# content_respiratory

system: respiratory
main_group: General overview
memorix_page: 206
en: General overview
cell_type: 0
tags: upper
en_description:
  <b>The respiratory tract is a tree of ducts, </b>which is divided into the <b>upper and lower airways</b>. Anatomically, the upper respiratory tract ends with the laryngopharynx; clinically, it includes the larynx and the cervical part of the trachea. The wall of the airways is strengthened by cartilage and elastic fibres, which protects the airway from collapse and provide elasticity. The respiratory system is responsible for the <b>exchange of gases </b>between the <b>air and blood, voice production, maintenance of acid-base balance </b>and <b>elimination of substances</b>.


system: respiratory
main_group: Nose
memorix_page: 206
latin: Nasus
en: Nose
cell_type: 0
tags: upper
en_description:
  The nose has <b>a bony and cartilaginous base </b>of a triangular shape. The skin of the nose is <b>rich in sebaceous glands</b>. The skin overlying the bony part is movable, while the skin overlying cartilaginous part is firmly fixed. The muscles of facial expression inserting into the nose constrict and flare the nostrils.


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Nose
sub_group: Structure of the nose
parent: Nasus
memorix_page: 206
en: Structure of the nose
cell_type: 1
general_description:
  <b>The airways </b>are almost entirely lined by mucosa with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. Coordinated ciliary movements ( mucociliary escalator) beat a layer of secreted mucus towards the pharynx, cleaning the airways. 

  <b>The olfactory region </b><i>(regio olfactoria) </i>comprises the mucosa of the ceiling of the nasal cavity and the upper third of the nasal septum. It is lined with olfactory epithelium, which is specialised sensory pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. The supporting cells contain lipofuscin granules, imparting a yellowish colour to the mucosa. 

  <b>The respiratory region </b><i>(regio respiratoria) </i>constitutes all the mucosa of the nasal cavity excluding the olfactory region. It is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. 

  <b>The nasal vestibule </b>contains thick hairs (<i>vibrissae</i>), which mechanically prevent particles from entering the nasal cavity. 

  <b>The vomeronasal cartilage </b>(<i>cartilago vomeronasalis</i>) is a minor paired cartilage, which is fixed to the septal nasal cartilage. It is rudimentary and insignificant in humans. 

  <b>In plastic surgery, the columella </b>is described as the skin that overlies the outer margin of the nasal septum.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The nasal cavity can be surgically approached </b>externally (the classic approach) or endoscopically and microscopically (functional endoscopic sinus surgery). 

  <b>The pituitary gland </b>may be surgically approached through the nasal cavity and sphenoidal sinus. 

  <b>A deviated nasal septum </b>may, during inflammation or oedema, obstruct half of the nasal cavity or block the openings of the paranasal sinuses. 

  <b>Liquorrhea </b>is leakage of cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space. In fractures or surgeries affecting the anterior cranial fossa, cerebrospinal fluid may leak from the nose (nasal liquorrhea).


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Nose
sub_group: Structure of the nose
parent: Structure of the nose
memorix_page: 206
latin: cartilagines nasi
en: Nasal cartilages
cell_type: 0
blood_supply:
  arteria angularis,arteria infraorbitalis,arteria supratrochlearis,venae nasales externae,vena facialis,vena angularis,arcus nasalis

innervation:
  nervus ophthalmicus,nervus ethmoidalis anterior,nervus nasociliaris,nervus maxillaris,nervus infraorbitalis,rami nasales interni nervi infraorbialis,rami nasales externi nervi infraorbialis


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Nose
sub_group: Structure of the nose
parent: cartilagines nasi
memorix_page: 206
object_id: cartilago nasi lateralis 1,cartilago nasi lateralis 2
latin: cartilago nasi lateralis
en: Lateral nasal cartilage
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os nasale 1,os nasale 2, corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,os ethmoidale,vomer,cartilago nasi lateralis 1,cartilago nasi lateralis 2,cartilago alaris major 1,cartilago alaris major 2,cartilages alares minores 1,cartilages alares minores 2,cartilago septi nasi,cartilagines nasales accessoriae 1,cartilagines nasales accessoriae 2,adiposus fibrosus alaris 1,adiposus fibrosus alaris 2


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Nose
sub_group: Structure of the nose
parent: cartilagines nasi
memorix_page: 206
object_id: cartilago alaris major 1,cartilago alaris major 2
latin: cartilago alaris major – crus mediale et laterale
en: Major alar cartilage with crus
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os nasale 1,os nasale 2, corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,os ethmoidale,vomer,cartilago nasi lateralis 1,cartilago nasi lateralis 2,cartilago alaris major 1,cartilago alaris major 2,cartilages alares minores 1,cartilages alares minores 2,cartilago septi nasi,cartilagines nasales accessoriae 1,cartilagines nasales accessoriae 2,adiposus fibrosus alaris 1,adiposus fibrosus alaris 2

blood_supply:
  arteria angularis,arteria infraorbitalis,arteria supratrochlearis,venae nasales externae,vena facialis,vena angularis,arcus nasalis

innervation:
  nervus ophthalmicus,nervus ethmoidalis anterior,nervus nasociliaris,nervus maxillaris,nervus infraorbitalis,rami nasales interni nervi infraorbialis,rami nasales externi nervi infraorbialis


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Nose
sub_group: Structure of the nose
parent: cartilagines nasi
memorix_page: 206
object_id: cartilages alares minores 1,cartilages alares minores 2
latin: cartilagines alares minores
en: Minor alar cartilages
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os nasale 1,os nasale 2, corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,os ethmoidale,vomer,cartilago nasi lateralis 1,cartilago nasi lateralis 2,cartilago alaris major 1,cartilago alaris major 2,cartilages alares minores 1,cartilages alares minores 2,cartilago septi nasi,cartilagines nasales accessoriae 1,cartilagines nasales accessoriae 2,adiposus fibrosus alaris 1,adiposus fibrosus alaris 2

blood_supply:
  arteria angularis,arteria infraorbitalis,arteria supratrochlearis,venae nasales externae,vena facialis,vena angularis,arcus nasalis

innervation:
  nervus ophthalmicus,nervus ethmoidalis anterior,nervus nasociliaris,nervus maxillaris,nervus infraorbitalis,rami nasales interni nervi infraorbialis,rami nasales externi nervi infraorbialis


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2.4
main_group: Nose
sub_group: Structure of the nose
parent: cartilagines nasi
memorix_page: 206
object_id: cartilago septi nasi
latin: cartilago septi nasi
en: Septal nasal cartilage
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os nasale 1,os nasale 2, corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,os ethmoidale,vomer,cartilago nasi lateralis 1,cartilago nasi lateralis 2,cartilago alaris major 1,cartilago alaris major 2,cartilages alares minores 1,cartilages alares minores 2,cartilago septi nasi,cartilagines nasales accessoriae 1,cartilagines nasales accessoriae 2,adiposus fibrosus alaris 1,adiposus fibrosus alaris 2

blood_supply:
  arteria angularis,arteria infraorbitalis,arteria supratrochlearis,venae nasales externae,vena facialis,vena angularis,arcus nasalis

innervation:
  nervus ophthalmicus,nervus ethmoidalis anterior,nervus nasociliaris,nervus maxillaris,nervus infraorbitalis,rami nasales interni nervi infraorbialis,rami nasales externi nervi infraorbialis


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2.5
main_group: Nose
sub_group: Structure of the nose
parent: cartilagines nasi
memorix_page: 206
object_id: cartilagines nasales accessoriae 1,cartilagines nasales accessoriae 2
latin: cartilagines nasales accessoriae
en: Accessory nasal cartilages
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os nasale 1,os nasale 2, corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,os ethmoidale,vomer,cartilago nasi lateralis 1,cartilago nasi lateralis 2,cartilago alaris major 1,cartilago alaris major 2,cartilages alares minores 1,cartilages alares minores 2,cartilago septi nasi,cartilagines nasales accessoriae 1,cartilagines nasales accessoriae 2,adiposus fibrosus alaris 1,adiposus fibrosus alaris 2

blood_supply:
  arteria angularis,arteria infraorbitalis,arteria supratrochlearis,venae nasales externae,vena facialis,vena angularis,arcus nasalis

innervation:
  nervus ophthalmicus,nervus ethmoidalis anterior,nervus nasociliaris,nervus maxillaris,nervus infraorbitalis,rami nasales interni nervi infraorbialis,rami nasales externi nervi infraorbialis


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Nose
sub_group: Structure of the nose
parent: Structure of the nose
memorix_page: 206
object_id: adiposus fibrosus alaris 1,adiposus fibrosus alaris 2
latin: adiposus fibrosus alaris
en: Alar fatty tissue
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os nasale 1,os nasale 2, corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,os ethmoidale,vomer,cartilago nasi lateralis 1,cartilago nasi lateralis 2,cartilago alaris major 1,cartilago alaris major 2,cartilages alares minores 1,cartilages alares minores 2,cartilago septi nasi,cartilagines nasales accessoriae 1,cartilagines nasales accessoriae 2,adiposus fibrosus alaris 1,adiposus fibrosus alaris 2

blood_supply:
  arteria angularis,arteria infraorbitalis,arteria supratrochlearis,venae nasales externae,vena facialis,vena angularis,arcus nasalis

innervation:
  nervus ophthalmicus,nervus ethmoidalis anterior,nervus nasociliaris,nervus maxillaris,nervus infraorbitalis,rami nasales interni nervi infraorbialis,rami nasales externi nervi infraorbialis


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Nose
sub_group: Structure of the nose
parent: Structure of the nose
memorix_page: 206
object_id: nose
en: Skin of the nose
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os nasale 1,os nasale 2, corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,os ethmoidale,vomer,cartilago nasi lateralis 1,cartilago nasi lateralis 2,cartilago alaris major 1,cartilago alaris major 2,cartilages alares minores 1,cartilages alares minores 2,cartilago septi nasi,cartilagines nasales accessoriae 1,cartilagines nasales accessoriae 2,adiposus fibrosus alaris 1,adiposus fibrosus alaris 2

blood_supply:
  arteria angularis,arteria infraorbitalis,arteria supratrochlearis,venae nasales externae,vena facialis,vena angularis,arcus nasalis

innervation:
  nervus ophthalmicus,nervus ethmoidalis anterior,nervus nasociliaris,nervus maxillaris,nervus infraorbitalis,rami nasales interni nervi infraorbialis,rami nasales externi nervi infraorbialis


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Nose
sub_group: Vascular supply and innervation
parent: Vascular supply and innervation
memorix_page: 206
en: Arterial supply
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  angular artery (facial artery), infraorbital artery (maxillary artery), supratrochlear and infratrochlear arteries (ophthalmic artery)


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Nasal cavity
sub_group: Basic parts of nasal cavity
parent: Basic parts of nasal cavity
memorix_page: 207
en: Parts of nasal cavity
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  The nasal cavity is open through the nostrils to the external environment. Dorsally, it communicates with the  <b>nasopharynx  </b>through the posterior nasal  <b>apertures.  </b>It is divided sagittally by the  <b>nasal septum</b>, which is composed of cartilage ventrally and bone dorsally. The floor of the nasal cavity is formed by the palate. The three  <b>conchae  </b>(inferior, medial and superior) protrude from the lateral wall and divide the cavity into four groove-like air passages, the inferior, middle, superior and common meatuses, which communicate with the  <b>paranasal sinuses and the nasolacrimal duct</b>. The roof is formed by the base of the anterior cranial fossa and is involved in  <b>olfaction</b>. The nasal cavity serves to  <b>heat and humidify inspired air</b>, and mechanically blocks particles from entering.

general_description:
  <b>The sphenoethmoidal recess  </b>is the dorso cranial projection of the nasal cavity towards the upper end of the anterior aspect of the sphenoid bone. The sphenoidal sinus opens here through the superior nasal meatus.

    <b>The cavernous plexuses of the conchae  </b>are vascular plexuses on the conchae.  <b>Kiesselbach’s plexus  </b>is located on the cartilaginous septum near the anterior end of the inferior nasal concha. It is a frequent source of nasal bleeding (epistaxis). It is supplied by 5 arteries: superior labial, anterior and posterior ethmoidal, sphenopalatine and greater palatine.  <b>Woodruff ’s plexus  </b>is a venous plexus on the dorsal end of the inferior nasal concha, which may be a source of venous bleeding.


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Nasal cavity
sub_group: Basic parts of nasal cavity
parent: Parts of nasal cavity
memorix_page: 207
object_id: cavitas nasi 1
latin: cavitas nasi sinister
en: Left part of nasal cavity
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,os ethmoidale,gingiva,palatum durum
related_objects:
  os sphenoidale,cavitas nasi 2,pars nasalis pharyngis,os nasale 1,corpus maxillae 1,os ethmoidale,os lacrimale 1,corpus maxillae 2,os ethmoidale,os lacrimale 2

blood_supply:
  arteria palatina descendens,arteria facialis,vena facialis,vena angularis,venae ethmoidales,venae nasales,plexus pharyngeus,arteriae nasales posteriores laterales,rami septales posteriores arteriae nasales,rami septales anteriores arteriae nasales

innervation:
  nervus ethmoidalis posterior,nervus nasociliaris,nervus ophthalmicus,nervus ethmoidalis anterior,posterior nasal branches,infraorbital nerve


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Nasal cavity
sub_group: Basic parts of nasal cavity
parent: Parts of nasal cavity
memorix_page: 207
object_id: cavitas nasi 2
latin: cavitas nasi dexter
en: Right part of nasal cavity
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,os ethmoidale,gingiva,palatum durum
related_objects:
  os sphenoidale,cavitas nasi 1,pars nasalis pharyngis,,corpus maxillae 1,os ethmoidale,os lacrimale 1,corpus maxillae 2,os ethmoidale,os lacrimale 2

blood_supply:
  arteria palatina descendens,arteria facialis,vena facialis,vena angularis,venae ethmoidales,venae nasales,plexus pharyngeus,arteriae nasales posteriores laterales,rami septales posteriores arteriae nasales,rami septales anteriores arteriae nasales

innervation:
  nervus ethmoidalis posterior,nervus nasociliaris,nervus ophthalmicus,nervus ethmoidalis anterior,posterior nasal branches,infraorbital nerve


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Nasal cavity
sub_group: Basic parts of nasal cavity
parent: vestibulum nasi
memorix_page: 207
latin: limen nasi
en: Limen nasi
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the border between the nasal vestibule and the nasal cavity proper
  - a ridge formed by the upper edge of the major alar cartilage


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Nasal cavity
sub_group: Nasal meatus
parent: meatus nasi
memorix_page: 208
latin: meatus nasi superior
en: Superior nasal meatus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - is located between the roof of the nasal cavity and the middle nasal concha
  - contains the openings of the sphenoid sinus and posterior ethmoidal air cells


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Nasal cavity
sub_group: Nasal meatus
parent: meatus nasi
memorix_page: 208
latin: meatus nasi medius
en: Middle nasal meatus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - is located between the middle and inferior nasal conchae
  - contains the openings of the frontal sinus, maxillary sinus and anterior and middle ethmoidal air cells


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Nasal cavity
sub_group: Nasal meatus
parent: meatus nasi
memorix_page: 208
latin: meatus nasi inferior
en: Inferior nasal meatus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - is located between the inferior nasal concha and the floor of the nasal cavity
  - contains the opening of the nasolacrimal duct


system: respiratory
main_group: Nasal cavity
sub_group: Vascular supply of nasal cavity
parent: Vascular supply of nasal cavity
memorix_page: 208
en: Arterial supply
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries (ophthalmic artery), descending palatine artery (maxillary artery), sphenopalatine artery (maxillary artery), facial artery


system: respiratory
main_group: Nasal cavity
sub_group: Innervation of nasal cavity
parent: Innervation of nasal cavity
memorix_page: 208
en: Somatosensory
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  anterior ethmoidal nerve (ophthalmic nerve), posterior nasal branches and infraorbital nerve (maxillary nerve)


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Paranasal sinuses
sub_group: Parts of the paranasal sinuses
parent: Paranasal sinuses
memorix_page: 208
latin: Sinus paranasales *2
en: Parts of the paranasal sinuses
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The paranasal sinuses are air filled cavities within the bones of the skull. They <b>increase the resonance of voice </b>and <b>decrease the weight of the skull.</b>

general_description:
  <b>The semilunar hiatus </b>is the opening of the maxillary sinus, frontal sinus and anterior and middle ethmoidal air cells into the middle nasal meatus.

