierarchy: 4
latin: capsula articularis cubiti
name: Capsule*611
memorix_page: 12/4
related_objects: humerus, radius, ulna
description:
  attaches to the humerus inferior to the epicondyles, to the neck of the radius and to the ulna on the borders of its articular surface


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Elbow joint
parent: Common parts of the elbow joint
custom_hierarchy: 5
name: Ligaments*61
general_description:
  <b>The ulnar collateral ligament consists of three ligaments, which form a triangle:</b>
  - the humerocoronoid ligament (lig. humerocoronoideum)
  - the olecranon humeral ligament (lig. olecrano humerale) 
  - the oblique ligament (lig. obliquum)


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Elbow joint
parent: Ligaments*61
description:
  -<indent=3em>attaches to the ulna</indent>
  -<indent=3em>encircles the head of the radius</indent>

object_id: ligamentum anulare radii
custom_hierarchy: 5.3
latin: ligamentum anulare radii
name: Annular ligament of radius
memorix_page: 12/5.3
related_objects: ulna, capsula articularis cubiti, humerus,radius
clinical_notes:
  <b>The annular ligament of the radius </b>is not fully developed in children until the age of 5 to 6. Under weight of the forearm, a subluxation of the humeroradial joint can occur. This condition is termed painful pronation (pronatio dolorosa).


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Wrist joint
parent: Articulatio radiocarpalis
description: the carpal articular surface of the radius and the articular disc
object_id: discus carpi articularis
custom_hierarchy: 4
latin: discus carpi articularis
name: Articular fossa*8
related_objects:
  ulna, radius, os scaphoideum, phalanx distalis manus 4, os proximalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, phalanx media manus 2, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, os proximalis manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 4,os scaphoideum,os lunatum,os triquetrum,os pisiforme,os hamatum, os capitatum,os trapezoideum,os trapezium,os metacarpale pollicis 1,os metacarpale 2,os metacarpale 3,os metacarpale 4,os metacarpale 5,os proximalis manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 2


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Wrist joint
parent: Articulatio radiocarpalis
custom_hierarchy: 6
name: Accessory features*8
description:
  an articular disc, which forms the medial part of the articular fossa and articulates with the ulna (the ulna does not directly articulate with the carpal bones)


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Wrist joint
parent: Ligaments*8
object_id: ligamentum radiocarpale dorsale
custom_hierarchy: 7.5
latin: ligamentum radiocarpale dorsale
name: Dorsal radiocarpal ligament*8
memorix_page: 13/7.2
related_objects:
  ulna, radius, os scaphoideum, phalanx distalis manus 4, os proximalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, phalanx media manus 2, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, os proximalis manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 4,os scaphoideum,os lunatum,os triquetrum,os pisiforme,os hamatum, os capitatum,os trapezoideum,os trapezium,os metacarpale pollicis 1,os metacarpale 2,os metacarpale 3,os metacarpale 4,os metacarpale 5,os proximalis manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 3


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Wrist joint
parent: Ligaments*8
object_id: ligamentum radiocarpale palmare primare
custom_hierarchy: 7.4
latin: ligamentum radiocarpale palmare primare
name: Primar radiocarpal ligament*8
memorix_page: 13/7.2
related_objects:
  ulna, radius, os scaphoideum, phalanx distalis manus 4, os proximalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, phalanx media manus 2, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, os proximalis manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 4,os scaphoideum,os lunatum,os triquetrum,os pisiforme,os hamatum, os capitatum,os trapezoideum,os trapezium,os metacarpale pollicis 1,os metacarpale 2,os metacarpale 3,os metacarpale 4,os metacarpale 5,os proximalis manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 4


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Wrist joint
parent: Ligaments*8
object_id: ligamentum ulnocarpeum palmare
custom_hierarchy: 7.3
latin: ligamentum ulnocarpale palmare et dorsale
name: Palmar and dorsal ulnocarpal ligament*8
memorix_page: 13/7.3
related_objects:
  ulna, radius, os scaphoideum, phalanx distalis manus 4, os proximalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, phalanx media manus 2, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, os proximalis manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 4,os scaphoideum,os lunatum,os triquetrum,os pisiforme,os hamatum, os capitatum,os trapezoideum,os trapezium,os metacarpale pollicis 1,os metacarpale 2,os metacarpale 3,os metacarpale 4,os metacarpale 5,os proximalis manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 5


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Wrist joint
parent: Ligaments*8
description: are weak ligaments
object_id: ligamentum collaterale carpi radiale
custom_hierarchy: 7.6
latin: ligamentum collaterale carpi radiale
name: Radial collateral ligament*8
related_objects:
  ulna, radius, os scaphoideum, phalanx distalis manus 4, os proximalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, phalanx media manus 2, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, os proximalis manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 4,os scaphoideum,os lunatum,os triquetrum,os pisiforme,os hamatum, os capitatum,os trapezoideum,os trapezium,os metacarpale pollicis 1,os metacarpale 2,os metacarpale 3,os metacarpale 4,os metacarpale 5,os proximalis manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 6


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Wrist joint
parent: Ligaments*8
object_id: ligamentum collaterale carpi ulnare
custom_hierarchy: 7.7
latin: ligamentum collaterale carpi ulnare
name: Ulnar collateral ligament*8
related_objects:
  ulna, radius, os scaphoideum, phalanx distalis manus 4, os proximalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, phalanx media manus 2, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, os proximalis manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 4,os scaphoideum,os lunatum,os triquetrum,os pisiforme,os hamatum, os capitatum,os trapezoideum,os trapezium,os metacarpale pollicis 1,os metacarpale 2,os metacarpale 3,os metacarpale 4,os metacarpale 5,os proximalis manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 7


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Wrist joint
parent: Ligaments*8
object_id: ligamentum carpi transversum
custom_hierarchy: 7.8
latin: ligamentum carpi transversum
name: Carpal transverse ligament*8
memorix_page: 13/7.5+
related_objects:
  ulna, radius, os scaphoideum, phalanx distalis manus 4, os proximalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, phalanx media manus 2, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, os proximalis manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 4,os scaphoideum,os lunatum,os triquetrum,os pisiforme,os hamatum, os capitatum,os trapezoideum,os trapezium,os metacarpale pollicis 1,os metacarpale 2,os metacarpale 3,os metacarpale 4,os metacarpale 5,os proximalis manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 8

general_description:
   <b>The transverse carpal ligament</b>(ligamentum carpi transversum)is an obsolete term for flexor retinaculum.


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Wrist joint
parent: Articulatio radiocarpalis
custom_hierarchy: 8
name: Movements*8
related_objects:
  ulna, radius, os scaphoideum, phalanx distalis manus 4, os proximalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, phalanx media manus 2, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, os proximalis manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 4,os scaphoideum,os lunatum,os triquetrum,os pisiforme,os hamatum, os capitatum,os trapezoideum,os trapezium,os metacarpale pollicis 1,os metacarpale 2,os metacarpale 3,os metacarpale 4,os metacarpale 5,os proximalis manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 9


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Joints of the hand*4
parent: ligamenta intercarpalia interossea
object_id: ligamenta intercarpalia palmaria
custom_hierarchy: 1.5.1
latin: ligamenta intercarpalia palmaria
name: Palmar ligaments*1
related_objects:
  os metacarpale pollicis 1, os pisiforme, os proximalis manus 2, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, os lunatum, os trapezoideum, os hamatum, os metacarpale 5, os trapezium, phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, os triquetrum, phalanx media manus 2, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 4, os capitatum, os metacarpale 4, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os proximalis manus 4, os proximalis manus 5, os scaphoideum, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 3


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Joints of the hand*4
parent: ligamenta intercarpalia interossea
object_id: ligamenta intercarpalia interossea
custom_hierarchy: 1.5.2
latin: ligamentum intercarpalia interossea
name: Intercarpal ligaments
related_objects:
  os metacarpale pollicis 1, os pisiforme, os proximalis manus 2, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, os lunatum, os trapezoideum, os hamatum, os metacarpale 5, os trapezium, phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, os triquetrum, phalanx media manus 2, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 4, os capitatum, os metacarpale 4, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os proximalis manus 4, os proximalis manus 5, os scaphoideum, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Joints of the hand*4
parent: ligamenta intercarpalia interossea
object_id: ligamentum intercarpea dorsalia
custom_hierarchy: 1.5.3
latin: ligamentum intercarpea dorsalia *2
name: Intercarpal dorsal ligaments*1
related_objects:
  os metacarpale pollicis 1, os pisiforme, os proximalis manus 2, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, os lunatum, os trapezoideum, os hamatum, os metacarpale 5, os trapezium, phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, os triquetrum, phalanx media manus 2, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 4, os capitatum, os metacarpale 4, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os proximalis manus 4, os proximalis manus 5, os scaphoideum, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 5


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Joints of the hand*4
parent: ligamenta intercarpalia interossea
object_id: ligamentum intermetacarpea palmaria
custom_hierarchy: 1.5.4
latin: ligamenta intermetacarpea palmaria
name: Intermetacarpal palmar ligaments
related_objects:
  os metacarpale pollicis 1, os pisiforme, os proximalis manus 2, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, os lunatum, os trapezoideum, os hamatum, os metacarpale 5, os trapezium, phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, os triquetrum, phalanx media manus 2, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 4, os capitatum, os metacarpale 4, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os proximalis manus 4, os proximalis manus 5, os scaphoideum, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 6


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Joints of the hand*4
parent: ligamenta intercarpalia interossea
object_id: ligamentum intermetacarpea dorsalia
custom_hierarchy: 1.5.5
latin: ligamenta intermetacarpea dorsalia
name: Intermetacarpal dorsal ligaments
related_objects:
  os metacarpale pollicis 1, os pisiforme, os proximalis manus 2, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, os lunatum, os trapezoideum, os hamatum, os metacarpale 5, os trapezium, phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, os triquetrum, phalanx media manus 2, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 4, os capitatum, os metacarpale 4, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os proximalis manus 4, os proximalis manus 5, os scaphoideum, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 7


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Joints of the hand*4
parent: ligamenta intercarpalia interossea
object_id: ligamentum pisohamatum
custom_hierarchy: 1.5.6
latin: ligamentum pisohamatum
name: Pisohamate ligament
memorix_page: 15/1.9+
related_objects:
  os metacarpale pollicis 1, os pisiforme, os proximalis manus 2, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, os lunatum, os trapezoideum, os hamatum, os metacarpale 5, os trapezium, phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, os triquetrum, phalanx media manus 2, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 4, os capitatum, os metacarpale 4, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os proximalis manus 4, os proximalis manus 5, os scaphoideum, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 8


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Joints of the hand*4
parent: ligamentum collaterale mediale et laterale *1
object_id: ligamenta collateralia accesoria articulationum interphalangealium
custom_hierarchy: 1.9.3
latin: ligamenta collateralia accesoria articulationum interphalangealium
name: Accesory interphalangeal collateral ligaments
memorix_page: 15/1.7.2
related_objects:
  os metacarpale pollicis 1, os pisiforme, os proximalis manus 2, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, os lunatum, os trapezoideum, os hamatum, os metacarpale 5, os trapezium, phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, os triquetrum, phalanx media manus 2, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 4, os capitatum, os metacarpale 4, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os proximalis manus 4, os proximalis manus 5, os scaphoideum, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 9


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Joints of the hand*4
parent: ligamentum collaterale mediale et laterale *1
object_id: ligamenta collateralia articulationum interphalangealium
custom_hierarchy: 1.9.4
latin: ligamenta collateralia articulationum interphalangealium
name: Interphalangeal collateral ligaments
memorix_page: 15/1.7.2
related_objects:
  os metacarpale pollicis 1, os pisiforme, os proximalis manus 2, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, os lunatum, os trapezoideum, os hamatum, os metacarpale 5, os trapezium, phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, os triquetrum, phalanx media manus 2, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 4, os capitatum, os metacarpale 4, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os proximalis manus 4, os proximalis manus 5, os scaphoideum, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 10


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Joints of the hand*4
parent: ligamentum collaterale mediale et laterale *1
object_id: ligamenta collateralia accessoria articulationum metacarpophalangealium
custom_hierarchy: 1.9.5
latin: ligamenta collateralia accessoria articulationum metacarpophalangealium
name: Articular accesory metacarpophalangeal collateral ligaments
memorix_page: 15/1.7.2
related_objects:
  os metacarpale pollicis 1, os pisiforme, os proximalis manus 2, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, os lunatum, os trapezoideum, os hamatum, os metacarpale 5, os trapezium, phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, os triquetrum, phalanx media manus 2, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 4, os capitatum, os metacarpale 4, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os proximalis manus 4, os proximalis manus 5, os scaphoideum, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 11


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Joints of the hand*4
parent: ligamentum collaterale mediale et laterale *1
object_id: Ligamenta collateralia articulationum metacarpophalangealium
custom_hierarchy: 1.9.6
latin: ligamenta collateralia articulationum metacarpophalangealium
name: Articular metacarpophalangeal collateral ligaments
memorix_page: 15/1.7.2
related_objects:
  os metacarpale pollicis 1, os pisiforme, os proximalis manus 2, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, os lunatum, os trapezoideum, os hamatum, os metacarpale 5, os trapezium, phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, os triquetrum, phalanx media manus 2, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 4, os capitatum, os metacarpale 4, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os proximalis manus 4, os proximalis manus 5, os scaphoideum, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 12


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Joints of the hand*4
parent: ligamentum collaterale mediale et laterale *1
object_id: ligamenta collateralia articulationum interphalangealium manus
custom_hierarchy: 1.9.7
latin: ligamenta collateralia articulationum interphalangealium manus
name: Articular interphalangeal collateral ligaments
memorix_page: 15/1.7.2
related_objects:
  os metacarpale pollicis 1, os pisiforme, os proximalis manus 2, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, os lunatum, os trapezoideum, os hamatum, os metacarpale 5, os trapezium, phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, os triquetrum, phalanx media manus 2, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 4, os capitatum, os metacarpale 4, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os proximalis manus 4, os proximalis manus 5, os scaphoideum, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 13


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Joints of the hand*4
parent: ligamentum collaterale mediale et laterale *1
object_id: ligamenta collateralia acessoria articulationum interphalangealium
custom_hierarchy: 1.9.8
latin: ligamenta collateralia acessoria articulationum interphalangealium
name: Articular accesory interphalangeal collateral ligaments
related_objects:
  os metacarpale pollicis 1, os pisiforme, os proximalis manus 2, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, os lunatum, os trapezoideum, os hamatum, os metacarpale 5, os trapezium, phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, os triquetrum, phalanx media manus 2, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 4, os capitatum, os metacarpale 4, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os proximalis manus 4, os proximalis manus 5, os scaphoideum, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 14


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Joints of the hand*4
parent: Ligaments *12
object_id: ligamentum metacarpeum transversum superficiale
custom_hierarchy: 1.11
latin: ligamentum metacarpeum transversum superficiale
name: Superficial transverse metacarpal ligament
description:
  The superficial transverse metacarpal ligament is a ligament of the intermetacarpal articulations which is located above or in front of the deep transverse metacarpal ligament


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Joints of the hand*4
parent: Ligaments *12
custom_hierarchy: 1.8
latin: retinaculum musculorum flexorum
name: Flexor retinaculum
description:
  a strong ligament stretched between the radial and ulnar carpal eminences
  forms the roof of the carpal tunnel


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Joints of the hand*4
parent: Capsule*22
object_id: Capsula articulationis metacarpophalangeae
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
latin: capsula articularis art. metacarpophalangeae *2
name: Capsules of metacarpophalangeal joints
related_objects:
  os metacarpale pollicis 1, os pisiforme, os proximalis manus 2, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, os lunatum, os trapezoideum, os hamatum, os metacarpale 5, os trapezium, phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, os triquetrum, phalanx media manus 2, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 4, os capitatum, os metacarpale 4, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os proximalis manus 4, os proximalis manus 5, os scaphoideum, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 15


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Joints of the hand*4
parent: Capsule*22
object_id: capsula articulationis interphalangeae
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
latin: capsula articularis art. interphalangeae
name: Capsule of interphalangeal Joint of Thumb
related_objects:
  os metacarpale pollicis 1, os pisiforme, os proximalis manus 2, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, os lunatum, os trapezoideum, os hamatum, os metacarpale 5, os trapezium, phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, os triquetrum, phalanx media manus 2, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 4, os capitatum, os metacarpale 4, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os proximalis manus 4, os proximalis manus 5, os scaphoideum, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 16


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Joints of the hand*4
parent: Capsule*22
object_id: capsula articularis interphalangea proximalis
custom_hierarchy: 3.4
latin: capsula articularis art. interphalangeae proximalis
name: Capsules of proximal interphalangeal joints of hand
related_objects:
  os metacarpale pollicis 1, os pisiforme, os proximalis manus 2, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, os lunatum, os trapezoideum, os hamatum, os metacarpale 5, os trapezium, phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, os triquetrum, phalanx media manus 2, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 4, os capitatum, os metacarpale 4, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os proximalis manus 4, os proximalis manus 5, os scaphoideum, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 17


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Joints of the hand*4
parent: Capsule*22
object_id: capsula articularis metacarpophalangea
custom_hierarchy: 3.5
latin: capsula articularis art. metacarpophalangeae
name: Articular capsules of metacarpophalangeal joints
related_objects:
  os metacarpale pollicis 1, os pisiforme, os proximalis manus 2, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, os lunatum, os trapezoideum, os hamatum, os metacarpale 5, os trapezium, phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, os triquetrum, phalanx media manus 2, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 4, os capitatum, os metacarpale 4, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os proximalis manus 4, os proximalis manus 5, os scaphoideum, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 18


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Joints of the hand*4
parent: articulatio metacarpophalangea
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
name: Shape *31
description:
  the palmar side of the joint is cylindrical-shaped but the dorsal side resembles a ball-and-socket joint (functionally ellipsoid joints)


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Joints of the hand*4
parent: Accessory features*99
custom_hierarchy: 1.6.1
latin: fibrocartilago palmaris *1
name: Palmar fibrocartilage *13
general_description:
   <b>Palmar fibrocartilage </b> (fibrocartilago palmaris) enlarges the articular fossa of metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints. It is responsible for strengthening the articular capsule from the palmar side. Palmar Fibrocartilage is located inside the <b>palmar ligaments </b> (ligaments palmaria).

clinical_notes:
   <b>The plantar fibrocartilage </b> (fibrocartilago plantaris) enlarges the articular heads of the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints, strengthening these joints. Plantarfi brocarti lage is embedded within the<b> plantar ligaments </b>(ligaments plantaris).


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Joints of the hand*4
parent: Movements *33
custom_hierarchy: 1.7.3
name: Radial and ulnar duction
description:
  is possible only in extended joints
  -<indent=3em>abduction away from the 3rd finger: 25-40°</indent>
  -<indent=3em>adduction towards the 3rd finger: 0-5°</indent>


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Sacro-iliac joint
parent: Ligaments*32
object_id: ligamentum iliolumbale
custom_hierarchy: 5.2
latin: ligamentum iliolumbale
name: Iliolumbal ligament
memorix_page: 16/5
related_objects: pelvis, os sacrum, vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, os coccygis, pelvis_CLONED
description:
  The iliolumbar ligament is located from the tip of the transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra to the posterior part of the inner lip of the iliac crest


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Synarthroses of the pelvic girdle
parent: symphysis pubica
custom_hierarchy: 2
name: Accessory features*33
description:
  the symphysial surfaces of the pubic bones are covered by hyaline cartilage which is continuous with a fibrocartilaginous articular disc


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Synarthroses of the pelvic girdle
parent: Ligaments*33
object_id: ligamentum pubicum inferius,ligamentum pubicum inferius f
custom_hierarchy: 1.3.2
latin: ligamentum pubicum inferius
name: Pubic inferius ligament
memorix_page: 16/1.3+
related_objects: pelvis, os sacrum, vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, os coccygis, pelvis_CLONED
general_description:
   <b>The inferior pubic ligament </b> (ligamentumpubicum inferius), previously known as the arcuate ligament (ligamentum arcuatum pubis), is so strong that it can hold the two pubicbones together in the absence of the pubic symphysis.


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Synarthroses of the pelvic girdle
parent: syndesmoses cinguli pelvici
object_id: ligamentum lacunare
latin: ligamentum lacunare
name: Lacunar ligament
memorix_page: 16/1.3+
related_objects: pelvis, os sacrum, vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, os coccygis, pelvis_CLONED
description:
  The lacunar ligament is a ligament in the inguinal region that connects  the pectineal ligament to the inguinal ligament.


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Synarthroses of the pelvic girdle
parent: syndesmoses cinguli pelvici
object_id: ligamentum pectineum
latin: ligamentum pectineum
name: Pectineal ligament
memorix_page: 16/1.3+
related_objects: pelvis, os sacrum, vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, os coccygis, pelvis_CLONED
description:
  The pectineal ligament is an extension of the lacunar ligament located on the pectineal line of the pubic bone


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Synarthroses of the pelvic girdle
parent: syndesmoses cinguli pelvici
object_id: ligamentum sacroiliacum interosseum
latin: ligamentum sacroiliacum interosseum
name: Interosseous sacroiliac ligament
memorix_page: 16/1.3+
related_objects: pelvis, os sacrum, vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, os coccygis, pelvis_CLONED, cloned
description:
  The interosseous sacroiliac ligament is a ligament of the sacroiliac joint that is located on the posterior ligament, and connect the tuberosities of the sacrum and ilium.


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Synarthroses of the pelvic girdle
parent: syndesmoses cinguli pelvici
object_id: membrana obturatoria
latin: memebrana obturatioria
name: Obturator membrane
memorix_page: 16/2
related_objects: pelvis, os sacrum, vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, os coccygis, pelvis_CLONED
description:
  -<indent=3em>covers the obturator foramen</indent>
  -<indent=3em>contains a small opening, the obturator canal (canalis obturatorius), for the obturator vessels and nerve</indent>


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Synarthroses of the pelvic girdle
parent: syndesmoses cinguli pelvici
object_id: ligamentum sacrotuberale
latin: ligamentum sacrotuberale
name: Sacrotuberous ligament
memorix_page: 16/4
related_objects: pelvis, os sacrum, vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, os coccygis, pelvis_CLONED
description:
  -<indent=3em>runs from the ischial tuberosity to the sacrum and coccyx</indent>
  -<indent=3em>closes the lesser sciatic notch forming the lesser sciatic foramen</indent>


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Hip joint
parent: Capsule*34
custom_hierarchy: 5.1
name: Retinacula of Weitbrecht
related_objects: pelvis, os femoris
description:
  folds of a synovial membrane formed by impressions of the vessels supplying the neck and head of the femur


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Hip joint
parent: Capsule*34
object_id: capsula articularis coxae
custom_hierarchy: 5.3
latin: capsula articularis coxae
name: Capsule of hip joint
memorix_page: 17/5
description:
  attaches to the margins of the acetabulum and across the posterior aspect of the neck (1 cm above the intertrochanteric crest)


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Hip joint
parent: Ligaments*34
description: prevents hyperextension of the hip joint
object_id: ligamentum iliofemorale
custom_hierarchy: 6.1
latin: ligamentum iliofemorale
name: Iliofemoral ligament
memorix_page: 17/6.1
related_objects: pelvis, os femoris
general_description:
   <b>The iliofemoral ligament </b>is short at birth but gains length during life. Itis the strongest ligament in the human body. In newborns it keeps the thighs in a typical position (flexion, abduction and external rotation).


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Hip joint
parent: ligamentum ischiofemorale
custom_hierarchy: 6.3.1
latin: zona orbicularis
name: Orbicular zone
related_objects: pelvis, os femoris
description:
  a ligamentous ring encircling the neck of the femur formed by the pubofemoral and ischiofemoral ligaments


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Hip joint
parent: Ligaments*34
object_id: ligamentum capitis femoris
custom_hierarchy: 6.5
latin: ligamentum capitis femoris
name: Ligament of head of femur
memorix_page: 17/6.5
related_objects: pelvis, os femoris
description:
  -<indent=3em>a small ligament connecting the transverse acetabular ligament and fovea for the ligament of the head of the femur</indent>
  -<indent=3em>contains the artery of the head of the femur</indent>


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Knee joint
parent: Articular capsule
object_id: capsula articulationis genus
custom_hierarchy: 1
latin: capsula articulationis genus
name: Fibrous capsule
related_objects: os femoris, tibia, corpus fibula, patella
description:
  -<indent=3em>originates below the epicondyles of the femur</indent>
  -<indent=3em>attaches to the circumference of the articular surfaces of the tibia and patella</indent>

general_description:
   <b>The articularis genus </b>is a standalone muscle below the quadriceps femoris. It attaches to the joint capsule, which stretches up and prevents its incarceration.


