# content_cns

system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: lobus limbicus*2
latin: area subcallosa*2
en: Subcallosal area/gyrus*2
cell_type: 0
color: 81288c
hit_position: -0.06149,28.10348,-0.50313
hit_normal: 18.58329,1.18466,-2.66621
body_rotation: 359.27050,262.02330,354.80850
object_id:
  gyrus cinguli 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,!glandula pituitaria 1,!glandula pituitaria 2,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!corpus mamillare 1,!corpus mamillare 2,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: lobus limbicus*2
latin: gyrus cinguli*2
en: Cingular gyrus*2
cell_type: 0
color: 748c28
hit_position: -0.68840,27.59459,-1.01711
hit_normal: 35.26315,1.57234,-7.47635
body_rotation: 359.39580,255.72070,357.62750
object_id:
  gyrus cinguli 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,!glandula pituitaria 1,!glandula pituitaria 2,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!corpus mamillare 1,!corpus mamillare 2,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: lobus limbicus*2
latin: gyrus parahippocampalis*2
en: Parahippocampal gyrus*2
cell_type: 0
color: 28878c
hit_position: -0.89787,27.29858,-1.47148
hit_normal: 20.01564,1.47819,7.03089
body_rotation: 1.09336,286.46170,356.30520
object_id:
  gyrus cinguli 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,!glandula pituitaria 1,!glandula pituitaria 2,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!corpus mamillare 1,!corpus mamillare 2,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: lobus limbicus*2
latin: gyrus dentatus*2
en: Dentate gyrus*2
cell_type: 0
color: 8c2828
hit_position: -0.89701,27.28750,-1.46663
hit_normal: 20.96184,0.57035,4.17303
body_rotation: 0.16040,278.80050,358.96410
object_id:
  lobus frontalis 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,!glandula pituitaria 1,!glandula pituitaria 2,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!corpus mamillare 1,!corpus mamillare 2,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2


# content_digestive

system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
memorix_page: 172
latin: Cavitas oris
en: Oral cavity
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  The <b>oral cavity </b>is bounded ventrally by the lips and laterally by the cheeks. The floor of the oral cavity is formed by the oral diaphragm and the roof by the palate. Dorsally, it is continuous through the isthmus of fauces with the pharynx. <b>The dental arches divide </b>the oral cavity into <b>the oral vestibule </b>ventral to the arches and <b>the oral cavity proper </b>dorsal to the arches.

general_description:
  <b>The oral diaphragm </b><i>(diaphragma oris) </i>is a muscular plate under the tongue, which caudally encloses the oral cavity. It consists of the mylohyoid, geniohyoid and anterior belly of the digastric.
   
  <b>The oral vestibule and oral cavity proper communicate </b>between the posterior edge of the third molar and the anterior edge of the coronoid process of the mandible. It is possible to use this gap to place a feeding tube when the mandible is immobilised in the treatment of a fracture. Small gaps between the teeth <i>(tremata) </i>are other places where the oral cavity proper and oral vestibule communicate.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Anaemia </b>is a deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood. The transitional zone of the lips is pale in this condition.
   
  <b>Cyanosis </b>is caused by lack of oxygen in the blood, which increases the concentration of reduced haemoglobin. The transitional zone of the lips becomes violet in this condition.
   
  <b>The danger triangle of the face </b><i>(trigonum mortis) </i>is an area richly supplied with blood, located between the angles of the mouth and root of the nose. Venous blood from this area drains into the intracranial venous sinuses, thus there is a risk of a pathological process spreading to the intracranial space from this area.


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Lips
parent: Cavitas oris
memorix_page: 5
latin: Labia oris
en: Lips
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  The <b>lips </b>are two horizontal folds that surround the oral fissure and meet at the angle of the mouth. <b>The inner and outer</b><b>sides of the lips are covered by different types of epithelium</b>; there is a transitional zone between the two sides. The orbicularis oris forms the shape of the lips. The lower lip is attached to the paired mandibular processes. The upper lip is attached to the paired maxillary processes and the unpaired frontonasal process.

general_description:
  <b>We distinguish on the lips: Cutaneous part: </b>keratinised stratified squamous epithelium.
   <b>Transitional part </b>(vermilion zone):
   The skin here does not contain any pigment and so the capillaries in the papillae of the dermis shine through, imparting a red-colour.
   <b>Vermillion border: </b>the border between the cutaneous and transitional parts.
   <b>Mucous part: </b>non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Facial clefts </b>are caused by incomplete fusion of the lips, maxilla and hard palate.
   <b>Cheiloschisis </b- cleft of the lip
   <b>Gnathoschisis </b- cleft of the maxilla
   <b>Palatoschisis </b- cleft of the hard palate
   <b>Cheilognathopalatoschisis </b- combined cleft of all the above mentioned structures.


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Lips
parent: External structure
memorix_page: 5
latin: labium superius
en: Upper lip
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - located between the oral fissure and lower margin of the nose, laterally bounded by the nasolabial sulcus


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Lips
parent: labium superius
memorix_page: 5
en: Philtrum
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a sagitally oriented groove from the nasal septum to the upper lip
  - the margins of the philtrum are remnants of an adhesion of the three embryonic processes


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Lips
parent: Labia oris
memorix_page: 5
en: Blood supply
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  Arterial supply: superior and inferior labial artery (form anastomosis in the superior and inferior labial arch)
  Venous drainage: facial vein
  Lymphatic drainage: submandibular and submental lymph nodes


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Lips
parent: Labia oris
memorix_page: 5
en: Innervation
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  Motor innervation: facial nerve (facial muscles of the lips)
  Sensory innervation: maxillary nerve (upper lip), mandibular nerve (lower lip)


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Gum
parent: Cavitas oris
memorix_page: 5
latin: Gingiva
en: Gum
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  From the anatomical point of view, <b>the gum is a mucous membrane covering the alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible</b>. From the clinical point of view the gum is divided into the <b>gum proper </b>and the <b>alveolar mucous membrane</b>. The gum proper is the mucosa located at the same level of the neck and crown of the tooth. It that does not contain any submucosal connective tissue and is attached directly to the periosteum. It is thus known and as the mucoperiosteum and is immobile. The alveolar mucosa covers the alveolar processes at the level of the root of the tooth. It contains submucosal connective tissue and is therefore mobile.