  <b>The paranasal sinuses  </b>arise as outgrowths of the nasal mucosa into the neighbouring bones. They are therefore covered by mucosa with respiratory epithelium. They developed mostly after birth; the newborn has only very rudimentary ethmoidal air cells and maxillary sinuses.

clinical_notes:
  <b>During inflammation of the paranasal sinuses (sinusitis)</b>, percussion over the sinus becomes painful. The inflammation may erode the thin bone and enter the cranial cavity or the orbit. An X-ray may show opacity of the sinus.


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Paranasal sinuses
sub_group: Parts of the paranasal sinuses
parent: Sinus paranasales *2
en_description: opens into the middle nasal meatus
memorix_page: 208
object_id: sinus frontalis 1,sinus frontalis 2
latin: sinus frontalis
en: Frontal sinus
related_objects: os nasale 1,corpus maxillae 1,os ethmoidale,os lacrimale 1,cavitas nasi 1, cavitas nasi 2
cell_type: 0
clinical_notes:
  <b>During inflammation of the frontal sinus  </b>(frontal sinusitis), palpation of the ophthalmic nerve (N. V1) may produce pain


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Paranasal sinuses
sub_group: Parts of the paranasal sinuses
parent: Sinus paranasales *2
en_description: opens into the middle nasal meatus
memorix_page: 208
object_id: sinus maxillaris 1,sinus maxillaris 2
latin: sinus maxillaris
en: Maxillary sinus
related_objects: os ethmoidale,os sphenoidale,os lacrimale 1,concha nasi inferior 1,cavitas nasi 1, cavitas nasi 2
cell_type: 0
clinical_notes:
  <b>During inflammation of the maxillary sinus </b>(maxillary sinusitis), palpation of the maxillary nerve (N. V2) may produce pain.

   <b>The maxillary sinus  </b>is closely related to the roots of the upper teeth, especially the canine, which has the longest root.


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Paranasal sinuses
sub_group: Parts of the paranasal sinuses
parent: Sinus paranasales *2
memorix_page: 208
object_id: cellulae ethmoidales 1,cellulae ethmoidales 2
latin: cellulae ethmoidales
en: Ethmoidal air cells
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,cavitas nasi 1, cavitas nasi 2, os sphenoidale
cell_type: 0
clinical_notes:
  <b>During inflammation of the ethmoidal air cells</b>, the nasal root may be tender to palpation.

  <b>The ethmoidal air cells  </b>are separated from the orbit by the very thin orbital plate of the ethmoid (<i>lamina orbitalis ossis ethmoidalis  </i>or, the obsolete term,  <i>lamina papyracea</i>). Infection may, especially in young children, erode the thin bone and spread into the orbit and cause orbital cellulitis.


system: respiratory
main_group: Pharynx
memorix_page: 209
latin: Pharynx
en: Pharynx
cell_type: 0
tags: upper
en_description:
  The pharynx is a muscular funnel-shaped organ attached to the base of the skull. Caudally it <b>continues as the oesophagus. </b>Ventrally it communicates with the nasal, oral and laryngeal cavities. The oral and laryngeal parts of the pharynx are components of both the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. The function of the pharynx is based on <b>two types of paired muscles</b>: <b>levators and constrictors</b>. The pharynx has an important role in <b>swallowing, speaking and breathing.</b>


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Pharynx
sub_group: Nasopharynx divison
parent: Nasopharynx divison
en_description: - communicates with the nasal cavity through the choanae
memorix_page: 209
object_id: pars nasalis pharyngis
latin: epipharynx
en: Nasopharynx
cell_type: 0
syntopy: vertebrae cervicales c6,os sphenoidale,os occipitale,cavitas nasi 2,cavitas nasi 1,
related_objects:
  os occipitale,os hyoideum,atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,os sphenoidale,pars laryngea pharyngis,pars oralis pharyngis,cavitas nasi 1,cavitas nasi 2,sinus frontalis 1,sinus frontalis 2,sinus maxillaris 1,sinus maxillaris 2,cellulae ethmoidales 1,cellulae ethmoidales 2,sinus sphenoidalis 1,sinus sphenoidalis 2


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.4
main_group: Pharynx
sub_group: Nasopharynx divison
parent: Structures
memorix_page: 209
object_id: pars nasalis pharyngis
latin: torus tubarius
en: Torus tubarius
cell_type: 0
color: 4e39ad
hit_position: 0.33048,25.16090,-0.34136
hit_normal: -4.09019,-5.79194,5.66215
body_rotation: 328.40230,41.27815,335.30000
en_description:
  - an elevation of mucosa behind the opening of the auditory tube formed by the medial lamina of the cartilaginous part of the auditory tube


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.7
main_group: Pharynx
sub_group: Nasopharynx divison
parent: Structures
memorix_page: 209
latin: torus levatorius
en: Torus levatorius
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a ridge between the salpingopalatine and salpingopharyngeal folds beneath the opening of the auditory tube, formed by the levator veli palatini


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Pharynx
sub_group: Oropharynx divison
parent: Oropharynx divison
en_description: - communicates with the oral cavity through the isthmus of fauces
memorix_page: 209
object_id: pars oralis pharyngis
latin: pars oralis pharyngis *3
en: Oropharynx
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os occipitale,os hyoideum,atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,os sphenoidale,pars nasalis pharyngis,pars laryngea pharyngis,cavitas nasi 1,cavitas nasi 2,sinus frontalis 1,sinus frontalis 2,sinus maxillaris 1,sinus maxillaris 2,cellulae ethmoidales 1,cellulae ethmoidales 2,sinus sphenoidalis 1,sinus sphenoidalis 2

syntopy:
  linguae distal,musculus palatopharyngeus,palatum durum,gingiva,cartilago epiglottica,os occipitale,axis c2,atlas c1


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Pharynx
sub_group: Laryngopharynx divison
parent: Laryngopharynx divison
en_description: - communicates with the laryngeal cavity through the laryngeal inlet
memorix_page: 209
object_id: pars laryngea pharyngis
latin: hypopharynx / pars laryngea pharyngis
en: Laryngopharynx
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os occipitale,os hyoideum,atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,os sphenoidale,pars oralis pharyngis,pars nasalis pharyngis,cavitas nasi 1,cavitas nasi 2,sinus frontalis 1,sinus frontalis 2,sinus maxillaris 1,sinus maxillaris 2,cellulae ethmoidales 1,cellulae ethmoidales 2,sinus sphenoidalis 1,sinus sphenoidalis 2

syntopy:
  musculus palatopharyngeus,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,Oesophagus,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Laryngeal cavity
parent: Larynx
memorix_page: 210
latin: cavitas laryngis
en: Laryngeal cavity
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  <b>The larynx </b>is <b>a hollow organ attached to the hyoid bone</b>. It <b>communicates cranially with the laryngopharynx and caudally it continues as the trachea</b>. The laryngeal skeleton <b>consists of a system of cartilages </b>connected by ligaments and joints. The movement of the cartilages is provided by skeletal muscles. The larynx has two surfaces: an inner surface covered by mucosa and an outer surface covered by adventitia. The larynx plays a role in <b>breathing </b>and is the main organ of <b>phonation.</b>

general_description:
  <b>The tussigenic zones </b>consist of areas innervated by the vagus nerve that may induce coughing when irritated. They include the larynx, trachea, main bronchi, parietal pleura, diaphragm, pericardium, oesophagus and external acoustic meatus. 

  <b>The mechanism of sneezing </b>is very similar to coughing. The difference is that during a sneeze, the uvula is depressed and most of the air is forced out through the nose. The fifth cranial nerve innervating the nasal mucosa provides the afferent limb of the sneeze reflex. 

  <b>During swallowing </b>the airways are closed by elevation of the pharynx by the suprahyoid muscles and the thyrohyoid with subsequent closure of the laryngeal inlet by the epiglottis. 

  <b>Closure of the laryngeal inlet </b>is caused by contractions of the aryepiglottic part of the oblique arytenoid, the thyroepiglottic part of the thyroarytenoid and by descent of the root of the tongue. 
  <b>Closure of the rima glottidis </b>is caused by contraction of the lateral cricoarytenoid and the oblique and transverse arytenoids.

  <b>Laryngeal oedema </b>( <i>oedema glottidis/laryngis</i>) is inflammation located under the mucosa of the laryngeal cavity.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Laryngoscopy </b>is an examination of the laryngeal cavity. It can be performed directly with a laryngoscope or indirectly using a mirror.


system: respiratory
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Laryngeal cavity
parent: cavitas laryngis
object_id: tunica mucosa laryngis
latin: tunica mucosa laryngis
en: Mucosa of Larynx
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os hyoideum,atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,pars oralis pharyngis,tunica mucosa trachealia,cartilago epiglottica, os sphenoidale, os occipitale

blood_supply:
  arteria laryngea superior,arteria laryngea inferior,venae thyroidea superior,vena thyroidea media,vena laryngea superior,vena crycothyroideus,rami pharyngeales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,arteria thyroidea inferior,arteria thyroidea superior,ramus sternocleidomasoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus infrahyoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis posterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis anterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus cricothyroideus arteriae thyroideae superioris

innervation:
  rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 2,nervus laryngeus superior 2,nervus laryngeus superior 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 2,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 1

syntopy:
  arteria carotis communis sinistra,vena jugularis interna,arteria carotis communis dextra,glandula thyroidea,os hyoideum,Trachea,pars laryngea pharyngis


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Laryngeal cavity
parent: tunica mucosa laryngis
en_description: - an opening in the ventral wall of the laryngopharynx that connects the pharynx to the larynx
memorix_page: 210
latin: aditus laryngis
en: Laryngeal inlet
cell_type: 0
color: 77b012
hit_position: -0.12406,-0.02981,22.52730
hit_normal: 0.93571,16.81627,8.56356
body_rotation: 331.28360,182.07780,359.00130
object_id:
  tunica mucosa laryngis,!pars laryngea pharyngis,!pars oralis pharyngis,!atlas c1,!axis c2,!vertebrae cervicales c3,!vertebrae cervicales c4,!vertebrae cervicales c5,!vertebrae cervicales c6,!vertebrae cervicales c7


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Laryngeal cavity
parent: tunica mucosa laryngis
en_description: - a space between the laryngeal inlet and the rima vestibuli
memorix_page: 210
latin: vestibulum laryngis
en: Laryngeal vestibule
cell_type: 0
color: 8812b0
hit_position: 0.03701,0.01782,22.19191
hit_normal: 0.12240,13.84821,14.32677
body_rotation: 312.92860,179.10980,0.65180
object_id:
  tunica mucosa laryngis,!pars laryngea pharyngis,!pars oralis pharyngis,!rima vestibuli,!glottis,!atlas c1,!axis c2,!vertebrae cervicales c3,!vertebrae cervicales c4,!vertebrae cervicales c5,!vertebrae cervicales c6,!vertebrae cervicales c7


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Laryngeal cavity
parent: tunica mucosa laryngis
en_description: - paired mucosal folds
memorix_page: 210
latin: plicae vestibulares
en: Vestibular folds
cell_type: 0
color: c0be19
hit_position: -0.02541,0.12107,21.98430
hit_normal: 0.41936,6.89530,7.73797
body_rotation: 311.07970,181.34140,358.98870
object_id:
  tunica mucosa laryngis,!pars laryngea pharyngis,!pars oralis pharyngis,!rima vestibuli,!glottis,!atlas c1,!axis c2,!vertebrae cervicales c3,!vertebrae cervicales c4,!vertebrae cervicales c5,!vertebrae cervicales c6,!vertebrae cervicales c7,!os occipitale


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Laryngeal cavity
parent: plicae vestibulares
en_description: - ligaments forming the vestibular folds
memorix_page: 210
object_id: ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2
latin: ligamenta vestibularia
en: Vestibular ligaments / false vocal cords
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os hyoideum,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago cricoidea,membrana quadrangularis 1,cartilago corniculata 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,cartilago cricoidea,membrana quadrangularis 2,cartilago corniculata 2


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Laryngeal cavity
parent: plicae vestibulares
en_description: - a space between the vestibular folds
memorix_page: 210
object_id: rima vestibuli
latin: rima vestibuli
en: Rima vestibuli
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago cricoidea,membrana quadrangularis 1,cartilago corniculata 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,cartilago cricoidea,membrana quadrangularis 2,cartilago corniculata 2

blood_supply:
  arteria laryngea superior,arteria laryngea inferior,venae thyroidea superior,vena thyroidea media,vena laryngea superior,vena crycothyroideus,rami pharyngeales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,arteria thyroidea inferior,arteria thyroidea superior,ramus sternocleidomasoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus infrahyoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis posterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis anterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus cricothyroideus arteriae thyroideae superioris

innervation:
  rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 2,nervus laryngeus superior 2,nervus laryngeus superior 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 2,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 1

syntopy:
  arteria carotis communis sinistra,vena jugularis interna,arteria carotis communis dextra,glandula thyroidea,os hyoideum,Trachea,pars laryngea pharyngis


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Laryngeal cavity
parent: tunica mucosa laryngis
en_description: - a space between the vestibular folds cranially and the vocal folds caudally
memorix_page: 210
object_id: glottis
latin: glottis
en: Glottis
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago cricoidea,membrana quadrangularis 1,cartilago corniculata 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,cartilago cricoidea,membrana quadrangularis 2,cartilago corniculata 2

blood_supply:
  arteria laryngea superior,arteria laryngea inferior,venae thyroidea superior,vena thyroidea media,vena laryngea superior,vena crycothyroideus,rami pharyngeales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,arteria thyroidea inferior,arteria thyroidea superior,ramus sternocleidomasoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus infrahyoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis posterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis anterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus cricothyroideus arteriae thyroideae superioris

innervation:
  rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 2,nervus laryngeus superior 2,nervus laryngeus superior 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 2,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 1

syntopy:
  arteria carotis communis sinistra,vena jugularis interna,arteria carotis communis dextra,glandula thyroidea,os hyoideum,Trachea,pars laryngea pharyngis


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Laryngeal cavity
parent: glottis
en_description: - the lateral recess of the glottis
memorix_page: 210
latin: ventriculus laryngis
en: Laryngeal ventricle
cell_type: 0
color: 12d1be
object_id:
  tunica mucosa laryngis,!cartilago thyroidea,!musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,!musculus thyroarytenoideus 2


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Laryngeal cavity
parent: tunica mucosa laryngis
en_description: - paired mucous folds between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages
latin: plicae vocales
en: Vocal folds / true vocal cords
cell_type: 0
color: d19012
hit_position: 0.09705,0.44721,22.02517
hit_normal: 0.09818,3.82262,8.39565
body_rotation: 296.13220,182.69590,357.57930
object_id:
  tunica mucosa laryngis,!pars laryngea pharyngis,!pars oralis pharyngis,!rima vestibuli,!glottis,!atlas c1,!axis c2,!vertebrae cervicales c3,!vertebrae cervicales c4,!vertebrae cervicales c5,!vertebrae cervicales c6,!vertebrae cervicales c7,!os occipitale

general_description:
  <b>Voice change </b>(voice mutation) in males is caused by increased production of testosterone resulting in rapid growth of the vocal folds and a decrease of the pitch of voice.