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Knee joint
parent: Articular capsule
object_id: membrana synovialis capsulae articularis genus
custom_hierarchy: 2
latin: membrana synovialis capsulae articularis genus
name: Synovial membrane
memorix_page: 18/2
related_objects: os femoris, tibia, corpus fibula, patella
description:
  -<indent=3em>lines the internal surface of the fibrous layer</indent>
  -<indent=3em>does not cover the cruciate ligaments</indent>


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Knee joint
parent: Articular capsule
custom_hierarchy: 3
name: Synovial bursae and articular recesses
related_objects: os femoris, tibia, corpus fibula, patella
description:
  <i></i>
  -<indent=3em>approximately 20 bursae and 2 recesses are located in the vicinity of the knee joint</indent>


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Knee joint
parent: Not communicating with the knee joint:
object_id: bursa sutendinea inferius
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.3
latin: bursa subtendinea musculi bicipitis femoris inferior
name: Inferior subtendinous bursa of biceps femoris
memorix_page: 18+
related_objects: os femoris, tibia, corpus fibula, patella
description:
  the bursa between the tendon of the biceps femoris and the fibular collateral ligament of the knee joint


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Knee joint
parent: Not communicating with the knee joint:
description: the bursa between the medial collateral ligament and the tendon of the semimembranosus
object_id: bursa musculus semimembranosi
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.5
latin: bursa musculus semimembranosi
name: Bursa semimembranosa
memorix_page: 18 +
related_objects: os femoris, tibia, corpus fibula, patella
clinical_notes:
   <b>Baker´s cyst </b>arises when the gastrocnemius-semimembranosus bursa becomes overfilled with synovial fluid. It is palpable in the subcutaneous tissue of the popliteal fossa.


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Knee joint
parent: Collateral ligaments of knee joint
object_id: ligamentum collaterale tibiale
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
latin: ligamentum collaterale tibiale
name: Tibial collateral ligament
memorix_page: 19/1.1
related_objects: os femoris, tibia, corpus fibula, patella
description:
  -<indent=3em>runs from the medial epicondyle of the femur to the tibia</indent>
  -<indent=3em>is attached firmly to the medial meniscus</indent>

general_description:
   <b>In clinical practice</b>, the tibial and fibular collateral ligaments are in accurately termed the medial and lateral collateral ligaments.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The unhappy triad </b>is a term given to concomitant damage to the anterior cruciate ligament, medial meniscus and tibial collateral ligament.


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Knee joint
parent: Ventral ligaments of knee joint
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
latin: retinaculum patellae mediale et laterale
name: Medial and lateral patellar retinacula
related_objects: os femoris, tibia, corpus fibula, patella
description:
  -<indent=3em>attach the quadriceps femoris directly to the tibial tuberosity on either side of the patella</indent>
  -<indent=3em>hold the patella in the shallow patellar surface of the femur</indent>


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Knee joint
parent: Ventral ligaments of knee joint
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
latin: ligamentum patellae
name: Patellar ligament
related_objects: os femoris, tibia, corpus fibula, patella
description:
  -<indent=3em>the insertion of the quadriceps femoris between the patella and the tibial tuberosity</indent>


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Knee joint
parent: Dorsal ligaments of knee joints
object_id: ligamentum popliteum obliquum
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
latin: ligamentum popliteum obliquum
name: Oblique popliteal ligament
related_objects: os femoris, tibia, corpus fibula, patella
description:
  -<indent=3em>one of the insertions of the semimembranosus</indent>
  -<indent=3em>is also known as the pes anserinus profundus</indent>


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Knee joint
parent: Ligaments*41
custom_hierarchy: 4
name: Intra-articular ligaments
related_objects: os femoris, tibia, corpus fibula, patella
general_description:
  <b>A mnemonics for remembering the positions of the cruciate ligaments:</b>when the middle finger is crossed over the index finger and the hand placed on the ipsilateral knee, the middle finger shows the position of the anterior cruciate ligament and the index finger shows the position of the posterior cruciate ligament.


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Knee joint
parent: Intra-articular ligaments
object_id: ligamentum cruciatum anterius
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
latin: ligamentum cruciatum anterius
name: Anterior cruciate ligament
memorix_page: 19/4.1
related_objects: os femoris, tibia, corpus fibula, patella
description:
  -<indent=3em>runs from the medial surface of the lateral condyle of the femur ventromedially to the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia</indent>


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Knee joint
parent: Intra-articular ligaments
object_id: ligamentum cruciatum posterius
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
latin: ligamentum cruciatum posterius
name: Posterior cruciate ligament
memorix_page: 19/4.2
related_objects: os femoris, tibia, corpus fibula, patella
description:
  -<indent=3em>runs from the lateral surface of medial condyle of the femur caudally to the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia</indent>


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Knee joint
parent: Intra-articular ligaments
object_id: ligamentum transversum genus
custom_hierarchy: 4.3
latin: ligamentum transversum genus
name: Transverse ligament of knee
memorix_page: 19/4.3
related_objects: os femoris, tibia, corpus fibula, patella
description:
  -<indent=3em>connects both menisci ventrally; not covered by synovial membrane (the only true intra-articular ligament of the human body)</indent>


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Knee joint
parent: Menisci
object_id: meniscus medialis
custom_hierarchy: 6
latin: meniscus medialis
name: Medial meniscus
memorix_page: 19/6
related_objects: os femoris, tibia, corpus fibula, patella
description:
  -<indent=3em>a C-shape semicircle</indent>
  -<indent=3em>attaches to the anterior and posterior intercondylar area</indent>
  -<indent=3em>is firmly attached medially to the articular capsule and laterally to the tibial collateral ligament, which limits its mobility</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the semimembranosus prevents displacement by pulling it at its dorsal end</indent>


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Knee joint
parent: Menisci
object_id: meniscus lateralis
custom_hierarchy: 7
latin: meniscus lateralis
name: Lateral meniscus
memorix_page: 19/7
related_objects: os femoris, tibia, corpus fibula, patella
description:
  -<indent=3em>almost forms a complete circle</indent>
  -<indent=3em>attaches to the anterior and posterior intercondylar area</indent>
  -<indent=3em>is not attached to the capsule and so is more mobile than the medial meniscus</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the popliteus prevents displacement by pulling its dorsal end</indent>


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Knee joint
parent: Flexion of the knee joint
custom_hierarchy: 1
name: Initial rotation (unlocking of knee joint
description:
  flexion to 5°
  -<indent=3em>release of the cruciate ligaments and tibial collateral ligament</indent>
  -<indent=3em>tibia rotates internally</indent>
  -<indent=3em>lockout of the knee occurs in the reverse order</indent>


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Knee joint
parent: Flexion of the knee joint
custom_hierarchy: 2
name: Rolling movement
description:
  flexion 10-20°
  -<indent=3em>condyles of the femur roll over the condyles of the tibia and on the menisci</indent>


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Knee joint
parent: Flexion of the knee joint
custom_hierarchy: 3
name: Sliding movement
description:
  from 20° flexion to approximately 160° the condyles of the femur and menisci slide on the tibia dorsally


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Interosseous membrane and tibiofibular syndesmosis
parent: membrana interossea
description: -<indent=3em>a distal thickening of the interosseous membrane</indent>
custom_hierarchy: 2
latin: syndesmosis tibiofibularis
name: Tibiofibular syndesmosis / inferior tibiofibular joint
general_description:
  <b>The tibiofibular syndesmosis </b>is a very firm synarthrosis. A trauma to the leg is much more likely to cause dislocation of the ankle than rupture of the tibiofibular syndesmosis


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Joints of the foot
parent: articulatio talocruralis
description: the distal end of the tibia and fibula
custom_hierarchy: 4
name: Articular fossa *1
general_description:
   <b>The articular facet of the medial malleolus </b>is lunate or tear-drop shaped. 
   <b>The articular facet of the lateral malleolus </b>has a triangular shape.


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Joints of the foot
parent: articulatio subtalaris/talocalcanea
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
name: Articular head *2
description:
  the posterior articular talar surface of the calcaneus (facies articularis talaris posterior calcanei)


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Joints of the foot
parent: articulatio subtalaris/talocalcanea
custom_hierarchy: 1.5
name: Ligaments *1
description:
  the posterior, medial, lateral and interosseous talocalcaneal ligaments
  (ligamentum talocalcaneum posterius, mediale, laterale et interosseum)


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Joints of the foot
parent: articulatio talocalcaneonavicularis
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
name: Articular fossa *3
description:
  the navicular and the anterior and middle calcaneal articular facets of the talus and navicular fibrocartilage


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Joints of the foot
parent: articulatio talocalcaneonavicularis
custom_hierarchy: 2.4
name: Ligaments *2
description:
  the talonavicular ligament (ligamentum talonaviculare), plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (ligamentum calcaneonaviculare plantare), and dorsal calcaneonavicular ligament (ligamentum calcaneonaviculare dorsale)


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Joints of the foot
parent: Ligaments *2
object_id: ligamentum calcaneonaviculare plantare
custom_hierarchy: 2.4.1
latin: ligamentum calcaneonaviculare plantare
name: Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
memorix_page: 21/2.4
related_objects:
  os naviculare, os calcis, os talus, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme intermedium, os cuneiforme mediale, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, os metatarsale 3, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx distalis hallucis 1


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Joints of the foot
parent: articulatio talocalcaneonavicularis
custom_hierarchy: 2.5
name: Accessory features *1
description:
  the navicular fibrocartilage which enlarges the fossa for the head of the talus (within the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament)


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Joints of the foot
parent: articulatio calcaneocuboidea
custom_hierarchy: 3.4
name: Ligaments *3
description:
  the plantar calcaneocuboid ligament (ligamentum calcaneocuboideum plantare) and dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament (ligamentum calcaneocuboideum dorsale)


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Joints of the foot
parent: articulatio cuneocuboidea
object_id: ligamentum cuneocuboideum dorsale
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
latin: ligamentum cuneocuboideum dorsale
name: Dorsal cuneocuboid ligament
memorix_page: 22/2.1
description:
  the plantar, dorsal and interosseous cuneocuboid ligaments (ligamentum cuneocuboid eum plantare, dorsale et interosseum) and plantar and dorsal cuboideonavicular ligaments (ligamentum cuboideonaviculare plantaire et dorsale)

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 589 characters]


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Joints of the foot
parent: articulationes intercuneiformes
object_id: ligamenta intercuneiformia dorsalia
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
latin: ligamenta intercuneiformia dorsalia
name: Dorsal intercuneiform ligament
memorix_page: 22/3.1
description:
  the plantar, dorsal and interosseous intercuneiform ligament (ligamentum intercuneiforme plantare, dorsale et interosseum)

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 589 characters]


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Joints of the foot
parent: articulationes tarsometatarsales
custom_hierarchy: 4.3
name: Articular surfaces
description:
  -<indent=3em>the distal surfaces of the cuneiform bones articulate with the bases of the 1st-3rd metatarsals</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the distal surface of the cuboid articulates with the bases of the 4th-5th metatarsals</indent>


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Joints of the foot
parent: articulationes tarsometatarsales
object_id: ligamentum tarsometatarsea dorsalia
custom_hierarchy: 4.4
latin: ligamentum tarsometatarsea dorsalia
name: Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligament
memorix_page: 22/4.4
description:
  the plantar and dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments (ligamenta tarsometatarsalia plantaria et dorsalia) and interosseous cuneometatarsal ligaments (ligament cuneometatarsalia interossea)

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 589 characters]


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Joints of the foot
parent: articulationes intermetatarsales
custom_hierarchy: 5.1
name: Ligaments *4
description:
  the plantar, dorsal and interosseous metatarsal ligaments (ligamenta metatarsalia plantaria, dorsalia et interossea)


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Joints of the foot
parent: Functional joints
custom_hierarchy: 1
latin: articulatio tarsi transversa
name: Chopart´s joint / transverse tarsal joint
description:
  <i></i>
  -<indent=3em>is composed of the talonavicular joint, which is a part of the talocalcaneonavicular joint and the calcaneocuboid joint</indent>
  -<indent=3em>a functionally and clinically important joint of the foot</indent>
  -<indent=3em>allows the pronation and supination and enlarges the movement of the ankle joint</indent>


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Joints of the foot
parent: articulatio tarsi transversa
description: is located on the dorsal aspect of the foot and composed of two parts
object_id: ligamentum bifurcatum
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
latin: ligamentum bifurcatum
name: Bifurcate ligament
memorix_page: 23/1.1
related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 589 characters]

general_description:
   <b>The bifurcate ligament </b>is a strong ligament on the dorsum of the foot. Distal to its attachment on the calcaneus, it bifurcates into the calcaneocuboid and calcaneonavicular ligaments. 

   <b>The key to Chopart ´s joint </b> (clavisarti culationis tarsi transversae) is a clinical term for the bifurcate ligament.


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Joints of the foot
parent: ligamentum bifurcatum
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.2
latin: ligamentum calcaneocuboideum
name: Calcaneocuboid ligament
general_description:
  <b>The plantar calcaneocuboid ligament is</b> also known as the short plantar ligament.<b> Talotarsal joint </b>(subtalar/talocalcaneal and talocalcaneonavicular joints) are a functional unit for the inversion and eversion.


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Joints of the foot
parent: Functional joints
custom_hierarchy: 2
name: Lisfranc’s joint
description:
  <i></i>
  -<indent=3em>comprises the tarsometatarsal and intermetatarsal joints</indent>
  -<indent=3em>facilitates the spring movements of the foot</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the serrate line of articulation is formed by the insertion of the 2nd metatarsal into a shallow cavity formed by the intermediate cuneiform, which is shorter than other cuneiform bones</indent>


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Joints of the foot
parent: Arches of the foot
custom_hierarchy: 1
name: Longitudinal arch
description:
  -<indent=3em> two lines of bones which end on the navicular</indent><br>
  <b>Medial:</b> the calcaneus, talus, navicular, three cuneiform bones and 1st metatarsal
  -<indent=3em> 15-18 mm above the ground at its highest point</indent>
  <b>Lateral:</b> the calcaneus, cuboid and 5th metatarsal
  -<indent=3em> 3-5 mm above the ground at its highest point</indent>


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Joints of the foot
parent: Longitudinal arch
name: Medial
description:
  the calcaneus, talus, navicular, three cuneiform bones and 1st metatarsal
  -<indent=3em>15-18 mm above the ground at its highest point</indent>


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Joints of the foot
parent: Longitudinal arch
name: Lateral
description:
  the calcaneus, cuboid and 5th metatarsal
  -<indent=3em>3-5 mm above the ground at its highest point</indent>


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Joints of the foot
parent: Longitudinal plantar ligaments
object_id: ligamentum plantare longum
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.1
latin: ligamentum plantare longum
name: Long plantar ligament
memorix_page: 23/1.1.1
description:
  -<indent=3em>a strong thick ligament that runs from the calcaneus to the bases of the metatarsals on the plantar aspect of the foot</indent>
  -<indent=3em>has some fibres which run to the cuboid</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 589 characters]


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Joints of the foot
parent: Arches of the foot
custom_hierarchy: 2
name: Transverse arch
description:
  -<indent=3em>runs over the heads of all the metatarsals</indent>
  -<indent=3em>most developed in over the cuneiform bones and the cuboid</indent>
  -<indent=3em>held by the tendinous stirrup of the tibialis anterior and fibularis longus</indent>


joint: Vertebral joints
group_name: Syndesmoses of intervertebral discs
parent: Long ligaments of vertebral joints
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
latin: ligamentum longitudinale posterius
name: Posterior longitudinal ligament
memorix_page: 7/1.2
description:
  -<indent=3em>is located on the dorsal surface of vertebral bodies inside the vertebral canal</indent>
  -<indent=3em>prevents prolapse of Intervertebral discs into the vertebral canal</indent>


joint: Vertebral joints
group_name: Vertebral synovial joints
parent: Juncturae columnae vertebralis
latin: Articulationes columnae vertebralis
name: Vertebral synovial joints
general_description: <b>Dorsiflexion </b>is a clinical term for retroflexion of the vertebral column.
description:
  <b>The zygapophysial joints </b>are synovial joints connecting the superior and inferior articular processes of neighboring vertebrae. <b>The craniovertebral joints </b>consist of the joints connecting the occipital bone to the atlas and the joints between the atlas and axis.


joint: Thoracic joints
latin: Juncturae thoracis
name: Thoracic joints
description:
  <b>Movements of the ribs </b>expand and contract the thorax, producing the inspiration and expiratory movements of breathing. These movements are made possible by the <b>costovertebral joints</b>, which connect the ribs to the vertebral column, and by the <b>sternocostal joints</b>, which connect the ribs to the sternum. True ribs articulate with the sternum. The ventral ends of false ribs articulate with the rib above via interchondral joints. Floating ribs have no articulation at their ventral ends.

clinical_notes:
   <b> Costochondritis </b>is inflammation of the costochondral costal cartilages.It is a common cause of chest pain and can mimic acute coronary syndrome. 

   <b>Rib restriction </b>(restriction of the sternocostal joint) typically causes pain that is worsened by breathing movements.


joint: Thoracic joints
group_name: Costovertebral joints
parent: articulatio capitis costae
custom_hierarchy: 4.3
name: Ligaments *14
memorix_page: 9/4.3
description:
  radiate and intra-articular ligaments of the head of the rib (ligamentum capitis costae intraarticulare et ligamentum capitis costae radiatum)


joint: Joints of the upper limb
latin: Juncturae membri superioris
name: Joints of the upper limb
description:
  The vast majority of the joints of the upper limb are <b>synovial joints</b>. The radius and ulna, however, are connected to each other by a <b>fibrous interosseous membrane</b>.

general_description:
   <b>Neutral position of the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joint corresponds</b> to the anatomical position.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Violent impacts </b>transferred from the upper limb lead more often to a fracture of the clavicle than to a dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint, because of firmness of the articular capsule and ligaments. 

  Due to its small articular fossa and large articular head, the shoulder joint is <b>frequently dislocated</b>. Anterior inferior shoulder dislocation is the most frequent type of shoulder dislocation, occurring in more than 90 % of cases. 

   <b>Shoulder impingement syndrome is</b> inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles typically caused by overuse of these muscles. The inflammation tendons swell up and movements of the shoulder become painful.


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Sternoclavicular joint
parent: Juncturae membri superioris
latin: Articulatio sternoclavicularis
name: Sternoclavicular joint
description:
  The sternoclavicular joint is a <b>complex joint </b>that allows only <b>very limited movements</b>. It cooperates with the other joints of the pectoral girdle.


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Acromioclavicular joint
parent: Juncturae membri superioris
latin: Articulatio acromioclavicularis
name: Acromioclavicular joint
description:
  <b>The acromioclavicular joint </b>is a <b>simple plane joint </b>that allows only a <b>limited degree of movement</b>. It invariably contains an articular disc. It cooperates with the other joints of the pectoral girdle in producing movements of the upper limb.


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Shoulder/glenohumeral joint
parent: Juncturae membri superioris
latin: articulatio humeri/glenohumeralis
name: Shoulder/glenohumeral joint
description:
  <b>The shoulder joint </b>is a ball-and-socket joint with the greatest <b>extent of movement </b>of all the joints of the human body. It allows <b>movements in all three planes</b>. The incongruity between the shallow <b>articular fossa </b>and the large articular head inflicts great instability on the joint. This is compensated by the <b>rotator cuff muscle</b>s which attach to the head of the humerus and hold it firmly in the articular fossa of the scapula.

general_description:
  <b>The shoulder is a collective term for:</b> 
   <b>1</b> The glenohumeral joint 
   <b>2 </b>The acromioclavicular joint 
   <b>3</b> The sternoclavicular joint 
  <b> 4 </b>The functional connection between the scapula and thorax (scapulothoracic joint) 
  Movements of the shoulder are facilitated by movements at these four connections. 

  <b>The blood supply of the shoulder joint </b>is provided mainly by the posterior humeral circumflex artery.<b>The innervation of the shoulder joint </b>is provided by the suprascapular nerve<b>.</b>


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Distal radio-ulnar joint and syndesmosis
parent: Juncturae membri superioris
name: Distal radio-ulnar joint and syndesmosis
description:
  <b>The proximal and distal radioulnar joints </b>form a <b>functional unit </b>that <b>makes pronation and supination movements </b>of the forearm possible. The bones of the forearm are united by a <b>syndesmosis</b>, which has two components: the proximal narrow <b>oblique cord </b>and the distal widened <b>interosseous membrane of the forearm</b>.


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Joints of the hand*4
parent: Juncturae membri superioris
latin: articulationes manus *1
name: Joints of the hand*4
description:
  The joints of the hand are a <b>group of joints </b>that work together to make complex hand movements possible.

general_description:
   <b>Some of the carpal ligaments </b>on the palmar side of hand form bands in a shape of the letter V. Between Them, there is a weak spot called the space of Poirier. The lunate bone can luxate through this space. The proximal part of the V band is formed by the radiotriquetral and lunotriquetral ligament. The distal part of the V band is formed by the radio capital and capital triquetral ligament. Similar bands are found on the dorsum of the hand. These are the <b>radiotriquetral ligament</b>, which crosses the lunate bone and the smaller <b>triquetrum scaphoid ligament.</b> 

   <b>The pisiform joint </b> (articulatio ossis pisiformis) is a simple flat rigid joint. It's articular head is formed by the triquetrum and its socket by the pisiform. Ligaments stabilising the joint are the pisohamate and pisometacarpal ligament.


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Joints of the hand*4
parent: articulationes manus *1
custom_hierarchy: 4
name: Joints of the fingers
clinical_notes:
  <b>Bouchard ´s nodes </b>are fusiform swellings of the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints that occur in rheumatoid arthritis. The distal interphalangeal joints are not usually affected by this process. Larger joints are usually affected in the later phase of the disease. 

   <b>Heberden's nodes </b>are thickenings of the distal interphalangeal joints caused by the development of bone spurs (osteophytes). These joint deformities are typical signs of osteoarthritis.


joint: Joints of the lower limb
latin: Juncturae membri inferioris
name: Joints of the lower limb
general_description: <b>The trochanteric fossa </b>is located outside of the joint capsule.
description:
  <b>The bones of the lower limb </b>are connected predominantly by synovial joints. The bones of the leg, however, are connected to each other by an <b>interosseous membrane and the tibiofibular syndesmosis</b>.


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Sacro-iliac joint
parent: Juncturae membri inferioris
latin: articulatio sacroiliaca
name: Sacro-iliac joint
description:
  <b>The sacroiliac joint </b>is an amphiarthrosis between the sacrum and ilium that allows only very limited movements. It establishes the <b>angle of inclination of the pelvis </b>and transmits force between the pelvis and vertebral column.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Overloading of the sacroiliac joint causes</b> local pain that radiates into the thigh. This pain is a consequence of muscular spasms that attempt to stabilize the overloaded joint. The most frequent causes of sacroiliac joint overload are certain sports, working in a forward bended position and osteoarthritic changes. <b>Pain over the pubic symphysis </b>can be caused by hypertonic hip joint adductors.


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Synarthroses of the pelvic girdle
parent: Juncturae membri inferioris
latin: synarthroses cinguli pelvici
name: Synarthroses of the pelvic girdle
description:
  <b>The pubic symphysis </b>is an elastic cartilaginous joint uniting the two pubic bones in the midline. A fluid-filled sagittal fissure can develop within the cartilaginous disc, imparting a resemblance of a diarthrosis. The hormonal changes occurring during pregnancy loosen the cartilage, preparing the pelvis for parturition.


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Synarthroses of the pelvic girdle
parent: Ligaments*33
object_id: ligamentum inguinale
custom_hierarchy: 1.3.4
latin: ligamentum inguinale
name: Inguinal ligament
related_objects: pelvis, os sacrum, vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, os coccygis, pelvis_CLONED
description:
  The inguinal ligament is in the groin and extends from the pubic tubercle to the superior anterior iliac spine.


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Hip joint
parent: Juncturae membri inferioris
latin: articulatio coxae
name: Hip joint
description:
  <b>The hip joint </b>is a <b>limited synovial ball-and-socket joint </b> (a cotyloid joint) which allows <b>limited movements in all three planes</b>. The deep articular fossa is formed by the <b>acetabulum of the pelvis </b>which articulates with the <b>head of the femur</b>.

clinical_notes:
   <b>Dislocation of the hip joint </b>may be caused by a high energy trauma. This typically occurs in car accident when the knees are impacted on the car dashboard (the so called dashboard injury). 90 % of the cases are posterior dislocations, which occur through a weak spot between the ligaments strengthening the articular capsule. 

   <b>Pain over the pubic symphysis </b>can be caused by hypertonic hip joint adductors. 

  <b>Developmental dysplasia of the hip is</b> a congenital deformity of the hip joint which, if not treated, causes orthopedic problems throughout life. It is characterised by a misshapen acetabulum and/or head and neck of the femur. This causes a misalignment of the “bone-to-bone” contact between the articular head and fossa. All newborns are screened for DDH after birth with a specialised examination that includes ultrasound. 

   <b>Total hip replacement </b> (endoprosthesis)is an orthopedic procedure that replaces the articular head and fossa of the hip joint with an artificial prosthesis. Severely damaged hips are indicated for this operation ,such as occur in osteoarthrosis or after injuries. 

   <b>Hemiarthropathy of the hip </b>is a replacement of the articular head only. This is usually indicated in femoral neck fractures occurring in elderly people.


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Knee joint
parent: Juncturae membri inferioris
latin: articulatio genus
name: Knee joint
description:
  <b>The knee joint </b>is the most complicated synovial joint in the human body. It is a <b>complex and compound bicondylar joint </b>in which <b>three bones and two menisci </b>articular. The knee joint has <b>12 articular ligaments </b>and many <b>associated bursae</b>. Movements are possible in <b>two axes</b>, but these movements are limited when the knee is in full flexion and full extension.

general_description:
  <b>The valve mechanism </b>of the knee is a system of connected pouches and synovial bursae of the knee joint through which synovial fluid flows. The ventral part is formed by the suprapatellar recess and bursa, the dorsomedial part is formed by the gastrocnemius-semimembranosus bursa and the dorsolateral part by the subpopliteal recess. 