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Gum
parent: Gingiva
memorix_page: 5
object_id: gingiva
latin: Gingiva*1
en: Gum*1
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula
cell_type: 0
master_object: gingiva
blood_supply:
  arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena sublingualis,vena labialis inferior,vena labialis superior,vena submentalis,vena facialis,vena comitans nervi hypoglossi,vena facialis communis,vena lingualis

innervation:
  rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris,nervus alveolaris inferior


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Gum
parent: Gingiva*1
en_description: - the gum attached to the alveolus (facing the oral cavity)
memorix_page: 5
latin: gingiva alveolaris
en: Alveolar gingiva / attached gum
cell_type: 0
master_object: gingiva
color: 7b4690
hit_position: -0.78715,-1.67333,23.82586
hit_normal: -11.26578,-21.89676,9.28975
body_rotation: 17.58377,26.51570,8.57138
object_id:
  gingiva,!dentes canini 3,!dentes premolares 4,!dentes premolares 5,!dentes premolares b4,!dentes premolares b5,!dentes morales 6,!dentes morales 7,!dentes morales 8,!dentes premolares b6,!dentes morales b7,!dentes morales b8,!dentes premolares b6 cut,!dentes premorales b6 cut2


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Gum
parent: Gingiva*1
memorix_page: 5
latin: gingiva marginalis
en: Marginal gingiva / free gingival margin
cell_type: 0
master_object: gingiva
color: 465490
hit_position: -0.84161,-1.62555,23.72820
hit_normal: -13.03135,-24.85190,4.20684
body_rotation: 6.72263,25.97900,3.26475
en_description:
  - the gum attached to the tooth, facing the tooth and enclosing the entrance to the periodontal space

object_id:
  gingiva,!dentes canini 3,!dentes premolares 4,!dentes premolares 5,!dentes premolares b4,!dentes premolares b5,!dentes morales 6,!dentes morales 7,!dentes morales 8,!dentes premolares b6,!dentes morales b7,!dentes morales b8,!dentes premolares b6 cut,!dentes premorales b6 cut2


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Gum
parent: Gum parts
en_description: - an elevated margin of the gum around the tooth
memorix_page: 5
latin: margo gingivalis
en: Gingival margin
cell_type: 0
master_object: gingiva
color: 11c8f0
hit_position: -0.90092,-1.52044,23.82881
hit_normal: -18.40434,-20.3731,7.97125
body_rotation: 11.56188,41.50948,10.05857
object_id:
  gingiva,!dentes canini 3,!dentes premolares 4,!dentes premolares 5,!dentes premolares b4,!dentes premolares b5,!dentes morales 6,!dentes morales 7,!dentes morales 8,!dentes premolares b6,!dentes morales b7,!dentes morales b8,!dentes premolares b6 cut,!dentes premorales b6 cut2


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Gum
parent: Gum parts
en_description: - a groove between the margin of the gum and the tooth
memorix_page: 5
latin: sulcus gingivalis
en: Gingival sulcus
cell_type: 0
master_object: gingiva
color: eb11f0
hit_position: -0.91941,-1.50695,23.77071
hit_normal: -13.07569,-24.20409,7.29348
body_rotation: 12.29892,27.37441,6.29396
object_id:
  gingiva,!dentes canini 3,!dentes premolares 4,!dentes premolares 5,!dentes premolares b4,!dentes premolares b5,!dentes morales 6,!dentes morales 7,!dentes morales 8,!dentes premolares b6,!dentes morales b7,!dentes morales b8,!dentes premolares b6 cut,!dentes premorales b6 cut2


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Gum
parent: Gum parts
en_description: - gingival projections between the necks of the teeth
memorix_page: 5
latin: papillae gingivales
en: Gingival papillae / interdental papillae
cell_type: 0
master_object: gingiva
color: baf011
hit_position: -0.87725,-1.57069,23.77586
hit_normal: -12.93288,-23.13392,10.62452
body_rotation: 18.28708,28.87960,9.81887
object_id:
  gingiva,!dentes canini 3,!dentes premolares 4,!dentes premolares 5,!dentes premolares b4,!dentes premolares b5,!dentes morales 6,!dentes morales 7,!dentes morales 8,!dentes premolares b6,!dentes morales b7,!dentes morales b8,!dentes premolares b6 cut,!dentes premorales b6 cut2


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Gum
parent: Gingiva
memorix_page: 5
en: Blood supply and innervation
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  Arterial supply: superior alveolar arteries, inferior alveolar arteries
  Venous drainage: pterygoid plexus, facial vein, lingual vein
  Lymphatic drainage: submandibular lymph nodes
  Mixed innervation: superior dental plexus (maxillary nerve), inferior dental plexus (mandibular nerve)


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: Cavitas oris
memorix_page: 6
latin: Dentes
en: Teeth
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  The <b>teeth </b>are held in the dental alveoli by a specific type of joint called a <b>gomphosis</b>. They are arranged in two arches: <b>the maxillary and mandibular arcades</b>. Eruption of <b>deciduous teeth </b>begins in the 6th month of life and ends in the 24th month. There are 20 deciduous teeth in total. Eruption of <b>permanent teeth </b>begins in the 6th year and is usually complete by the 30th year. There are 32 permanent teeth in total. The main function of the teeth is <b>mechanical digestion</b>. However they also take part in voice production and maintenance of the proper position of the temporomandibular joint.

general_description:
  <b>Odus </b>(genitive: odontos) is the greek term for tooth. <b>Dental articulation </b>(gliding occlusion) is a term for the mutual contact of the occlusal surfaces of the upper and lower teeth.
   