  <b>Phonation </b>(voice production) is made possible by tensing the vocal folds and narrowing the rima glottidis. 

  <b>Ventilation </b>can only occur when the vocal folds are relaxed and the rima glottidis is open.


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 5.1
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Laryngeal cavity
parent: plicae vocales
en_description: - form the base of the vocal folds
memorix_page: 210
object_id: ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2
latin: ligamenta vocalia
en: Vocal ligaments
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os hyoideum,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago cricoidea,membrana quadrangularis 1,cartilago corniculata 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,cartilago cricoidea,membrana quadrangularis 2,cartilago corniculata 2


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 5.2
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Laryngeal cavity
parent: plicae vocales
en_description: - a space between the vocal folds
memorix_page: 210
object_id: rima glottidis
latin: Rima glottidis
en: Rima glottidis
related_objects: tunica mucosa laryngis
cell_type: 0
general_description:
  <b>The rima glottidis </b>is the narrowest part of the laryngeal cavity in adults. In children, the width is almost equal to the infraglottic cavity.

  <b>The rima glottidis has three parts: </b>
  <b>Intramembranous part </b>- between the vocal ligaments 
  <b>Intercartilaginous part </b>- between the vocal processes
  <b>Interarytenoid part </b>- between the arytenoid cartilages 

  <b>A cough </b>(<i>tussis</i>) is an expiratory reflex to clean the lower airways of phlegm, sputum and foreign bodies irritating or blocking the airways. A cough begins with a deep breath, followed by strong contraction of the abdominal and expiratory muscles against a closed rima glottidis. The rima glottidis suddenly opens and air is forced out.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The laryngeal inlet and rima glottidis </b>are narrow sections where foreign bodies may get stuck resulting in coughing and/or choking. 

  <b>Laryngospasm </b>is a spasmodic muscular contraction caused by irritation of the laryngeal mucosa closing the rima glottidis. This can result from trauma, foreign object aspiration, inflammation or allergy.

blood_supply:
  arteria laryngea superior,arteria laryngea inferior,venae thyroidea superior,vena thyroidea media,vena laryngea superior,vena crycothyroideus,rami pharyngeales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,arteria thyroidea inferior,arteria thyroidea superior,ramus sternocleidomasoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus infrahyoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis posterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis anterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus cricothyroideus arteriae thyroideae superioris

innervation:
  rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 2,nervus laryngeus superior 2,nervus laryngeus superior 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 2,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 1

syntopy:
  arteria carotis communis sinistra,vena jugularis interna,arteria carotis communis dextra,glandula thyroidea,os hyoideum,Trachea,pars laryngea pharyngis


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Laryngeal cavity
parent: tunica mucosa laryngis
en_description: - a space below the rima glottidis
memorix_page: 210
latin: cavitas infraglottica
en: Infraglottic cavity
cell_type: 0
color: 26abcd
hit_position: 0.01626,0.31162,21.67095
hit_normal: -0.14511,5.15356,-1.57359
body_rotation: 17.62523,177.13600,359.13210
object_id:
  tunica mucosa laryngis,!tunica mucosa trachealia,!cartilago cricoidea,!paries membranaceus,!cartilagines tracheales,!ligamenta anularia,!musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,!musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,!vertebrae cervicales c5,!vertebrae cervicales c6,!vertebrae cervicales c7


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Histological structure of the mucosa
parent: Histological structure of the mucosa
memorix_page: 210
en: Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  - whitish mucosa on the vocal folds, ary-epiglottic folds, ventral side and cranial half of the dorsal side of the epiglottis


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Cartilages of the Larynx
parent: Larynx
memorix_page: 211
en: Cartilages of the Larynx
cell_type: 1
clinical_notes:
  <b>Cricothyrotomy </b>(goniopuncture or coniotomy) is performed by a transverse incision through the middle cricothyroid ligament and the conus elasticus. 

  <b>Needle cricothyrotomy </b>(coniotomy) is performed by inserting a needle into the laryngeal cavity through the cricothyroid ligament and the conus elasticus. 

  <b>Both cricothyrotomy and needle cricothyrotomy </b>are life-saving procedures.


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Cartilages of the Larynx
parent: Cartilages of the Larynx
en_description: - hyaline, unpaired
memorix_page: 211
object_id: cartilago thyroidea
latin: cartilago thyroidea
en: Thyroid cartilage
cell_type: 2
related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,cartilago corniculata 1,cartilago corniculata 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2

clinical_notes:
  <b>Injury of the recurrent laryngeal nerve </b>occurs as a complication of thyroid surgery due to its close topographical relation to the thyroid gland. Unilateral injury may result in a quiet voice. Bilateral injury causes difficulty in breathing as a result of paralysis of the posterior cricoarytenoid.

blood_supply:
  arteria laryngea superior,arteria laryngea inferior,venae thyroidea superior,vena thyroidea media,vena laryngea superior,vena crycothyroideus,rami pharyngeales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,arteria thyroidea inferior,arteria thyroidea superior,ramus sternocleidomasoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus infrahyoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis posterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis anterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus cricothyroideus arteriae thyroideae superioris

innervation:
  rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 2,nervus laryngeus superior 2,nervus laryngeus superior 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 2,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 1

syntopy:
  arteria carotis communis sinistra,vena jugularis interna,arteria carotis communis dextra,glandula thyroidea,os hyoideum,Trachea,pars laryngea pharyngis


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.5
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Cartilages of the Larynx
parent: cartilago thyroidea
memorix_page: 211
latin: cornua superiora et inferiora
en: Superior and inferior horns
cell_type: 0
color: 286eb7
hit_position: -0.50932,0.61683,22.05226
hit_normal: 0.09312,23.04068,2.11855
body_rotation: 355.53880,176.05510,0.30733
object_id:
  cartilago thyroidea,!atlas c1,!axis c2,!vertebrae cervicales c3,!vertebrae cervicales c4,!vertebrae cervicales c5,!vertebrae cervicales c6,!vertebrae cervicales c7


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Cartilages of the Larynx
parent: Cartilages of the Larynx
en_description:
  - hyaline, unpaired
  - the only completely closed cartilage around the larynx

memorix_page: 211
object_id: cartilago cricoidea
latin: cartilago cricoidea
en: Cricoid cartilage
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 2,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,cartilago corniculata 1,cartilago corniculata 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2,cartilago thyroidea

general_description:
  <b>The cricoid cartilage </b>(<i>cartilago cricoidea </i>from the Greek word “cricoides”, meaning “ring-shaped”) was named after its resemblance to a signet ring.

  <b>The anastomosis of Galen </b>is an anastomosis between the sensory branches of the superior laryngeal nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve. It is located on the dorsal side of the cricoid cartilage.

blood_supply:
  arteria laryngea superior,arteria laryngea inferior,venae thyroidea superior,vena thyroidea media,vena laryngea superior,vena crycothyroideus,rami pharyngeales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,arteria thyroidea inferior,arteria thyroidea superior,ramus sternocleidomasoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus infrahyoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis posterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis anterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus cricothyroideus arteriae thyroideae superioris

innervation:
  rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 2,nervus laryngeus superior 2,nervus laryngeus superior 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 2,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 1

syntopy:
  arteria carotis communis sinistra,vena jugularis interna,arteria carotis communis dextra,glandula thyroidea,os hyoideum,Trachea,pars laryngea pharyngis


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Cartilages of the Larynx
parent: facies articularis thyroidea
en_description: - on the lateral border of the lamina and arch
memorix_page: 211
latin: facies articularis arytenoidea
en: Thyroid articular surface
cell_type: 0
color: 55c2d0
hit_position: -0.35211,0.64023,21.61298
hit_normal: -8.84231,11.18516,12.63902
body_rotation: 331.37870,128.82430,30.76367
object_id:
  cartilago cricoidea,!vertebrae cervicales c4,!vertebrae cervicales c5,!vertebrae cervicales c6,!vertebrae cervicales c7,!musculus arytenoideus obliquus


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Cartilages of the Larynx
parent: Cartilages of the Larynx
en_description: - hyaline, paired
memorix_page: 211
object_id: cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,!pars laryngea pharyngis,!cartilago thyroidea
latin: cartilago arytenoidea
en: Arytenoid cartilage
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago corniculata 1,cartilago corniculata 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2,cartilago thyroideaos hyoideum,

clinical_notes:
  <b>Palsy of the posterior cricoarytenoid </b>prevents patency through the rima glottidis during inspiration.

blood_supply:
  arteria laryngea superior,arteria laryngea inferior,venae thyroidea superior,vena thyroidea media,vena laryngea superior,vena crycothyroideus,rami pharyngeales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,arteria thyroidea inferior,arteria thyroidea superior,ramus sternocleidomasoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus infrahyoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis posterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis anterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus cricothyroideus arteriae thyroideae superioris

innervation:
  rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 2,nervus laryngeus superior 2,nervus laryngeus superior 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 2,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 1

syntopy:
  arteria carotis communis sinistra,vena jugularis interna,arteria carotis communis dextra,glandula thyroidea,os hyoideum,Trachea,pars laryngea pharyngis


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.1
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Cartilages of the Larynx
parent: basis
en_description: - points ventromedially
memorix_page: 211
latin: processus vocalis
en: Vocal process
cell_type: 0
color: c365d4
hit_position: -0.21052,0.69744,21.93843
hit_normal: -4.18278,-3.89587,-0.48934
body_rotation: 355.76440,45.21113,355.74480
object_id:
  cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,!pars laryngea pharyngis,!cartilago thyroidea,!musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,!musculus thyroarytenoideus 2


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.2
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Cartilages of the Larynx
parent: basis
en_description: - points dorsolaterally
memorix_page: 211
latin: processus muscularis
en: Muscular process
cell_type: 0
color: e73849
hit_position: -0.21237,0.69553,21.93004
hit_normal: -16.15284,6.08510,0.03898
body_rotation: 0.00080,107.68380,-0.00250
object_id:
  cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,!pars laryngea pharyngis,!cartilago thyroidea,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.3
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Cartilages of the Larynx
parent: basis
en_description: - concave
memorix_page: 211
latin: facies articularis cricoidea *2
en: Cricoid articular surface *2
cell_type: 0
color: 86d465
hit_position: -0.21496,0.70840,21.92478
hit_normal: -10.68946,4.49768,-8.62263
body_rotation: 11.29949,105.60860,324.95560
object_id:
  cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,!pars laryngea pharyngis,!cartilago thyroidea,!cartilago cricoidea!articulatio cricothyroidea,!articulatio cricoarytenoidea,!musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Cartilages of the Larynx
parent: Cartilages of the Larynx
en_description:
  - cartilage of the epiglottis
  - elastic, unpaired

memorix_page: 211
object_id: cartilago epiglottica
latin: cartilago epiglottica
en: Epiglottic cartilage
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os hyoideum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2,tunica mucosa laryngis,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,cartilago corniculata 1,cartilago corniculata 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2,cartilago thyroidea

general_description:
  <b>Taste receptors </b>are located in the mucosa of the dorsal side of the epiglottis and the aryepiglottic fold.

blood_supply:
  arteria laryngea superior,arteria laryngea inferior,venae thyroidea superior,vena thyroidea media,vena laryngea superior,vena crycothyroideus,rami pharyngeales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,arteria thyroidea inferior,arteria thyroidea superior,ramus sternocleidomasoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus infrahyoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis posterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis anterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus cricothyroideus arteriae thyroideae superioris

innervation:
  rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 2,nervus laryngeus superior 2,nervus laryngeus superior 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 2,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 1

syntopy:
  arteria carotis communis sinistra,vena jugularis interna,arteria carotis communis dextra,glandula thyroidea,os hyoideum,Trachea,pars laryngea pharyngis


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Cartilages of the Larynx
parent: cartilago epiglottica
en_description: - protrudes dorsocranially into the pharynx
memorix_page: 211
latin: Lamina *33
en: Lamina *2
cell_type: 0
color: 69a38f
hit_position: 0.04451,-0.08941,22.36227
hit_normal: -0.44816,10.12794,2.08830
body_rotation: 349.26150,174.80480,0.97056
object_id:
  cartilago epiglottica,!tunica mucosa laryngis,!pars laryngea pharyngis,!vertebrae cervicales c3,!vertebrae cervicales c4,!vertebrae cervicales c5,!vertebrae cervicales c6,!vertebrae cervicales c7


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Cartilages of the Larynx
parent: Cartilages of the Larynx
memorix_page: 211
object_id: cartilago corniculata 1,cartilago corniculata 2
latin: cartilago corniculata
en: Corniculate cartilage
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - elastic, paired
  - attaches to the apex of the arytenoid cartilage
  - forms the corniculate tubercle

related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2,cartilago thyroidea


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Cartilages of the Larynx
parent: Cartilages of the Larynx
memorix_page: 211
latin: cartilago cuneiformis
en: Cuneiform cartilage
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - elastic, paired
  - is located laterocranially to the corniculate cartilage
  - is embedded in the aryepiglottic fold
  - forms the cuneiform tubercle


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Ligaments of the Larynx
parent: Extrinsic membranes - true ligaments
memorix_page: 212
object_id: membrana thyrohyoidea
latin: membrana thyrohyoidea
en: Thyrohyoid membrane
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2,cartilago thyroidea

general_description:
  <b>The triticeal cartilage </b>( <i>cartilagines tritcae</i>) is a sesamoid cartilage within the thyrohyoid ligament.