  <b>The middle position </b>of the knee joint is 20-30 deg. of flexion.

clinical_notes:
   <b>Total knee replacement </b>is a surgical procedure that replaces severely damaged femoral and tibial condyles with artificial prostheses. This is performed when conservative therapy with analgetics, injections and rehabilitation is not sufficient in patients with severe arthrosis. Other indications include disease of the knee caused by systemic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis disease and psoriatic arthritis.


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Knee joint
parent: Articulatio genus
custom_hierarchy: 3
name: Ligaments*41
clinical_notes:
  <b>The menisci, anterior cruciate ligament and collateral ligaments </b>are the most predisposed structures of the knee to be injured. The anterior cruciate ligament is injured ten times more frequently than the posterior cruciate ligament.


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Tibiofibular joint
parent: Juncturae membri inferioris
latin: articulatio tibiofibularis
name: Tibiofibular joint
clinical_notes: <b>All movements </b>in the tarsus are associated with rotation of the fibula.
description:
  <b>The tibiofibular joint </b>is a plane synovial joint that allows only very limited movement. It is an amphiarthrosis.

general_description:
  <b>The opening for the anterior tibial vessels </b>(vasa tibialia anteriora) is located at the proximal end of the interosseous membrane of the leg.


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Interosseous membrane and tibiofibular syndesmosis
parent: Juncturae membri inferioris
latin: membrana interossea
name: Interosseous membrane
description:
  <b>The interosseous membrane of the leg </b>runs from the tibia laterodistally and prevents the tibia and fibula moving away from each other. The muscles of the deep layer of the leg originate on this membrane. <b>The tibiofibular syndesmosis </b>connects the distal part of the tibia and fibula, which forms a fork shaped unit for articulation with the talus.


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Joints of the foot
parent: Juncturae membri inferioris
latin: articulationes pedis
name: Joints of the foot
description:
  <b>The joints of the foot </b>comprise a functional unit that produces foot movements necessary for ambulation.


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Joints of the foot
parent: Articulationes pedis
custom_hierarchy: 1
latin: articulatio talocruralis
name: Ankle joint
clinical_notes:
  <b>Ankle fractures </b>are classified preferably according to Weber into type A, B and C. This classification describes the fractures according to the location of fracture in relation to the tibiofibular syndesmosis. 

  <b>Injuries of the collateral ligaments of the ankle </b>represent some of the most frequent types of sport injuries. The medial collateral ligament firmer than the lateral and so is injured less often. A sprained ankle, the most common type of ankle injury, is caused by a tear in the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament.


joint: Joints of the lower limb
group_name: Joints of the foot
parent: Articulationes pedis
custom_hierarchy: 8
name: Arches of the foot
memorix_page: 22/7.7+
description:
  <b>The human foot is shaped by two longitudinal and one transverse arch. </b>These arches are formed and maintained by the architecture of the tarsal and metatarsal bones, <b>the long and short ligaments of the foot and the muscles of the foot and leg</b>. The arches are fully developed by the 3rd year of life, at which point the foot is in contact with the ground in three spots: <b>the calcaneal tuberosity, the head of the 1st metatarsal bone and the head of the 5th metatarsal bone</b>. The arches of the foot <b>protect the soft tissue of the foot </b>and function as <b>a spring, converting elastic energy into kinetic energy during gait</b>.

clinical_notes:
   <b>The navicular bone </b>serves as a central keystone of the bony vault at the apex of the longitudinal arch of foot. 

  <b>Exarticulation of the distal part of the foot </b>can be performed along the Chopart's or Lisfranc's joint lines. 

   <b>Hallux valgus </b>is a deformity of the big toe characterised by a lateral deviation of the big toe towards the other toes. It can occur secondarily due to a varus deformity of the 1st metatarsal or to degenerative changes of the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint. 

   <b>Pes transversoplanus </b>is a type of flat foot caused by the collapse of the transverse arch of the foot.


joint: Joints of the upper limb
group_name: Wrist joint
parent: Juncturae membri superioris
latin: articulatio radiocarpalis
name: Wrist joint*1
description:
  Composed of <b>four articulating bones and containing an articular disc</b>, the <b>ellipsoid shaped wrist joint </b>is classified as being both <b>complex and compound</b>. Allows movements in two planes, both separately and simultaneously.


# skeletal_hierarchy_parts

object_id: xxx
la_memorix: cranium
en_memorix: Skull
parent: skeleton axiale
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
comment: 2
type: parent
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
clinical_notes:
  <b>Venepuncture </b>can be performed through the anterior fontanelle to get a sample of dural venous blood.

  <b>Premature closure of the sutures of the newborn </b>skull results in a condition called <b>craniosynostosis </b>and can result in a misshaped skull, intellectural diability and hydrocephalus.

  <b>The brain of newborns and infants </b>may be viewed by ultrasound through the anterior fontanelle.

  <b>The anterior and posterior fontanelles </b>help orientate the head of the baby during delivery.


object_id: xxx
la_memorix: calvaria
en_memorix: Cranial vault
parent: Neurocranium
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.2.1
comment: 2
type: parent
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  <b>The neurocranium</b>, or more colloquially the “brain case”, is a group of bones in the skull that encloses and protects the brain and its associated organs of vision, audition and balance. The neurocranium is divided into <b>the cranial vault</b> and <b>the cranial base</b>. <b>The viscerocranium</b> (facial skeleton) is a group of bones in the skull that surrounds and protects the proximal parts of the digestive and respiratory systems.

general_description:
  <b>The granular foveolae </b>(foveolae granulares) are small depressions located adjacent to the groove for the superior sagittal sinus. They are impressions formed by arachnoid granulations.

  <b>Arachnoid granulations / arachnoid villi </b>(granulationes arachnoideae) are pouches of arachnoid that project into the dural venous sinuses to allow cerebrospinal fluid to be absorbed into the blood. They are also known as <b>Pacchionian granulations</b>.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The triangle of Macewan </b>is an eponym for the <b>suprameatal triangle </b>(foveola suprameatica). The suprameatal triangle can be used to approach the mastoid antrum, which lies 2 cm deep to the surface of the bone.


object_id: [hide_children]
la_memorix: viscerocranium
en_memorix: Viscerocranium
parent: cranium
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.2
comment: 2
type: parent
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
general_description:
  <b>The cerebral falx </b>(falx cerebri) is a fold of dura mater located between the two cerebral hemispheres.


object_id: xxx
la_memorix: columna vertebralis
en_memorix: Vertebral column - spine
parent: skeleton axiale
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
comment: 3
type: parent
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
clinical_notes: <b>The groove for the vertebral artery </b>can be changed into a canal by an osseous bridge.
description:
  <b>The vertebral column</b> is derived from the sclerotomes. <b>The vertebrae</b> are the individual bony units of the vertebral column. We differentiate <b>7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 5 fused sacral vertebrae and 4-5 fused coccygeal vertebrae</b>. The vertebral column has four ventrodorsal curves (two kyphoses and two lordoses) and a slight lateral curve (a physiological scoliosis).

general_description:
  <b>The weakest spot on the axial skeleton </b>is the T5 vertebra.
  <b>Accentuated spinous processes </b>can also be found on vertebra C6 and even T1. When palpating spinous processes the patient's head must be in dorsiflexion. The first palpable vertebra going in a craniocaudal direction is C7. The other cervical spinous processes are not palpable.


object_id: xxx
la_memorix: vertebrae cervicales
en_memorix: Cervical vertebrae
parent: columna vertebralis
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.1
comment: 3.1
type: parent
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  <b>The cervical vertebral column</b> consists of 7 vertebrae and forms<b> the cervical kyphosis</b>. The cervical vertebrae share similar morphological features. <b>The atlas (C1)</b> greatly differs from the basic structure of the vertebrae as it does not have a vertebral body. During development, its body fuses with the dens and becomes part of C2. The cervical vertebral column is<b> connected to the skull</b> and thus participates <b>in skull movements.</b>


object_id: xxx
la_memorix: vertebrae thoracicae
en_memorix: Thoracic vertebrae
parent: columna vertebralis
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.2
comment: 3.2
type: parent
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  The thoracic vertebral column consists of <b>12 vertebrae</b> that share morphological characteristics and form <b>the thoracic kyphosis.</b> <b>The connections of the ribs</b> to the thoracic vertebrae restrict the movements of the thoracic vertebral column.


object_id: xxx
la_memorix: vertebrae lumbales
en_memorix: Lumbar vertebrae
parent: columna vertebralis
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.3
comment: 3.3
type: parent
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  The lumbar vertebral column consists of<b> 5 large vertebrae</b> that share morphological characteristics and form <b>the lumbar lordosis.</b> Transverse processes are less well developed on the lumbar vertebrae. With respect to their embryological origin, <b>the costal processes</b> are the lumbar equivalents of the ribs.


object_id: xxx
la_memorix: os sacrum et os coccygis
en_memorix: Sacrum and coccyx
parent: columna vertebralis
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.4
comment: 3.4
type: parent
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
general_description:
  <b>The intercostal spaces </b>(spatia intercostalia) are filled with intercostal muscles. The intercostal neurovascular bundle courses along the lower border of the rib.

  <b>A thoracocentesis </b>(also known as a pleural tap) is performed above the upper edge of a rib in order to prevent injury of intercostal vessels and nerves running in the costal groove.

  <b>The ribs </b>are lifted up during <b>inspirati</b><b>on</b>, which expands the intrathoracic volume. During <b>expiration, </b>the ribs are lowered and the intrathoracic volume is reduced.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Coccygeal syndrome </b>is caused by shortening of the muscles that insert on the coccyx. These muscles are the levator ani and the ischiococcygeus. This leads to a variety of symptoms that develop in various other parts of body such premenstrual pain, headache, neck pain and pain during walk.

  <b>A sternal puncture </b>is performed by sticking a needle into the bone marrow cavity of the sternum. It is typically used for the diagnosis of haematological disorders.

  <b>Single rib fractures </b>may be very painful but usually do not require treatment. <b>Multiple rib fractures </b>lead to a condition called flail chest, which is characterised by paradoxical breathing. In <b>paradoxical breathing</b>, the fracture fragments move in the opposite direction to the normal movements of the chest. Multiple rib fractures require intensive treatment.

  <b>Cervical ribs </b>are an anatomical abnormality occurring unilaterally or bilaterally on vertebra C7. Although cervical ribs are usually asymptomatic, they may encroach on the surrounding structures. Compression of the brachial plexus and subclavian artery is a cause of <b>thoracic outlet syndrome</b>, which is characterised by sensory disturbances in the ipsilateral arm.


object_id: xxx
la_memorix: skeleton thoracis
en_memorix: Thorax
parent: skeleton axiale
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
comment: 4
type: parent
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: skeleton thoracis
description:
  <b>The thorax</b> consists of <b>the sternum</b> and <b>twelve pairs of ribs.</b> The first seven pairs of ribs are <b>the true ribs</b>, attached by cartilage directly to the sternum. The 8th to 10th ribs are called<b> false ribs</b> and they are connected by cartilage to the ribs directly above them. The 11th and 12th ribs are<b> floating ribs</b> with sharp ventral ends that terminate freely between the abdominal muscles. In general, the ribs belong to the flat bones.


object_id: xxx
la_memorix: skeleton appendiculare
en_memorix: Appendicular skeleton
custom_hierarchy: 2
description: skeleton of the limbs
type: parent
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
general_description:
  <b>The bones of the limbs </b>develop from mesenchymal tissue in the limb buds. The bones of the upper limb begin to develop at the beginning of the 2nd month of intrauterine life, a few days before the bones of the lower limb start to develop.


object_id: xxx
la_memorix: ossa membri superioris
en_memorix: Bones of upper limb
parent: skeleton appendiculare
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
comment: 5
type: parent
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  The bones of the upper limb are divided into two groups: <b>the shoulder girdle</b> and<b> the free part of the upper limb.</b>

general_description:
  <b>The axis of the glenoid cavity </b>projects 9° dorsally from the axis of the scapula. It is thus in <b>retroversion </b>with respect to the scapula.

  <b>The acromion </b>is an anthropometric point. Its lateral edge can be used for measuring the shoulder-to-shoulder width and the length of the upper limb.


object_id: xxx
la_memorix: ossa manus
en_memorix: Bones of hand
parent: pars libera membri superioris
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1.4
comment: 5.6
type: parent
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  <b>The bones of the hand</b> consist o<b>f 8 carpal bones, 5 metacarpals and 14 phalanges.</b> The carpal bones are short bones arranged in<b> two transverse rows.</b> The metacarpals and phalanges are long monoepiphyseal bones arranged in 5 longitudinal lines, corresponding to the 5 fingers.


object_id: [hide_children]
la_memorix: ossa carpi
en_memorix: Carpal bones
parent: ossa manus
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1.4.1
description: wrist bones
comment: 5.6
type: parent
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
general_description:
  <b>In children, </b>the distal epiphyseal cartilage contributes to 75-80 % of forearm growth.

  <b>Ossification of the carpal bones </b>proceeds in a circle starting with the capitate. It serves as an X-ray marker of bone age.

  <b>The obsolete term “navicular bone of the hand” </b>is often used in clinical practice for the scaphoid bone.

  <b>The pisiform </b>(os pisiforme) develops as a sesamoid bone enclosed in the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris (musculus flexor carpi ulnaris).

  <b>The greater and lesser multangular bones </b>(os multangulum majus et minus) are obsolete terms for the trapezium and trapezoid (os trapezium et trapezoideum) respectively.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Fractures of the scaphoid </b>are the most common fractures of the carpal bones. They are characterised by pain over the anatomical snuff box.

  <b>The blood supply of the scaphoid enters its distal end. </b>Fractures of the scaphoid neck can lead to impairment of the blood supply of the proximal fragment. This causes avascular necrosis.

  <b>The most common type of injury </b>to the lunate is dislocation.


object_id: [hide_children]
la_memorix: ossa metacarpi
en_memorix: Metacarpals
parent: ossa manus
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1.4.2
description: bones of the palm
comment: 5.6
type: parent
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
general_description:
  <b>The axis of the hand </b>passes through the third finger.
  <b>The sesamoid bones of the hand</b> (ossa sesamoidea manus) are located in the tendons of the flexor pollicis brevis over the metacarpophalangeal joint.


object_id: xxx
la_memorix: ossa membri inferioris
en_memorix: Bones of lower limb
parent: skeleton appendiculare
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
comment: 6
type: parent
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  The bones of the lower limb are divided into the </b>pelvic girdle <b>and the free part of<b> the lower limb.</b>


object_id: xxx
la_memorix: cingulum pelvicum
en_memorix: Pelvic girdle
parent: ossa membri inferioris
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.1
comment: 6
type: parent
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  The bones of the lower limb are divided into the <b>pelvic girdle </b>and <b>the free part of the lower limb.</b>

general_description:
  <b>During birth</b>, the pelvic ligaments and joints become loosened by the effect of the hormone relaxin, which is produced in the corpus luteum and placenta. This allows the pubic symphysis to be mildly expanded and the coccyx to be dorsally displaced during delivery.

  <b>Sex differences of the pelvis:</b>
  <b>The promontory </b>sticks out less in women.
  <b>The pelvic inlet </b>has a transverse oval shape in women and a heart-shape in men.
  <b>The wings of the ilium </b>are more widely open in women.
  <b>The pubic symphysis </b>is shorter in women.
  <b>The inferior pubic rami </b>form an angle termed the pubic arch in women. In men, they form an acute angle called the pubic angle.
  <b>The sacrum is shorter and wider</b> in women. The angle between the base and anterior surface is sharper and the size of the auricular surface is smaller.
  <b>The coccyx </b>is shorter and more mobile in women.
  <b>The preauricular groove </b>is present in women only.

  <b>The bispinal distance </b>(distanti a bispinalis) is an obsolete term for the interspinous distance.

  <b>Bicristal distance </b>(distantia bicristalis) is an obsolete term for the intercristal distance.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Traumatic pelvic fractures </b>are complex injuries with many bone fragments. Injury of the pelvic organs and vascular plexuses leads to large blood loss (3-4 liters) and hypovolemic shock.


object_id: xxx
la_memorix: ossa pedis
en_memorix: Bones of foot
parent: pars libera membri inferioris
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.2.5
comment: 6.6
type: parent
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  The bones of the foot consist of <b>7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsal bones and 14 phalanges</b>. The tarsal bones form the <b>longitudinal and transverse arch of the foot. </b>The longitundinal arch is divided into a medial and lateral arch. <b>The lateral arch </b>consists of the calcaneus, cuboid and the 5th metatarsal. <b>The medial </b>arch consists of the calcaneus, talus, navicular bone, the three cuneiform bones and the 1st metatarsal. The general organisation of <b>the metatarsals and phalanges of the foot </b>is similar to the organisation of the metacarpals and phalanges of the hand.


object_id: [hide_children]
la_memorix: ossa tarsi
en_memorix: Tarsal bones
parent: ossa pedis
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.2.5.1
comment: 6.6
type: parent
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
general_description:
  <b>Almost 60 % of the surface area of the talus </b>is covered by cartilage. It receives blood only from areas that are not covered by cartilage. Its blood supply is very liable to compromise in trauma.

  <b>The calcaneus </b>is made up of a large proportion trabecular bone. It has a thicker compact layer close to the insertion of the calcaneal tendon.

  <b>Astragalus </b>is a Greek term for talus.

  <b>A groove for the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus </b>is located on both the talus and calcaneus. Together they form a canal for this tendon in its tendinous sheath.

  <b>The tarsal sinus </b>(sinus tarsi) is situated between the talar sulcus (sulcus tali) and calcaneal sulcus (sulcus calcanei). It is filled with the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament.

  <b>Os peroneum </b>is a small accessory bone (present in 25 %) located at the lateral plantar aspect of the cuboid within the tendon of the fibularis longus as it arches around the cuboid.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The calcaneus </b>is the most frequently injured bone of the tarsus.

  <b>A calcaneal spur </b>(calcar calcanei) is an osseous projection formed inside the ligament and muscle attachments on the calcaneal tuberosity (its plantar surface) or less often at the attachment of the calcaneal tendon. It forms due to repeated stress on the calcaneus and can cause pain during walking.

  <b>Pain in the calcaneus </b>can develop in the presence of calcaneal spurs, in hypertonicity of the triceps surae and quadratus plantae, in overload of the plantar aponeurosis and in depression of the transverse arch of the foot.


object_id: [hide_children]
la_memorix: ossa metatarsi
en_memorix: Metatarsals
parent: ossa pedis
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.2.5.2
comment: 6.6
type: parent
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
general_description:
  <b>The tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone </b>has its own centre of ossification.

  <b>The sesamoid bones of foot </b>(ossa sesamoidea pedis) are located in the flexor hallucis brevis tendons over the first metatarsophalangeal joint.

clinical_notes:
  <b>March fractures </b>are a form of fatigue fractures that affect the second and third metatarsal bone after prolonged periods of marching or running. They occur most frequently in firm shoes with hard soles.

  <b>Avulsion fractures </b>can occur on the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal by traction at the fibularis brevis attachment. <b>Pain and swelling around the heads of the metatarsals </b>develop in depression of transverse arch of the foot and insufficient foothold of calcaneus.

  <b>Metatarsalgia of Morton </b>is a painful disorder caused by compression of nerves in the intermetatarsal spaces.


object_id: [hide_children]
la_memorix: ossa digitorum pedis
en_memorix: Phalanges
parent: ossa pedis
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.2.5.3
comment: 6.6
type: parent
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
clinical_notes:
  <b>Hammer toe </b>(digitus malleus) is a common foot deformity. It is caused by a disbalance between the short and long foot muscles. It is characterised by flexion at the proximal interphalangeal joint and hyperextension in the distal interphalangeal joint. The most common cause is wearing of ill-fitting shoes, which puts pressure on the proximal phalanges and cause blisters and painful corns (clavi).

  <b>A bunion </b>(hallux valgus) is a foot deformity, characterised by lateral deviation of the big toe. A bulge can develop in the area of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. This disorder is more common in women who wear shoes with stiletto heels.


object_id: xxx
la_memorix: dentes
en_memorix: Teeth
custom_hierarchy: 3
comment: 7
type: parent
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: dentes
description:
  <b>The teeth </b>are held in the dental alveoli by a specific type of joint called a<b> gomphosis</b>. They are arranged in two arches:<b> the maxillary and mandibular arcades</b>. Eruption of </b>deciduous teeth </b>begins in the 6th month of life and ends in the 24th month. There are 20 deciduous teeth in total. Eruption of <b>permanent teeth</b> begins in the 6th year and is usually complete by the 30th year. There are 32 permanent teeth in total. The main function of the teeth is<b> mechanical digestion</b>. However they also take part in voice production and maintenance of the proper position of the temporomandibular joint.

general_description:
  <b>Odus (genitive: odontos) </b>is the greek term for tooth.

  <b> Dental articulation</b> (gliding occlusion) is term for the mutual contact of the occlusal surfaces of the upper and lower teeth. 

  <b>Neutrocclusion</b> is a form of occlusion characterised by the upper teeth being located anterior to the lower teeth. 

  <b>Crossbite</b> is a form of occlusion when part of the lower dental arcade overlaps with the upper arcade. 

  <b>The old system of the dental formula </b>was based on the first letter of the Latin name of each tooth and its location in the dental arcade:
  <b>Deciduous teeth</b> – i1, i2, m1, c, m2
  <b>Permanent teeth </b>– M1, I1, I2, P1, C, P2, M2, M3.

  <b>A mnemonic</b> for the sequence of permanent teeth eruption based on the old system of the dental formula is: “Mama Is In Pain, Papa Can Make Medicine”.

  <b>The first molar (M1)</b> is under the most pressure. <b>The third molars (M3) </b>erupt in adulthood and are also called wisdom teeth. According to the knowledge of tooth eruption, it is possible to estimate the age of a child with a discrepancy of about half a year. Contact surface of the tooth (facies contactus) is an obsolete term for the approximal surface of a tooth.

  <b>According to the knowledge of tooth eruption,</b> it is possible to estimate the age of a child with a discrepancy of about half a year. 

  <b>Contact surface of the tooth </b>(facies contactus) is an obsolete term for the approximal surface of a tooth.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The periodontal gap </b>is a space richly innervated and supplied with blood, located between the tooth and alveolus where the periodontium is located.

  <b>The periapical space</b> is a widening of the periodontal gap around the root apex. Inflammatory of teeth is most likely to occur here .

  <b>Occlusal abrasion</b> is abrasion of the teeth caused by wearing out during life.

  <b>Gingival recession</b> (receding gums) is a loss of gum tissue caudal to the crown of the tooth. It exposes the neck of the tooth. 

  <b>A reduction of the alveolar processes </b>is a decrease in height of the alveolar bones.

  <b>An orthopantomograph (OPG)</b> is an X-ray image that clearly shows the facial part of the skull with the teeth in both dental arcades.


object_id: dentes canini 3
la_memorix: Dentem Canine maxillaris
en_memorix: Maxillary Canine Tooth (left)
parent: dentes canini
comment: 7.1
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: dentes
sub_group: dentes canini
description:
  -<indent=3em>contain one root and usually one root canal</indent>
  -<indent=3em>there is one canine in each quadrant, which is referred to by the number 3</indent>


object_id: dentes incisivi 1
la_memorix: Central molle Dentem maxillaris
en_memorix: Maxillary Central Incisor
parent: dentes incisivi
comment: 7.1
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: dentes
sub_group: dentes incisivi
description:
  -<indent=3em>contain one root and usually one root canal</indent>
  -<indent=3em>there are two incisors in each quadrant, which are referred to by the numbers 1 and 2</indent>


object_id: dentes morales 8
la_memorix: Maxillaris Molares tertius (dens serotinus)
en_memorix: Maxillary third molar (Wisdom Tooth)
parent: dentes molares
comment: 7.1
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: dentes
sub_group: dentes molares
description:
  -<indent=3em>there are three molars in each quadrant, which are referred to by the numbers 6, 7, 8</indent>


object_id: dentes premolares 4
la_memorix: Primum ostium pharyngeum maxillaris
en_memorix: Maxillary First Premolar
parent: dentes premolares
comment: 7.1
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: dentes
sub_group: dentes premolares
description:
  -<indent=3em>contain one root and usually one root canal but the upper first premolar has two roots and two canals</indent>
  -<indent=3em>there are two premolars in each quadrant, which are referred to by the numbers</indent>


object_id: atlas c1
la_memorix: Atlas (C1)
en_memorix: Atlas (C1)
parent: vertebrae cervicales
custom_hierarchy: 1
comment: 3.1
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  <b>The atlas </b>is named after the Greek god atlas who held the celestial sphere on his shoulders. The atlas mountain range in North Africa also bear his name.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The transverse processes of the atlas and axis </b>may be sensitive to touch and pressure. This is typically caused by a <b>hypertonic levator scapula</b>, which typically occurs in people with sedentary lifestyles or from carrying heavy weights.