  <b>Neutrocclusion </b>is a form of occlusion characterised by the upper teeth being located anterior to the lower teeth.
   
  <b>Crossbite </b>is a form of occlusion when part of the lower dental arcade overlaps with the upper arcade.
   
  <b>The old system of the dental formula </b>was based on the first letter of the Latin name of each tooth and its location in the dental arcade:
   
  <b>Deciduous teeth </b>- i1, i2, m1, c, m2
   
  <b>Permanent teeth </b>-M1, I1, I2, P1, C, P2, M2, M3.
   
  <b>A mnemonic </b>for the sequence of permanent teeth eruption based on the old system of the dental formula is: “<b>M</b>ama <b>I</b>s <b>I</b>n <b>P</b>ain, <b>P</b>apa <b>C</b>an <b>M</b>ake <b>M</b>edicine”.
   
  <b>The first molar (M1) </b>is under the most pressure. <b>The third molars (M3) </b>erupt in adulthood and are also called wisdom teeth.
   
  <b>According to the knowledge of tooth eruption</b>, it is possible to estimate the age of a child with a discrepancy of about half a year.
   
  <b>Contact surface of the tooth </b><i>(facies contactus) </i>is an obsolete term for the approximal surface of a tooth.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The periodontal gap </b>is a space richly innervated and supplied with blood, located between the tooth and alveolar where the periodontium is located.
   
  <b>The periapical space </b>is a widening of the periodontal gap around the root apex. Inflammatory of teeth is most likely to occur here .
   
  <b>Occlusal abrasion </b>is abrasion of the teeth caused by wearing out during life.
   
  <b>Gingival recession </b>(receding gums) is a loss of gum tissue caudal to the crown of the tooth. It exposes the neck of the tooth.
   
  <b>A reduction of the alveolar processes </b>is a decrease in height of the alveolar bones.
   
  <b>An orthopantomograph (OPG) </b>is an X-ray image that clearly shows the facial part of the skull with the teeth in both dental arcades.


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: Types of teeth
memorix_page: 7
latin: dentes incisivi
en: Incisor teeth
cell_type: 0
tags: subgroup_desc
en_description:
  - contain one root and usually one root canal
  - there are two incisors in each quadrant, which are referred to by the numbers 1 and 2


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes incisivi
object_id: dentes incisivi 1
latin: dens incisivus medialis (I1)*1
en: Central incisor (21)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae distal,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes incisivi
object_id: dentes incisivi 2
latin: dens incisivus lateralis (I2)*1
en: Lateral incisor (22)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae distal,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes incisivi
object_id: dentes incisivi b1
latin: dens incisivus medialis (I1)*2
en: Central incisor (31)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae distal,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes incisivi
object_id: dentes incisivi b2
latin: dens incisivus lateralis (I2)*2
en: Lateral incisor (32)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae distal,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1.5
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes incisivi
object_id: dentes incisivi 003
latin: dens incisivus medialis (I1)*3
en: Central incisor (11)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae distal,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1.6
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes incisivi
object_id: dentes incisivi 004
latin: dens incisivus lateralis (I2)*3
en: Lateral incisor (12)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae distal,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1.7
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes incisivi
object_id: dentes incisivi b003
latin: dens incisivus medialis (I1)*4
en: Central incisor (41)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae distal,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1.8
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes incisivi
object_id: dentes incisivi b004
latin: dens incisivus lateralis (I2)*4
en: Lateral incisor (42)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: Types of teeth
memorix_page: 7
latin: dentes canini
en: Canine teeth
cell_type: 0
tags: subgroup_desc
en_description:
  - contain one root and usually one root canal
  - there is one canine in each quadrant, which is referred to by the number 3


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes canini
object_id: dentes canini 3
latin: dens caninus (C)*1
en: Cuspid - Canine (23)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes canini
object_id: dentes canini b3
latin: dens caninus (C)*2
en: Cuspid - Canine (33)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes canini
object_id: dentes canini 004
latin: dens caninus (C)*3
en: Cuspid - Canine (13)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2.4
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes canini
object_id: dentes canini b004
latin: dens caninus (C)*4
en: Cuspid - Canine (43)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: Types of teeth
memorix_page: 7
latin: dentes premolares
en: Premolar teeth
cell_type: 0
tags: subgroup_desc
en_description:
  - contain one root and usually one root canal but the upper first premolar has two roots and two canals
  - there are two premolars in each quadrant, which are referred to by the numbers 4 and 5


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes premolares
object_id: dentes premolares 4
latin: dens premolaris primus (P1)*1
en: 1st Premolar (24)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes premolares
object_id: dentes premolares 5
latin: dens premolaris secundus (P2)*1
en: 2nd Premolar (25)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes premolares
object_id: dentes premolares b4
latin: dens premolaris primus (P1)*2
en: 1st Premolar (34)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3.4
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes premolares
object_id: dentes premolares b5
latin: dens premolaris secundus (P2)*2
en: 2nd Premolar (35)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3.5
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes premolares
object_id: dentes premolares 006
latin: dens premolaris primus (P1)*3
en: 1st Premolar (14)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3.6
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes premolares
object_id: dentes premolares 007
latin: dens premolaris secundus (P2)*3
en: 2nd Premolar (15)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3.7
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes premolares
object_id: dentes premolares b007
latin: dens premolaris primus (P1)*4
en: 1st Premolar (44)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3.8
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes premolares
object_id: dentes premolares b008
latin: dens premolaris secundus (P2)*4
en: 2nd Premolar (45)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: Types of teeth
memorix_page: 7
latin: dentes molares
en: Molar teeth
cell_type: 0
tags: subgroup_desc
en_description:
  - upper molars usually have three roots and four canals
  - lower molars usually have two roots and three canals
  - there are three molars in each quadrant, which are referred to by the numbers 6, 7, 8