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Ligaments of the Larynx
parent: membrana thyrohyoidea
memorix_page: 212
object_id: ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum
latin: ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum
en: Median thyrohyoid ligament
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2,cartilago thyroidea


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Ligaments of the Larynx
parent: membrana thyrohyoidea
memorix_page: 212
object_id: ligamentum thyrohyoideum laterale
latin: ligamentum thyrohyoideum laterale
en: Lateral thyrohyoid ligament
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2,cartilago thyroidea


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Ligaments of the Larynx
parent: Extrinsic membranes - true ligaments
memorix_page: 212
latin: ligamentum cricothyroideum
en: Cricothyroid ligament
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - extends from the caudal margin of the thyroid cartilage to the cranial margin of the cricoid cartilage
  - keeps the conus elasticus in the midline, located ventrally to it


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Ligaments of the Larynx
parent: ligamentum cricothyroideum
object_id: ligamentum cricothyroideum lateralis
latin: ligamentum cricothyroideum lateralis
en: Lateral cricothyroid ligament
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2,cartilago thyroidea


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Ligaments of the Larynx
parent: ligamentum cricothyroideum
object_id: ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum
latin: ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum
en: Medial cricothyroid ligament
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2,cartilago thyroidea


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Ligaments of the Larynx
parent: Extrinsic membranes - true ligaments
memorix_page: 212
object_id: ligamentum cricotracheale
latin: ligamentum cricotracheale
en: Cricotracheal ligament
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2,cartilago thyroidea


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Ligaments of the Larynx
parent: Extrinsic membranes - true ligaments
en_description: - connects the stalk of the epiglottis to the internal surface of the thyroid cartilage
memorix_page: 212
object_id: ligamentum thyroepiglotticum
latin: ligamentum thyroepiglotticum
en: Thyro-epiglottic ligament
cell_type: 0
master_object: cartilago epiglottica
related_objects:
  os hyoideum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Ligaments of the Larynx
parent: Extrinsic membranes - true ligaments
memorix_page: 212
object_id: ligamentum hyoepiglotticum
latin: ligamentum hyoepiglotticum
en: Hyo-epiglottic ligament
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2,cartilago thyroidea


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Ligaments of the Larynx
parent: membrana fibroelastica laryngis
memorix_page: 212
object_id: membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2
latin: membrana quadrangularis
en: Quadrangular membrane
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - extends from the vestibular fold up to the lateral margin of the epiglottic cartilage
  - its cranial margin underlies the aryepiglottic fold

related_objects:
  os hyoideum,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2,cartilago thyroidea


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 6.1
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Ligaments of the Larynx
parent: membrana quadrangularis
memorix_page: 212
object_id: ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2
latin: ligamentum vestibulare
en: Vestibular ligament
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the thickened caudal margin of the quadrangular membrane extending from the dorsal surface of the thyroid cartilage to the ventrolateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage
  - the false ligament underlying the vestibular fold

related_objects:
  os hyoideum,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago cricoidea,membrana quadrangularis 1,cartilago corniculata 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,cartilago cricoidea,membrana quadrangularis 2,cartilago corniculata 2


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 7
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Ligaments of the Larynx
parent: membrana fibroelastica laryngis
memorix_page: 212
object_id: conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2
latin: Conus elasticus
en: Conus elasticus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - extends from the vocal folds to the internal circumference of the cricoid cartilage
  - is weakened in the midline
  - is continuously connected to the cricothyroid ligament

related_objects:
  os hyoideum,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago cricoidea,membrana quadrangularis 1,cartilago corniculata 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,cartilago cricoidea,membrana quadrangularis 2,cartilago corniculata 2


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 7.1
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Ligaments of the Larynx
parent: Conus elasticus
memorix_page: 212
object_id: ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2
latin: ligamentum vocale
en: Vocal ligament
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - an elastic ligament forming the cranial margin of the conus elasticus
  - extends from the middle and dorsal parts of the thyroid cartilage to the dorsal part of the vocal process

related_objects:
  os hyoideum,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago cricoidea,membrana quadrangularis 1,cartilago corniculata 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,cartilago cricoidea,membrana quadrangularis 2,cartilago corniculata 2


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Joints of the Larynx
parent: Joints of the Larynx
memorix_page: 212
object_id: articulatio cricothyroidea
latin: articulatio cricothyroidea
en: Cricothyroid joint
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os hyoideum,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2,cartilago thyroidea


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Joints of the Larynx
parent: Joints of the Larynx
memorix_page: 212
object_id: articulatio cricoarytenoidea
latin: articulatio cricoarytenoidea
en: Crico-arytenoid joint
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os hyoideum,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2,cartilago thyroidea


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
parent: Ventral group
memorix_page: 213
latin: musculus cricothyroideus
en: Cricothyroid
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>course:</b> from the ventral side of the cricoid cartilage laterocranially to the caudal margin of the thyroid cartilage
  <b>function: </b> moves the thyroid cartilage ventrocaudally while concurrently moving the arch of the cricoid cartilage cranially, tightening the vocal folds


system: respiratory
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
parent: musculus cricothyroideus
memorix_page: 213
object_id: musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2
latin: pars recta m. cricothyroidei
en: Cricothyroid straight part
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2,cartilago thyroidea

blood_supply:
  arteria laryngea superior,arteria laryngea inferior,venae thyroidea superior,vena thyroidea media,vena laryngea superior,vena crycothyroideus,rami pharyngeales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,arteria thyroidea inferior,arteria thyroidea superior,ramus sternocleidomasoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus infrahyoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis posterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis anterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus cricothyroideus arteriae thyroideae superioris

innervation:
  rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 2,nervus laryngeus superior 2,nervus laryngeus superior 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 2,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 1


system: respiratory
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
parent: musculus cricothyroideus
memorix_page: 213
object_id: musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 2
latin: pars obliqua m. cricothyroidei
en: Cricothyroid oblique part
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2,cartilago thyroidea


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
parent: Lateral group of crycothyroid
memorix_page: 213
object_id: musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2
latin: musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis
en: Lateral cricoarytenoid
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>course:</b>from the cranial part of the lateral margin of the cricoid cartilage to the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage
  <b>function: </b> moves the muscular process ventrolaterally, adducting the vocal cords and closing the intermembranous part of the rima glottidis

related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2

blood_supply:
  arteria laryngea superior,arteria laryngea inferior,venae thyroidea superior,vena thyroidea media,vena laryngea superior,vena crycothyroideus,rami pharyngeales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,arteria thyroidea inferior,arteria thyroidea superior,ramus sternocleidomasoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus infrahyoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis posterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis anterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus cricothyroideus arteriae thyroideae superioris

innervation:
  rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 2,nervus laryngeus superior 2,nervus laryngeus superior 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 2,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 1


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
parent: Lateral group of crycothyroid
memorix_page: 213
object_id: musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2
latin: musculus thyroarytenoideus
en: Thyroarytenoid
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>course:</b> from the internal side of the thyroid cartilage along the external side of the vocal ligament to the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage
  <b>function: </b>internal rotation and ventral shift of the arytenoid cartilage
  - adduction and shortening of the vocal ligament (narrows the rima glottidis)

related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2

blood_supply:
  arteria laryngea superior,arteria laryngea inferior,venae thyroidea superior,vena thyroidea media,vena laryngea superior,vena crycothyroideus,rami pharyngeales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,arteria thyroidea inferior,arteria thyroidea superior,ramus sternocleidomasoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus infrahyoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis posterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis anterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus cricothyroideus arteriae thyroideae superioris

innervation:
  rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 2,nervus laryngeus superior 2,nervus laryngeus superior 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 2,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 1


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
parent: musculus thyroarytenoideus
memorix_page: 213
object_id: musculus vocalis
latin: musculus vocalis
en: Vocalis muscle
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the medial part of the thyroarytenoid adjacent to the vocal ligament
  - shortens and relaxes the vocal ligament
  - the main muscle regulating strain on the vocal ligaments
  - contains many motor units


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
parent: musculus thyroarytenoideus
memorix_page: 213
latin: pars thyroepiglottica
en: Thyro-epiglottic part
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>course:</b> fascicles of the thyroarytenoid from the thyroid cartilage extending to the lateral margin of the epiglottis
  <b>function: </b> moves the margins of the epiglottis ventrally enlarging the rima glottidis


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
parent: Dorsal group
memorix_page: 213
object_id: musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2
latin: musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior
en: Posterior cricoarytenoid
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>course:</b> begins on the dorsal side of the cricoid cartilage and runs craniolaterally to the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage
  <b>function: </b> external rotation and abduction of the arytenoid cartilage
  - abducts and lengthens the vocal ligament, enlarging the laryngeal inlet

related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2,cartilago thyroidea

blood_supply:
  arteria laryngea superior,arteria laryngea inferior,venae thyroidea superior,vena thyroidea media,vena laryngea superior,vena crycothyroideus,rami pharyngeales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,arteria thyroidea inferior,arteria thyroidea superior,ramus sternocleidomasoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus infrahyoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis posterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis anterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus cricothyroideus arteriae thyroideae superioris

innervation:
  rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 2,nervus laryngeus superior 2,nervus laryngeus superior 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 2,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 1


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
parent: Dorsal group
memorix_page: 213
object_id: musculus arytenoideus transversus
latin: musculus arytenoideus transversus
en: Transverse arytenoid
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>course:</b> transversally connects both arytenoid cartilages on their dorsal sides
  <b>function: </b> adduction of the arytenoid cartilages
  - adducts the vocal ligaments, narrowing the rima glottidis
  (both the intercartilaginous and interarytenoid parts)

related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2,cartilago thyroidea

blood_supply:
  arteria laryngea superior,arteria laryngea inferior,venae thyroidea superior,vena thyroidea media,vena laryngea superior,vena crycothyroideus,rami pharyngeales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,arteria thyroidea inferior,arteria thyroidea superior,ramus sternocleidomasoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus infrahyoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis posterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis anterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus cricothyroideus arteriae thyroideae superioris

innervation:
  rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 2,nervus laryngeus superior 2,nervus laryngeus superior 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 2,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 1


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
parent: Dorsal group
memorix_page: 213
object_id: musculus arytenoideus obliquus
latin: musculus arytenoideus obliquus
en: Oblique arytenoid
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>course:</b> obliquely connects both arytenoid cartilages on their dorsal sides
  <b>function: </b> adduction of the arytenoid cartilages
  - adducts the vocal ligaments, narrowing the rima glottidis (both the intercartilaginous and interarytenoid parts)
  - with the transverse arytenoid forms the strongest vocal ligament adductor

related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2,cartilago thyroidea

blood_supply:
  arteria laryngea superior,arteria laryngea inferior,venae thyroidea superior,vena thyroidea media,vena laryngea superior,vena crycothyroideus,rami pharyngeales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,arteria thyroidea inferior,arteria thyroidea superior,ramus sternocleidomasoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus infrahyoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis posterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis anterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus cricothyroideus arteriae thyroideae superioris

innervation:
  rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 2,nervus laryngeus superior 2,nervus laryngeus superior 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 2,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 1


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 6.1
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
parent: musculus arytenoideus obliquus
memorix_page: 213
object_id: musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2
latin: pars aryepiglottica m. arytenoidei obliqui
en: Ary-epiglottic part of arytenoid muscle
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>course:</b> fascicles of the oblique arytenoid extending to the lateral margin of the epiglottic cartilage
  - forms the aryepiglottic fold
  <b>function: </b> moves the margins of the epiglottis dorsocaudally, and thus depresses the epiglottis, closing the laryngeal inlet

related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2,cartilago thyroidea

blood_supply:
  arteria laryngea superior,arteria laryngea inferior,venae thyroidea superior,vena thyroidea media,vena laryngea superior,vena crycothyroideus,rami pharyngeales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,arteria thyroidea inferior,arteria thyroidea superior,ramus sternocleidomasoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus infrahyoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis posterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis anterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus cricothyroideus arteriae thyroideae superioris

innervation:
  rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 2,nervus laryngeus superior 2,nervus laryngeus superior 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 2,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 1


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Trachea
sub_group: Internal structure of trachea
parent: Internal structure of trachea
memorix_page: 214
object_id: tunica mucosa trachealia
latin: tunica mucosa trachealia
en: Mucosa and submucosa of trachea
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,bronchus principalis dexter,bronchus principalis sinister,membrana thyrohyoidea

blood_supply:
  rami tracheales arterieae thyroideae inferioris 2,rami tracheales arterieae thyroideae inferioris 1,rami pharyngeales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,rami oseophageales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,arteria thyroidea inferior,arteria laryngea inferior,ramus bronchiales superiore aortae thoracicae descendentis,ramus bronchiales inferiores aortae thoracicae descendentis,vena thyroidea inferior 1,vena thyroidea inferior 2,vena laryngea inferior,venae oesophageales

innervation:
  plexus oesophageus,rami tracheales nervi laryngei recurrentis,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 2,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2

syntopy:
  Oesophagus,Larynx,glandula thyroidea,arteria subclavia sinistra,arteria carotis communis sinistra,truncus brachiocephalicus,arcus aortae,rami tracheales nervi laryngei recurrentis,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 2,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,vena cava superior,vena azygos


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Trachea
sub_group: Internal structure of trachea
parent: tunica fibromusculocartilaginea
memorix_page: 214
object_id: cartilagines tracheales
latin: cartilago trachealis
en: Tracheal cartilage
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,bronchus principalis dexter,bronchus principalis sinister,membrana thyrohyoidea


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Trachea
sub_group: Internal structure of trachea
parent: tunica fibromusculocartilaginea
en_description: - a fibromuscular membrane connecting the tracheal cartilages together at their dorsal edges
memorix_page: 214
object_id: paries membranaceus
latin: paries membranaceus
en: Membranous wall
cell_type: 0
master_object: Trachea
related_objects:
  tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,bronchus principalis dexter,bronchus principalis sinister,membrana thyrohyoidea

blood_supply:
  rami tracheales arterieae thyroideae inferioris 2,rami tracheales arterieae thyroideae inferioris 1,rami pharyngeales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,rami oseophageales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,arteria thyroidea inferior,arteria laryngea inferior,ramus bronchiales superiore aortae thoracicae descendentis,ramus bronchiales inferiores aortae thoracicae descendentis,vena thyroidea inferior 1,vena thyroidea inferior 2,vena laryngea inferior,venae oesophageales

innervation:
  plexus oesophageus,rami tracheales nervi laryngei recurrentis,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 2,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2

syntopy:
  Oesophagus,Larynx,glandula thyroidea,arteria subclavia sinistra,arteria carotis communis sinistra,truncus brachiocephalicus,arcus aortae,rami tracheales nervi laryngei recurrentis,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 2,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,vena cava superior,vena azygos


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Trachea
sub_group: External structure of trachea
parent: Trachea
memorix_page: 214
en: External structure of trachea
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The trachea is <b>connected to the larynx at the level of the vertebra C6</b>. It passes through the superior mediastinum and <b>bifurcates into the two main bronchi </b>at the <b>level of the vertebra T4</b>. It is <b>composed of 15-20 hyaline</b>, <b>C-shaped </b>dorsally opened <b>cartilages</b>, which are interconnected by a fibromuscular membrane.

general_description:
  <b>Proportions of the trachea:
  </b>length 10-11 cm,
  diameter 14-18 mm. 