  <b>Disorders of the cervical spine </b>can lead to compression of the vertebral artery which results in reduced blood supply to the brain. This causes a syndrome called vertebrobasilar insufficiency, which is characterised by a constellation of various symptoms depending on which part of the brain is affected. Symptoms include fatigue, headache, vertigo, tinnitus and unconsciousness. The disorder is most commonly caused by atherosclerosis of the vertebral arteries.


object_id: atlas c1
la_memorix: fovea dentis
en_memorix: Facet for dens
parent: arcus anterior atlantis
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
color: 6E9B70
hit_position: 0.05574,0.90577,24.56992
hit_normal: -0.21003,10.14699,2.73888
body_rotation: 342.45550,177.94890,0.61843
comment: 3.1
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>aritculates with the dens </indent>
  -<indent=3em>is located on the dorsal surface of the anterior arch</indent>


object_id: atlas c1
la_memorix: facies articularis superior
en_memorix: Superior articular surface
parent: massa lateralis
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
color: B5D3EF
hit_position: 0.45868,1.25559,24.77880
hit_normal: -0.39174,5.61197,8.08381
body_rotation: 302.45290,180.79560,359.32860
comment: 3.1
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>articulates with the occipital condyle on the occipital bone </indent>
  -<indent=3em>is concave and kidney-shaped</indent>


object_id: atlas c1
la_memorix: sulcus arteriae vertebralis
en_memorix: Groove for vertebral artery
parent: arcus posterior atlantis
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
color: 97292C
hit_position: -0.45718,1.68294,24.48672
hit_normal: 0.32523,8.79902,4.30720
body_rotation: 333.24510,177.83030,0.97700
comment: 3.1
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  paired grooves located on the cranial aspect of the posterior arch for the vertebral artery and vein and the suboccipital nerve


object_id: atlas c1
la_memorix: tuberculum anterius
en_memorix: Anterior tubercle
parent: arcus anterior atlantis
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
color: 9AB544
hit_position: 0.03825,0.71828,24.53912
hit_normal: 0.46392,-9.04983,-0.32933
body_rotation: 359.39970,356.42420,0.03761
comment: 3.1
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the longus colli and anterior longitudinal ligament</indent>
  -<indent=3em>is located on the ventral surface of the anterior arch</indent>


object_id: atlas c1
la_memorix: tuberculum posterius
en_memorix: Posterior tubercle
parent: arcus posterior atlantis
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
color: 6BB3F2
hit_position: 0.03204,2.30709,24.64856
hit_normal: 0.13972,4.01374,8.53970
body_rotation: 297.64050,180.04820,359.95720
comment: 3.1
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>the embryological remnant of the spinous process</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the origin of the rectus capitis posterior minor and the attachment of the nuchal ligament</indent>


object_id: atlas c1
la_memorix: canalis vertebralis
en_memorix: Vertebral canal
parent: foramen vertebrale
custom_hierarchy: 5.1
external_objects: veretebral_foramen_c01
color: 3ec3ff
hit_position: 0.05374,1.63506,24.46999
hit_normal: 0.00451,3.41281,13.34341
body_rotation: 283.89970,170.49670,9.22987
comment: 3.1
type: foramen
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>contains the spinal cord with its meninges and vessels</indent>
  -<indent=3em>is formed by connecti on of adjacent vertebral foramina</indent>


object_id: atlas c1
la_memorix: foramen intervertebrale
en_memorix: Intervertebral foramen
external_objects: intervertebral_foramen_c01
color: 3ec3ff
hit_position: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
hit_normal: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
body_rotation: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
comment: 3.1
type: foramen
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>is formed by connecti on of the notches of adjacent vertebrae</indent>
  -<indent=3em>transmits the spinal nerve with some small vessels</indent>


object_id: axis c2
la_memorix: Axis (C2)
en_memorix: Axis (C2)
parent: vertebrae cervicales
custom_hierarchy: 2
description: <b>Epistropheus </b>is an obsolete term for the vertebra C2 (axis).
comment: 3.1
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
clinical_notes:
  <b>Fracture of the dens axis </b>with posterior dislocation causes immediate death by compression of the medulla oblongata. This is the mechanical principle of death caused by hanging.

  <b>Sandberg projection </b>is the X-ray picture of the dens axis taken from the front with an open mouth. The dens axis is <b>approached surgically </b>through the posterior pharyngeal wall.


object_id: axis c2
la_memorix: Pediculus arcus vertebrae
en_memorix: Pedicle
parent: Arcus vertebrae
custom_hierarchy: 6.2
color: 605ADC
hit_position: 0.24703,1.06248,23.84503
hit_normal: -0.41655,-8.11781,-3.94806
body_rotation: 334.55230,359.72800,0.11674
comment: 3.1
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  the anterior part of the vertebral arch
  -<indent=3em>the narrowest part of the arch</indent>
  -<indent=3em>connect to the vertebral body</indent>


object_id: axis c2
la_memorix: dens axis
en_memorix: Dens
parent: dens axis
custom_hierarchy: 5
color: 378DB2
hit_position: -0.05324,0.99983,24.45820
hit_normal: -7.79417,-4.94204,0.35851
body_rotation: 2.70136,53.22341,3.60774
comment: 3.1
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>the embryological remnant of the body of the atlas</indent>
  -<indent=3em>articulates with the anterior arch of the atlas</indent>


object_id: clavicula
la_memorix: Clavicula
en_memorix: Clavicle
parent: cingulum pectorale
custom_hierarchy: 0
comment: 5.1
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  <b>The clavicle </b>is a <b>S-shaped </b>bone with a medial convexity pointing ventrally. It <b>articulates </b><b>with the scapula and the sternum </b>and is part of the <b>pectoral girdle</b>. It is the first bone to ossifiy, which it does by both <b>intramembranous </b>and <b>endochondral ossification.</b>

general_description:
  <b>Orientation of the clavicle: </b>the sternal end is thicker and the acromial end is flat. The superior surface is smooth. The inferior surface is decorated by bony markings. The medial two thirds have a ventral convexity.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Fractures of the clavicle </b>are commonly associated with fragment dislocation. The medial part of the clavicle tends to be pulled cranially by the sternocleidomastoid. The lateral part of the clavicle can become caudally displaced by the coracoclavicular ligament.

  <b>Clavicular injuries </b>are sometimes associated with injury of the subclavian artery and/or brachial plexus.


object_id: clavicula
la_memorix: corpus claviculae
en_memorix: Body of clavicle
custom_hierarchy: 2
color: AAD742
hit_position: -2.76165,0.82045,19.96515
hit_normal: 4.89099,-13.44139,19.38019
body_rotation: 46.92768,327.35010,334.91730
comment: 5.1
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>the shaft of the clavicle </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the origin of the clavicular part of pectoralis major</indent>


object_id: clavicula
la_memorix: impressio ligamenti costoclavicularis
en_memorix: Impression for costoclavicular ligament
parent: extremitas sternalis
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
color: 0
hit_position: -0.81783,0.29936,19.88202
hit_normal: 1.96834,12.27003,26.19391
body_rotation: 299.02570,214.56380,328.93550
comment: 5.1
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  the attachment of the costoclavicular ligament, which connects the clavicle to the cartilage of the 1st rib


object_id: clavicula
la_memorix: linea trapezoidea
en_memorix: Trapezoid line
parent: tuberositas ligamenti coracoclavicularis
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.2
color: AAF255
hit_position: -4.71491,2.12314,20.17631
hit_normal: -10.52392,10.83718,-17.63615
body_rotation: 27.62102,119.90080,321.12300
comment: 5.1
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the trapezoid ligament</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the conoid ligament and trapezoid ligament form the coracoclavicular ligament</indent>


object_id: clavicula
la_memorix: extremitas sternalis
en_memorix: Sternal end
parent: extremitas sternalis
custom_hierarchy: 1
color: F49929
hit_position: -0.42854,0.24934,19.86049
hit_normal: 12.49637,-17.25569,6.18243
body_rotation: 11.48844,321.28860,350.93040
comment: 5.1
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments and the interclavicular ligament</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the origin of the sternohyoid and clavicular part of the sternocleidomastoid</indent>


object_id: clavicula
la_memorix: extremitas acromialis
en_memorix: Acromial end
parent: extremitas acromialis
custom_hierarchy: 3
color: FDFA4A
hit_position: -4.77560,2.03784,20.41908
hit_normal: -2.98883,6.13367,22.35167
body_rotation: 304.64970,120.26930,54.64568
comment: 5.1
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  the origin of the clavicular part of the deltoid and the insertion of the descending part of the trapezius


object_id: concha nasi inferior 1
la_memorix: concha nasalis inferior 1
en_memorix: inferior nasal concha
parent: viscerocranium
comment: 2.7
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  Unlike the other conchae, <b>the inferior nasal concha </b>is an independent bone. The inferior nasal concha is connected to the maxilla and separates the <b>inferior nasal meatus </b>from the middle nasal meatus.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The supreme nasal concha </b>(concha nasalis suprema) is a variable concha located on the roof of the nasal cavity.


object_id: corpus fibula
la_memorix: fibula
en_memorix: Fibula (Calf bone)
parent: pars libera membri inferioris
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.2.4
comment: 6.5
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  <b>The fibula </b>is a long bone located on the <b>lateral aspect of the leg</b>. <b>It does not bear any </b><b>weight </b>of the body and serves only for attachments of muscles. The distal end of the fibula forms the <b>lateral malleolus.</b>

general_description:
  <b>Perone </b>is a Greek term for fibula. Peroneus is often used synonymously with fibularis.

  <b>The tuberosity above the articular facet of the lateral malleolus </b>(facies articularis malleoli lateralis) serves for the attachment of the tibiofibular syndesmosis.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The common fibular nerve </b>(nervus fibularis communis) runs superficially behind the head and neck of the fibula. It can be injured by trauma or by an incorrectly positioned cast compressing the nerve.


object_id: corpus fibula
la_memorix: sulcus malleolaris
en_memorix: Malleolar groove
parent: malleolus lateralis
custom_hierarchy: 4.3
color: 377C79
hit_position: -4.45595,1.70841,-27.18799
hit_normal: 15.08159,70.46636,-6.91211
body_rotation: 9.47128,191.12710,1.85376
comment: 6.5
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  transmits the tendons of the fibularis longus and brevis in a common tendon sheath under the superior fibular retinaculum


object_id: corpus fibula
la_memorix: caput fibulae
en_memorix: Head
custom_hierarchy: 1
color: FABD60
hit_position: -4.32504,1.44763,-13.77367
hit_normal: 14.02514,68.52290,11.17263
body_rotation: 345.87050,191.95650,357.04060
comment: 6.5
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>the insertion of the biceps femoris</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the fibular collateral ligament, arcuate popliteal ligament and anterior and posterior ligaments of the head of the fibula</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the origin of the soleus and fibularis longus</indent>


object_id: corpus maxillae 1
la_memorix: Maxilla @1
en_memorix: Maxilla (left)
parent: viscerocranium
custom_hierarchy: 0
comment: 2.11
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  The maxilla is a paired bone of the <b>viscerocranium </b>that develops by <b>intramembranous ossification</b>. It consists of a <b>body </b>with <b>four surfaces </b>and <b>four processes. </b>The maxilla is a <b>pneumatised bone </b>and contains the largest paranasal sinus: <b>the maxillary sinus.</b>

general_description:
  <b>Involution of the alveolar processes. </b>After loss of the teeth, the alveolar processes (processus alveolaris) of both the maxilla and mandible diminish in size.

  <b>The maxillary hiatus </b>is narrowed by the ethmoidal bulla, the uncinate process of the middle nasal concha and the palatine bone.

  <b>The incisive fossa </b>(fossa incisiva) is an anatomical term that is used for two different structures:
  1. <b>A shallow pit above the first incisive </b>tooth on the anterior surface of the maxilla. This is the origin of the depressor septi nasi muscle (musculus depressor septi nasi)
  2. <b>A pit behind the incisive teeth on the incisive bone </b>where the incisive foramina and the lower ends of the incisive canals are situated.


object_id: corpus maxillae 1
la_memorix: canalis incisivus
en_memorix: Incisive canal
parent: os incisivum, premaxilla
custom_hierarchy: 4.3.2
color: F7F808
hit_position: -0.00332,-1.79907,24.88843
hit_normal: 8.12563,8.50036,-4.16182
body_rotation: 15.04944,225.31900,14.71155
comment: 2.11
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>a paired canal connecting the nasal and oral cavities </indent>
  -<indent=3em>transmits the nasopalatine nerve and a branch of the sphenopalatine artery</indent>


object_id: corpus maxillae 1
la_memorix: os incisivum, premaxilla
en_memorix: Incisive bone
parent: processus palatinus
custom_hierarchy: 4.3
color: D37FD3
hit_position: -0.00299,-2.02904,24.87012
hit_normal: 8.12530,8.73034,-4.14351
body_rotation: 15.04944,225.31900,14.71155
comment: 2.11
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>the ventral part of maxilla that holds the incisor teeth </indent>
  -<indent=3em>develops as an independent bone (the primary palate) </indent>
  -<indent=3em>is separated from the maxilla by the incisive suture, which is only present in some adults</indent>


object_id: corpus maxillae 1
la_memorix: facies nasalis
en_memorix: Nasal surface
parent: corpus maxillae
color: 0
hit_position: -0.23139,-1.91131,26.25461
hit_normal: 17.79531,-2.09934,-0.67018
body_rotation: 0.15704,276.63070,358.64910
comment: 2.11
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>the medial surface of the maxilla </indent>
  -<indent=3em>forms part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity</indent>


object_id: corpus maxillae 1
la_memorix: foramina alveolaria
en_memorix: Alveolar foramina
parent: Facies infratemporalis
custom_hierarchy: 1.8
color: 4F72FF
hit_position: -1.10759,-0.63928,25.09416
hit_normal: -5.94786,10.73695,1.68978
body_rotation: 354.35780,148.75890,3.41306
comment: 2.11
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  transmit the posterior superior alveolar branches of the maxillary nerve and the posterior superior alveolar vessels to the upper posterior teeth


object_id: corpus maxillae 1
la_memorix: Fossa canina
en_memorix: Canine Fossa
parent: facies anterior
custom_hierarchy: 1.5
color: 6BC7EF
hit_position: -0.59698,-1.90619,25.27846
hit_normal: -2.88023,-16.78044,-2.35194
body_rotation: 352.36690,6.70113,359.10570
comment: 2.11
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>is located lateral to the canine tooth root</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the origin of the levator anguli oris</indent>


object_id: corpus maxillae 1
la_memorix: Crista lacrimalis anterior
en_memorix: Anterior Lacrimal Crest
parent: Processus frontalis
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
color: 9AEAA2
hit_position: -0.30140,-1.85463,26.64547
hit_normal: -17.94173,1.03601,2.53815
body_rotation: 359.99010,90.04446,12.68947
comment: 2.11
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>together with the lacrimal bone forms a fossa for the lacrimal sac</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the medial palpebral ligament</indent>


object_id: corpus maxillae 1
la_memorix: Processus palatinus
en_memorix: Palatine Process
parent: Processus palatinus
custom_hierarchy: 4
color: F7BD63
hit_position: -0.26518,-1.46657,25.03238
hit_normal: 6.83615,11.33845,12.08893
body_rotation: 326.35090,219.33160,335.58010
comment: 2.11
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>forms the hard palate</indent>
  -<indent=3em>connects to the contralateral palatine process, forming the median palatine suture</indent>


object_id: corpus sterni
la_memorix: Corpus sterni
en_memorix: Sternum
parent: sternum
custom_hierarchy: 0
comment: 4
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: skeleton thoracis
description:
  <b>The thorax </b>consists of <b>the sternum </b>and <b>twelve pairs of ribs. </b>The first seven pairs of ribs are the <b>true ribs</b>, attached by cartilage directly to the sternum. The 8th to 10th ribs are called <b>false ribs </b>and they are connected by cartilage to the ribs directly above them. The 11th and 12th ribs are <b>floating ribs </b>with sharp ventral ends that terminate freely between the abdominal muscles. In general, the ribs belong to the flat bones.


object_id: costa prima 1
en_memorix: First rib – unique features
parent: costa prima
custom_hierarchy: 6
hit_position: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
hit_normal: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
body_rotation: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
comment: 4
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: skeleton thoracis
description:
  -<indent=3em>is short and flat </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the costal cartilage usually ossifies, transforming the sternocostal synchondrosis into a synostosis</indent>


object_id: costa secunda 2
la_memorix: sulcus costae
en_memorix: Costal groove
custom_hierarchy: 6
color: 4AE2C6
hit_position: -2.93961,2.49187,20.40385
hit_normal: -9.84416,14.78886,5.92633
body_rotation: 344.24440,143.77980,11.24824
comment: 4
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: skeleton thoracis
description:
  -<indent=3em>a groove on the caudal margin of the dorsal surface of a rib </indent>
  -<indent=3em>transmits the intercostal vein, intercostal artery and intercostal nerve (in this cranio-caudal order)</indent>


object_id: humerus
la_memorix: Humerus
en_memorix: Humerus
parent: pars libera membri superioris
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1.1
comment: 5.3
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  <b>The humerus </b>is a long bone of the free upper limb. It is divided into a head, a shaft and a condyle. <b>The head of the humerus </b>is a component of the shoulder joint. Two projections, the greater and lesser tubercle, are located on the head and serve as insertion sites for the rotator cuff muscles. <b>The radial nerve and the deep brachial artery </b>run around <b>the shaft of the humerus </b>in a groove on the posterior surface called the <b>radial groove</b>. The distal end of the humerus is called <b>the condyle of the humerus. </b>It is a component of the elbow joint. It posses <b>a medial and lateral epicondyle</b>, which serve as origin sites for the muscles of the forearm.

general_description:
  <b>The angle of inclination of the humerus </b>is the angle between the head and body and is about 130°.

  In children, the <b>proximal epiphyseal cartilage </b>contributes to 80 % of the growth of the humerus.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Fractures of the distal humerus </b>can cause injury to the ulnar nerve.

  <b>The surgical neck of the humerus </b>is an area of frequent fractures in adults. Injury to the anterior and posterior circumflex arteries can occur causing ischaemia and necrosis of the head of the humerus.

  <b>Injuries of the diaphysis of the humerus </b>can damage the radial nerve and deep brachial artery, which are located in the groove for the radial nerve.

  <b>The muscles of the rotator cuff </b>are inserted on the greater and lesser tubercles. They are responsible for the stability of the shoulder joint. During shoulder joint replacement operations these muscles and their insertions must be preserved.

  <b>Pain over the greater tubercle </b>occurs when excessive internal rotation ruptures the rotator cuff muscles. <b>Pain over the lesser tubercle </b>can be caused by an overuse injury of internal rotation.

  The osseous plate between the olecranon fossa and coronoid fossa may contain a hole called the <b>supratrochlear foramen</b>. This can cause hypermobility of the elbow joint, capable of hyperextension.

  <b>"Golfer`s elbow" </b>is an overuse injury of the flexor group of muscles that attach to the medial epicondyle. The symptoms are precipitated by striking a golf club on the ground, which stretches the flexor origin on the medial epicondyle and causes pain located in this region.

  <b>"Tennis elbow" </b>is an overuse injury of the common extensor tendon attachment on the lateral epicondyle. It is typically caused by backhand strokes in tennis and working on computers for long periods of time. It is characterised by pain over the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.


object_id: humerus
la_memorix: foramen nutricium
en_memorix: Nutrient foramen
parent: corpus humeri
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
color: FFFC8F
hit_position: -7.41574,2.56908,15.87575
hit_normal: -0.06984,6.86583,-3.41771
body_rotation: 24.57525,179.36830,359.73740
comment: 5.3
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>the entrance of vessels into the medullary cavity </indent>
  -<indent=3em>points distally</indent>


object_id: humerus
la_memorix: fossa radialis
en_memorix: Radial fossa
parent: condylus humeri
custom_hierarchy: 4.9
color: 3F9E47
hit_position: -9.23569,1.63412,10.87123
hit_normal: 8.34792,-35.86438,24.63811
body_rotation: 28.66687,346.13240,353.24590
comment: 5.3
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>is located ventrolaterally on the condyle of the humerus</indent>
  -<indent=3em>contains the head of the radius when the forearm is flexed</indent>


object_id: humerus
la_memorix: fossa olecrani
en_memorix: Olecranon fossa
parent: condylus humeri
custom_hierarchy: 4.7
color: E18B29
hit_position: -9.15929,1.96226,10.95541
hit_normal: -7.69962,37.22814,-25.96673
body_rotation: 36.89666,162.65350,349.37870
comment: 5.3
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>is located dorsally on the condyle of the humerus</indent>
  -<indent=3em>contains the olecranon of the ulna when the forearm is extended</indent>


object_id: humerus
la_memorix: sulcus intertubercularis
en_memorix: Intertubercular sulcus
parent: caput humeri
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
color: B56C16
hit_position: -6.98009,2.05740,18.39664
hit_normal: -14.37227,-46.42190,-2.59563
body_rotation: 0.95485,16.20430,0.27747
comment: 5.3
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>the bicipital groove</indent>
  -<indent=3em>a groove between the greater and lesser tubercles</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the long head of the biceps runs through it in a tendinous sheath</indent>


object_id: humerus
la_memorix: sulcus nervi radialis
en_memorix: Radial groove
parent: corpus humeri
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
color: 680F10
hit_position: -7.52339,2.58706,15.58960
hit_normal: 0.03782,6.84785,-3.13157
body_rotation: 24.57525,179.36830,359.73740
comment: 5.3
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>an oblique groove for the radial nerve and the deep brachial vessels</indent>
  -<indent=3em>is located on the posterior surface of the shaft</indent>
  -<indent=3em>is bordered by the medial and lateral heads of the triceps brachii, which form the radial canal</indent>


object_id: humerus
la_memorix: fossa coronoidea
en_memorix: Coronoid fossa
parent: condylus humeri
custom_hierarchy: 4.8
color: 3F3C9C
hit_position: -8.82713,1.61042,10.75358
hit_normal: 11.94561,-37.84802,18.42108
body_rotation: 19.04349,341.81190,353.88090
comment: 5.3
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>is located ventromedially on the condyle of the humerus</indent>
  -<indent=3em>contains the coronoid process of the ulna when the forearm is flexed</indent>


object_id: humerus
la_memorix: tuberculum minus
en_memorix: Lesser tubercle
parent: caput humeri
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
color: CB92DE
hit_position: -6.53784,1.64785,19.01349
hit_normal: -1.29976,-33.75819,24.90707
body_rotation: 39.97548,359.81470,359.88100
comment: 5.3
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>projects ventromedially from the head</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the insertion of the subscapularis</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the glenohumeral ligaments and transverse humeral ligament</indent>


object_id: humerus
la_memorix: tuberculum majus
en_memorix: Greater tubercle
parent: caput humeri
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
color: 9F56B8
hit_position: -7.20810,2.51651,19.10789
hit_normal: -36.13086,-8.56622,21.97312
body_rotation: 7.57841,79.20051,34.65961
comment: 5.3
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>projects dorslaterally from the head</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the insertion of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the coracohumeral ligament and transverse humeral ligament</indent>


object_id: mandibula
la_memorix: mandibula
en_memorix: Mandible
parent: viscerocranium
custom_hierarchy: 0
comment: 2.12
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  <b>The mandible </b>is an unpaired bone of <b>the viscerocranium </b>that develops as a paired bone by both <b>intramembranous </b>and <b>endochondral ossification</b>. It consists of a <b>body </b>and two broad <b>rami</b>. The mandible is the only skull bone that is connected with the rest of the skull by a synovial joint: <b>the temporomandibular joint</b>. It serves as a place of insertion for all the <b>masticatory muscles</b>.

general_description:
  <b>The retromolar triangle </b>(trigonum retromolare) is a triangular space located behind the third molar.

  <b>The retromolar fossa </b>(fossa retromolaris) is a depression located in the retromolar triangle.

  <b>The lingula of the mandible </b>(lingula mandibulae) delimits the mandibular foramen anteriorly and serves as the attachment for the sphenomandibular ligament.

  <b>The oblique line </b>(linea obliqua) is a line on the outer surface of the mandible leading to the mental tubercle and separating the base of the mandible (basis mandibulae) from the alveolar part (pars alveolaris). It serves as an origin for some of the facial muscles.