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes molares
object_id: dentes morales 6
latin: dens molaris primus (M1)*1
en: 1st Molar (26)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes molares
object_id: dentes morales 7
latin: dens molaris secundus (M2)*1
en: 2nd Molar (27)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4.3
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes molares
object_id: dentes morales 8
latin: dens molaris terius (M3)*1
en: 3rd Molar (28)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4.4
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes molares
object_id: dentes morales b7
latin: dens molaris primus (M2)*2
en: 1st Molar (36)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4.5
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes molares
object_id: dentes morales b8
latin: dens molaris secundus (M3)*2
en: 2nd Molar (37)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4.6
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes molares
object_id: dentes premolares b6
latin: dens molaris terius (M1)*2
en: 3rd Molar (38)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4.7
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes molares
object_id: dentes morales 009
latin: dens molaris primus (M1)*3
en: 1st Molar (16)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4.8
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes molares
object_id: dentes morales 010
latin: dens molaris secundus (M2)*3
en: 2nd Molar (17)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4.9
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes molares
object_id: dentes morales 011
latin: dens molaris terius (M3)*3
en: 3rd Molar (18)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4.10
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes molares
object_id: dentes morales b009
latin: dens molaris primus (M2)*4
en: 1st Molar (46)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4.11
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes molares
object_id: dentes morales b010
latin: dens molaris secundus (M3)*4
en: 2nd Molar (47)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4.12
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: dentes molares
object_id: dentes premolares b009
latin: dens molaris terius (M1)*4
en: 3rd Molar (48)
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,linguae frontal,linguae distal,palatum durum
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,mandibula,linguae frontal,palatum durum,gingiva
blood_supply:
  plexus pterygoideus,venae maxillares,arteria maxillaris,arteria alveolaris inferior,vena alveolaris inferior,arteria alveolaris posterior superior,vena alveolaris superior posterior,vena alveolaris superior anterior,arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores

innervation:
  nervus infraorbitalis,nervus maxillaris,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus alveolaris inferior,rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior anteriores nervi maxillaris,ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi maxillaris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: External structures
en_description: - the visible part of the tooth, covered by enamel
memorix_page: 6
latin: corona dentis
en: Crown of tooth
cell_type: 0
color: e5d336
hit_position: -0.95988,-1.45401,24.08948
hit_normal: -12.99674,-8.77391,0.46180
body_rotation: 1.45937,52.52026,1.90237
object_id:
  dentes premolares b6,dentes premolares b6 cut,dentes premorales b6 cut2,!gingiva,!mandibula,!palatum durum


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: External structures
en_description: - the transition between the crown and root, covered by the gum
memorix_page: 6
latin: cervix dentis
en: Neck of tooth
cell_type: 0
color: 7836e5
hit_position: -0.93579,-1.41813,23.97385
hit_normal: -13.58292,-6.28767,-5.14680
body_rotation: 351.24680,62.74836,343.54010
object_id:
  dentes premolares b6,dentes premolares b6 cut,dentes premorales b6 cut2,!gingiva,!mandibula,!palatum durum


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: External structures
en_description: - is placed in the dental alveolus of the jaw
memorix_page: 6
latin: radix dentis
en: Root of tooth
cell_type: 0
color: e53636
hit_position: -0.85138,-1.40744,23.86249
hit_normal: -14.80090,-6.40568,-2.35792
body_rotation: 356.19240,63.24121,352.49740
object_id:
  dentes premolares b6,dentes premolares b6 cut,dentes premorales b6 cut2,!gingiva,!mandibula,!palatum durum


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: radix dentis
en_description: - contains an opening (foramen apicis radicis dentis) where vessels and nerves enter the tooth
memorix_page: 6
latin: apex radicis dentis
en: Root apex
cell_type: 0
color: e03a3a
hit_position: -0.74824,-1.35140,23.69166
hit_normal: -8.16421,-4.05134,-1.03518
body_rotation: 355.80850,57.52118,353.44990
object_id:
  dentes premolares b6 cut,!dentes premolares b6,!dentes premorales b6 cut2,!gingiva,!mandibula,!palatum durum


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: External structures
memorix_page: 6
latin: cavitas dentis
en: Pulp cavity
cell_type: 0
color: 3ad1e0
hit_position: -0.78252,-1.35484,23.98026
hit_normal: -14.24716,-6.79822,-2.74966
body_rotation: 355.35930,61.23960,351.61440
en_description:
  - contains the dental pulp (pulpa dentis), which is connective tissue that has a rich neurovascular supply

object_id:
  dentes premolares b6 cut,!dentes premolares b6,!dentes premorales b6 cut2,!gingiva,!mandibula,!palatum durum


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: cavitas dentis
en_description: - a widening of the pulp cavity within the crown of the tooth
memorix_page: 6
latin: cavitas coronae
en: Pulp cavity of crown
cell_type: 0
color: 92e03a
hit_position: -0.77110,-1.39515,24.03650
hit_normal: -12.90670,-8.50658,-4.36910
body_rotation: 350.82780,53.78606,347.71910
object_id:
  dentes premolares b6 cut,!dentes premolares b6,!dentes premorales b6 cut2,!gingiva,!mandibula,!palatum durum


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: cavitas dentis
en_description: - a narrowing of the pulp cavity within the root apex
memorix_page: 6
latin: canalis radicis dentis
en: Root canal
cell_type: 0
color: 3a40e0
hit_position: -0.82415,-1.21188,23.86562
hit_normal: -13.71504,-8.29393,-2.33022
body_rotation: 355.29480,56.06661,353.04900
object_id:
  dentes premolares b6 cut,!dentes premolares b6,!dentes premorales b6 cut2,!gingiva,!mandibula,!palatum durum