  <b>The ventral surface of the oesophagus </b>is in contact with the flexible membranous wall of the trachea <i>(paries membranaceus tracheae)</i>. This allows ventral extension of the esophageal wall during swallowing.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Tracheotomy </b>is a surgical procedure in which a horizontal or longitudinal incision through the ventral side of the trachea is performed. An upper tracheotomy <i>(tracheotomia superior) </i>is performed below the cricoid cartilage and above the isthmus of the thyroid gland. A lower tracheotomy (tracheotomia inferior) is performed below the isthmus of the thyroid gland at the level of the third tracheal cartilage. The resulting hole (stoma) of tracheotomy is called a tracheostomy. 

  <b>A congenital tracheo-oesophageal fistula </b>is a persisting communication between the respiratory and digestive tracts caused by incomplete separation of the oesophagus and the trachea. 

  <b>Endotracheal intubation </b>is the placement of a tube into the trachea through the oral cavity (orotracheal intubation) or the nasal cavity (nasotracheal intubation) to allow ventilation. 

  <b>Postintubation tracheal stenosis </b>occurs in 1 % of intubated patients. It usually becomes symptomatic after 3 months of intubation. Patients usually present with emphysema and inspiratory stridor. The stenosis can be treated by interventional bronchoscopy or by surgical resection of the trachea. 

  <b>75 % of aspirated foreign bodies </b>enter the right main bronchus due to its wider diameter and its direct continuity with the trachea.


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Trachea
sub_group: External structure of trachea
parent: External structure of trachea
en_description:
  - 15 - 20 hyaline cartilages
  - the last cartilage is triangular with a caudally pointing vertex

memorix_page: 214
object_id: cartilagines tracheales
latin: cartilagines tracheales
en: Tracheal cartilages
cell_type: 0
master_object: Trachea
related_objects:
  tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,bronchus principalis dexter,bronchus principalis sinister,membrana thyrohyoidea

blood_supply:
  rami tracheales arterieae thyroideae inferioris 2,rami tracheales arterieae thyroideae inferioris 1,rami pharyngeales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,rami oseophageales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,arteria thyroidea inferior,arteria laryngea inferior,ramus bronchiales superiore aortae thoracicae descendentis,ramus bronchiales inferiores aortae thoracicae descendentis,vena thyroidea inferior 1,vena thyroidea inferior 2,vena laryngea inferior,venae oesophageales

innervation:
  plexus oesophageus,rami tracheales nervi laryngei recurrentis,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 2,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2

syntopy:
  Oesophagus,Larynx,glandula thyroidea,arteria subclavia sinistra,arteria carotis communis sinistra,truncus brachiocephalicus,arcus aortae,rami tracheales nervi laryngei recurrentis,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 2,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,vena cava superior,vena azygos


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Trachea
sub_group: External structure of trachea
parent: cartilagines tracheales
en_description: - the ridge of the last cartilage protruding into the lumen of the trachea
memorix_page: 214
object_id: carina tracheae
latin: carina tracheae
en: Carina of trachea
cell_type: 0
master_object: Trachea
related_objects:
  tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,bronchus principalis dexter,bronchus principalis sinister,membrana thyrohyoidea

blood_supply:
  rami tracheales arterieae thyroideae inferioris 2,rami tracheales arterieae thyroideae inferioris 1,rami pharyngeales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,rami oseophageales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,arteria thyroidea inferior,arteria laryngea inferior,ramus bronchiales superiore aortae thoracicae descendentis,ramus bronchiales inferiores aortae thoracicae descendentis,vena thyroidea inferior 1,vena thyroidea inferior 2,vena laryngea inferior,venae oesophageales

innervation:
  plexus oesophageus,rami tracheales nervi laryngei recurrentis,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 2,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2

syntopy:
  Oesophagus,Larynx,glandula thyroidea,arteria subclavia sinistra,arteria carotis communis sinistra,truncus brachiocephalicus,arcus aortae,rami tracheales nervi laryngei recurrentis,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 2,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,vena cava superior,vena azygos


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Trachea
sub_group: External structure of trachea
parent: External structure of trachea
en_description: - connect adjacent cartilages to each another
memorix_page: 214
object_id: ligamenta anularia
latin: ligamenta anularia
en: Annular ligaments
cell_type: 0
master_object: Trachea
related_objects:
  tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,bronchus principalis dexter,bronchus principalis sinister,membrana thyrohyoidea

blood_supply:
  rami tracheales arterieae thyroideae inferioris 2,rami tracheales arterieae thyroideae inferioris 1,rami pharyngeales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,rami oseophageales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,arteria thyroidea inferior,arteria laryngea inferior,ramus bronchiales superiore aortae thoracicae descendentis,ramus bronchiales inferiores aortae thoracicae descendentis,vena thyroidea inferior 1,vena thyroidea inferior 2,vena laryngea inferior,venae oesophageales

innervation:
  plexus oesophageus,rami tracheales nervi laryngei recurrentis,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 2,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2

syntopy:
  Oesophagus,Larynx,glandula thyroidea,arteria subclavia sinistra,arteria carotis communis sinistra,truncus brachiocephalicus,arcus aortae,rami tracheales nervi laryngei recurrentis,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 2,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,vena cava superior,vena azygos


system: respiratory
main_group: Trachea
sub_group: Syntopy
parent: Syntopy
memorix_page: 214
latin: pars cervicalis
en: Cervical part
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the continuation of the larynx at the level of the vertebra C6
  - is located within the visceral space of the neck
   <b>ventrally:</b> isthmus of the thyroid gland
   <b>laterally:</b> thyroid gland, carotid sheath and recurrent laryngeal nerve (dorsolaterally)
   <b>dorsally:</b> oesophagus


system: respiratory
main_group: Trachea
sub_group: Syntopy
parent: Syntopy
memorix_page: 214
latin: pars thoracica
en: Thoracic part
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - begins at the level of the cranial margin of the manubrium of the sternum
  - passes through the superior mediastinum
  - splits into the two main bronchi at the level of the T4 vertebra
  - near the bifurcation, its left side touches the arch of the aorta


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: Bronchi
memorix_page: 215
latin: arbor bronchialis
en: Bronchial tree
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The bronchi <b>arise from the tracheal bifurcation </b>at the level of the sternal angle and <b>successively divide to form the bronchial tree</b>. <b>The main bronchi </b>run in the mediastinum and <b>divide into the lobar bronchi </b>in the hilum of the lung. Peripheral parts of the bronchial tree are located within the lung tissue itself. Cartilaginous rings are incomplete, dorsally opened C-shaped rings in the primary bronchi. They become irregular and infrequent towards the periphery of the bronchial tree.

general_description:
  <b>The broncho pericardial membrane </b>extends between the main bronchi, oesophagus and the dorsal side of the pericardium, and forms the borderline between the anterior and posterior mediastinum.

  <b>Length of the main bronchi: </b>The right main bronchus is about 3 cm, while the left main bronchus is 4-5 cm. 

  <b>Intrapulmonary lymph nodes </b>are located around the branching points of the segmental bronchi in the lungs. 

  <b>Bronchopulmonary lymph nodes </b>are located around the lobar bronchi in the hilum of the lung. <b>Tracheobronchial lymph nodes </b>are located around the tracheal bifurcation.


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: arbor bronchialis
en_description: - shorter, wider, more vertical and less deviated from the tracheal axis
memorix_page: 215
object_id: bronchus principalis dexter
latin: bronchus principalis dexter
en: Right main (primary) bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis dexter
innervation: nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1
related_objects:
  tunica mucosa trachealia,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,membrana thyrohyoidea,bronchus principalis sinister

blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,aorta thoracica,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 1,vena intercostalis posterior octava 1,vena intercostalis posterior septima 1,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 2,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 2,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 2,vena intercostalis posterior septima 2,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena azygos

syntopy:
  Pulmonary arteries,Pulmonary veins,arcus aortae,vena azygos,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,Oesophagus


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: bronchus principalis dexter
memorix_page: 215
object_id: bronchus lobaris superior dexter
latin: bronchus lobaris superior dexter
en: Right superior lobar bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis dexter
innervation: nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1
related_objects:
  tunica mucosa trachealia,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,membrana thyrohyoidea,bronchus principalis dexter,bronchus lobaris superior dexter,bronchus segmentalis apicalis,bronchus segmentalis posterior,bronchus segmentalis anterior 2,bronchus lobaris medius,bronchus segmentalis lateralis,bronchus segmentalis medialis,bronchus lobaris inferior dexter,bronchus segmentalis superior 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 2

blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,aorta thoracica,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 1,vena intercostalis posterior octava 1,vena intercostalis posterior septima 1,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 2,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 2,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 2,vena intercostalis posterior septima 2,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena azygos

syntopy:
  Pulmonary arteries,Pulmonary veins,arcus aortae,vena azygos,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,Oesophagus


system: respiratory
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: bronchus lobaris superior dexter
memorix_page: 215
object_id: bronchus segmentalis apicalis
latin: B I - bronchus segmentalis apicalis
en: Apical segmental bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis dexter
innervation: nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1
related_objects:
  tunica mucosa trachealia,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,membrana thyrohyoidea,bronchus principalis dexter,bronchus lobaris superior dexter,bronchus segmentalis apicalis,bronchus segmentalis posterior,bronchus segmentalis anterior 2,bronchus lobaris medius,bronchus segmentalis lateralis,bronchus segmentalis medialis,bronchus lobaris inferior dexter,bronchus segmentalis superior 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 2

blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,aorta thoracica,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 1,vena intercostalis posterior octava 1,vena intercostalis posterior septima 1,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 2,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 2,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 2,vena intercostalis posterior septima 2,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena azygos

syntopy:
  Pulmonary arteries,Pulmonary veins,arcus aortae,vena azygos,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,Oesophagus


system: respiratory
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: bronchus lobaris superior dexter
memorix_page: 215
object_id: bronchus segmentalis posterior
latin: B II - bronchus segmentalis posterior
en: Posterior segmental bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis dexter
innervation: nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1
related_objects:
  tunica mucosa trachealia,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,membrana thyrohyoidea,bronchus principalis dexter,bronchus lobaris superior dexter,bronchus segmentalis apicalis,bronchus segmentalis posterior,bronchus segmentalis anterior 2,bronchus lobaris medius,bronchus segmentalis lateralis,bronchus segmentalis medialis,bronchus lobaris inferior dexter,bronchus segmentalis superior 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 2

blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,aorta thoracica,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 1,vena intercostalis posterior octava 1,vena intercostalis posterior septima 1,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 2,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 2,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 2,vena intercostalis posterior septima 2,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena azygos

syntopy:
  Pulmonary arteries,Pulmonary veins,arcus aortae,vena azygos,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,Oesophagus


system: respiratory
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: bronchus lobaris superior dexter
memorix_page: 215
object_id: bronchus segmentalis anterior 2
latin: B III -bronchus segmentalis anterior *2
en: Anterior segmental bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis dexter
innervation: nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1
related_objects:
  tunica mucosa trachealia,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,membrana thyrohyoidea,bronchus principalis dexter,bronchus lobaris superior dexter,bronchus segmentalis apicalis,bronchus segmentalis posterior,bronchus segmentalis anterior 2,bronchus lobaris medius,bronchus segmentalis lateralis,bronchus segmentalis medialis,bronchus lobaris inferior dexter,bronchus segmentalis superior 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 2

blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,aorta thoracica,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 1,vena intercostalis posterior octava 1,vena intercostalis posterior septima 1,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 2,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 2,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 2,vena intercostalis posterior septima 2,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena azygos

syntopy:
  Pulmonary arteries,Pulmonary veins,arcus aortae,vena azygos,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,Oesophagus


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: bronchus principalis dexter
memorix_page: 215
object_id: bronchus lobaris medius
latin: bronchus lobaris medius
en: Middle lobar bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis dexter
innervation: nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1
related_objects:
  tunica mucosa trachealia,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,membrana thyrohyoidea,bronchus principalis dexter,bronchus lobaris superior dexter,bronchus segmentalis apicalis,bronchus segmentalis posterior,bronchus segmentalis anterior 2,bronchus lobaris medius,bronchus segmentalis lateralis,bronchus segmentalis medialis,bronchus lobaris inferior dexter,bronchus segmentalis superior 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 2

blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,aorta thoracica,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 1,vena intercostalis posterior octava 1,vena intercostalis posterior septima 1,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 2,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 2,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 2,vena intercostalis posterior septima 2,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena azygos

syntopy:
  Pulmonary arteries,Pulmonary veins,arcus aortae,vena azygos,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,Oesophagus


system: respiratory
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: bronchus lobaris medius
memorix_page: 215
object_id: bronchus segmentalis lateralis
latin: B IV - bronchus segmentalis lateralis
en: Lateral segmental bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis dexter
innervation: nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1
related_objects:
  tunica mucosa trachealia,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,membrana thyrohyoidea,bronchus principalis dexter,bronchus lobaris superior dexter,bronchus segmentalis apicalis,bronchus segmentalis posterior,bronchus segmentalis anterior 2,bronchus lobaris medius,bronchus segmentalis lateralis,bronchus segmentalis medialis,bronchus lobaris inferior dexter,bronchus segmentalis superior 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 2

blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,aorta thoracica,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 1,vena intercostalis posterior octava 1,vena intercostalis posterior septima 1,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 2,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 2,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 2,vena intercostalis posterior septima 2,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena azygos

syntopy:
  Pulmonary arteries,Pulmonary veins,arcus aortae,vena azygos,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,Oesophagus


system: respiratory
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: bronchus lobaris medius
memorix_page: 215
object_id: bronchus segmentalis medialis
latin: B V - bronchus segmentalis medialis
en: Medial segmental bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis dexter
innervation: nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1
related_objects:
  tunica mucosa trachealia,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,membrana thyrohyoidea,bronchus principalis dexter,bronchus lobaris superior dexter,bronchus segmentalis apicalis,bronchus segmentalis posterior,bronchus segmentalis anterior 2,bronchus lobaris medius,bronchus segmentalis lateralis,bronchus segmentalis medialis,bronchus lobaris inferior dexter,bronchus segmentalis superior 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 2

blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,aorta thoracica,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 1,vena intercostalis posterior octava 1,vena intercostalis posterior septima 1,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 2,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 2,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 2,vena intercostalis posterior septima 2,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena azygos

syntopy:
  Pulmonary arteries,Pulmonary veins,arcus aortae,vena azygos,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,Oesophagus