  <b>Small and independent centres of ossification </b>may occur in certain fontanelles. This leads to formation of some small accessory skull bones. Such bones include <b>the bregmatic bone </b>(os bregmaticum) in the anterior fontanelle and <b>the epipteric bone </b>(os epiptericum) in the posterior fontanelle<b>. </b>

  <b>Sutural bones </b>(ossa suturarum) are also known as <b>Wormian bones</b>. They are variable small irregular bones located within the cranial sutures, most frequently around the parietal bones.


object_id: mandibula
la_memorix: crista temporalis
en_memorix: Temporal crest
parent: processus coronoideus
custom_hierarchy: 2.5.1
color: D68984
hit_position: -1.54051,-0.41197,24.79155
hit_normal: -14.16802,-10.65821,4.19508
body_rotation: 8.12261,52.28558,10.35469
comment: 2.12
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>is located between the anterior border of the coronoid process and the external surface of the body of the mandible </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the insertion of the temporal muscle</indent>


object_id: mandibula
la_memorix: tuberositas pterygoidea
en_memorix: Pterygoid tuberosity
parent: angulus mandibulae
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.2
color: 5D7C2C
hit_position: -1.61757,0.46832,23.69701
hit_normal: 2.95329,18.69637,0.79876
body_rotation: 358.00000,184.16110,359.85460
comment: 2.12
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>a tuberosity on the internal surface of the angle </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the insertion of the medial pterygoid and the attachment of the stylomandibular ligament</indent>


object_id: mandibula
la_memorix: tuberositas masseterica
en_memorix: Masseteric tuberosity
parent: angulus mandibulae
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1
color: 79CAC6
hit_position: 1.67425,0.25996,23.67510
hit_normal: 13.47324,-13.72717,0.54564
body_rotation: 0.78778,310.56680,359.07970
comment: 2.12
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>a tuberosity on the external surface of the angle </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the insertion of the masseter</indent>


object_id: mandibula
la_memorix: spina mentalis superior et inferior
en_memorix: Superior and inferior mental spines
parent: Corpus mandibulae
custom_hierarchy: 1.5
color: 605CDC
hit_position: -0.08136,-1.71821,23.14601
hit_normal: -7.32865,20.54296,4.27662
body_rotation: 351.62310,158.91570,3.21478
comment: 2.12
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>the genioglossus originates on the superior mental spine </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the geniohyoid originates on the inferior mental spine</indent>


object_id: mandibula
la_memorix: Fossa submandibularis
en_memorix: Submandibular Fossa
parent: Corpus mandibulae
custom_hierarchy: 1.8
color: 9C9E3C
hit_position: 0.85914,-0.98819,23.25178
hit_normal: -0.77814,18.19573,-7.84649
body_rotation: 26.59110,177.19870,358.74540
comment: 2.12
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>is located below the mylohyoid line</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the location of the of submandibular salivary gland</indent>


object_id: mandibula
la_memorix: Fovea sublingualis
en_memorix: Sublingual Fossa
parent: Corpus mandibulae
custom_hierarchy: 1.7
color: 9C9DE9
hit_position: -0.20190,-1.79300,23.59711
hit_normal: 1.34158,20.82464,2.95294
body_rotation: 353.80190,183.01210,359.67470
comment: 2.12
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>is located above the mylohyoid line</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the location of the sublingual salivary gland</indent>


object_id: mandibula
la_memorix: Linea mylohyoidea
en_memorix: Mylohyoid Line
parent: Corpus mandibulae
custom_hierarchy: 1.6
color: 5ADA6B
hit_position: -0.76930,-0.82388,23.58323
hit_normal: -0.10533,20.02816,1.02029
body_rotation: 359.17510,174.99130,0.07247
comment: 2.12
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  the origin of the superior constrictor of the pharynx and the mylohyoid and the attachment of the pterygomandibular raphe


object_id: mandibula
la_memorix: Incisura mandibulae
en_memorix: Mandibular Notch
parent: Ramus mandibulae
custom_hierarchy: 2.6
color: B56910
hit_position: -1.55635,-0.07825,25.14254
hit_normal: -10.92600,9.32115,10.86807
body_rotation: 339.65270,119.88160,31.17976
comment: 2.12
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  a notch located between the condylar and coronoid process that transmits the masseteric artery and vein


object_id: mandibula
la_memorix: Foramen mentale
en_memorix: Mental Foramen
parent: corpus mandibulae
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
color: C35152
hit_position: -0.59816,-1.73500,23.31869
hit_normal: 1.20056,-21.91495,-3.39431
body_rotation: 350.55430,358.27170,0.28349
comment: 2.12
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>the external opening of the mandibular canal</indent>
  -<indent=3em>transmits the inferior alveolar nerve and vessels</indent>


object_id: manubrium sterni
la_memorix: manubrium sterni
en_memorix: Manubrium of sternum
color: AAD742
hit_position: -0.06787,-0.19707,19.04958
hit_normal: -5.30666,-9.08232,1.86430
body_rotation: 9.23710,29.48976,5.18711
comment: 4
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: skeleton thoracis
description:
  -<indent=3em>the cranial part of the sternum</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the origin of the sternohyoid, sternothyroid and the sternal part of the sternocleidomastoid</indent>


object_id: os calcis
la_memorix: sulcus calcanei
en_memorix: Calcaneal sulcus
parent: sulcus calcanei
custom_hierarchy: 6
color: C37C26
hit_position: -3.72548,0.89280,-28.61575
hit_normal: 5.18725,-3.36705,21.90298
body_rotation: 32.23363,281.77690,291.35000
comment: 6.6
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>forms the tarsal sinus with the sulcus tali</indent>
  -<indent=3em>a groove between the posterior articular facet and the middle and anterior articular facets</indent>


object_id: os calcis
la_memorix: tuberculum calcanei
en_memorix: Calcaneal tubercle
custom_hierarchy: 2
color: 169373
hit_position: -4.16264,0.89619,-29.40363
hit_normal: -4.31217,-5.45871,-13.03437
body_rotation: 315.51360,56.69682,313.15290
comment: 6.6
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  is located on the plantar surface - the attachment of the plantar calcaneocuboid ligament and part of the long plantar ligament


object_id: os calcis
la_memorix: processus medialis
en_memorix: Medial process
parent: tuber calcanei
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
color: 165A94
hit_position: -3.05160,2.39636,-29.30424
hit_normal: 20.92014,4.66186,-5.01720
body_rotation: 3.73606,255.53630,14.17703
comment: 6.6
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the flexor retinaculum</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the origin of the abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis</indent>


object_id: os calcis
la_memorix: tuber calcanei
en_memorix: Calcaneal tuberosity
custom_hierarchy: 1
color: D68981
hit_position: -3.67352,2.79899,-29.15311
hit_normal: -7.31401,20.48664,-3.39443
body_rotation: 9.63781,161.12750,356.72450
comment: 6.6
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>is located the dorsal surface of the calcaneus</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the insertion of the triceps surae (as the Achilles tendon) and the plantaris</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the plantar aponeurosis</indent>


object_id: os capitatum
la_memorix: Os capitatum
en_memorix: Capitate bone
parent: Distal row
custom_hierarchy: 0
comment: 5.6
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  <b>The bones of the hand </b>consist of <b>8 carpal bones, 5 metacarpals and 14 phalanges</b>. The carpal bones are short bones arranged in <b>two transverse rows</b>. The metacarpals and phalanges are long monoepiphyseal bones arranged in 5 longitudinal lines, corresponding to the 5 fingers.


object_id: os capitatum
la_memorix: caput ossis capitati
en_memorix: Head of capitate
parent: os capitatum
custom_hierarchy: 7.1
hit_position: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
hit_normal: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
body_rotation: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
comment: 5.6
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>the centre of the wrist </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the radiate carpal ligament </indent>
  -<indent=3em>articulates with an articular fossa formed by the scaphoid and lunate</indent>


object_id: os capitatum
la_memorix: os capitatum
en_memorix: Capitate
custom_hierarchy: 7
hit_position: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
hit_normal: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
body_rotation: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
comment: 5.6
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>has a facet on its proximal surface for articulation with the scaphoid and lunate </indent>
  -<indent=3em>has a facet on its lateral surface for articulation with the trapezoid </indent>
  -<indent=3em>has a facet on its medial surface for articulation with the hamate </indent>
  -<indent=3em>has a facet on its distal surface for articulation with the 3rd metacarpal</indent>


object_id: os coccygis
la_memorix: cornua coccygea
en_memorix: Coccygeal cornua
parent: os coccygis
color: C08B37
hit_position: -0.26611,2.92945,2.43790
hit_normal: 0.04032,-5.74389,9.11122
body_rotation: 60.59006,359.63050,359.67810
comment: 3.4
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>horns pointing cranially</indent>
  -<indent=3em>remnants of the articular processes</indent>


object_id: os costale 3
la_memorix: cartilago costalis
en_memorix: Costal cartilage
parent: cartilago costalis
custom_hierarchy: 8
hit_position: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
hit_normal: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
body_rotation: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
comment: 4
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: skeleton thoracis
description:
  -<indent=3em>a cartilaginous extension on the ventral end of the ribs </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the costal cartilage of the true ribs articulates with the sternum </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the costal cartilages of the false ribs articulates with the next rib above </indent>
  -<indent=3em>is not present in floating ribs</indent>


object_id: os costale 3
la_memorix: crista capitis costae
en_memorix: Crest
parent: caput costae
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
color: A24CE1
hit_position: -0.55610,2.70491,19.69869
hit_normal: 17.21389,-1.27012,-4.37128
body_rotation: 359.45010,273.11080,10.01438
comment: 4
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: skeleton thoracis
description:
  -<indent=3em>divides the articular facet into an upper and lower facet</indent>
  -<indent=3em>not present on the 1st and 10th-12th ribs</indent>


object_id: os costale 3
la_memorix: facies articularis tuberculi costae
en_memorix: Articular facet of tubercle
parent: tuberculum costae
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
color: CEEB8C
hit_position: -0.88293,3.29539,19.85128
hit_normal: 16.83823,15.22281,4.60785
body_rotation: 351.42540,226.48130,351.07670
comment: 4
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: skeleton thoracis
description:
  -<indent=3em>articulates with the transverse process of the vertebra</indent>
  -<indent=3em>is not present on the 11th and 12th rib</indent>


object_id: os costale 4
la_memorix: crista capitis costae
en_memorix: Crest
parent: caput costae
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
color: A24CE1
hit_position: -0.52827,2.95912,18.97062
hit_normal: 19.82377,-8.67939,5.89437
body_rotation: 5.27980,287.62780,343.84930
comment: 4
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: skeleton thoracis
description:
   -<indent=3em>divides the articular facet into an upper and lower facet</indent>
   -<indent=3em>not present on the 1st and 10th-12th ribs</indent>


object_id: os costale 6
la_memorix: cartilago costalis
en_memorix: Costal cartilage
parent: cartilago costalis
custom_hierarchy: 8
hit_position: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
hit_normal: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
body_rotation: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
comment: 4
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: skeleton thoracis
description:
   -<indent=3em>a cartilaginous extension on the ventral end of the ribs </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the costal cartilage of the true ribs articulates with the sternum </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the costal cartilages of the false ribs articulates with the next rib above </indent>
  -<indent=3em>is not present in floating ribs</indent>


object_id: os ethmoidale
la_memorix: os ethmoidale
en_memorix: ethmoid bone
parent: basis cranii
custom_hierarchy: 0
comment: 2.6
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  <b>The ethmoidal bone </b>is an unpaired bone in the cranial base that develops by <b>endochondral </b><b>ossifiation</b>. It consists of <b>a horizontal plate, a vertical plate and the ethmoidal </b><b>labyrinth</b>. The ethmoidal bone is a <b>pneumatised bone </b>containing a paranasal sinus: <b>the ethmoidal air cells.</b>

general_description:
  <b>Lamina papyracea ossis ethmoidalis </b>is an obsolete term for the orbital plate of the ethmoid bone. As the name implies, this part of the ethmoid bone is very thin and liable to fracture.

  <b>The uncinate process of the middle nasal concha </b>(processus uncinatus conchae nasalis mediae) is connected to the ethmoidal process of the inferior nasal concha. These two processes form the semilunar hiatus, which lies within the maxillary hiatus.


object_id: os ethmoidale
la_memorix: conchae nasales
en_memorix: Nasal conchae
parent: conchae nasales
custom_hierarchy: 5
color: 0
hit_position: 0.14750,-1.68089,26.13956
hit_normal: 4.97514,-4.41752,-4.18526
body_rotation: 341.00680,303.79010,25.93581
comment: 2.6
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>project medially into the nasal cavity </indent>
  -<indent=3em>divide the nasal cavity into the nasal meati</indent>


object_id: os ethmoidale
la_memorix: foramen ethmoidale anterius et posterius
en_memorix: Anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina
parent: Labyrinthus ethmoidalis
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
color: 0
hit_position: 0.41655,-1.48860,26.70345
hit_normal: 5.24223,-4.29923,3.62892
body_rotation: 16.17532,299.80000,334.06100
comment: 2.6
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>are located between the ethmoidal and frontal bones </indent>
  -<indent=3em>transmit the anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery, vein and nerve</indent>


object_id: os ethmoidale
la_memorix: Crista galli
en_memorix: Crista Galli
parent: Lamina cribrosa
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
color: 397AB5
hit_position: -0.01095,-1.68249,26.98933
hit_normal: 0.30622,6.22203,3.84434
body_rotation: 323.43490,183.51950,357.90160
comment: 2.6
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
   -<indent=3em>a bony plate located in the middle of the ethmoid bone, protruding above the cribriform plate</indent>
   -<indent=3em>part of the attachment of the falx cerebri</indent>


object_id: os femoris
la_memorix: Femur (os femoris)
en_memorix: Femur
parent: pars libera membri inferioris
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.2.1
comment: 6.2
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  <b>The femur </b>is the longest bone of the human body. It is covered by a thick layer of muscles and therefore only a small proportion is palpable from the skin.

general_description:
  <b>The angle of inclination of the femur </b>is formed between the neck and the body. It measures approximately 125°.

  <b>Torsion of the femur </b>is measured by a line running between the condyles and a line through the neck of the femur. It is approximately 10°.

  <b>The greater and lesser trochanter are apophyses </b>and have their own ossification centres.

  <b>The third trochanter </b>(trochanter tertius) is an alternative term for the gluteal tuberosity in case it is very prominent.

  <b>Tubercle of Gerdy </b>is a clinical term for the tuberosity of the iliotibial tract.

  In children, <b>the proximal epiphyseal cartilage </b>of the tibia and fibula contributes 55 % of the growth of these bones. <b>The distal epiphyseal cartilages </b>contribute 45 %.

  <b>The pilon (or pylon) </b>is a clinical term for the distal part of the tibia. <b>The tibial plateau </b>is a clinical term for the proximal part of the tibia.

  <b>The internal and external supracondylar tubercles </b>are variable tubercles found on the femoral condyles. They serve as the places of origin for the two heads of the gastrocnemius.

  <b>The greater trochanter </b>is always palpable. In obese it is marked by the shallow skin depression.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The greater trochanter </b>may become sensitive in a radiculopathy of the spinal root L5. It is sometimes sensitive to touch in disoders of the hip.

  <b>Limited mobility of the patella </b>can be caused by a hypertonic quadriceps femoris.

  <b>Pain provoked by pressure on the patella </b>can occur in knee joint disorders.

  <b>Intra-osseous access to the tibia </b>can be used in critical care medicine for application of infusions and medications. The bone marrow is accessed by a puncture approximately 1 cm below the tuberosity of the tibia.

  <b>Overload of the quadriceps femoris </b>insertion on the tibial tuberosity can lead to disruption.


object_id: os femoris
la_memorix: linea pectinea
en_memorix: Pectineal line
parent: corpus femoris
custom_hierarchy: 3.6
color: 378DB2
hit_position: -3.52995,0.51513,0.53795
hit_normal: 55.15249,59.18241,1.46085
body_rotation: 356.28450,221.78080,356.68640
comment: 6.2
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>the insertion of the pectineus</indent>
  -<indent=3em>is located below the lesser trochanter</indent>


object_id: os femoris
la_memorix: epicondylus medialis
en_memorix: Medial epicondyle
parent: condylus medialis femoris
custom_hierarchy: 4.1.1
color: 686121
hit_position: -1.90862,0.54903,-11.50665
hit_normal: 65.14339,5.99530,-16.64540
body_rotation: 2.18713,263.63640,18.89176
comment: 6.2
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the tibial collateral ligament </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the origin of the medial head of the gastrocnemius</indent>


object_id: os femoris
la_memorix: epicondylus lateralis
en_memorix: Lateral epicondyle
parent: condylus lateralis
custom_hierarchy: 4.2.1
color: 9C9E3C
hit_position: -4.47623,0.53084,-11.11530
hit_normal: -64.99792,-26.21149,3.51231
body_rotation: 359.18640,66.83866,358.09850
comment: 6.2
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the tibular collateral ligament </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the origin of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius</indent>


object_id: os femoris
la_memorix: linea intertrochanterica
en_memorix: Intertrochanteric line
parent: corpus femoris
custom_hierarchy: 3.4
color: 97292C
hit_position: -4.67491,-0.24960,1.38125
hit_normal: 21.19553,-57.80153,28.81351
body_rotation: 27.62867,336.60160,348.65340
comment: 6.2
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>a ventral line connecting both trochanters</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the articular capsule of the hip joint</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the iliofemoral ligament</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the origin of the vastus medialis and vastus lateralis</indent>


object_id: os femoris
la_memorix: tuberositas glutea
en_memorix: Gluteal Tuberosity
parent: corpus femoris
custom_hierarchy: 3.7
color: 683521
hit_position: -4.10751,0.69629,-0.22847
hit_normal: -1.23234,69.82270,7.66265
body_rotation: 349.90160,176.94600,0.53614
comment: 6.2
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>the insertion of the gluteus maximus </indent>
  -<indent=3em>is located below the greater trochanter</indent>


object_id: os femoris
la_memorix: trochanter major
en_memorix: Greater trochanter
parent: corpus femoris
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
color: C34C42
hit_position: -5.04767,0.54551,2.03434
hit_normal: -28.88917,-20.34758,48.46935
body_rotation: 29.91844,68.58430,51.81975
comment: 6.2
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  the insertion of the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, piriformis, obturator internus, gemellus superior and gemellus inferior


object_id: os femoris
la_memorix: labium mediale
en_memorix: Medial lip
parent: Linea aspera
custom_hierarchy: 3.8.1
color: B0A3B2
hit_position: -3.47035,0.35985,-3.52168
hit_normal: 18.00177,64.29279,-12.31585
body_rotation: 9.19934,195.93480,2.61350
comment: 6.2
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the medial femoral intermuscular septum</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the origin of the vastus medialis and the inser on of the adductor longus, adductor brevis and adductor magnus</indent>


object_id: os femoris
la_memorix: labium laterale
en_memorix: Lateral lip
parent: Linea aspera
custom_hierarchy: 3.8.2
color: FFFC9A
hit_position: -3.69029,0.44534,-5.15380
hit_normal: -10.60093,66.23889,-7.89523
body_rotation: 7.07573,170.68010,358.84190
comment: 6.2
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the lateral femoral intermuscular septum</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the origin of the short head of the biceps femoris and vastus lateralis</indent>


object_id: os femoris
la_memorix: condyli femoris
en_memorix: Condyles of femur
custom_hierarchy: 4
color: 0
hit_position: -3.29063,-0.20863,-11.51250
hit_normal: -17.91402,-70.11180,-7.42104
body_rotation: 349.88340,13.02582,357.67300
comment: 6.2
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>the distal end of the femur</indent>
  -<indent=3em>articular surfaces that articulate with the tibia</indent>


object_id: os frontale
la_memorix: os frontale
en_memorix: Frontal bone
parent: calvaria
custom_hierarchy: 0
comment: 2.1
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  Originally a paired bone of the cranial vault which develops by intramembranous ossification, the frontal bone is an unpaired pneumatised bone and contains a paranasal sinus: the frontal sinus. The frontal bone consists of a squamous part, a nasal part and two paired orbital parts.

general_description:
  <b>The frontal foramen and the supraorbital foramen</b> (foramina frontalis et supraorbitalis) are variable openings which can replace the frontal and supraorbital notch (incisura frontalis et supraorbitalis). 

  <b>Gyral impressions</b> (impressions gyrarum) are impressions of the cerebral gyri on the inner surface of the frontal bone. <b>The cerebral juga</b> are eminences between these impressions.

  <b>The trochlear spine</b> is a cartilaginous pulley in the trochlear fovea which is ossified in less than 15 % of population. 

  <b>The orbitocranial canal</b> connects the orbit to the anterior cranial fossa. It opens into the anterior ethmoidal foramen.

  <b>The orbitoethmoidal canal</b> connects the orbit to the ethmoidal air cells. It opens into the posterior ethmoidal foramen. 

  <b>The foramen caecum of the frontal bone </b>is a small hole on the cranial surface of the squama of the frontal bone. It represents a remnant of a foetal foramen and contains an emissary vein, which persists after birth in about 1 % of the population.


object_id: os frontale
la_memorix: Crista frontalis
en_memorix: Frontal Crest
parent: squama frontalis
custom_hierarchy: 1.11
color: ECBA9A
hit_position: 0.00486,-1.84223,28.13832
hit_normal: 1.27630,32.12972,-9.50981
body_rotation: 17.20541,181.12710,0.33344
comment: 2.1
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>the site of attachment of the falx cerebri</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the anterior continuation of the groove for the superior sagittal sinus</indent>


object_id: os frontale
la_memorix: Linea temporalis inferior
en_memorix: Inferior Temporal Line
parent: squama frontalis
custom_hierarchy: 1.6
color: 398BB2
hit_position: -1.77745,-0.82558,27.79441
hit_normal: -22.51318,-21.90016,-0.73060
body_rotation: 358.52400,46.86451,358.42530
comment: 2.1
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>the upper border of the origin of the temporalis muscle</indent>
  -<indent=3em>continues on the parietal bone</indent>


object_id: os frontale
la_memorix: incisura/foramen frontale
en_memorix: Frontal notch/foramen
parent: margo supraorbitalis
custom_hierarchy: 1.4.1
color: A54873
hit_position: 0.55563,-1.78576,27.00817
hit_normal: -0.36869,-19.89752,-16.58908
body_rotation: 319.93480,359.45760,0.34910
comment: 2.1
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>a notch or foramen above the orbit that is only occasionally present</indent>
  -<indent=3em>transmits the medial branch of the supra-orbital nerve</indent>


object_id: os frontale
la_memorix: incisura/foramen supraorbitalis
en_memorix: Supra-orbital notch/foramen
parent: margo supraorbitalis
custom_hierarchy: 1.4.2
color: 5ADA6B
hit_position: -0.51131,-2.12089,27.10868
hit_normal: 1.05196,-23.32979,-20.38860
body_rotation: 318.74160,356.16120,2.53368
comment: 2.1
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>a notch or foramen above the orbit that is always present</indent>
  -<indent=3em>contains the supra-orbital vessels and the lateral branch of the supra-orbital nerve</indent>


object_id: os frontale
la_memorix: foramen ethmoidale anterius et posterius
en_memorix: Anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina
parent: lamina orbitalis
custom_hierarchy: 2.4
color: 0
hit_position: -0.38293,-1.92878,26.89894
hit_normal: 0.56987,-19.75451,-16.47984
body_rotation: 319.93480,359.45760,0.34910
comment: 2.1
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>formed by connection with the ethmoidal bone</indent>
  -<indent=3em>transmit the anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery, vein and nerve</indent>


object_id: os frontale
la_memorix: pars nasalis
en_memorix: Nasal part
custom_hierarchy: 3
color: 0
hit_position: -0.11773,-2.18826,27.04114
hit_normal: 0.49716,-9.97122,-13.31518
body_rotation: 306.86830,357.39100,2.08774
comment: 2.1
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  a small unpaired part of the bone located at the nasal root where the nasal spine and nasal margin are found


object_id: os frontale
la_memorix: sinus frontalis
en_memorix: Frontal sinus
parent: sinus frontalis
custom_hierarchy: 4
color: 6BAF2C
hit_position: 0.02742,-1.86377,27.17838
hit_normal: 0.08005,-6.92390,-25.01465
body_rotation: 287.38470,358.61490,1.32179
comment: 2.1
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>develops in children after the first year of life</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the full volume is reached at the end of the growth period</indent>
  -<indent=3em>opens into the middle nasal meatus</indent>


object_id: os hamatum
la_memorix: os hamatum
en_memorix: Hamate
parent: os hamatum
custom_hierarchy: 8
hit_position: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
hit_normal: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
body_rotation: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
comment: 5.6
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>has a facet on its lateral surface for articulation with the capitate </indent>
  -<indent=3em>has a facet on its medioproxima surface for articulation with the triquetrum </indent>
  -<indent=3em>has two facets on its distal surface for articulation with the 4th and 5th metacarpals</indent>


object_id: os hamatum
la_memorix: hamulus ossis hamati
en_memorix: Hook of hamate
parent: os hamatum
custom_hierarchy: 8.1
color: 602C7E
hit_position: -12.29020,-2.33421,2.61691
hit_normal: -0.10683,0.15776,10.53413
body_rotation: 291.43350,273.08450,266.68690
comment: 5.6
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
   <indent=3em>part of the ulnar carpal eminence</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the pisohamate ligament</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the origin of the flexor digiti minimi and opponens digiti minimi</indent>


object_id: os hyoideum
la_memorix: os hyoideum
en_memorix: Hyoid bone
parent: viscerocranium
custom_hierarchy: 0
comment: 2.13
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  <b>The hyoid bone </b>is an unpaired bone located between the muscles of neck <b>at the level of C2-C3</b>. The hyoid bone develops by <b>enchondral ossification</b>. It has muscular attachments for the larynx, pharynx, tongue and floor of the mouth.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The hyoid bone </b>is sensitive to palpation in disorders of the infrahyoid and suprahyoid muscles (especially the digastric muscle).