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: Surfaces
en_description: - faces the oral vestibule
memorix_page: 6
latin: facies vestibularis
en: Vestibular surface
cell_type: 0
color: 1a88a3
hit_position: -0.96031,-1.45226,24.04583
hit_normal: -6.91651,-3.39267,-0.86022
body_rotation: 356.55710,60.19541,354.01500
object_id:
  dentes premolares b6,dentes premolares b6 cut,dentes premorales b6 cut2,!gingiva,!mandibula,!palatum durum


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: Surfaces
en_description: - faces the tongue (the lower teeth)
memorix_page: 6
latin: facies lingualis
en: Lingual surface
cell_type: 0
color: 6f1aa3
hit_position: -0.73052,-1.24321,24.14993
hit_normal: 9.21108,5.72965,12.67885
body_rotation: 332.53870,243.89670,316.73520
object_id:
  dentes premolares b6,dentes premolares b6 cut,dentes premorales b6 cut2,!gingiva,!mandibula,!palatum durum


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 9
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: Surfaces
en_description: - the chewing surface at the top of the crown
memorix_page: 6
latin: facies occlusalis
en: Occlusal surface
cell_type: 0
color: a0a31a
hit_position: -0.93376,-1.49697,24.17015
hit_normal: -12.47131,-11.66824,2.35194
body_rotation: 6.29358,43.84210,6.00992
object_id:
  dentes premolares b6,dentes premolares b6 cut,dentes premorales b6 cut2,!gingiva,!mandibula,!palatum durum


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 10
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: Histology
en_description: - makes up the basic substance of the tooth
memorix_page: 6
latin: dentinum
en: Dentine
cell_type: 0
color: 83ad20
hit_position: -0.82868,-1.35987,24.07566
hit_normal: -5.30322,-2.68656,-1.33088
body_rotation: 354.28060,59.27908,350.48000
object_id:
  dentes premolares b6 cut,!dentes premolares b6,!dentes premorales b6 cut2,!gingiva,!mandibula,!palatum durum


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 11
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: Histology
en_description: - covers the dentin of the crown
memorix_page: 6
latin: enamelum
en: Enamel
cell_type: 0
color: d2e521
hit_position: -0.82868,-1.35987,24.07566
hit_normal: -5.30322,-2.68656,-1.33088
body_rotation: 354.28060,59.27908,350.48000
object_id:
  dentes premolares b6 cut,!dentes premolares b6,!dentes premorales b6 cut2,!gingiva,!mandibula,!palatum durum


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 12
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: Histology
en_description: - covers the neck and root of the tooth
memorix_page: 6
latin: cementum
en: Cement
cell_type: 0
color: e58a0a
hit_position: -0.73650,-1.40982,23.86821
hit_normal: -4.50299,-2.17640,-0.36921
body_rotation: 357.35460,60.70667,355.29690
object_id:
  dentes premolares b6 cut,!dentes premolares b6,!dentes premorales b6 cut2,!gingiva,!mandibula,!palatum durum


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: periodontium
memorix_page: 6
latin: gomphosis
en: Gomphosis
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  (a type of syndesmosis) - a fibrous connection between the root of the tooth and the periosteum on the inner surface of the dental alveolus


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: Fixation of the teeth in the jaw
memorix_page: 6
latin: junctio dentogingivalis
en: Dentogingival junction
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the gingiva covers the peridonti um around the neck of the tooth
  - a special junction between the gingival epithelium and the enamel and cement
  - there is an infi ltration of lymphocytes and plasmocytes in the connective tissue beneath the dentogingival junction, which forms an immunological barrier


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: Dental arcades
memorix_page: 7
latin: arcus dentalis maxillaris/superior
en: Maxillary/upper dental arcade
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - is ellipti cal-shaped
  - is larger than the lower dental arcade, which it ventrally and laterally overlaps


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: Dental arcades
memorix_page: 7
en: Articulation curve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - runs from the incisor through the molars to the temporomandibular joint
  - is produced by the masticatory muscles, which create a force directed towards the first molar


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: Tooth eruption
memorix_page: 7
en: Eruption of the deciduous teeth
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>6th-8th month</b> - incisors (i1), upper first, then lower
  <b>7th-12th month</b> - incisors (i2), upper first, then lower
  <b>12th-16th month</b> - molars (m1), lower first, then upper
  <b>15th-20th month</b> - canines (c), lower first, then upper
  <b>20th-30th month</b>- molars (m2), upper and lower together


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: Tooth eruption
memorix_page: 7
en: Eruption of the permanent teeth
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>6th-8th year </b>- molars (M1), usually lower first
  <b>6th-7th year </b>- incisors (I1), usually lower first
  <b>7th-9th year </b>- incisors (I2), usually lower first
  <b>9th-11th year </b>- premolars (P1)
  <b>9th-14th year </b>- canines (C)
  <b>11th-14th year </b>- premolars (P2)
  <b>10th-15th year </b>- molars (M2)
  <b>17th-30th year </b>- molars (M3)


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: Blood supply and innervation
memorix_page: 7
en: Artery supply
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The maxillary (upper) dental arcade:</b> dental branches (rr. dentales) from the posterior superior alveolar artery (maxillary artery) and from the anterior superior alveolar arteries (infraorbital artery from the maxillary artery)
  <b>The mandibular (lower) dental arcade:</b> dental braches (rr. dentales) from the inferior alveolar artery (maxillary artery)
  <b>Venous drainage:</b> to the pterygoid plexus and further to the maxillary veins (to the retromandibular vein)
  <b>Lymphatic drainage:</b> submandibular lymph nodes, deep cervical lymph nodes