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: bronchus principalis dexter
memorix_page: 215
object_id: bronchus lobaris inferior dexter
latin: bronchus lobaris inferior dexter
en: Right inferior lobar bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis dexter
innervation: nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1
related_objects:
  tunica mucosa trachealia,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,membrana thyrohyoidea,bronchus principalis dexter,bronchus lobaris superior dexter,bronchus segmentalis apicalis,bronchus segmentalis posterior,bronchus segmentalis anterior 2,bronchus lobaris medius,bronchus segmentalis lateralis,bronchus segmentalis medialis,bronchus lobaris inferior dexter,bronchus segmentalis superior 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 2

blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,aorta thoracica,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 1,vena intercostalis posterior octava 1,vena intercostalis posterior septima 1,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 2,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 2,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 2,vena intercostalis posterior septima 2,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena azygos

syntopy:
  Pulmonary arteries,Pulmonary veins,arcus aortae,vena azygos,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,Oesophagus


system: respiratory
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: bronchus lobaris inferior dexter
memorix_page: 215
object_id: bronchus segmentalis superior 2
latin: B VI - bronchus segmentalis superior *2
en: Superior segmental bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis dexter
innervation: nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1
related_objects:
  tunica mucosa trachealia,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,membrana thyrohyoidea,bronchus principalis dexter,bronchus lobaris superior dexter,bronchus segmentalis apicalis,bronchus segmentalis posterior,bronchus segmentalis anterior 2,bronchus lobaris medius,bronchus segmentalis lateralis,bronchus segmentalis medialis,bronchus lobaris inferior dexter,bronchus segmentalis superior 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 2

blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,aorta thoracica,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 1,vena intercostalis posterior octava 1,vena intercostalis posterior septima 1,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 2,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 2,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 2,vena intercostalis posterior septima 2,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena azygos

syntopy:
  Pulmonary arteries,Pulmonary veins,arcus aortae,vena azygos,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,Oesophagus


system: respiratory
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: bronchus lobaris inferior dexter
memorix_page: 215
object_id: bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 2
latin: B VII - bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus *2
en: Medial basal segmental bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis dexter
innervation: nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1
related_objects:
  tunica mucosa trachealia,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,membrana thyrohyoidea,bronchus principalis dexter,bronchus lobaris superior dexter,bronchus segmentalis apicalis,bronchus segmentalis posterior,bronchus segmentalis anterior 2,bronchus lobaris medius,bronchus segmentalis lateralis,bronchus segmentalis medialis,bronchus lobaris inferior dexter,bronchus segmentalis superior 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 2

blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,aorta thoracica,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 1,vena intercostalis posterior octava 1,vena intercostalis posterior septima 1,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 2,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 2,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 2,vena intercostalis posterior septima 2,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena azygos

syntopy:
  Pulmonary arteries,Pulmonary veins,arcus aortae,vena azygos,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,Oesophagus


system: respiratory
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: bronchus lobaris inferior dexter
memorix_page: 215
object_id: bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 2
latin: B VIII - bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior *2
en: Anterior basal segmental bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis dexter
innervation: nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1
related_objects:
  tunica mucosa trachealia,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,membrana thyrohyoidea,bronchus principalis dexter,bronchus lobaris superior dexter,bronchus segmentalis apicalis,bronchus segmentalis posterior,bronchus segmentalis anterior 2,bronchus lobaris medius,bronchus segmentalis lateralis,bronchus segmentalis medialis,bronchus lobaris inferior dexter,bronchus segmentalis superior 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 2

blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,aorta thoracica,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 1,vena intercostalis posterior octava 1,vena intercostalis posterior septima 1,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 2,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 2,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 2,vena intercostalis posterior septima 2,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena azygos

syntopy:
  Pulmonary arteries,Pulmonary veins,arcus aortae,vena azygos,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,Oesophagus


system: respiratory
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: bronchus lobaris inferior dexter
memorix_page: 215
object_id: bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 2
latin: B IX - bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis *2
en: Lateral basal segmental bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis dexter
innervation: nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1
related_objects:
  tunica mucosa trachealia,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,membrana thyrohyoidea,bronchus principalis dexter,bronchus lobaris superior dexter,bronchus segmentalis apicalis,bronchus segmentalis posterior,bronchus segmentalis anterior 2,bronchus lobaris medius,bronchus segmentalis lateralis,bronchus segmentalis medialis,bronchus lobaris inferior dexter,bronchus segmentalis superior 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 2

blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,aorta thoracica,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 1,vena intercostalis posterior octava 1,vena intercostalis posterior septima 1,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 2,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 2,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 2,vena intercostalis posterior septima 2,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena azygos

syntopy:
  Pulmonary arteries,Pulmonary veins,arcus aortae,vena azygos,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,Oesophagus


system: respiratory
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: bronchus lobaris inferior dexter
memorix_page: 215
object_id: bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 2
latin: B X - bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior *2
en: Posterior basal segmental bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis dexter
innervation: nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1
related_objects:
  tunica mucosa trachealia,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,membrana thyrohyoidea,bronchus principalis dexter,bronchus lobaris superior dexter,bronchus segmentalis apicalis,bronchus segmentalis posterior,bronchus segmentalis anterior 2,bronchus lobaris medius,bronchus segmentalis lateralis,bronchus segmentalis medialis,bronchus lobaris inferior dexter,bronchus segmentalis superior 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 2

blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,aorta thoracica,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 1,vena intercostalis posterior octava 1,vena intercostalis posterior septima 1,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 2,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 2,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 2,vena intercostalis posterior septima 2,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena azygos

syntopy:
  Pulmonary arteries,Pulmonary veins,arcus aortae,vena azygos,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,Oesophagus


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: arbor bronchialis
en_description: - longer, narrower, laterocranially concave and more deviated from the tracheal axis
memorix_page: 215
object_id: bronchus principalis sinister
latin: bronchus principalis sinister
en: Left main (primary) bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis sinister
innervation: nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1
related_objects:
  bronchus divisio superior,bronchus lingularis,bronchus lingularis inferior,bronchus lingularis superior,bronchus lobaris inferior sinister,bronchus lobaris superior sinister,bronchus principalis sinister,bronchus segmentalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 1,bronchus segmentalis superior 1,tunica mucosa trachealia,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,membrana thyrohyoidea

blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,aorta thoracica,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 1,vena intercostalis posterior octava 1,vena intercostalis posterior septima 1,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 2,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 2,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 2,vena intercostalis posterior septima 2,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena azygos

syntopy:
  Pulmonary arteries,Pulmonary veins,arcus aortae,vena azygos,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,Oesophagus


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: bronchus principalis sinister
memorix_page: 215
object_id: bronchus lobaris superior sinister
latin: bronchus lobaris superior sinister
en: Left superior lobar bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis sinister
innervation: nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1
related_objects:
  bronchus divisio superior,bronchus lingularis,bronchus lingularis inferior,bronchus lingularis superior,bronchus lobaris inferior sinister,bronchus lobaris superior sinister,bronchus principalis sinister,bronchus segmentalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 1,bronchus segmentalis superior 1,tunica mucosa trachealia,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,membrana thyrohyoidea

blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,aorta thoracica,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 1,vena intercostalis posterior octava 1,vena intercostalis posterior septima 1,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 2,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 2,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 2,vena intercostalis posterior septima 2,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena azygos

syntopy:
  Pulmonary arteries,Pulmonary veins,arcus aortae,vena azygos,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,Oesophagus


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: bronchus lobaris superior sinister
memorix_page: 0
object_id: bronchus divisio superior
latin: Bronchus divisio superior
en: Left superior division bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis sinister
innervation: nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1
related_objects:
  bronchus divisio superior,bronchus lingularis,bronchus lingularis inferior,bronchus lingularis superior,bronchus lobaris inferior sinister,bronchus lobaris superior sinister,bronchus principalis sinister,bronchus segmentalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 1,bronchus segmentalis superior 1,tunica mucosa trachealia,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,membrana thyrohyoidea

blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,aorta thoracica,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 1,vena intercostalis posterior octava 1,vena intercostalis posterior septima 1,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 2,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 2,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 2,vena intercostalis posterior septima 2,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena azygos

syntopy:
  Pulmonary arteries,Pulmonary veins,arcus aortae,vena azygos,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,Oesophagus


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.1
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: bronchus lobaris superior sinister
memorix_page: 0
object_id: bronchus lingularis
latin: Bronchus lingularis
en: Left lingular bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis sinister
innervation: nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1
related_objects:
  bronchus divisio superior,bronchus lingularis,bronchus lingularis inferior,bronchus lingularis superior,bronchus lobaris inferior sinister,bronchus lobaris superior sinister,bronchus principalis sinister,bronchus segmentalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 1,bronchus segmentalis superior 1,tunica mucosa trachealia,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,membrana thyrohyoidea

blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,aorta thoracica,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 1,vena intercostalis posterior octava 1,vena intercostalis posterior septima 1,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 2,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 2,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 2,vena intercostalis posterior septima 2,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena azygos

syntopy:
  Pulmonary arteries,Pulmonary veins,arcus aortae,vena azygos,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,Oesophagus


system: respiratory
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: bronchus lobaris superior sinister
memorix_page: 215
object_id: bronchus segmentalis apicoposterior
latin: B I + II - bronchus segmentalis apicoposterior
en: Apicoposterior segmental bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis sinister
innervation: nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1
related_objects:
  bronchus divisio superior,bronchus lingularis,bronchus lingularis inferior,bronchus lingularis superior,bronchus lobaris inferior sinister,bronchus lobaris superior sinister,bronchus principalis sinister,bronchus segmentalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 1,bronchus segmentalis superior 1,tunica mucosa trachealia,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,membrana thyrohyoidea

blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,aorta thoracica,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 1,vena intercostalis posterior octava 1,vena intercostalis posterior septima 1,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 2,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 2,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 2,vena intercostalis posterior septima 2,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena azygos

syntopy:
  Pulmonary arteries,Pulmonary veins,arcus aortae,vena azygos,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,Oesophagus


system: respiratory
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: bronchus lobaris superior sinister
memorix_page: 215
object_id: bronchus segmentalis anterior 1
latin: B III - bronchus segmentalis anterior *1
en: Anterior segmental bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis sinister
innervation: nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1
related_objects:
  bronchus divisio superior,bronchus lingularis,bronchus lingularis inferior,bronchus lingularis superior,bronchus lobaris inferior sinister,bronchus lobaris superior sinister,bronchus principalis sinister,bronchus segmentalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 1,bronchus segmentalis superior 1,tunica mucosa trachealia,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,membrana thyrohyoidea

blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,aorta thoracica,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 1,vena intercostalis posterior octava 1,vena intercostalis posterior septima 1,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 2,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 2,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 2,vena intercostalis posterior septima 2,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena azygos

syntopy:
  Pulmonary arteries,Pulmonary veins,arcus aortae,vena azygos,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,Oesophagus


system: respiratory
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: bronchus lobaris superior sinister
memorix_page: 215
object_id: bronchus lingularis superior
latin: B IV - bronchus lingularis superior
en: Superior lingular bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis sinister
innervation: nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1
related_objects:
  bronchus divisio superior,bronchus lingularis,bronchus lingularis inferior,bronchus lingularis superior,bronchus lobaris inferior sinister,bronchus lobaris superior sinister,bronchus principalis sinister,bronchus segmentalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 1,bronchus segmentalis superior 1,tunica mucosa trachealia,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,membrana thyrohyoidea

blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,aorta thoracica,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 1,vena intercostalis posterior octava 1,vena intercostalis posterior septima 1,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 2,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 2,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 2,vena intercostalis posterior septima 2,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena azygos

syntopy:
  Pulmonary arteries,Pulmonary veins,arcus aortae,vena azygos,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,Oesophagus


system: respiratory
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: bronchus lobaris superior sinister
memorix_page: 215
object_id: bronchus lingularis inferior
latin: B V - bronchus lingularis inferior
en: Inferior lingular bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis sinister
innervation: nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1
related_objects:
  bronchus divisio superior,bronchus lingularis,bronchus lingularis inferior,bronchus lingularis superior,bronchus lobaris inferior sinister,bronchus lobaris superior sinister,bronchus principalis sinister,bronchus segmentalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 1,bronchus segmentalis superior 1,tunica mucosa trachealia,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,membrana thyrohyoidea

blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,aorta thoracica,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 1,vena intercostalis posterior octava 1,vena intercostalis posterior septima 1,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 2,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 2,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 2,vena intercostalis posterior septima 2,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena azygos

syntopy:
  Pulmonary arteries,Pulmonary veins,arcus aortae,vena azygos,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,Oesophagus