object_id: os hyoideum
la_memorix: Cornu minus
en_memorix: Lesser Horn
parent: cornu minus
custom_hierarchy: 3
color: CE9B5D
hit_position: 0.38992,-0.16576,22.74076
hit_normal: 5.23865,-7.37148,0.29105
body_rotation: 1.42479,322.60460,358.91110
comment: 2.13
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>a paired short projection from the body</indent>
  -<indent=3em>projects dorsocranially from the lateral part of the body</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the origin of the middle constrictor of the pharynx</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the stylohyoid ligament</indent>


object_id: os hyoideum
la_memorix: Cornu majus
en_memorix: Greater Horn
parent: cornu majus
custom_hierarchy: 2
color: 5DABCE
hit_position: -0.52700,0.44451,22.97681
hit_normal: 6.15557,-7.98176,0.05501
body_rotation: 1.42479,322.60460,358.91110
comment: 2.13
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>paired lateral parts of the bone</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the origin of the middle constrictor of the pharynx</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the thyrohyoid membrane</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the insertion of the thyrohyoid muscle</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of a fibrous sling that pulls the intermediate tendon of the digastricus towards the hyoid bone</indent>


object_id: os hyoideum
la_memorix: Corpus ossis hyoidei
en_memorix: Body of hyoid bone
parent: corpus ossis hyoidei
custom_hierarchy: 1
color: 7BCF5D
hit_position: -0.05070,-0.39186,22.56598
hit_normal: -0.14676,-8.98819,0.16748
body_rotation: 0.00000,0.00001,0.00000
comment: 2.13
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>the unpaired central porti on of the bone</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the insertion of the geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, sternohyoid and superior belly of the omohyoid</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the thyrohyoid membrane and the thyoepiglottic ligament</indent>


object_id: os lacrimale 1
la_memorix: os lacrimale @1
en_memorix: Lacrimal bone (left)
parent: viscerocranium
custom_hierarchy: 0
comment: 2.8
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  <b>The lacrimal bone </b>is a small paired bone that develops by <b>intramembranous ossification </b>and forms part of the medial wall of the orbit. <b>The nasal bone </b>is also a small paired bone that develops by i<b>ntramembranous ossification</b>. It is attached to the nasal part of the frontal bone. <b>The vomer </b>is a small unpaired sagitally oriented bone that develops by <b>intramembranous </b><b>ossification </b>and forms the dorsal part of the nasal septum.


object_id: os lacrimale 1
la_memorix: crista lacrimalis posterior
en_memorix: Posterior lacrimal crest
parent: Sulcus lacrimalis
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
color: 602D7E
hit_position: -0.33832,-1.62749,26.58687
hit_normal: -5.90600,-3.47695,-0.86693
body_rotation: 357.42980,58.77811,355.76900
comment: 2.8
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>the dorsal border of the lacrimal fossa</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the medial palpebral ligament and the origin of the deep part of the orbicularis oculi</indent>


object_id: os lacrimale 2
la_memorix: crista lacrimalis posterior
en_memorix: Posterior lacrimal crest
parent: Sulcus lacrimalis
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
color: 602D7E
hit_position: 0.34066,-1.64914,26.67249
hit_normal: 4.43768,-0.06492,-0.59932
body_rotation: 359.97670,270.39280,3.39683
comment: 2.8
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  The nasal bone is also a small paired bone that develops by intramembranous ossification. It is attached


object_id: os metacarpale 2
la_memorix: os metacarpale ll
en_memorix: 2nd Metacarpal of Hand
parent: ossa metacarpi
custom_hierarchy: 0
comment: 5.6
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  Each <b>metacarpal </b>possesses only one growth cartilage, which is located in the distal end of the bone. The metacarpals are thus known as <b>monoepiphyseal bones</b>. The growth cartilages are located in the distal part of the bone, with the exception of the 1st metacarpal, which has its growth cartilage in the proximal part. <b>The thumb </b>has a <b>proximal</b> <b>and distal phalanx</b>. <b>The other digits </b>have three phalanges: <b>a proximal, medial and distal phalanx.</b>


object_id: os nasale 1
la_memorix: os nasale @1
en_memorix: Nasal Bone (left)
parent: viscerocranium
custom_hierarchy: 0
comment: 2.8
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  <b>The nasal bone </b>is also a small paired bone that develops by i<b>ntramembranous ossification</b>. It is att ached to the nasal part of the frontal bone.


object_id: os occipitale
la_memorix: Os occipitale
en_memorix: Occipital bone
parent: calvaria
custom_hierarchy: 0
comment: 2.2
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  <b>The occipital bone </b>is an unpaired bone composed of four main parts: <b>the squamous part, the basilar part and the two </b><b>lateral parts. </b>The basilar parts, the lateral parts and a portion of the squamous part contribute to <b>the cranial base</b>. These parts develop by <b>endochondral ossification</b>. A portion of the squamous part forms part of <b>the cranial vault </b>and develops by <b>intramembranous ossification</b>.

general_description:
  <b>The spheno-occipital synchondrosis ossifies</b> at the age of eighteen. 

  <b>The transverse occipital suture</b> lies in the upper part of the occipital squama and marks the boundary between the upper part of the occipital bone, which develops by intramembranous ossification, and the lower part of the occipital bone, which develops by endochondral ossification. 

  <b>Failure of fusion the transverse occipital suture</b> (sutura occipitalis transversa) gives rise to the interparietal bones (Inca bones). These bones occur in 30 % of the Native American population but only in 5 % of the European population. 

  <b>The sutura mendosa</b> is formed after incomplete fusion of the squamous part of the occipital bone. It projects medially or vertically from the lambdoid suture and is variable in length. 

  <b>The internal occipital crest</b> (crista occipitalis interna) is a vertical osseous crest. Sometimes it is replaced by the groove for the occipital sinus.


object_id: os occipitale
la_memorix: eminentia cruciformis
en_memorix: Cruciform eminence
parent: squama occipitalis
custom_hierarchy: 4.9
color: 0
hit_position: -0.01146,3.51540,26.25662
hit_normal: 0.30651,-17.87617,5.70821
body_rotation: 20.88440,358.13880,359.33640
comment: 2.2
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  a cross-shaped prominence formed by the grooves for the occipital, superior sagittal and transverse sinuses. Divides the occipital bone into two cerebral fossae and two cerebellar fossae


object_id: os occipitale
la_memorix: fossa condylaris
en_memorix: Condylar fossa
parent: partes laterales
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
color: 13FCFD
hit_position: -0.52128,1.85683,24.73465
hit_normal: 0.36615,4.81053,-16.78613
body_rotation: 283.67660,184.04750,176.06680
comment: 2.2
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  located behind the occipital condyle and may contain the condylar canal which transmits the condylar emissary vein


object_id: os occipitale
la_memorix: protuberantia occipitalis interna
en_memorix: Internal occipital protuberance
parent: Squama occipitalis
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
color: a900c9
hit_position: 0.03110,3.14196,25.63613
hit_normal: -0.79968,-16.39113,11.01344
body_rotation: 34.69748,0.56050,0.31904
comment: 2.2
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  contains the con uence of sinuses, which is the connec on point of the transverse, straight, superior sagittal and occipital sinuses


object_id: os occipitale
la_memorix: Clivus
en_memorix: Clivus
parent: Pars basilaris
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
color: 97B544
hit_position: 0.18775,0.96096,25.48205
hit_normal: 0.50735,11.74462,16.35227
body_rotation: 303.48570,180.00340,-0.00284
comment: 2.2
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  a slope on the internal surface located beneath the brain stem, basilar artery and basilar venous plexus


object_id: os occipitale
la_memorix: Foramen magnum
en_memorix: Foramen magnum
custom_hierarchy: 1
external_objects: foramen_occipitale_magnum
color: 3ec3ff
hit_position: 0.01606,1.57289,24.80902
hit_normal: 0.08396,2.85255,-24.85347
body_rotation: 276.51590,186.79260,173.25090
comment: 2.2
type: foramen
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>a large opening that contains the medulla oblongata as it changes into the spinal cord</indent>
  -<indent=3em>contains the vertebral arteries, the anterior spinal artery, the paired posterior spinal arteries, the spinal root of the accessory nerve and the spinal vein</indent>


object_id: os occipitale
la_memorix: foramen jugulare*1
en_memorix: Jugular foramen*1
parent: partes laterales
custom_hierarchy: 3.5
external_objects: foramen_jugulare_2
color: 3ec3ff
hit_position: 0.86310,1.58737,25.07274
hit_normal: -5.98559,9.62024,14.95881
body_rotation: 315.76740,134.48490,35.38346
comment: 2.2
type: foramen
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  Jugular notch (incisura jugularis) - forms the jugular foramen (foramen jugulare) with the jugular notch of the occipital bone


object_id: os palatinum 1
la_memorix: os palatinum @1
en_memorix: Palatine bone (left)
parent: viscerocranium
custom_hierarchy: 0
comment: 2.10
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  <b>The palatine bone </b>is a paired bone of the viscerocranium that develops by <b>intramembranous </b><b>ossification</b>. It consists of two plates arranged perpendicularly to each other in an L-shape. These are <b>the horizontal plate </b>and <b>the perpendicuar plate</b>. The horizontal plate articulates with the maxilla, forming the hard palate.

general_description:
  <b>Palatine spines </b>(spinae palatinae) are longitudinal ridges on the inferior (palatinal) surface of the maxilla.

  <b>Palatine grooves </b>(sulci palatini) are grooves between the palatine spines for the branches of the greater palatine nerve and vessels (nervus et vasa palatina majora).


object_id: os palatinum 1
la_memorix: canales palatini minores
en_memorix: Lesser palatine canals
parent: Lamina perpendicularis
custom_hierarchy: 2.5
hit_position: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
hit_normal: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
body_rotation: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
comment: 2.10
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>branches of the greater palatine canal </indent>
  -<indent=3em>transmit the lesser palatine nerves and vessels</indent>


object_id: os palatinum 1
la_memorix: canalis palatinus major
en_memorix: Grater palatine canal
parent: Lamina perpendicularis
custom_hierarchy: 2.4
hit_position: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
hit_normal: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
body_rotation: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
comment: 2.10
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>is located between the maxillary bone and a groove on the maxillary surface of the palatine bone </indent>
  -<indent=3em>transmits the greater palatine nerve and vessels</indent>


object_id: os palatinum 1
la_memorix: foramen sphenopalatinum
en_memorix: Sphenopalatine foramen
parent: lamina perpendicularis
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
color: 6BB3F2
hit_position: -0.62592,-0.73766,25.75921
hit_normal: -10.84546,1.22765,-0.73845
body_rotation: 0.16558,93.88038,357.56020
comment: 2.10
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>an opening formed by the sphenoid bone and the sphenopalatine notch of the palatine bone </indent>
  -<indent=3em>transmits the sphenopalatine artery and posterior superior lateral and medial nasal branches of the maxillary nerve</indent>


object_id: os palatinum 1
la_memorix: foramina palatina minora
en_memorix: Lesser palatine foramina
parent: Lamina horizontalis
custom_hierarchy: 1.6
color: 0
hit_position: -0.72717,-0.44647,24.86430
hit_normal: -0.09050,0.14098,-7.13258
body_rotation: 280.01190,259.02800,101.13740
comment: 2.10
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>are located dorsal to the greater palatine foramen </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the terminal openings of the lesser palatine canals, which transmit the lesser palatine nerves and vessels</indent>


object_id: os palatinum 1
la_memorix: Spina nasalis posterior
en_memorix: Posterior Nasal Spine
parent: Lamina horizontalis
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
color: 5AD86B
hit_position: -0.04650,-0.48482,24.77730
hit_normal: -3.46014,6.18848,3.41347
body_rotation: 338.92200,148.92250,12.22989
comment: 2.10
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
   -<indent=3em>the dorsal projection of the nasal crest</indent>
   -<indent=3em>the origin of the musculus uvulae</indent>


object_id: os palatinum 1
la_memorix: foramen palatinum majus
en_memorix: Greater palatine foramen
parent: lamina horizontalis
custom_hierarchy: 1.5
color: 58EFFF
hit_position: -0.70588,-0.51449,24.79875
hit_normal: 0.14801,1.69028,-4.84257
body_rotation: 68.25668,168.18430,349.00370
comment: 2.10
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
   -<indent=3em>an opening on the lateral surface near the connection with the maxilla</indent>
   -<indent=3em>the terminal opening of the greater palatine canal, which transmits the greater palatine nerve and vessels</indent>


object_id: os palatinum 1
la_memorix: Processus pyramidalis
en_memorix: Pyramidal Process
parent: Lamina horizontalis
custom_hierarchy: 1.7
color: 23599A
hit_position: -0.73519,-0.38478,25.06984
hit_normal: -4.03718,5.37752,2.96002
body_rotation: 343.96020,138.00790,13.96689
comment: 2.10
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
   -<indent=3em>connects to the lateral plate of the pterygoid process</indent>
   -<indent=3em>the origin of the medial pterygoid muscle</indent>


object_id: os palatinum 2
la_memorix: foramen sphenopalatinum
en_memorix: Sphenopalatine foramen
parent: lamina perpendicularis
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
hit_position: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
hit_normal: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
body_rotation: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
comment: 2.10
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>an opening formed by the sphenoid bone and the sphenopalatine notch of the palatine bone</indent>
  -<indent=3em>transmits the sphenopalatine artery and posterior superior lateral and medial nasal branches of the maxillary nerve</indent>


object_id: os palatinum 2
la_memorix: Spina nasalis posterior
en_memorix: Posterior Nasal Spine
parent: Lamina horizontalis
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
color: 5AD76B
hit_position: 0.02823,-0.48291,24.77179
hit_normal: -1.73131,5.41579,4.13434
body_rotation: 329.68190,155.02920,13.22873
comment: 2.10
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>the dorsal projection of the nasal crest</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the origin of the musculus uvulae</indent>


object_id: os palatinum 2
la_memorix: foramen palatinum majus
en_memorix: Greater palatine foramen
parent: lamina horizontalis
custom_hierarchy: 1.5
hit_position: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
hit_normal: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
body_rotation: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
comment: 2.10
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>an opening on the lateral surface near the connection with the maxilla</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the terminal opening of the greater palatine canal, which transmits the greater palatine nerve and vessels</indent>


object_id: os palatinum 2
la_memorix: Processus pyramidalis
en_memorix: Pyramidal Process
parent: Lamina horizontalis
custom_hierarchy: 1.7
color: 23599A
hit_position: 0.73519,-0.38478,25.06985
hit_normal: 4.03718,5.37752,2.96002
body_rotation: 343.96020,138.00790,13.96689
comment: 2.10
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>connects to the lateral plate of the pterygoid process</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the origin of the medial pterygoid muscle</indent>


object_id: os parietale 1
la_memorix: os parietale @1
en_memorix: Parietal bone (left)
parent: calvaria
custom_hierarchy: 0
comment: 2.4
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  <b>The parietal bone </b>is a paired bone in the cranial vault that develops by <b>intramembranous ossification</b>. It is square-shaped with an outward convexity formed by <b>the parietal eminence </b>(tuber parietale).


object_id: os parietale 1
la_memorix: foramen parietale
en_memorix: Parietal foramen
custom_hierarchy: 2
color: 97B542
hit_position: -0.49676,2.97687,29.14381
hit_normal: -10.12658,13.91877,7.83523
body_rotation: 337.57600,141.71680,16.75589
comment: 2.4
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>transmits the parietal emissary vein </indent>
  -<indent=3em>located close to the sagittal border</indent>


object_id: os parietale 1
la_memorix: parietal eminence, tuber parietale
en_memorix: Parietal tuber
parent: facies externa
custom_hierarchy: 1.6
color: 602B7E
hit_position: -1.45260,2.94864,28.76282
hit_normal: -16.47421,10.31521,9.78339
body_rotation: 345.44290,120.18940,23.36592
comment: 2.4
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>contains an ossification center </indent>
  -<indent=3em>a thickened part of the bone with an outward convexity</indent>


object_id: os parietale 2
la_memorix: parietal eminence, tuber parietale
en_memorix: Parietal tuber
parent: facies externa
custom_hierarchy: 1.6
color: 602D7E
hit_position: 1.80250,2.83498,28.43176
hit_normal: 14.32325,13.26232,4.42021
body_rotation: 350.27740,225.43590,350.27010
comment: 2.4
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>contains an ossification center</indent>
  -<indent=3em>a thickened part of the bone with an outward convexity</indent>


object_id: os pisiforme
la_memorix: os pisiforme
en_memorix: Pisiform
parent: os pisiforme
custom_hierarchy: 4
hit_position: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
hit_normal: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
body_rotation: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
comment: 5.6
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>forms part of the ulnar carpal eminence </indent>
  -<indent=3em>is attached to the triquetrum </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the origin of the abductor digiti minim and the insertion of the flexor carpi ulnaris </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the pisohamate and pisometacarpal ligaments</indent>


object_id: os proximalis manus 2
la_memorix: Phalanx proximalis digiti secundi manus
en_memorix: 2nd Proximal Phalanx of Hand
parent: ossa digitorum manus
custom_hierarchy: 0
comment: 5.6
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  Each <b>metacarpal </b>possesses only one growth cartilage, which is located in the distal end of the bone. The metacarpals are thus known as <b>monoepiphyseal bones</b>. The growth cartilages are located in the distal part of the bone, with the exception of the 1st metacarpal, which has its growth cartilage in the proximal part. <b>The thumb </b>has a <b>proximal </b><b>and distal phalanx</b>. <b>The other digits </b>have three phalanges: <b>a proximal, medial and </b><b>distal phalanx.</b>


object_id: os sacrum
la_memorix: Os sacrum
en_memorix: Sacrum
parent: os sacrum et os coccygis
custom_hierarchy: 0
comment: 3.4
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  <b>The sacrum </b>is formed by fusion of the 5 sacral vertebrae. It forms a ventral concavity known as the <b>sacral kyphosis</b>. The <b>sacral canal </b>runs through the entire bone and contains <b>the cauda equina</b>. The cranial border of the sacrum, called <b>the promontory</b>, projects ventrally. <b>The coccyx </b>consists of <b>4-5 fused rudimentary vertebrae.</b>


object_id: os sacrum
la_memorix: cornua sacralia
en_memorix: Sacral cornua/horns
parent: canalis sacralis
custom_hierarchy: 5.5.2
color: DC8A26
hit_position: 0.22032,2.99505,2.60874
hit_normal: -0.04314,18.07328,-10.98622
body_rotation: 33.56832,179.43270,359.68630
comment: 3.4
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>lateral borders the of sacral hiatus </indent>
  -<indent=3em>remnants of the articular processes</indent>


object_id: os sacrum
la_memorix: lineae transversae
en_memorix: Transverse ridges
parent: facies pelvica
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
color: 9C603C
hit_position: -0.00219,1.63145,4.05313
hit_normal: -0.81672,-17.37139,-14.40445
body_rotation: 320.31100,2.01906,358.71030
comment: 3.4
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>lines of fusion of the vertebrae</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the origin of the piriformis</indent>


object_id: os sacrum
la_memorix: promontorium
en_memorix: Promontory
parent: basis ossis sacri
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
color: 109273
hit_position: -0.58751,1.47648,5.21176
hit_normal: -0.07779,-18.82820,10.87294
body_rotation: 31.38697,1.13401,0.59068
comment: 3.4
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>a ventral bulging on the cranial margin</indent>
  -<indent=3em>a part of the linea terminalis, which is the borderline between the greater and lesser pelvis</indent>


object_id: os sacrum
la_memorix: facies pelvica
en_memorix: Pelvic surface
parent: facies pelvica
custom_hierarchy: 4
color: E9B99A
hit_position: 0.01681,1.12118,4.31756
hit_normal: -0.66861,-14.48230,-17.19098
body_rotation: 311.56760,1.76327,358.68060
comment: 3.4
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>the smooth ventral surface of the sacrum</indent>
  -<indent=3em>forms the dorsal wall of the lesser pelvis</indent>


object_id: os sacrum
la_memorix: facies dorsalis
en_memorix: Dorsal surface
parent: facies dorsalis
custom_hierarchy: 5
color: B5D3EF
hit_position: 1.29011,2.32241,4.49544
hit_normal: -1.24870,20.22519,9.19900
body_rotation: 335.46630,179.10270,0.37260
comment: 3.4
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>a roughened surface</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the origin of the muscles of the back, septa and fasciae</indent>


object_id: os sacrum
la_memorix: hiatus sacralis
en_memorix: Sacral hiatus
parent: canalis sacralis
custom_hierarchy: 5.5.1
external_objects: hiatus_sacralis
color: 3ec3ff
hit_position: -0.02221,2.91734,2.49292
hit_normal: 0.29919,10.12351,-12.59973
body_rotation: 51.63787,178.97680,359.19760
comment: 3.4
type: foramen
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>the caudal end of the sacral canal</indent>
  -<indent=3em>transmits spinal nerves S5 and Co</indent>


object_id: os sacrum
la_memorix: foramina sacralia posteriora
en_memorix: Posterior sacral foramina
parent: facies dorsalis
custom_hierarchy: 5.4
external_objects: foramen_sacrale_posterius
color: 3ec3ff
hit_position: 0.77630,2.46451,4.24916
hit_normal: -0.06344,15.00561,8.70036
body_rotation: 329.88650,181.33410,359.33060
comment: 3.4
type: foramen
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>4 pairs of openings</indent>
  -<indent=3em>transmit the posterior branches of the sacral spinal nerves S1-S4</indent>


object_id: os sacrum
la_memorix: foramina sacralia anteriora
en_memorix: Anterior sacral foramina
parent: facies pelvica
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
external_objects: foramen_sacrale_anterius
color: 3ec3ff
hit_position: -0.95680,1.64848,4.09444
hit_normal: 0.73278,-9.53502,-15.11569
body_rotation: 303.36600,358.09630,1.59011
comment: 3.4
type: foramen
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>4 pairs of openings</indent>
  -<indent=3em>transmit the anterior rami of the sacral spinal nerves and spinal branches of vessels</indent>


object_id: os sphenoidale
la_memorix: Os sphenoidale
en_memorix: Sphenoidal bone / sphenoid
parent: basis cranii
custom_hierarchy: 0
comment: 2.3
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  <b>The sphenoidal bone </b>is an unpaired bone of the base of the skull that develops predominantly by <b>endochondral ossification. </b>It consists of an unpaired <b>body and three paired projections: the greater wing, lesser wing and pterygoid process</b>. The spenoidal bone connects the middle cranial fossa to several topographical spaces of the skull via various foramina. These topographical spaces are the infratemporal fossa, pterygopalatine fossa, tympanic cavity and the orbit. <b>The sphenoidal bone is an pneumatised bone </b>and contains a paired paranasal sinus: <b>the sphenoidal sinus</b>.

general_description:
  The majority of the sphenoidal bone develops by <b>endochondral ossification</b>. However, the greater wings and the medial plate of the pterygoid process develop by <b>intramembranous ossification</b>.

  <b>The middle clinoid process </b>(processus clinoideus medius) is a variable binate prominence situated medial to the carotid groove that serves for the insertion of the sellar diaphragm.

  <b>The foramen of Arnold </b>and canaliculus innominatus are obsolete terms for the <b>foramen petrosum</b>.

  <b>The foramen of Vesalius </b>is an obsolete term for the <b>foramen venosum</b>.

  <b>The pterygospinous process of Civini </b>(processus pterygospinosus) is a variable feature located on the posterior aspect of the lateral plate of the pterygoid process. It is a sharp bony protuberance that serves as the attachment of the <b>pterygospinous ligament</b>. The pterygospinous ligament can ossify to create the <b>foramen of Hyrtl, </b>containing the motor root of the mandibular nerve.

  <b>The vomerovaginal canal </b>(canalis vomerovaginalis) is a small canal without any content, formed between the vaginal process of the pterygoid process and the vomer.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The pterion is a craniometric point </b>at the point where the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, the parietal bone and the frontal bone meet. It is the weakest point of the skull. The middle meningeal artery is located underneath it on the internal surface of the skull. Trauma to this region may result in bleeding of the middle meningeal artery, which results in an epidural hematoma.

  <b>From the developmental point of view</b>, the pterion is the location of the fibrous sphenoidal fontanelle. <b>The pituitary gland </b>can be accessed via the sphenoidal sinus.