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Teeth
parent: Blood supply and innervation
memorix_page: 7
en: Somatosensory
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The maxillary (upper) dental arcade:</b> dental branches (rr. dentales) from the superior dental plexus (anterior, middle and posterior superior alveolar branches from the infraorbital nerve from the maxillary nerve)
  <b>The mandibular (lower) arcade:</b> dental branches (rr. dentales) from the inferior dental plexus (inferior alveolar nerve from the mandibular nerve)


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Cavitas oris
memorix_page: 8
latin: Lingua
en: Tongue
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The tongue </b>is a muscular organ, covered by mucosa and located in the oral cavity.
   The muscles of the tongue are divided into two groups: the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles. <b>The intrinsic muscles </b>are entirely located within the tongue itself and function to <b>change the shape of the tongue</b>. <b>The extrinsic muscles </b>attach to the tongue from the surrounding structures and function to <b>change the position of the tongue</b>. The tongue helps to <b>mechanically break down food</b>, participates in both <b>articulation </b>and <b>phonation </b>and, by means of its taste buds, in <b>taste perception</b>.

general_description:
  <b>Glossa </b>is the Greek term for tongue.
   
  <b>The mucosa of the tongue </b>is covered by stratified squamous epithelium, which keratinises in some places and forms projections of various shapes called lingual papillae.
   
  <b>The vallate papillae </b><i>(papillae vallatae) </i>are the largest lingual papillae and are located ventral to the terminal sulcus of the tongue. Taste buds are located in the epithelium around the vallate papillae (as well as in various other parts of the oral cavity). Other lingual papillae include the filiform, fungiform, foliate papillae. The foliate papillae are rudimentary leaf-like papillae on the margin of the tongue.
   
  <b>The foramen caecum of the tongue </b>is a remnant of the thyroglossal duct. The thyroglossal duct is a canal formed by the descent of the thyroid during development.
   
  <b>The lingual septum </b>fades out basally and changes into a sagittally oriented space filled with loose connective tissue called the middle space of the tongue <i>(spatium medianum linguae)</i>, which extends caudally to the mylohyoid, ventrally to the mental spines of the mandible and dorsally to the hyoid bone.
   
  <b>The palatoglossus</b>
  - functionally belongs to the muscles of the tongue
  - developmentally belongs to the muscles of the soft palate
  - innervation: vagus nerve
   
  <b>The paralingual canal </b>is a slit between the hyoglossus and genioglossus, where the lingual artery and vein pass.

clinical_notes:
  <b>When performing first aid, </b>the tongue must be prevented from falling backwards and blocking the airways. This is done by moving the mandible forward (as the tongue is attached to the mandible by the genioglossus). The same effect can be achieved by bending the head backwards, which causes the root of the tongue to move out of the laryngeal part of the pharynx.
   
  <b>The manoeuvre of Esmarch </b>is performed by simultaneously bending the head backwards, moving the mandible forwards and opening the mouth.
   
  <b>Ankyloglossia </b>(tongue-tie) is a congenital abnormality of the tongue characterised by a short and tough frenulum. This condition impedes the ability to suckle and later to speak.


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Tongue crossections
object_id: linguae frontal
latin: Linguae pars frontalis
en: Frontal crossection of the tongue
cell_type: 0
master_object: tongue
syntopy: pars oralis pharyngis,musculus styloglossus,musculus hyoglossus,palatum durum,gingiva,mandibula
related_objects:
  corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,palatum durum,uvula palatina,arcus palatoglossus 1,arcus palatoglossus 2,musculus palatoglosus,musculus genioglosus,musculus hyoglossus,musculus styloglossus,

blood_supply:
  arteria sublingualis,arteria profunda linguae,arteria lingualis,vena lingualis,vena comitans nervi hypoglossi,venae profundae linguae,vena sublingualis

innervation:
  nervus sublingualis,nervus lingualis,glossopharyngeal nerve,ganglion inferius nervi vagi,nervus vagus 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 1,nervus laryngeus superior 1,chorda tympani


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Tongue crossections
object_id: linguae distal
latin: Linguae pars distalis
en: Distal crossection of the tongue
cell_type: 0
master_object: tongue
syntopy: pars oralis pharyngis,musculus styloglossus,musculus hyoglossus,palatum durum,gingiva,mandibula
related_objects:
  corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,palatum durum,uvula palatina,arcus palatoglossus 1,arcus palatoglossus 2,musculus palatoglosus,musculus genioglosus,musculus hyoglossus,musculus styloglossus,

blood_supply:
  arteria sublingualis,arteria profunda linguae,arteria lingualis,vena lingualis,vena comitans nervi hypoglossi,venae profundae linguae,vena sublingualis

innervation:
  nervus sublingualis,nervus lingualis,glossopharyngeal nerve,ganglion inferius nervi vagi,nervus vagus 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 1,nervus laryngeus superior 1,chorda tympani


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Parts and surfaces of tongue
en_description: - the most ventral part of the tongue
memorix_page: 8
latin: apex linguae
en: Apex/tip of tongue
cell_type: 0
color: 56a553
hit_position: -0.15531,24.31173,1.83388
hit_normal: 0.10469,3.28141,20.30919
body_rotation: 10.74913,356.93010,359.42690
object_id:
  linguae distal,linguae frontal,!gingiva,!palatum durum,!uvula palatina,!arcus palatoglossus 1,!arcus palatoglossus 2,!dentes incisivi 1,!dentes incisivi 2,!dentes incisivi b1,!dentes incisivi b2,!dentes incisivi 003,!dentes incisivi 004,!,!dentes incisivi b003,!dentes incisivi b004,!dentes canini 3,!dentes canini b3,!dentes canini 004,!dentes canini b004,!dentes premolares 4,!dentes premolares 5,!dentes premolares b4,!dentes premolares b5,!dentes premolares 006,!dentes premolares 007,!dentes premolares b007,!dentes premolares b008,!dentes morales 6,!dentes morales 7,!dentes morales 8,!dentes morales b7,!dentes morales b8,!dentes premolares b6,!dentes morales 009,!dentes morales 010,!dentes morales 011,!dentes morales b009,!dentes morales b010,!dentes premolares b009,!dentes premolares b6 cut,!dentes premorales b6 cut2