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: bronchus principalis sinister
memorix_page: 215
object_id: bronchus lobaris inferior sinister
latin: bronchus lobaris inferior sinister
en: Left inferior lobar bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis sinister
innervation: nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1
related_objects:
  bronchus divisio superior,bronchus lingularis,bronchus lingularis inferior,bronchus lingularis superior,bronchus lobaris inferior sinister,bronchus lobaris superior sinister,bronchus principalis sinister,bronchus segmentalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 1,bronchus segmentalis superior 1,tunica mucosa trachealia,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,membrana thyrohyoidea

blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,aorta thoracica,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 1,vena intercostalis posterior octava 1,vena intercostalis posterior septima 1,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 2,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 2,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 2,vena intercostalis posterior septima 2,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena azygos

syntopy:
  Pulmonary arteries,Pulmonary veins,arcus aortae,vena azygos,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,Oesophagus


system: respiratory
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: bronchus lobaris inferior sinister
memorix_page: 215
object_id: bronchus segmentalis superior 1
latin: B VI - bronchus segmentalis superior *1
en: Superior segmental bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis sinister
innervation: nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1
related_objects:
  bronchus divisio superior,bronchus lingularis,bronchus lingularis inferior,bronchus lingularis superior,bronchus lobaris inferior sinister,bronchus lobaris superior sinister,bronchus principalis sinister,bronchus segmentalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 1,bronchus segmentalis superior 1,tunica mucosa trachealia,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,membrana thyrohyoidea

blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,aorta thoracica,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 1,vena intercostalis posterior octava 1,vena intercostalis posterior septima 1,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 2,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 2,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 2,vena intercostalis posterior septima 2,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena azygos

syntopy:
  Pulmonary arteries,Pulmonary veins,arcus aortae,vena azygos,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,Oesophagus


system: respiratory
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: bronchus lobaris inferior sinister
en_description: - missing in 90 % of cases
memorix_page: 215
object_id: bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 1
latin: B VII - bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus *1
en: Medial basal segmental bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis sinister
innervation: nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1
related_objects:
  bronchus divisio superior,bronchus lingularis,bronchus lingularis inferior,bronchus lingularis superior,bronchus lobaris inferior sinister,bronchus lobaris superior sinister,bronchus principalis sinister,bronchus segmentalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 1,bronchus segmentalis superior 1,tunica mucosa trachealia,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,membrana thyrohyoidea

blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,aorta thoracica,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 1,vena intercostalis posterior octava 1,vena intercostalis posterior septima 1,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 2,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 2,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 2,vena intercostalis posterior septima 2,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena azygos

syntopy:
  Pulmonary arteries,Pulmonary veins,arcus aortae,vena azygos,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,Oesophagus


system: respiratory
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: bronchus lobaris inferior sinister
memorix_page: 215
object_id: bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 1
latin: B VIII - bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior *1
en: Anterior basal segmental bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis sinister
innervation: nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1
related_objects:
  bronchus divisio superior,bronchus lingularis,bronchus lingularis inferior,bronchus lingularis superior,bronchus lobaris inferior sinister,bronchus lobaris superior sinister,bronchus principalis sinister,bronchus segmentalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 1,bronchus segmentalis superior 1,tunica mucosa trachealia,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,membrana thyrohyoidea

blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,aorta thoracica,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 1,vena intercostalis posterior octava 1,vena intercostalis posterior septima 1,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 2,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 2,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 2,vena intercostalis posterior septima 2,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena azygos

syntopy:
  Pulmonary arteries,Pulmonary veins,arcus aortae,vena azygos,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,Oesophagus


system: respiratory
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: bronchus lobaris inferior sinister
memorix_page: 215
object_id: bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 1
latin: B IX - bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis *1
en: Lateral basal segmental bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis sinister
innervation: nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1
related_objects:
  bronchus divisio superior,bronchus lingularis,bronchus lingularis inferior,bronchus lingularis superior,bronchus lobaris inferior sinister,bronchus lobaris superior sinister,bronchus principalis sinister,bronchus segmentalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 1,bronchus segmentalis superior 1,tunica mucosa trachealia,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,membrana thyrohyoidea

blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,aorta thoracica,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 1,vena intercostalis posterior octava 1,vena intercostalis posterior septima 1,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 2,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 2,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 2,vena intercostalis posterior septima 2,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena azygos

syntopy:
  Pulmonary arteries,Pulmonary veins,arcus aortae,vena azygos,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,Oesophagus


system: respiratory
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: bronchus lobaris inferior sinister
memorix_page: 215
object_id: bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 1
latin: B X - bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior *1
en: Posterior basal segmental bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis sinister
related_objects:
  bronchus divisio superior,bronchus lingularis,bronchus lingularis inferior,bronchus lingularis superior,bronchus lobaris inferior sinister,bronchus lobaris superior sinister,bronchus principalis sinister,bronchus segmentalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 1,bronchus segmentalis superior 1,tunica mucosa trachealia,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,membrana thyrohyoidea


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Syntopy
parent: Syntopy
memorix_page: 215
latin: arcus aortae
en: Aortic arch
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  superiorly convex, starts anteriorly to the left main bronchus, as it curves it becomes superior, and finally posterior to the left main bronchus


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Syntopy
parent: Syntopy
memorix_page: 215
latin: vena azygos
en: Azygos vein
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  - ascends ventrally to the right main bronchus, arches over it and opens into the superior vena cava


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Basic parts of the Lungs
parent: pulmonis dextrum *1
en_description: - the concave base resting on the diaphragm
memorix_page: 216
latin: basis pulmonis dextrum*1
en: Base of lung *1
cell_type: 0
color: 289cba
hit_position: -2.96753,13.94561,-1.87978
hit_normal: -3.43911,-52.02425,19.55345
body_rotation: 289.78490,14.27340,346.53760
object_id:
  lobus inferior pulmonis dextri,lobus medius pulmonis dextri,!pleura pulmonis dextri,!pleura pulmonis sinistri,!pleura viscelaris pulmonis sinistri,!pleura visceralis pulmonis dextri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Basic parts of the Lungs
parent: pulmonis dextrum *1
en_description: projects towards the cervical pleura
memorix_page: 216
latin: apex pulmonis dextrum *1
en: Apex of lung *1
cell_type: 0
color: 28ba7f
hit_position: -2.35405,19.62612,-1.61189
hit_normal: -27.35930,37.36180,29.83513
body_rotation: 33.19879,49.60250,32.75807
object_id:
  lobus superior pulmonis dextri,!pleura pulmonis dextri,!pleura pulmonis sinistri,!pleura viscelaris pulmonis sinistri,!pleura visceralis pulmonis dextri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Basic parts of the Lungs
parent: pulmonis dextrum *1
en_description: - a place where the structures of the root of the lung enter the lung
memorix_page: 216
latin: hilum pulmonis dextrum *1
en: Hilum of lung *1
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  hilum pulmoris dextri,!pleura pulmonis dextri,!pleura pulmonis sinistri,!pleura viscelaris pulmonis sinistri,!pleura visceralis pulmonis dextri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Basic parts of the Lungs
parent: pulmonis dextrum *1
en_description: - the vessels, lymphatics, nerves, and bronchi passing through the hilum
memorix_page: 216
latin: radix pulmonis dextrum *1
en: Root of lung *1
cell_type: 0
color: e27b1a
hit_position: -1.52935,17.40101,-1.48620
hit_normal: 19.65069,-0.49940,23.99908
body_rotation: 0.00190,316.21210,-0.00182
object_id:
  lobus superior pulmonis dextri,lobus medius pulmonis dextri,lobus inferior pulmonis dextri,!pleura pulmonis dextri,!pleura visceralis pulmonis dextri,!hilum pulmonis dextri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Basic parts of the Lungs
parent: pulmonis sinistrum *1
en_description: - the concave base resting on the diaphragm
memorix_page: 216
latin: basis pulmonis sinistrum *2
en: Base of lung *2
cell_type: 0
color: 289cba
hit_position: 2.54132,14.40012,-1.31694
hit_normal: -1.68440,-43.57825,31.14740
body_rotation: 304.83200,-358.44010,-1.28049
object_id:
  lobus superior pulmo sinister,lobus inferior pulmo sinister,!pleura pulmonis dextri,!pleura pulmonis sinistri,!pleura viscelaris pulmonis sinistri,!pleura visceralis pulmonis dextri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Basic parts of the Lungs
parent: pulmonis sinistrum *1
en_description: projects towards the cervical pleura
memorix_page: 216
latin: apex pulmonis sinistrum *2
en: Apex of lung *2
cell_type: 0
color: 28ba7f
hit_position: 2.51385,19.42818,-1.34003
hit_normal: 25.60992,35.14738,31.72960
body_rotation: 29.77724,-309.99440,-329.37550
object_id:
  lobus superior pulmo sinister,!pleura pulmonis dextri,!pleura pulmonis sinistri,!pleura viscelaris pulmonis sinistri,!pleura visceralis pulmonis dextri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Basic parts of the Lungs
parent: pulmonis sinistrum *1
en_description: - a place where the structures of the root of the lung enter the lung
memorix_page: 216
latin: hilum pulmonis sinistrum *2
en: Hilum of lung *2
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  hilum pulmonis sinistri,!pleura pulmonis dextri,!pleura pulmonis sinistri,!pleura viscelaris pulmonis sinistri,!pleura visceralis pulmonis dextri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Basic parts of the Lungs
parent: pulmonis sinistrum *1
en_description: - the vessels, lymphatics, nerves, and bronchi passing through the hilum
memorix_page: 216
latin: radix pulmonis sinistrum *2
en: Root of lung *2
cell_type: 0
color: e27b1a
hit_position: 0.97403,16.35769,-1.79097
hit_normal: -20.39826,0.13393,23.69961
body_rotation: 357.69460,-39.63188,-358.09190
object_id:
  lobus superior pulmo sinister,lobus inferior pulmo sinister,!pleura pulmonis dextri,!pleura pulmonis sinistri,!pleura viscelaris pulmonis sinistri,!ligamentum pulmonalepulmonis sinistri,!hilum pulmonis sinistri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Basic parts of the Lungs
parent: pulmonis sinistrum *1
memorix_page: 216
latin: lingula pulmonis sinistri *1
en: Lingula of left lung *1
cell_type: 0
color: ba289e
hit_position: -2.02081,14.76466,0.90095
hit_normal: 22.86824,17.47270,28.34930
body_rotation: 16.58618,316.97290,345.08040
en_description:
  - a thin slip of pulmonary tissue extending from the upper lobe of the left lung
  - the analogue of the middle lobe on the right lung

object_id:
  lobus superior pulmo sinister,!pleura pulmonis dextri,!pleura pulmonis sinistri,!pleura viscelaris pulmonis sinistri,!pleura visceralis pulmonis dextri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Surfaces and borders
parent: pulmonis sinistrum *2
en_description: - faces the ribs
memorix_page: 216
latin: facies costalis *3
en: Costal surface
cell_type: 0
color: 4071d1
hit_position: -4.28334,16.43969,-1.28240
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system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Pulmonary lobes
parent: Pulmones
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latin: lobi pulmonis
en: Pulmonary lobes
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en_description:
  The lung is a <b>paired organ covered with the pleura </b>and located in the <b>pleural cavity</b>. Pulmonary tissue consists of the bronchial tree, connective tissue (the pulmonary intersti ti um), vessels, nerves and lymphatic nodes. The lungs are divided into <b>lobes each with its own lobar bronchus</b>. The lobes are further divided into segments, defined as the area ventilated by a segmental bronchus and perfused by a branch of the pulmonary artery. The <b>right lung has 3 lobes </b>and 10 segments; the left lung has <b>2 lobes </b>and usually 8 segments.

general_description:
  <b>The pulmonary interstitialium </b>is the connective tissue supporting the alveoli. It can be divided into: 
  1. peribronchial and perihilar fibrous tissue 
  2. interalveolar (or more simply alveolar), interlobular and intersegmental septa.

  <b>Surfactant </b>is a superficial layer of proteins and phospholipids lining the alveoli. It reduces surface tension, which prevents the alveoli from collapsing. It is an acronym from <b>SURF</b>ace <b>ACT</b>ive <b>A</b>ge<b>NT</b>. 

  <b>The airways of the lungs </b>ramify as the bronchial tree (first 14 levels), 
  which serves for the air conduction, and then as the alveolar tree (other 9 levels) which serves for the air conduction and respiration. <b>The medial basal segment S VII </b>(<i>segmentum basale mediale</i>) of the left lung is present in approximately 10 % of cases. In the other cases, it is incorporated into S VIII.

  There are many <b>anastomoses </b>between the pulmonary and bronchial vascular beds (arterio-arterial and veno-venous) as well as between the arteries and veins in the pulmonary bed (arterio-venous). These connections may functions as right left shunts. 

  <b>Nociceptive neurons </b>(neurons perceiving the pain) are present in small numbers in the lungs and visceral pleura (lungs and visceral pleura do not have pain sensation). The only exception is the area around the hilum of the lung supplied by the vagus nerve.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Pulmonary embolism </b>is a life threatening condition, which occurs due to obstruction of the pulmonary artery or any of its branches. In most cases it is due to a thromboembolism originating in the pelvic veins or the deep veins of the leg. Infrequently other types of embolism may occur, such as fat embolism (from fractures), amniotic fluid embolism (during delivery), air embolism (during injury) and tumour cell embolism.


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Lungs
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parent: lobi pulmonis
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object_id: lobus superior pulmonis dextri
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blood_supply:
  truncus pulmonaris,Pulmonary arteries of the right side,Pulmonary veins of the right side,venae bronchiales 2,vena azygos,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena intercostalis posterior secunda 2,vena intercostalis posterior tertia 2,vena intercostalis superior dextra,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 2,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 2,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 2,vena intercostalis posterior septima 2,vena intercostalis posterior octava 2

innervation:
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syntopy:
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cell_type: 0
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blood_supply:
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innervation:
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syntopy:
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blood_supply:
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innervation:
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syntopy:
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blood_supply:
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innervation:
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syntopy:
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system: respiratory
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blood_supply:
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innervation:
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syntopy:
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cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - retrosternally between the anterior median line and the sternum
  - cranially recedes from the anterior median line to the lung apex
  - caudally recedes from the anterior median line


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Borders and projection of the lungs
parent: margo anterior
memorix_page: 218
latin: incisura cardiaca
en: Cardiac notch
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the curved margin around the pericardium on the left lung
  - extends from the 4th sternocostal joint to the 6th rib in the midclavicular line


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Borders and projection of the lungs
parent: Borders and projection of the lungs
memorix_page: 218
latin: fissura horizontalis
en: Horizontal fissure
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - on the right side from the oblique fissure in the midaxillary line along the 4th rib to the sternum


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Borders and projection of the lungs
parent: Borders and projection of the lungs
memorix_page: 218
latin: margo inferior
en: Inferior border
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - at the level of the 6th rib in the midclavicular line
  - at the level of the 8th rib in the midaxillary line
  - at the level of the 10th rib in the scapular line


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 8
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Structures in the hilum of the lung
parent: Pulmones
memorix_page: 219
en: Structures in the hilum of the lung
cell_type: 1
general_description:
  <b>A mnemonic for remembering the arrangement of the structures in the hilum of the lung </b>(<b>B</b>ronchus, <b>A</b>rtery, <b>V</b>ein in a craniocaudal direction): <b>BRIGHT IS RIGHT </b>- bronchus on the right is cranial - but not on the left side

  <b>A mnemonic for remembering the position of the vagus and phrenic nerves in relation to the hilum: Vagus nerve </b>- behind the hilum of the lung (“vagus stays in the back”) <b>Phrenic nerve </b>- in front of the hilum of the lung (“<b>phr</b>enic is in the <b>fr</b>ont”)