  This is know as <b>the transnasal transsphenoidal approach </b>and can be used to remove pituitary tumours.


object_id: os sphenoidale
la_memorix: sulcus caroticus
en_memorix: Carotid sulcus - Carotid Groove
parent: corpus ossis sphenoidalis
custom_hierarchy: 2
color: ECBA9A
hit_position: 0.35956,0.21886,26.00844
hit_normal: 10.83271,11.55595,2.77502
body_rotation: 353.12940,225.57140,353.04210
comment: 2.3
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>a groove for the internal carotid artery </indent>
  -<indent=3em>located lateral to the sella turcica</indent>


object_id: os sphenoidale
la_memorix: crista infratemporalis
en_memorix: Infratemporal crest
parent: Ala major ossis sphenoidalis
custom_hierarchy: 1
color: 0
hit_position: 1.27370,-1.14573,25.85645
hit_normal: -1.58831,-18.61792,0.42936
body_rotation: 0.46886,359.14140,359.99300
comment: 2.3
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>forms the border between the temporal and infratemporal fossae </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the origin of the superior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle</indent>


object_id: os sphenoidale
la_memorix: Fossa pterygoidea
en_memorix: Pterygoid Fossa
parent: processus pterygoideus
custom_hierarchy: 4
color: E18B26
hit_position: -0.82572,-0.26304,25.27392
hit_normal: 0.80351,12.62637,-10.97746
body_rotation: 43.42143,179.87770,359.91580
comment: 2.3
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>a fossa located between the lateral and medial plates</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the origin of the medial pterygoid muscle</indent>


object_id: os sphenoidale
la_memorix: Fossa scaphoidea
en_memorix: Scaphoid Fossa
parent: processus pterygoideus
custom_hierarchy: 5
color: 683521
hit_position: 0.71773,0.07903,25.28703
hit_normal: -0.77385,4.56290,-15.70610
body_rotation: 73.73860,177.74160,357.83180
comment: 2.3
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>is located cranial to the pterygoid fossa</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the origin of the tensor veli palatini</indent>


object_id: os sphenoidale
la_memorix: crista sphenoidalis
en_memorix: Sphenoidal crest
parent: corpus ossis sphenoidalis
custom_hierarchy: 6
color: 0
hit_position: 0.00077,-1.08930,26.27233
hit_normal: -0.31539,-18.67435,0.01348
body_rotation: 0.46886,359.14140,359.99300
comment: 2.3
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  a vertical crest in the midline of the ventral surface of the sphenoid body that articulates with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoidal bone


object_id: os sphenoidale
la_memorix: spina ossis sphenoidalis
en_memorix: Spine of sphenoidal bone
parent: Ala major ossis sphenoidalis
custom_hierarchy: 2
color: 0
hit_position: -1.31323,0.47342,25.49894
hit_normal: 1.77232,17.27943,-7.09963
body_rotation: 23.28019,179.50220,359.80330
comment: 2.3
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>the most dorsal part of the sphenoid</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the sphenomandibular ligament, pterygospinous ligament and anterior ligament of the malleus </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the origin of the tensor veli palatini</indent>


object_id: os sphenoidale
la_memorix: processus vaginalis
en_memorix: Vaginal process
parent: processus pterygoideus
custom_hierarchy: 7
color: 0
hit_position: 0.27731,-0.46564,25.64291
hit_normal: -0.90545,-17.01050,0.34104
body_rotation: 359.87370,1.52988,-0.00335
comment: 2.3
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
   -<indent=3em>a small prominence under the body of the sphenoid </indent>
  -<indent=3em>forms the palatovaginal canal, which transmits the pharyngeal nerve and the pharyngeal branch of the maxillary artery</indent>


object_id: os talus
la_memorix: facies articularis malleolaris lateralis
en_memorix: Lateral malleolar facet
parent: trochlea tali
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.3
color: 9FC6E9
hit_position: -4.32418,1.23163,-27.48637
hit_normal: -11.90708,3.09240,2.29055
body_rotation: 356.92280,105.10980,11.24496
comment: 6.6
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>a large lateral facet</indent>
  -<indent=3em>articulates with the articular facet of the lateral malleolus of the fibula</indent>


object_id: os talus
la_memorix: facies articulatis malleolaris medialis
en_memorix: Medial malleolar facet
parent: trochlea tali
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.4
color: 9C9BE9
hit_position: -3.24740,1.27807,-27.35493
hit_normal: 10.66024,6.55355,0.04903
body_rotation: 358.73400,238.23480,357.95640
comment: 6.6
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>a small medial facet</indent>
  -<indent=3em>articulates with the articular facet of the medial malleolus of the tibia</indent>


object_id: os temporale 1
la_memorix: os temporale @1
en_memorix: Temporal bone (left)
parent: basis cranii
custom_hierarchy: 0
comment: 2.5
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  <b>The temporal bone </b>is a paired bone that consists of three main parts: <b>the squamous part, the tympanic part and the </b><b>petrous part</b>. The squamous and tympanic parts of the temporal bone develop by <b>intramembranous ossification</b>. The petrous part and the styloid and mastoid process develop by <b>endochondral ossification. The middle and inner ear </b>are hidden inside the petrous bone. They open to the surroundings via <b>the internal and external acoustic openings</b>. The double-curved <b>facial canal</b>, housing the <b>facial nerve</b>, is located within the petrous part. <b>The mastoid process </b>is a pneumatised bony prominence containing small air filled cavities called <b>mastoid air cells</b>.

general_description:
  <b>The pyramid </b>(pyramis) is an obsolete term for the petrous part of the temporal bone.

  <b>The pyramidal crest </b>is an obsolete term for the superior border of the petrous part of the temporal bone.

  <b>The ventrobasal surface </b>is an obsolete term for the portion of the petrous part of the temporal bone which forms most of the walls of tympanic cavity. It can be accessed after removal of tympanic part of the temporal bone.


object_id: os temporale 1
en_memorix: The exit
parent: canalis nervi facialis
custom_hierarchy: 7
color: 0
hit_position: -2.03865,0.81240,26.51698
hit_normal: -14.54408,-7.56051,-1.36075
body_rotation: 358.81410,62.83025,357.69090
comment: 2.5
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  <b>The exit</b> is the stylomastoid foramen, which trasmits the both the facial nerve and the stylomastoid vessels.


object_id: os temporale 1
en_memorix: 90° turn downwards
parent: canalis nervi facialis
custom_hierarchy: 6
hit_position: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
hit_normal: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
body_rotation: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
comment: 2.5
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  The canal reaches the the posterior wall of the middle ear and makes a <b>90° turn downwards  </b>forming the prominence of the facial canal (prominenti a canalis nervi facialis) in the mastoid antrum.


object_id: os temporale 1
la_memorix: pars tympanica
en_memorix: The tympanic part
parent: canalis nervi facialis
custom_hierarchy: 4
hit_position: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
hit_normal: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
body_rotation: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
comment: 2.5
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  <b>The tympanic part (pars tympanica)</b> runs dorsolaterally and parallel to the long axis of the petrosal part of the temporal bone between the medial and upper walls of the tympanic cavity.


object_id: os temporale 1
la_memorix: geniculum
en_memorix: The geniculum
parent: canalis nervi facialis
custom_hierarchy: 3
hit_position: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
hit_normal: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
body_rotation: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
comment: 2.5
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  <b>The geniculum</b> houses the geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve. Here the canal makes a <b>90° turn laterocaudally.</b> The greater petrosal nerve leaves in a small canal that also contains the petrosal branch of the middle meningeal artery.


object_id: os temporale 1
la_memorix: pars labyrinthica
en_memorix: The labyrinthine part
parent: canalis nervi facialis
custom_hierarchy: 2
hit_position: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
hit_normal: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
body_rotation: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
comment: 2.5
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  <b>The labyrinthine part</b> runs ventrolaterally above the cochlea at a right angle to the long axis of the petrous part of the temporal bone


object_id: os temporale 1
la_memorix: canalis nervi facialis
en_memorix: Facial canal of Falloppio
custom_hierarchy: 4
hit_position: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
hit_normal: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
body_rotation: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
comment: 2.5
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  The facial canal is a double-curved canal located inside the petrous part of the temporal bone. It contains the facial nerve.


object_id: os temporale 1
la_memorix: foramen stylomastoideum
en_memorix: Stylomastoid foramen
parent: facies inferior
custom_hierarchy: 6.11
hit_position: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
hit_normal: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
body_rotation: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
comment: 2.5
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>the external opening of the facial canal</indent>
  -<indent=3em>transmits the facial nerve and the stylomastoid vessels</indent>


object_id: os temporale 1
la_memorix: fossula petrosa
en_memorix: Petrosal fossula
parent: facies inferior
custom_hierarchy: 6.3
color: 0
hit_position: -1.28247,1.05283,25.09595
hit_normal: 0.60314,-1.20292,-17.69746
body_rotation: 291.88430,285.16890,73.71344
comment: 2.5
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>a little fossa between the jugular fossa and the external opening of the carotid canal</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the entrance of the tympanic canaliculus</indent>
  -<indent=3em>transmits the tympanic nerve and the inferior tympanic vessels to the tympanic cavity</indent>


object_id: os temporale 1
la_memorix: apertura externa canalis carotici
en_memorix: External opening of the carotid canal
parent: facies inferior
custom_hierarchy: 6.2
color: 0
hit_position: -1.02866,0.89641,25.24689
hit_normal: 0.34933,-1.04650,-17.84840
body_rotation: 291.88430,285.16890,73.71344
comment: 2.5
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>the entrance of the carotid canal (canalis caroticus)</indent>
  -<indent=3em>transmits the internal carotid artery, the internal carotid plexus and the internal carotid venous plexus</indent>


object_id: os temporale 1
la_memorix: apertura externa canaliculi vestibuli
en_memorix: Ext. opening of vestibular canaliculus
parent: facies posterior
custom_hierarchy: 4.3
hit_position: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
hit_normal: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
body_rotation: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
comment: 2.5
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>contains the endolymphatic sac</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the location of endolymph resorption</indent>


object_id: os temporale 1
la_memorix: porus acusticus internus
en_memorix: Internal acoustic opening
parent: facies posterior
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
color: 0
hit_position: -0.98762,0.97254,25.45995
hit_normal: 12.36818,3.46241,3.52121
body_rotation: 355.92820,254.15220,345.95610
comment: 2.5
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  transmits the facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve and labyrinthine vessels from the posterior cranial fossa to the middle and internal ear


object_id: os temporale 1
la_memorix: margo superior
en_memorix: Superior border
parent: pars petrosa
custom_hierarchy: 3
hit_position: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
hit_normal: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
body_rotation: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
comment: 2.5
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the tentorium cerebelli</indent>
  -<indent=3em>contains the groove for the superior petrosal sinus</indent>


object_id: os temporale 1
la_memorix: Tegmen tympani
en_memorix: Tegmen tympani
parent: facies anterior
custom_hierarchy: 2.5
color: 0
hit_position: -1.31592,1.30136,25.62109
hit_normal: 12.72404,4.17967,0.92062
body_rotation: 359.43880,249.86120,358.46980
comment: 2.5
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>the roof of the tympanic cavity, located anteromedial to the arcuate eminence</indent>
  -<indent=3em>a weakened part of the skull</indent>
  -<indent=3em>is perforated by the veins of the tympanic cavity</indent>


object_id: os temporale 1
la_memorix: apertura interna canalis carotici
en_memorix: Internal opening of the carotid canal
parent: apex partis petrosae
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
color: 0
hit_position: -0.57852,0.59505,25.35291
hit_normal: 8.65984,-10.87947,2.04661
body_rotation: 3.64856,319.37570,356.87540
comment: 2.5
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>transmits the internal carotid artery into the cranial cavity</indent>
  -<indent=3em>is located in the dorsal wall of the foramen lacerum</indent>


object_id: os temporale 1
la_memorix: fissura tympanomastoidea
en_memorix: Tympanomastoid fissure
parent: pars tympanica
custom_hierarchy: 2.4
color: FF1BE1
hit_position: -2.04258,1.49441,25.20013
hit_normal: -12.96215,3.39943,-3.47287
body_rotation: 4.24961,103.75430,343.15690
comment: 2.5
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>the end of the mastoid canaliculus</indent>
  -<indent=3em>transmits the auricular branch of the vagus nerve</indent>


object_id: os temporale 1
la_memorix: fissura petrotympanica
en_memorix: Petrotympanic fissure
parent: pars tympanica
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
color: 8C1BFF
hit_position: -1.61745,0.85775,25.19806
hit_normal: -13.96798,0.61087,-3.22379
body_rotation: 0.11034,90.37614,343.63750
comment: 2.5
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>a fissure located between the tympanic and petrous parts of the temporal bone</indent>
  -<indent=3em>transmits the chorda tympani, anterior tympanic vessels and anterior ligament of the malleus</indent>


object_id: os temporale 1
la_memorix: incisura tympanica
en_memorix: Tympanic notch
parent: anulus tympanicus
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.1.2
color: 0
hit_position: -1.96189,0.95481,25.58873
hit_normal: -13.40203,1.65011,-4.10850
body_rotation: 1.57595,94.75713,341.71130
comment: 2.5
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>a notch in the upper part of the tympanic ring</indent>
  -<indent=3em>contains the pars flaccida of the tympanic membrane</indent>


object_id: os temporale 1
la_memorix: anulus tympanicus
en_memorix: Tympanic ring
parent: meatus acusticus externus osseus
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.1
color: 0
hit_position: -1.90806,1.27558,25.06007
hit_normal: -13.45586,1.32934,-3.57983
body_rotation: 1.57595,94.75713,341.71130
comment: 2.5
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  a bony ring at the medial end of the external acoustic opening, covered by the tympanic membrane / eardrum


object_id: os temporale 1
la_memorix: porus acusticus externus
en_memorix: External acoustic opening
parent: pars tympanica
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
color: A2E84F
hit_position: -1.61810,1.19593,25.47955
hit_normal: -13.27791,-1.42675,-5.31189
body_rotation: 357.29460,83.83840,336.38460
comment: 2.5
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>the opening of the ear canal</indent>
  -<indent=3em>is composed of a bony part and a cartilaginous part</indent>


object_id: os temporale 1
la_memorix: impressio trigeminalis
en_memorix: Trigeminal impression
parent: facies anterior
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
color: 65601B
hit_position: -0.61677,0.75208,25.59195
hit_normal: 11.90122,7.91701,6.77317
body_rotation: 347.39290,238.63830,340.29690
comment: 2.5
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>a shallow fossa for the trigeminal ganglion (ganglion trigeminale)</indent>
  -<indent=3em>located near the apex of the petrous part</indent>


object_id: os temporale 1
la_memorix: processus mastoideus
en_memorix: Mastoid process
parent: facies inferior
custom_hierarchy: 6.6
color: 5D58D9
hit_position: -1.49471,1.42921,24.43785
hit_normal: 16.20888,-0.80628,1.13752
body_rotation: 0.00146,269.85470,0.58670
comment: 2.5
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>a large pneumatised bony projection</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the sternocleidomastoid, splenius capitis and longissimus capitis</indent>


object_id: os temporale 1
la_memorix: sulcus nervi petrosi minoris
en_memorix: Groove for lesser petrosal nerve
parent: facies anterior
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
color: 9A9B39
hit_position: -1.62492,0.70001,25.68134
hit_normal: 9.90131,-3.74336,12.42171
body_rotation: 14.83486,283.30070,312.71710
comment: 2.5
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>the continuation of the hiatus for the lesser petrosal nerve</indent>
  -<indent=3em>transmits the lesser petrosal nerve from the tympanic cavity to the foramen ovale</indent>


object_id: os temporale 1
la_memorix: sulcus nervi petrosi majoris
en_memorix: Groove for greater petrosal nerve
parent: facies anterior
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
color: D68E5A
hit_position: -1.14792,0.69027,25.55860
hit_normal: 7.38539,2.69116,14.33944
body_rotation: 341.38790,258.90140,301.57640
comment: 2.5
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>the continuation of the hiatus for the greater petrosal nerve</indent>
  -<indent=3em>transmits the greater petrosal nerve</indent>


object_id: os temporale 1
la_memorix: processus zygomaticus
en_memorix: Zygomatic process
parent: pars squamosa
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
color: 9AB542
hit_position: -2.07957,0.08529,25.81882
hit_normal: -14.44813,3.37063,4.50336
body_rotation: 357.73180,97.65929,16.39935
comment: 2.5
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>the origin of the masseter</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the lateral temporomandibular ligament and temporal fascia </indent>
  -<indent=3em>forms the zygomatic arch with the temporal process of the zygomatic bone</indent>


object_id: os temporale 1
la_memorix: pars tympanica
en_memorix: Tympanic part
custom_hierarchy: 2
color: 689AC6
hit_position: -1.67360,0.85116,25.26789
hit_normal: -9.72377,-10.59285,-2.36341
body_rotation: 351.55690,40.66570,352.81080
comment: 2.5
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>forms the walls of the external acoustic meatus</indent>
  -<indent=3em>has the shape of the letter “U“</indent>
  -<indent=3em>runs dorsolaterally and parallel to the long axis of the petrosal part of the temporal bone between the medial and upper walls of the tympanic cavity</indent>


object_id: os temporale 1
la_memorix: processus styloideus
en_memorix: Styloid process
parent: facies inferior
custom_hierarchy: 6.5
color: DEA905
hit_position: -1.34351,0.79632,24.70913
hit_normal: -4.16229,-5.45026,1.74637
body_rotation: 8.86183,36.05951,6.40011
comment: 2.5
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>the origin of the stylohyoid, styloglossus and stylopharyngeus</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the stylohyoid and stylomandibular ligaments</indent>


object_id: os temporale 1
la_memorix: pars mastoidea
en_memorix: Mastoid part
parent: canalis nervi facialis
custom_hierarchy: 5
color: CE92E1
hit_position: -1.82498,1.88277,24.75253
hit_normal: -4.66571,-5.46674,-12.22749
body_rotation: 318.89930,62.47330,308.40660
comment: 2.5
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  <b> The mastoid part</b> runs caudally in the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity. <b>Two canals branch off here:</b> the pyramidal eminence containing the nerve to the stapedius and the canaliculus of the chorda tympani which contains the chorda tympani and the posterior tympanic vessels.


object_id: os temporale 1
la_memorix: tuberculum articulare
en_memorix: Articular tubercle
parent: processus zygomaticus
custom_hierarchy: 1.4.2
color: 9A18B8
hit_position: -2.13441,0.34951,25.58579
hit_normal: -12.24181,-3.85006,-6.22416
body_rotation: 351.81850,72.35111,335.90140
comment: 2.5
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>a prominence in front of the mandibular fossa</indent>
  -<indent=3em>forms part of the temporomandibular joint</indent>


object_id: os temporale 1
la_memorix: crista supramastoidea
en_memorix: Supramastoid crest
parent: processus zygomaticus
custom_hierarchy: 1.4.3
color: 0
hit_position: -2.13584,1.74364,25.88784
hit_normal: -14.55667,-1.73191,-2.89533
body_rotation: 359.04040,85.28545,348.52170
comment: 2.5
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  -<indent=3em>part of the origin of the temporal muscle and temporal fascia</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the dorsal continuation of the zygomatic process</indent>


object_id: os temporale 1
la_memorix: Canalis caroticus
en_memorix: Carotid Canal
parent: facies inferior
custom_hierarchy: 6.12
external_objects: canalis_caroticus_1
color: 3ec3ff
hit_position: -1.03480,0.90681,25.09785
hit_normal: -4.18077,-1.11294,-13.20474
body_rotation: 340.02600,83.72205,287.85150
comment: 2.5
type: foramen
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  Internal opening of the carotid canal
  -<indent=3em>transmits the internal carotid artery into the cranial cavity</indent>
  -<indent=3em>is located in the dorsal wall of the foramen lacerum</indent>

  External opening of the carotid canal 
  -<indent=3em>the entrance of the carotid canal</indent>
  -<indent=3em>transmits the internal carotid artery, the internal carotid plexus and the internal carotid venous plexus</indent>


object_id: os zygomaticum 1
la_memorix: os zygomaticum @1
en_memorix: Zygomatic bone (left)
parent: viscerocranium
custom_hierarchy: 0
comment: 2.9
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  <b>The zygomatic bone </b>is a paired bone of the <b>viscerocranium </b>that develops by <b>intramembranous ossification</b>. Together with the <b>zygomatic process of the temporal bone </b>it forms the <b>zygomatic arch. </b>It contains the <b>zygomatic nerve</b>, which bifurcates inside the bone into two terminal branches that innervate the skin overlying the zygomatic bone and the temporal fossa.


object_id: patella
la_memorix: Patella
en_memorix: Patella
parent: pars libera membri inferioris
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.2.2
comment: 6.3
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  <b>The patella </b>is a sesamoid bone located in <b>the tendon of the quadriceps femoris</b>. It is part of the knee joint.


object_id: patella
la_memorix: facies anterior
en_memorix: Anterior surface
parent: facies anterior
custom_hierarchy: 4
color: 0
hit_position: -3.14510,-0.88717,-11.58029
hit_normal: -0.17642,-11.67007,1.69555
body_rotation: 8.19384,359.57420,359.93930
comment: 6.3
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>the roughened ventral surface </indent>
  -<indent=3em>incorporates part of the tendon of the quadriceps femoris</indent>


object_id: patella
la_memorix: facies articularis
en_memorix: Articular surface
parent: facies articularis
custom_hierarchy: 3
color: 0
hit_position: -3.17483,-0.26406,-11.69135
hit_normal: -0.00328,11.79680,-0.12915
body_rotation: 0.99551,178.76120,359.97850
comment: 6.3
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>the dorsal surface </indent>
  -<indent=3em>is divided into a lateral and a medial facet </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the medial facet is smaller than the lateral facet</indent>


object_id: pelvis
la_memorix: Os coxae
en_memorix: Hip bone
parent: cingulum pelvicum
comment: 6.1
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  <b>The pelvis </b>consists of the <b>left and right hip bones </b>and <b>the sacrum. </b>The <b>linea terminalis </b>divides pelvis into the <b>greater </b><b>pelvis</b>, which contains the small and large intestine, and <b>the lesser pelvis</b>, which contains the urinary bladder, the male and female internal genital organs and the rectum.
  The hip bone consists of <b>3 fused bones: the ilium, ischium and pubis.</b> These three bones <b>articulate at the acetabulum</b> to form the articular cavity of the hip joint. <b>Two hip bones</b> together with the <b>sacrum</b> form <b>the bony pelvis.</b>

general_description:
  <b>The preauricular groove</b> (sulcus preauricularis) is a groove at the transition between the hip bone and sacrum. It is a typical feature of the female pelvis.

  <b>In children</b>, the individual parts of the pelvis are separated by cartilage at the acetabulum. This cartilage has a shape of an inverted letter Y (cartilago ypsiloformis) and ossifies between the 14th and 16th year of life.

  <b>The appearance</b> of the symphysial surface (facies symphysialis) can be used in forensic medicine to estimate age.

  <b>The groove</b> for the dorsal nerve of the penis/clitoris (sulcus nervi dorsalis penis/clitoridis) is a shallow and narrow groove situated on the inferior pubic ramus and on the frontal surface of the pubic bone. It is present in 90 % of cases.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The dorsal aspect</b> of the iliac crest (crista iliaca) can become sensitive to touch in the presence of a hypertonic or spastic quadratus lumborum.

  <b>The superior part</b> of the pubis becomes sensitive in the presence of a hypertonic rectus abdominis. This can occur in patients with an inguinal hernia and after surgical repair of such hernias.

  <b>The pubic bone</b> can become sensitive in hypertonicity of the thigh adductors.

  <b>The ala of the ilium</b> is used for harvesting spongy bone graft s for the treatment of complicated fractures in orthopaedics and traumatology.

  <b>A trephine biopsy</b> is a procedure in which a cylindrically shaped core of bone is obtained for histopathological evaluation. Samples are drawn from the hip bone, usually from the area of the posterior superior iliac spine and occasionally from the anterior superior iliac spine.


object_id: pelvis
la_memorix: facies lunata acetabuli
en_memorix: Lunate Articular Surface of Acetabulum
parent: acetabulum
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
color: D3DA5A
hit_position: -2.74635,-0.14707,2.85640
hit_normal: -23.78356,-6.60246,-24.36111
body_rotation: 348.37650,78.01991,316.48360
comment: 6.1.1
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>the articular surface of the acetabulum</indent>
  -<indent=3em>ends caudally at the acetabular notch</indent>


object_id: pelvis
la_memorix: Ramus ossis ischii
en_memorix: Ramus of Ischium
parent: os ischii
custom_hierarchy: 2
color: 6BB3F2
hit_position: -2.47237,1.24115,0.45630
hit_normal: -14.90755,-9.23139,-22.08522
body_rotation: 336.11830,72.31673,308.22060
comment: 6.1.1
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>runs ventrally from the body</indent>
  -<indent=3em>forms the ischiopubic ramus with the inferior pubic ramus</indent>


object_id: pelvis
la_memorix: Spina ischiadica
en_memorix: Ischial Spine
parent: ramus ossis ischii
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
color: 9C9E3C
hit_position: -1.35454,1.77480,1.96902
hit_normal: -19.44261,26.90207,-9.66973
body_rotation: 15.20097,144.32680,349.34000
comment: 6.1.1
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>the border between the greater and lesser sciatic notches</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the inserti on of the iliococcygeus, ischiococcygeus and the origin of gemellus superior</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of sacrospinous ligament</indent>


object_id: pelvis
la_memorix: Labium externum
en_memorix: Outer Lip of Iliac Crest
parent: crista iliaca
custom_hierarchy: 6.6
color: 471360
hit_position: -3.39787,1.51355,6.80539
hit_normal: -30.27397,13.63375,-11.39599
body_rotation: 5.37151,113.48570,347.84170
comment: 6.1.1
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  the origin of the lati ssimus dorsi and tensor fasciae latae, the inserti on of the external oblique and the attachment of the fascia lata


object_id: pelvis
la_memorix: Crista iliaca
en_memorix: Iliac Crest
parent: os ilium
custom_hierarchy: 6
color: B56C16
hit_position: -4.10775,1.12243,6.90753
hit_normal: -27.59413,12.25021,11.85252
body_rotation: 350.52520,110.60930,23.64024
comment: 6.1.1
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  Has three lips (lines). For attachment of the abdominal wall muscles</indent>
  -<indent=3em>outer lip (labium externum)</indent>
  -<indent=3em>intermediate zone (linea intermedia)</indent>
  -<indent=3em>inner lip (labium internum)</indent>


object_id: pelvis
la_memorix: Spina iliaca anterior inferior
en_memorix: Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
parent: crista iliaca
custom_hierarchy: 6.3
color: 1E2568
hit_position: -3.84717,-0.88137,3.32144
hit_normal: -23.28444,-15.73659,-18.69356
body_rotation: 341.81220,58.57243,332.94210
comment: 6.1.1
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  the origin of the straight head of the rectus femoris and the attachment of the iliofemoral ligament


object_id: pelvis
la_memorix: Crista pubica
en_memorix: Crest of Pubis
parent: corpus ossis pubis
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
color: 397CB5
hit_position: -0.63264,-1.59745,2.20735
hit_normal: 7.54885,-30.75831,11.10037
body_rotation: 15.23722,342.47730,355.25660
comment: 6.1.1
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>the inserti on of the rectus abdominis</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the origin of the pyramidalis</indent>


object_id: pelvis
la_memorix: Tuber ischiadicum
en_memorix: Ischial Tuberosity
parent: ramus ossis ischii
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
color: 3F3C9F
hit_position: -1.90348,0.97936,0.04836
hit_normal: -14.57031,-1.42496,-29.13572
body_rotation: 354.19480,87.49060,293.42610
comment: 6.1.1
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>the origin of the semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris, adductor magnus, gemellus inferior, quadratus femoris, superfi cial transverse perineal muscle and ischiocavernosus</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the sacrotuberous and ischiofemoral ligaments</indent>
  -<indent=3em>is palpable when the thigh is flexed at the hip joint</indent>


object_id: pelvis
la_memorix: Labium Internum
en_memorix: Inner Lip of Iliac Crest
parent: crista iliaca
custom_hierarchy: 6.7
color: 680F10
hit_position: -4.22047,0.02426,6.16892
hit_normal: 30.80184,-18.06382,6.21834
body_rotation: 7.46848,300.69850,347.65160
comment: 6.1.1
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  the origin of the transversus abdominis, the attachment of the thoracolumbar fascia and the inserti on of the quadratus lumborum


object_id: pelvis
la_memorix: Acetabulum
en_memorix: Acetabulum
parent: Common features of the hip bone
custom_hierarchy: 1
comment: 6.1.1
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>the articular fossa of the hip joint composed of all 3 hip bones</indent>
  -<indent=3em>is enlarged by a fibrocarti laginous acetabular labrum</indent>


object_id: radius
la_memorix: Radius
en_memorix: Radius
parent: pars libera membri superioris
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1.3
comment: 5.5
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  <b>The radius </b>is a long bone located on the <b>lateral aspect of the forearm</b>. During pronation and supination, the radius rotates around the ulna.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Pain around the head of the radius </b>develops in overuse of supination.