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Parts and surfaces of tongue
en_description: - the ventral 2/3 of the tongue
memorix_page: 8
latin: corpus linguae
en: Body of tongue
cell_type: 0
color: 8e4ea0
hit_position: -0.28644,23.45986,1.00805
hit_normal: -17.67270,0.53717,0.72043
body_rotation: 0.07536,86.38438,1.19243
object_id:
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system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Parts and surfaces of tongue
en_description: - the dorsal 1/3 of the tongue
memorix_page: 8
latin: radix linguae
en: Root of tongue
cell_type: 0
color: 418ea3
hit_position: -0.29204,23.17626,0.78475
hit_normal: -18.38781,0.41813,-2.01300
body_rotation: 359.97550,94.78913,0.29242
object_id:
  linguae distal,linguae frontal,!gingiva,!palatum durum,!uvula palatina,!arcus palatoglossus 1,!arcus palatoglossus 2,!dentes incisivi 1,!dentes incisivi 2,!dentes incisivi b1,!dentes incisivi b2,!dentes incisivi 003,!dentes incisivi 004,!,!dentes incisivi b003,!dentes incisivi b004,!dentes canini 3,!dentes canini b3,!dentes canini 004,!dentes canini b004,!dentes premolares 4,!dentes premolares 5,!dentes premolares b4,!dentes premolares b5,!dentes premolares 006,!dentes premolares 007,!dentes premolares b007,!dentes premolares b008,!dentes morales 6,!dentes morales 7,!dentes morales 8,!dentes morales b7,!dentes morales b8,!dentes premolares b6,!dentes morales 009,!dentes morales 010,!dentes morales 011,!dentes morales b009,!dentes morales b010,!dentes premolares b009,!dentes premolares b6 cut,!dentes premorales b6 cut2


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1.5
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Parts and surfaces of tongue
en_description: - faces the teeth
memorix_page: 8
latin: margo linguae
en: Margin of tongue
cell_type: 0
color: 05a975
hit_position: -0.17319,24.38297,1.66351
hit_normal: -0.34276,16.02754,9.11425
body_rotation: 58.77047,1.16747,0.99834
object_id:
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system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1.6
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Parts and surfaces of tongue
en_description: - faces the oral diaphragm
memorix_page: 8
latin: facies inferior linguae
en: Inferior surface of tongue
cell_type: 0
color: 0c6b6f
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hit_normal: -7.00704,-2.92255,7.19848
body_rotation: 346.73180,43.42039,347.74620
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system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Structures on dorsum of tongue
memorix_page: 8
latin: sulcus terminalis linguae
en: Terminal sulcus of tongue
cell_type: 0
color: 7ba905
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hit_normal: 0.21980,9.19941,-7.36558
body_rotation: 308.45500,178.99730,0.78528
en_description:
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  - bordered ventrally by the 8-12 vallate papillae
  - forms the border between the body and the root of the tongue

object_id:
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system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.2
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Structures on dorsum of tongue
en_description: - a small depression at the vertex of the terminal sulcus
memorix_page: 8
latin: foramen caecum linguae
en: Foramen caecum of the tongue
cell_type: 0
color: 0596a9
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hit_normal: 0.28896,7.97719,-6.64543
body_rotation: 309.32890,179.06520,0.72314
object_id:
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system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.3
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Structures on dorsum of tongue
en_description:
  - a groove in the median plane of the tongue
  - the superficial projection of the lingual septum

memorix_page: 8
latin: sulcus medianus linguae
en: Midline groove of tongue / median sulcus of tongue
cell_type: 0
color: b48801
hit_position: -0.01287,24.40307,1.57116
hit_normal: -0.15118,9.23288,4.04836
body_rotation: 64.48259,357.90120,358.10580
object_id:
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system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.4
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Structures on dorsum of tongue
en_description: - 8-12 dome-shaped structures on the human tongue
memorix_page: 8
latin: papillae circumvallatae
en: Circumvallate papillae
cell_type: 0
color: fff161
hit_position: -0.01287,24.40307,1.57116
hit_normal: -0.15118,9.23288,4.04836
body_rotation: 64.48259,357.90120,358.10580
object_id:
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system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.5
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Structures on dorsum of tongue
en_description: - vertical folds presented on both sides of the tongue
memorix_page: 8
latin: papillae foliatae
en: Foliate papillae
cell_type: 0
color: 2b485d
hit_position: -0.01287,24.40307,1.57116
hit_normal: -0.15118,9.23288,4.04836
body_rotation: 64.48259,357.90120,358.10580
object_id:
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system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.6
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Structures on dorsum of tongue
en_description: - red color papillae covering the tip and sides of the tongue
memorix_page: 8
latin: papillae fungiformes
en: Fungiform papillae
cell_type: 0
color: 1a5c16
hit_position: -0.01287,24.40307,1.57116
hit_normal: -0.15118,9.23288,4.04836
body_rotation: 64.48259,357.90120,358.10580
object_id:
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system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.7
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Structures on dorsum of tongue
en_description: - cone-shaped papillae covering of the dorsum of the tongue
memorix_page: 8
latin: papillae filiformes
en: Filiform papillae
cell_type: 0
color: 5c164f
hit_position: -0.01287,24.40307,1.57116
hit_normal: -0.15118,9.23288,4.04836
body_rotation: 64.48259,357.90120,358.10580
object_id:
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system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.1
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Structures on root of tongue
memorix_page: 8
latin: tonsilla lingualis
en: Lingual tonsil
cell_type: 0
color: 6f0c0c
hit_position: 0.15669,24.16116,0.37493
hit_normal: 0.50713,7.67738,-6.06910
body_rotation: 307.83850,180.48410,359.61760
en_description:
  - diffuse lymphoid tissue located in the submucosal connective tissue that forms bumps on the surface of the root of the tongue