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Structures in the hilum of the lung
parent: Structures in the hilum of the lung
memorix_page: 219
object_id: hilum pulmoris dextri
latin: hilum pulmonis dextrum
en: Hilum of right lung
cell_type: 5
related_objects:
  lobus superior pulmonis dextri,lobus medius pulmonis dextri,lobus inferior pulmonis dextri,pleura visceralis pulmonis dextri,pleura pulmonis dextri,hilum pulmoris dextri,ligamentum pulmonalepulmonis dextri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Structures in the hilum of the lung
parent: hilum pulmonis dextrum
memorix_page: 219
object_id: bronchus lobaris superior dexter foramen
latin: bronchus lobaris superior dexter
en: Right superior lobar bronchus foramen
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  lobus superior pulmonis dextri,lobus medius pulmonis dextri,lobus inferior pulmonis dextri,pleura visceralis pulmonis dextri,pleura pulmonis dextri,hilum pulmoris dextri,ligamentum pulmonalepulmonis dextri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Structures in the hilum of the lung
parent: hilum pulmonis dextrum
memorix_page: 219
object_id: arteria pulmonalis dextra foramen
latin: arteria pulmonalis dextra
en: Right pulmonary arteries foramen
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  lobus superior pulmonis dextri,lobus medius pulmonis dextri,lobus inferior pulmonis dextri,pleura visceralis pulmonis dextri,pleura pulmonis dextri,hilum pulmoris dextri,ligamentum pulmonalepulmonis dextri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Structures in the hilum of the lung
parent: hilum pulmonis dextrum
memorix_page: 219
object_id: venae pulmonales dextrae foramen
latin: venae pulmonales dextrae
en: Right pulmonary veins foramen
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  lobus superior pulmonis dextri,lobus medius pulmonis dextri,lobus inferior pulmonis dextri,pleura visceralis pulmonis dextri,pleura pulmonis dextri,hilum pulmoris dextri,ligamentum pulmonalepulmonis dextri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Structures in the hilum of the lung
parent: hilum pulmonis dextrum
memorix_page: 219
object_id: bronchus lobaris medius foramen
latin: bronchus lobaris medius et inferior dexter
en: Middle and inferior lobar bronchi foramina
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  lobus superior pulmonis dextri,lobus medius pulmonis dextri,lobus inferior pulmonis dextri,pleura visceralis pulmonis dextri,pleura pulmonis dextri,hilum pulmoris dextri,ligamentum pulmonalepulmonis dextri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.5
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Structures in the hilum of the lung
parent: hilum pulmonis dextrum
memorix_page: 219
object_id: nodi lymphoidei bronchopulmonales dextri foramen
latin: nodi lymphoidei bronchopulmonales dextri
en: Right bronchopulmonary lymph nodes
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  lobus superior pulmonis dextri,lobus medius pulmonis dextri,lobus inferior pulmonis dextri,pleura visceralis pulmonis dextri,pleura pulmonis dextri,hilum pulmoris dextri,ligamentum pulmonalepulmonis dextri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.6
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Structures in the hilum of the lung
parent: hilum pulmonis dextrum
memorix_page: 219
object_id: ligamentum pulmonalepulmonis dextri
latin: ligamentum pulmonale dextri
en: Pulmonary ligament
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  lobus superior pulmonis dextri,lobus medius pulmonis dextri,lobus inferior pulmonis dextri,pleura visceralis pulmonis dextri,pleura pulmonis dextri,hilum pulmoris dextri,ligamentum pulmonalepulmonis dextri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Structures in the hilum of the lung
parent: Structures in the hilum of the lung
memorix_page: 219
object_id: hilum pulmonis sinistri
latin: hilum pulmonis sinistrum
en: Hilum of left lung
cell_type: 5
related_objects:
  lobus superior pulmo sinister,lobus inferior pulmo sinister,pleura pulmonis sinistri,pleura viscelaris pulmonis sinistri,hilum pulmonis sinistri,ligamentum pulmonale pulmonis sinistri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Structures in the hilum of the lung
parent: hilum pulmonis sinistrum
memorix_page: 219
object_id: arteria pulmonalis sinistra foramen
latin: arteria pulmonalis sinistra
en: Left pulmonary artery foramen
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  lobus superior pulmo sinister,lobus inferior pulmo sinister,pleura pulmonis sinistri,pleura viscelaris pulmonis sinistri,hilum pulmonis sinistri,ligamentum pulmonale pulmonis sinistri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Structures in the hilum of the lung
parent: hilum pulmonis sinistrum
memorix_page: 219
object_id: bronchus lobaris superior sinister foramen
latin: bronchus lobaris superior sinister
en: Left superior lobar bronchus foramen
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  lobus superior pulmo sinister,lobus inferior pulmo sinister,pleura pulmonis sinistri,pleura viscelaris pulmonis sinistri,hilum pulmonis sinistri,ligamentum pulmonale pulmonis sinistri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Structures in the hilum of the lung
parent: hilum pulmonis sinistrum
memorix_page: 219
object_id: venae pulmonales sinistrae foramen
latin: venae pulmonales sinistrae
en: Left pulmonary veins foramen
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  lobus superior pulmo sinister,lobus inferior pulmo sinister,pleura pulmonis sinistri,pleura viscelaris pulmonis sinistri,hilum pulmonis sinistri,ligamentum pulmonale pulmonis sinistri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2.4
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Structures in the hilum of the lung
parent: hilum pulmonis sinistrum
memorix_page: 219
object_id: bronchus lobaris superior sinister foramen
latin: bronchus lobaris inferior sinister
en: Left inferior lobar bronchus foramen
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  lobus superior pulmo sinister,lobus inferior pulmo sinister,pleura pulmonis sinistri,pleura viscelaris pulmonis sinistri,hilum pulmonis sinistri,ligamentum pulmonale pulmonis sinistri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2.5
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Structures in the hilum of the lung
parent: hilum pulmonis sinistrum
memorix_page: 219
object_id: nodi lymphoidei bronchopulmonales sinistri foramen
latin: nodi lymphoidei bronchopulmonales sinistri
en: Left bronchopulmonary lymph nodes
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  lobus superior pulmo sinister,lobus inferior pulmo sinister,pleura pulmonis sinistri,pleura viscelaris pulmonis sinistri,hilum pulmonis sinistri,ligamentum pulmonale pulmonis sinistri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2.6
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Structures in the hilum of the lung
parent: hilum pulmonis sinistrum
memorix_page: 219
object_id: ligamentum pulmonale pulmonis sinistri
latin: ligamentum pulmonale sinistri
en: Pulmonary ligament
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  lobus superior pulmo sinister,lobus inferior pulmo sinister,pleura pulmonis sinistri,pleura viscelaris pulmonis sinistri,hilum pulmonis sinistri,ligamentum pulmonale pulmonis sinistri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Blood supply
parent: vasa publica
memorix_page: 219
en: Veins
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  - begin in the interstitial connective tissue and travel independently of the bronchial tree (the larger veins travel with the bronchi)


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Blood supply
parent: vasa publica
memorix_page: 219
latin: benae pulmonales
en: Pulmonary veins
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  - two from the right lung and two from the left lung
  - empty into the left atrium of the heart (contain oxygenated blood)


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Blood supply
parent: vasa privata
memorix_page: 219
latin: rami bronchiales
en: Bronchial branches
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  - contain oxygenated blood and course along the bronchial tree
  - usually two on the left from the thoracic aorta and one on the right from the third intercostal artery
  - form anastomoses with the bed of the pulmonary artery from the respiratory bronchioles onwards


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 10
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Lymphatic drainage
parent: Pulmones
memorix_page: 219
en: Lymphatic drainage
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  - the superficial and deep lymphatic systems drain lymph to the hilar nodes
  - from the hilar nodes lymph is drained through the bronchomediastinal trunks into the main lymphatic ducts


system: respiratory
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Lymphatic drainage
parent: Lymphatic drainage
memorix_page: 219
en: Superficial system
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  1. plexuses within the subpleural connective tissue
  2. along the pulmonary veins (perivenous location)
  3. there are no interposed lymph nodes before entering the bronchopulmonary nodes


system: respiratory
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Lymphatic drainage
parent: Lymphatic drainage
memorix_page: 219
en: Deep system
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  1. plexuses in the peribronchial connective tissue beginning at the level of the respiratory bronchioles
  2. along the bronchi (peribronchial location)
  3. intrapulmonary nodes are interposed before entering the bronchopulmonary nodes


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Lymphatic drainage
parent: truncus bronchomediastinalis dexter
memorix_page: 219
en: drainage area *1
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  whole right lung, inferior lobe of left lung and both lingular segments of left lung superior lobe (S IV and S V)


system: respiratory
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Innervation
parent: Innervation
memorix_page: 219
en: Sympathetic innervation
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  thoracic pulmonary branches - in the pulmonary plexus and the periarterial and peribronchial plexuses


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Pleura
sub_group: Basic parts of the Pleura
parent: Pleura
memorix_page: 220
en: Basic parts of the Pleura
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The pleura is a <b>smooth glossy membrane </b>lining the thoracic cavity. It <b>consists of a layer of loose subserosal tissue </b>covered by the <b>mesothelium</b>. It is divided into the <b>visceral pleura</b>, which is firmly <b>attached to the surface of the lungs </b>and extends into the interlobar fissures, and the <b>parietal pleura</b>, which <b>covers the inner surface of the thoracic cavity</b>. The <b>pleural cavity is located between these two layers; it </b>contains a small amount of <b>pleural fluid </b>(approximately 15 ml). This permits <b>smooth movements </b>of the lungs and pleura <b>during breathing </b>and <b>ensures negative pressure </b>in the thoracic cavity, keeping the lungs under tension.

general_description:
  <b>Pleural villi </b>are appendages on the visceral pleura around the margins of the pulmonary lobes. The lungs expand into the <b>recesses of the parietal pleura </b>during maximal inspiration. 

  <b>The parietal and visceral pleura </b>are attached to the surrounding structures by several interconnected layers: - the fibrous layer of the pleura (subserosa, subserosal layer) - a layer of loose connective tissue under the pleura (subpleural layer) - intersti ti um of the lung, endothoracic fascia and the intersti ti al connective tissue of the mediastinum .

  <b>The phrenicopleural fascia </b>is a solid adhesion of the endothoracic fascia on the upper surface of the diaphragm to a layer of the subpleural connective tissue and a fibrous layer of the diaphragmatic part of the parietal pleura. Due to this solid adhesion, this diaphragmatic part of the parietal pleura is inseparable from the diaphragm. 

  <b>The parietal pleura </b>contains many pain receptors (“parietal pleura hurts”). In contrast, the visceral pleura contains many mechanoreceptors (“visceral pleura and lungs do not hurt”).

clinical_notes:
  <b>Pneumothorax </b>is an accumulation of gas in the pleural cavity. The cause may be: injury to the thorax, rupture of a subpleural bullae, or iatrogenic (e.g. cannulation of the subclavian vein or puncture of the pleural cavity).

  <b>Fluidothorax </b>is a collection of fluid in the pleural cavity. It may be classified as haemothorax (blood), chylothorax (lymph) or pyothorax (pus and bacteria). If the fluid contains a high content of protein, it is called an exudate. If it is poor in protein, it is called a transudate. 

  <b>Thoracentesis </b>(pleural tap) is a procedure to remove fluid or air from the pleural cavity. A tube is inserted through the 2nd or 3rd intercostal space in the midclavicular line (half-sitting position) for pneumothorax, or through the 6th intercostal space in the anterior or middle axillary line (sitting position) for fluidothorax. It is frequently performed under ultrasound guidance.


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Pleura
sub_group: Basic parts of the Pleura
parent: pleura visceralis
object_id: pleura visceralis pulmonis dextri
latin: pleura visceralis pulmonis dextri
en: Visceral pleura of right lung
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  lobus superior pulmonis dextri,lobus medius pulmonis dextri,lobus inferior pulmonis dextri,hilum pulmoris dextri,ligamentum pulmonalepulmonis dextri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Pleura
sub_group: Basic parts of the Pleura
parent: pleura visceralis
object_id: pleura viscelaris pulmonis sinistri
latin: pleura viscelaris pulmonis sinistri
en: Visceral pleuraof left lung
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  lobus superior pulmo sinister,lobus inferior pulmo sinister,hilum pulmonis sinistri,ligamentum pulmonale pulmonis sinistri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Pleura
sub_group: Basic parts of the Pleura
parent: Basic parts of the Pleura
memorix_page: 220
object_id: pleura pulmonis dextri
latin: pleura parietalis dextri
en: Parietal pleura of the right lung
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  lobus superior pulmonis dextri,lobus medius pulmonis dextri,lobus inferior pulmonis dextri,hilum pulmoris dextri,ligamentum pulmonalepulmonis dextri,pleura visceralis pulmonis dextri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Pleura
sub_group: Basic parts of the Pleura
parent: Basic parts of the Pleura
memorix_page: 220
object_id: pleura pulmonis sinistri
latin: pleura parietalis sinistri
en: Parietal pleura of the left lung
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  lobus superior pulmo sinister,lobus inferior pulmo sinister,hilum pulmonis sinistri,ligamentum pulmonale pulmonis sinistri,pleura viscelaris pulmonis sinistri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Pleura
sub_group: Pleural cupula / dome of pleura
parent: cupula pleurae
en_description:
  - fascia of Sibson (membrana suprapleuralis)
  - the continuation of the endothoracic fascia

memorix_page: 220
en: Suprapleural membrane
cell_type: 0
general_description:
  <b>The fascia of Sibson </b>is a continuation of the endothoracic fascia covering the pleural cupula. It extends from the transverse processes of the 6th and 7th cervical vertebrae to the 1st rib.


system: respiratory
main_group: Pleura
sub_group: Blood supply
parent: Blood supply
memorix_page: 220
en: Arterial supply and venous drainage
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  - parietal pleura 
  - internal thoracic artery and veins, posterior intercostal veins and arteries
  - visceral pleura 
  - veins and arteries of the lungs


system: respiratory
main_group: Pleura
sub_group: Innervation
parent: Innervation
memorix_page: 220
latin: parietal pleura
en: Somatosensory innervation
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  - costal part, margins of the diaphragmatic part: intercostal nerves
  - middle of the diaphragmatic part, mediastinal part: phrenic nerve
  - pleural cupula: brachial plexus


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Pleura
sub_group: Borders and projections of the pleura
parent: Borders and projections of the pleura
memorix_page: 221
en: Anterior borders
cell_type: 5
en_description:
  - the superior interpleural area (area interpleuralis superior/thymica) is bounded by the sternoclavicular joint cranially and the 2nd sternocostal joints caudally
  - from the 2nd to the 4th ribs dorsally and parallel with the sternum
  - from the 4th rib the borders diverge
  - then form the inferior interpleural area (area interpleuralis inferior or pericardiaca)
  - on the right, the border descends vertically along the sternum to the level of the 6th rib
  - on the left , the border turns laterally towards the cartilage of the 6th rib


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 4.3
main_group: Pleura
sub_group: Borders and projections of the pleura
parent: Dorsal border
memorix_page: 221
en: 12th rib
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  (reaches also 2 cm below its level) - paravertebral line
  - the lowest and narrowest part of the pleural cavity