  <b>The radial styloid process </b>(processus styloideus radii) becomes painful after excessive forearm flexion and in overuse of flexion of the digits when the forearm is in a position halfway between supination and pronation.

  <b>Colles` fracture </b>is an extra-articular fracture of the distal radius with dorsal dislocation of the fragments. It is caused by falling on an extended wrist. It is the most common type of fracture.

  <b>Smith`s fracture </b>is an extra-articular fracture of the distal radius with ventral dislocation of the fragments. It is caused by falling on a flexed wrist.


object_id: radius
la_memorix: sulci tendinum musculorum extensorum
en_memorix: Grooves for tendons of extensors
parent: Pars distalis
custom_hierarchy: 4.3
color: 2E4481
hit_position: -12.66411,-1.21433,4.21891
hit_normal: -23.18600,18.31416,-17.26513
body_rotation: 16.92666,118.88150,332.17500
comment: 5.5
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  grooves for the tendons of the extensor muscles: extensor pollicis longus, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum and extensor indicis


object_id: radius
la_memorix: processus styloideus radii
en_memorix: Radial styloid process
parent: Pars distalis
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
color: C34C42
hit_position: -12.89919,-1.84523,4.04777
hit_normal: -8.33859,-27.57449,-2.83107
body_rotation: 350.52450,18.89291,356.77530
comment: 5.5
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>a palpable projection on the dorsal side of the distal forearm </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the palmar radiocarpal ligament </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the radial collateral ligament of the wrist joint</indent>


object_id: radius
la_memorix: tuberositas pronatoria radii
en_memorix: Pronator tuberosity
parent: corpus radii
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
color: E1CA63
hit_position: -11.17396,0.28247,7.64723
hit_normal: 15.41851,-32.69442,1.85885
body_rotation: 3.03031,333.21420,358.47080
comment: 5.5
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>a tuberosity in the middle of the radial shaft </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the insertion of the pronator teres</indent>


object_id: radius
la_memorix: circumferentia articularis
en_memorix: Articular circumference
parent: caput radii
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
hit_position: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
hit_normal: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
body_rotation: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
comment: 5.5
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>an annular articular facet around the head of the humerus </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the articular head of the proximal radio-ulnar joint</indent>


object_id: radius
la_memorix: tuberositas radii
en_memorix: Radial tuberosity
parent: corpus radii
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
color: 94282C
hit_position: -10.20993,1.05735,9.23832
hit_normal: 27.57116,-17.22873,-3.40653
body_rotation: 358.90190,298.39350,2.02975
comment: 5.5
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
   -<indent=3em>a tuberosity on the proximal part of the radius</indent>
   -<indent=3em>the insertion of the biceps brachii</indent>


object_id: radius
la_memorix: tuberculum dorsale
en_memorix: Dorsal tubercle of Lister
parent: Pars distalis
custom_hierarchy: 4.4
color: FFBA55
hit_position: -12.51579,-1.13102,3.93806
hit_normal: -10.09450,29.11037,-10.01717
body_rotation: 21.68124,154.92050,350.19090
comment: 5.5
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
   -<indent=3em>the attachment of the dorsal radiocarpal ligament</indent>
   -<indent=3em>the most prominent tubercle between the grooves for the extensor tendons</indent>


object_id: scapula
la_memorix: Scapula
en_memorix: Scapula
parent: cingulum pectorale
comment: 5.2
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  <b>The scapula </b>is a <b>flat triangular </b>bone that connects to the posterior aspect of the thorax by muscles <b>at the level of the 2nd </b><b>to 7th rib</b>. It is part of <b>the pectoral girdle </b>and features a <b>large dorsal spine</b>, which ends laterally as <b>the acromion.</b>

general_description:
  <b>The scapula </b>is connected by muscles to the posterior aspect of the thorax. Its position and associated muscles influence the posture of the head, cervical vertebrae and shoulders. Contrarily, the position of the scapula is significantly influenced by muscular imbalance of the upper and lower scapular fixators and the serratus anterior.

  <b>Upper scapular fixators:</b>
  1 descending part of the trapezius
  2 Levator scapulae
  3 Sternocleidomastoid
  4 Scaleni

  <b>Lower scapular fixators:</b>
  1 transverse and ascending part of the trapezius
  2 Rhomboids
  3 Infraspinatus

clinical_notes:
  <b>Fractures of the scapula </b>occur very rarely and are almost always a consequence of direct violence or a fall.

  <b>The superior angle of the scapula </b>is a common area of tenderness found by palpation in a physical examination. This pain can be caused by overuse of the levator scapulae.

  <b>A winged scapula </b>is an out of place scapula. In <b>medial winging, </b>the scapula moves upward and medially. This can be caused by weakening of the lower fixators or injury to the long thoracic nerve. In <b>lateral winging, </b>the scapula moves downwards and laterally. This can be caused by damage to the accessory nerve.


object_id: scapula
la_memorix: incisura scapulae
en_memorix: Suprascapular notch
parent: Other parts of the scapula
custom_hierarchy: 9
color: D68984
hit_position: -4.65713,2.50711,19.51803
hit_normal: 23.55202,-11.61476,7.66201
body_rotation: 8.32071,294.12530,342.09310
comment: 5.2
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
   -<indent=3em>a notch on the superior border of the scapula next to the coracoid process</indent>
   -<indent=3em>covered by the superior transverse scapular ligament</indent>
   -<indent=3em>the suprascapular nerve runs through the notch under the ligament</indent>
   -<indent=3em>the suprascapular artery and vein pass over the ligament</indent>


object_id: scapula
la_memorix: tuberculum supraglenoidale
en_memorix: Supraglenoid tubercle
parent: cavitas glenoidalis
custom_hierarchy: 6.1
color: 3F3C9F
hit_position: -5.35517,2.09878,19.72437
hit_normal: 8.42492,4.15032,24.82153
body_rotation: 331.95860,260.69530,289.21430
comment: 5.2
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
   -<indent=3em>is located just above the glenoid cavity</indent>
   -<indent=3em>the origin of the long head of the biceps brachii</indent>


object_id: scapula
la_memorix: incisura spinoglenoidalis
en_memorix: Spinoglenoid notch
parent: Other parts of the scapula
custom_hierarchy: 10
color: A55D8C
hit_position: -5.61534,2.98381,19.31061
hit_normal: -20.10681,3.44704,4.42606
body_rotation: 358.23050,97.05604,14.00653
comment: 5.2
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
   -<indent=3em>a notch between the glenoid cavity and the spine of the scapula</indent>
   -<indent=3em>covered by the inferior transverse scapular ligament</indent>
   -<indent=3em>transmits the suprascapular nerve and vessels</indent>


object_id: scapula
la_memorix: spina scapulae
en_memorix: Spine of scapula
parent: Subdivisions of the posterior surface
custom_hierarchy: 5.1
color: 8FC6F4
hit_position: -5.10234,3.76543,19.76480
hit_normal: 0.27980,21.57035,14.86761
body_rotation: 322.95560,176.09620,2.35400
comment: 5.2
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
   -<indent=3em>the origin of the spinal part of the deltoid muscle</indent>
   -<indent=3em>the insertion of the transverse and ascending parts of the trapezius</indent>


object_id: scapula
la_memorix: tuberculum infraglenoidale
en_memorix: Infraglenoid tubercle
parent: cavitas glenoidalis
custom_hierarchy: 6.2
color: 7BAF2E
hit_position: -5.92218,2.91307,18.46867
hit_normal: -20.85460,14.41810,-1.57596
body_rotation: 1.36081,122.22120,357.84190
comment: 5.2
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
   -<indent=3em>located just below the glenoid cavity</indent>
   -<indent=3em>the origin of the long head of the triceps brachii</indent>


object_id: scapula
la_memorix: cavitas glenoidalis
en_memorix: Glenoid cavity
parent: Other parts of the scapula
custom_hierarchy: 6
color: 9FC6E9
hit_position: -5.54338,2.38573,19.05809
hit_normal: -21.91377,2.43773,2.41863
body_rotation: 359.58150,93.15226,7.55448
comment: 5.2
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
   -<indent=3em>the articular fossa of the shoulder joint</indent>
   -<indent=3em>is enlarged by a cartilaginous glenoid labrum</indent>


object_id: scapula
la_memorix: processus coracoideus
en_memorix: Coracoid process
parent: Other parts of the scapula
custom_hierarchy: 8
color: FABD63
hit_position: -5.06028,1.22542,19.37469
hit_normal: 18.84757,-18.67641,-4.95148
body_rotation: 354.60210,316.63050,5.07827
comment: 5.2
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
   -<indent=3em>the origin of the coracobrachialis and the short head of the biceps brachii</indent>
   -<indent=3em>the insertion of the pectoralis minor</indent>
   -<indent=3em>the attachment of the coraco-acromial ligament, coracoclavicular ligament and coracohumeral ligament</indent>


object_id: scapula
la_memorix: collum scapulae
en_memorix: Neck of scapula
parent: Other parts of the scapula
custom_hierarchy: 7
color: 9F56B8
hit_position: -5.28549,2.36164,19.07841
hit_normal: 30.34744,-3.97264,-5.71562
body_rotation: 358.86860,277.48570,8.54548
comment: 5.2
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
   -<indent=3em>a narrowed area between the glenoid cavity and the rest of the scapula</indent>
   -<indent=3em>the attachment of the articular capsule of the shoulder joint</indent>


object_id: scapula
la_memorix: Acromion
en_memorix: Acromion
parent: Subdivisions of the posterior surface
custom_hierarchy: 5.2
color: C04C42
hit_position: -5.97844,2.88241,20.06188
hit_normal: -4.48455,20.48018,15.49839
body_rotation: 322.72060,157.06950,14.37210
comment: 5.2
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
   -<indent=3em>the lateral extension of the spine of the scapula</indent>
   -<indent=3em>the origin of the acromial part of the deltoid muscle</indent>
   -<indent=3em>the insertion of the descending part of the trapezius</indent>
   -<indent=3em>the attachment of the coraco-acromial ligament (fornix humeri) and the acromioclavicular ligament</indent>


object_id: tibia
la_memorix: Tibia
en_memorix: Tibia
parent: pars libera membri inferioris
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.2.3
comment: 6.4
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  <b>The tibia </b>is a <b>weight bearing bone of the leg </b>which forms the <b>shin</b>. It is a long bone. The distal end of the tibia forms the <b>medial malleolus</b>. <b>The anterior margin and the medial surface </b>are not covered by muscles and are therefore <b>palpable </b>in their entire course.


object_id: tibia
la_memorix: eminentia intercondylaris
en_memorix: Intercondylar eminence
parent: condyli tibiae
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
color: 0
hit_position: -3.38632,0.52578,-12.13535
hit_normal: -0.28380,-15.16673,33.12144
body_rotation: 66.70393,356.80510,357.06500
comment: 6.4
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>an eminence located in the middle of the superior articular surface </indent>
  -<indent=3em>comprises the medial and lateral tubercle</indent>


object_id: tibia
la_memorix: condyli tibiae
en_memorix: Condyles of tibia
custom_hierarchy: 1
color: 0
hit_position: -2.99282,-0.31450,-12.31521
hit_normal: -4.18571,-68.06210,28.09455
body_rotation: 26.90363,3.05597,1.38380
comment: 6.4
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>form the widened proximal end of the bone </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the tibia has two condyles: the medial condyle and the lateral condyle </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus are attached to the medial condyle as a common tendon called the pes anserinus</indent>


object_id: tibia
la_memorix: sulcus malleolaris
en_memorix: Malleolar groove
parent: malleolus medialis
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.1
color: 9F643F
hit_position: -2.94379,1.29534,-27.06379
hit_normal: 48.42203,11.51614,-13.91208
body_rotation: 4.86410,256.52760,19.49115
comment: 6.4
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri inferioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>forms the malleolar canal together with the flexor retinaculum</indent>
  -<indent=3em>tendons of the tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum longus pass through it</indent>


object_id: ulna
la_memorix: Ulna
en_memorix: Ulna
parent: pars libera membri superioris
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1.2
comment: 5.4
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  <b>The ulna </b>is a long bone located on the <b>medial aspect of the forearm</b>. It acts as a <b>rotary axis for the radius </b>during pronation and supination of the forearm.

general_description:
  <b>The ulnar nerve </b>is located superficially as it runs through the groove for the ulnar nerve. Hitting the ulnar nerve at this point causes a tingling feeling spreading down the arm, hence the colloquial term for this region:"the funny bone".


object_id: ulna
la_memorix: processus styloideus ulnae
en_memorix: Ulnar styloid process
parent: caput ulnae
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
color: 3F3C9C
hit_position: -11.91788,-1.09402,3.34812
hit_normal: -2.31032,13.73889,-31.76908
body_rotation: 61.62601,131.90250,315.56300
comment: 5.4
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>a palpable projection on the dorsal side of the distal forearm </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the palmar ulnocarpal ligament and ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist joint</indent>


object_id: ulna
la_memorix: foramen nutricium
en_memorix: Nutrient foramen
parent: corpus ulnae
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
color: F7BB86
hit_position: -10.26668,1.38896,8.18362
hit_normal: -31.97536,-4.09003,19.87647
body_rotation: 3.26727,85.00572,33.11271
comment: 5.4
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>the entrance of vessels into the medullary cavity </indent>
  -<indent=3em>points proximally</indent>


object_id: ulna
la_memorix: circumferentia articularis
en_memorix: articular circumference
parent: caput ulnae
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
color: FFCA79
hit_position: -12.11785,-1.21166,3.60082
hit_normal: -26.20505,-8.60842,-9.26830
body_rotation: 351.56820,69.55428,338.52920
comment: 5.4
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>the annular articular facet around the head</indent>
  -<indent=3em>an articular surface in the distal radio-ulnar joint</indent>


object_id: ulna
la_memorix: processus coronoideus ulnae
en_memorix: Coronoid process
parent: pars proximalis
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
color: C34C42
hit_position: -9.01307,1.41005,9.70899
hit_normal: 21.58821,-22.66153,-9.34353
body_rotation: 352.11580,311.55280,8.79710
comment: 5.4
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton appendiculare
sub_group: ossa membri superioris
description:
  -<indent=3em>the ventral border of the trochlear notch</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the attachment of the humerocoronoid and oblique ligaments</indent>


object_id: vertebrae cervicales c3
la_memorix: Processus articularis
en_memorix: Articular process
custom_hierarchy: 5
color: 0
hit_position: -0.35460,1.76574,23.71205
hit_normal: -4.75708,1.06842,5.16719
body_rotation: 350.89000,98.90353,45.30410
comment: 3.1
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>is located between the transverse and frontal planes </indent>
  -<indent=3em>superior articular process points dorsocranially </indent>
  -<indent=3em>inferior articular process points ventrocaudally</indent>


object_id: vertebrae cervicales c3
la_memorix: Incisura vertebralis superior
en_memorix: Superior Vertebral Notch
parent: Arcus vertebrae
custom_hierarchy: 6.1
color: 94282C
hit_position: -0.34515,1.45570,23.58232
hit_normal: -2.65740,-2.40708,9.83428
body_rotation: 42.05167,69.13845,60.36164
comment: 3.1
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>paired notches located on the anterior part of the vertebral arch</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the superior notch is shallow and the inferior notch is deep)</indent>


object_id: vertebrae cervicales c7
la_memorix: Vertebra cervicalis septima (C7)
en_memorix: Cervical vertebra (C7)
parent: vertebrae cervicales
custom_hierarchy: 7
comment: 3.1
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 464 characters]

general_description:
  <b>Vertebra prominens </b>is the clinical term for vertebra C7. It has an accentuated non-bifurcated spinous process with a spherical end. It is an orientation point used during palpation of the vertebral column.


object_id: vertebrae lumbales l1
la_memorix: Processus articularis
en_memorix: Articular process
custom_hierarchy: 5
color: 0
hit_position: -0.32410,1.83007,9.07574
hit_normal: 0.62920,11.89826,0.99291
body_rotation: 357.25280,179.67670,0.01555
comment: 3.3
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>is in the sagittal plane </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the cranial facets points medially </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the caudal facets points laterally</indent>


object_id: vertebrae lumbales l1
la_memorix: Corpus vertebrae
en_memorix: Lumbar Vertebral Body
custom_hierarchy: 1
color: AAD63F
hit_position: -0.10893,0.43909,9.92641
hit_normal: 0.33379,-1.65619,11.82763
body_rotation: 78.59486,358.87200,0.78399
comment: 3.3
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>is tall, wide and kidney-shaped </indent>
  -<indent=3em>is taller ventrally than it is dorsally </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the body of L5 is wedge-shaped</indent>


object_id: vertebrae lumbales l2
la_memorix: Processus articularis
en_memorix: Articular process
custom_hierarchy: 5
color: 0
hit_position: -0.48821,1.79021,8.08289
hit_normal: -5.24766,11.69358,3.75390
body_rotation: 346.80460,153.05530,6.61864
comment: 3.3
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>is in the sagittal plane</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the cranial facets points medially </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the caudal facets points laterally</indent>


object_id: vertebrae lumbales l4
la_memorix: Processus articularis
en_memorix: Articular process
custom_hierarchy: 5
color: 0
hit_position: 0.52935,1.82130,6.26432
hit_normal: 0.04910,6.59517,15.15637
body_rotation: 297.00740,182.80730,357.49840
comment: 3.3
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>is in the sagittal plane </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the cranial facets points medially</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the caudal facets points laterally</indent>


object_id: vertebrae thoracales t1
la_memorix: fovea costalis processus transversi
en_memorix: Transverse costal facet
parent: Processus transversus
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
color: E9B99A
hit_position: -0.91260,2.59927,21.26899
hit_normal: -10.00476,-10.50486,1.08539
body_rotation: 4.09488,44.78929,4.05463
comment: 3.2
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>articulates with the costal tubercle of the rib</indent>
  -<indent=3em>are not present on T11 and T12</indent>


object_id: vertebrae thoracales t1
la_memorix: processus articulares
en_memorix: Articular processes
custom_hierarchy: 5
color: 0
hit_position: 0.38348,2.82882,20.74709
hit_normal: 14.88397,0.60204,-0.01763
body_rotation: 0.02610,265.68100,0.34625
comment: 3.2
type: surface
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>project in the frontal plane </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the superior articular facets point dorsally </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the inferior articular facets point ventrally </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the exception is vertebra T12 which has caudal facets in sagittal plane</indent>


object_id: vertebrae thoracales t1
la_memorix: fovea costalis superior et inferior
en_memorix: Superior and inferior costal facets
parent: Corpus vertebrae
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
color: 9FD2EC
hit_position: -0.45653,2.28391,20.96209
hit_normal: -7.91592,-2.35556,-0.86250
body_rotation: 358.50940,72.11879,355.39030
comment: 3.2
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>articular facets for articulation with the head of the rib </indent>
  -<indent=3em>vertebrae T1-T9 have two pairs of facets </indent>
  -<indent=3em>vertebrae T10-T12 have only one pair of facets</indent>


object_id: vertebrae thoracales t10
la_memorix: impressio aortica
en_memorix: Aortic impression
parent: Corpus vertebrae
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
hit_position: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
hit_normal: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
body_rotation: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
comment: 3.2
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>a shallow impression for the descending aorta </indent>
  -<indent=3em>is found on the vertebral bodies T4-T9</indent>


object_id: vertebrae thoracales t2
la_memorix: fovea costalis processus transversi
en_memorix: Transverse costal facet
parent: Processus transversus
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
color: E9B697
hit_position: 0.94745,3.08781,20.61687
hit_normal: 7.32457,-11.71556,5.29732
body_rotation: 17.25914,319.62280,345.83970
comment: 3.2
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
   -<indent=3em>articulates with the costal tubercle of the rib</indent>
   -<indent=3em>are not present on T11 and T12</indent>


object_id: vertebrae thoracales t4
la_memorix: impressio aortica
en_memorix: Aortic impression
parent: Corpus vertebrae
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
hit_position: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
hit_normal: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
body_rotation: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
comment: 3.2
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>a shallow impression for the descending aorta</indent>
  -<indent=3em>is found on the vertebral bodies T4-T9</indent>


object_id: vertebrae thoracales t4
la_memorix: fovea costalis superior et inferior
en_memorix: Superior and inferior costal facets
parent: Corpus vertebrae
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
color: 9FD2EC
hit_position: 0.56840,3.09993,18.83619
hit_normal: 10.79450,0.08499,0.29785
body_rotation: 359.96840,268.99670,358.19860
comment: 3.2
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>articular facets for articulation with the head of the rib </indent>
  -<indent=3em>vertebrae T1-T9 have two pairs of facets</indent>
  -<indent=3em>vertebrae T10-T12 have only one pair of facets</indent>


object_id: vertebrae thoracales t5
la_memorix: fovea costalis processus transversi
en_memorix: Transverse costal facet
parent: Processus transversus
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
color: ECBB9C
hit_position: -0.81695,4.07027,18.11801
hit_normal: -5.59121,-8.98366,2.12054
body_rotation: 11.67178,35.26523,8.14126
comment: 3.2
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>articulates with the costal tubercle of the rib</indent>
   <indent=3em>are not present on T11 and T12</indent>


object_id: vertebrae thoracales t7
la_memorix: fovea costalis superior et inferior
en_memorix: Superior and inferior costal facets
parent: Corpus vertebrae
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
color: 9FD2EC
hit_position: -0.62817,3.37478,16.15696
hit_normal: -9.68786,-9.74748,0.32200
body_rotation: 1.74321,44.39348,1.70595
comment: 3.2
type: part
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>articular facets for articulation with the head of the rib</indent>
  -<indent=3em>vertebrae T1-T9 have two pairs of facets</indent>
  -<indent=3em>vertebrae T10-T12 have only one pair of facets</indent>


object_id: vertebrae thoracales t8
la_memorix: processus articulares
en_memorix: Articular processes
custom_hierarchy: 5
color: 0
hit_position: -0.41895,3.38577,14.37170
hit_normal: -7.32143,6.37253,-5.03220
body_rotation: 17.68168,127.40280,338.33610
comment: 3.2
type: landmark
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: columna vertebralis
description:
  -<indent=3em>project in the frontal plane</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the superior articular facets point dorsally </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the inferior articular facets point ventrally </indent>
  -<indent=3em>the exception is vertebra T12 which has caudal facets in sagittal plane</indent>


object_id: vomer
la_memorix: Vomer
en_memorix: Vomer
parent: viscerocranium
custom_hierarchy: 0
comment: 2.8
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: cranium
description:
  <b>The vomer </b>is a small unpaired sagitally oriented bone that develops by <b>intramembranous </b><b>ossification </b>and forms the dorsal part of the nasal septum.

  -<indent=3em>forms the dorsal third of the nasal septum</indent>
  -<indent=3em>divides at its cranial aspect into the paired alae of the vomer, which are connected to the rostrum of the sphenoidal bone</indent>
  -<indent=3em>caudally connected to the nasal crest of the hard palate</indent>
  -<indent=3em>ventrocranially connected to the perpendicular plate of the ethmoidal bone</indent>

general_description:
  <b>The vomerovaginal canal </b>(canalis vomerovaginalis) is a small canal without any content, formed between the vaginal process of the pterygoid process and the vomer.


object_id: cartilago costalis
la: cartilago costalis
en: Costal cartilage
la_memorix: cartilago costalis
en_memorix: Costal cartilage
parent: costae
custom_hierarchy: 0
comment: 4
type: bone
modified: 2026-04-17 03:27:15
main_group: skeleton axiale
sub_group: skeleton thoracis
description:
  -<indent=3em>a cartilaginous extension on the ventral end of the ribs</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the costal cartilage of the true ribs articulates with the sternum</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the costal cartilages of the false ribs articulates with the next rib above</indent>
  -<indent=3em>is not present in floating ribs</indent>