object_id:
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system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Structures on inferior surface of tongue
en_description: - a paired dorsolateral fold
memorix_page: 8
latin: plica fimbriata
en: Fimbriated fold
cell_type: 0
color: a95a05
hit_position: 0.18670,23.94987,1.62469
hit_normal: 8.86868,-0.99055,5.60663
body_rotation: 358.55410,302.37520,2.27909
object_id:
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system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Structures on inferior surface of tongue
memorix_page: 8
latin: frenulum linguae
en: Frenulum of tongue
cell_type: 0
color: 054fa9
en_description:
  - a sagittal mucosal fold in the median plane connecting the inferior surface of the tongue with the floor of the oral cavity

object_id:
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system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Structures on inferior surface of tongue
memorix_page: 8
latin: caruncula sublingualis
en: Sublingual caruncle
cell_type: 0
color: a9056a
en_description:
  - a paired tubercle lateral to the frenulum of the tongue where the submandibular and major sublingual ducts open

object_id:
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system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3.4
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Structures on inferior surface of tongue
en_description: - a paired dorsolateral fold where the 8-30 minor sublingual ducts open
memorix_page: 8
latin: plica sublingualis
en: Sublingual fold
cell_type: 0
color: 7b05a9
hit_position: 0.13243,23.76075,1.53858
hit_normal: 10.74767,-0.37183,2.24284
body_rotation: 359.89070,280.49020,0.59000
object_id:
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system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Lingua
memorix_page: 9
latin: musculi linguae
en: Muscles of the tongue
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  All muscles of the tongue (intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles) attach to the lingual aponeurosis or the lingual septum.


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: musculi linguae
en_description: - a fibrous disc beneath the mucosa of the dorsum of the tongue
memorix_page: 9
latin: aponeurosis linguae
en: Lingual aponeurosis
cell_type: 0
color: 61cdab
hit_position: 0.23879,23.40713,0.88730
hit_normal: 0.25061,-1.05822,-9.89777
body_rotation: 7.79168,181.49380,0.20256
object_id:
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system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: musculi linguae
en_description: - an incomplete sagittal fibrous partition perpendicular to the lingual aponeurosis
memorix_page: 9
latin: septum linguae
en: Lingual septum
cell_type: 0
color: 6164cd
hit_position: 0.02809,23.36517,0.89784
hit_normal: 0.07078,-0.94332,-10.10749
body_rotation: 7.26121,178.76500,359.84390
object_id:
  linguae frontal,!linguae distal,!pars oralis pharyngis,!pars laryngea pharyngis,!dentes incisivi 1,!dentes incisivi 2,!dentes incisivi b1,!dentes incisivi b2,!dentes incisivi 003,!dentes incisivi 004,!,!dentes incisivi b003,!dentes incisivi b004,!dentes canini 3,!dentes canini b3,!dentes canini 004,!dentes canini b004,!dentes premolares 4,!dentes premolares 5,!dentes premolares b4,!dentes premolares b5,!dentes premolares 006,!dentes premolares 007,!dentes premolares b007,!dentes premolares b008,!dentes morales 6,!dentes morales 7,!dentes morales 8,!dentes morales b7,!dentes morales b8,!dentes premolares b6,!dentes morales 009,!dentes morales 010,!dentes morales 011,!dentes morales b009,!dentes morales b010,!dentes premolares b009,!dentes premolares b6 cut,!dentes premorales b6 cut2,!pars nasalis pharyngis


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Lingua
memorix_page: 9
en: Intrinsic (intraglossal) muscles
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The intrinsic muscles of the tongue change the tongue’s shape. The muscle fibres are interlaced and do not contain any fasciae.


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 5.1
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Intrinsic (intraglossal) muscles
memorix_page: 9
latin: musculus longitudinalis superior
en: Superior longitudinal muscle
cell_type: 0
color: 45a001
hit_position: 0.16885,23.86351,0.71346
hit_normal: 0.25682,-1.71302,-9.75442
body_rotation: 8.98824,180.01310,0.00205
en_description:
  - shortens the length of the tongue and arches the dorsum of tongue
  - runs sagitally beneath the lingual aponeurosis to which it is connected

object_id:
  linguae frontal,!linguae distal,!pars oralis pharyngis,!pars laryngea pharyngis,!dentes incisivi 1,!dentes incisivi 2,!dentes incisivi b1,!dentes incisivi b2,!dentes incisivi 003,!dentes incisivi 004,!,!dentes incisivi b003,!dentes incisivi b004,!dentes canini 3,!dentes canini b3,!dentes canini 004,!dentes canini b004,!dentes premolares 4,!dentes premolares 5,!dentes premolares b4,!dentes premolares b5,!dentes premolares 006,!dentes premolares 007,!dentes premolares b007,!dentes premolares b008,!dentes morales 6,!dentes morales 7,!dentes morales 8,!dentes morales b7,!dentes morales b8,!dentes premolares b6,!dentes morales 009,!dentes morales 010,!dentes morales 011,!dentes morales b009,!dentes morales b010,!dentes premolares b009,!dentes premolares b6 cut,!dentes premorales b6 cut2,!pars nasalis pharyngis


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 5.2
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Intrinsic (intraglossal) muscles
memorix_page: 9
latin: musculus longitudinalis inferior
en: Inferior longitudinal muscle
cell_type: 0
color: 016ea0
hit_position: 0.15639,23.29011,0.92182
hit_normal: -0.11145,-1.21662,-10.04793
body_rotation: 8.97676,178.18570,359.71680
en_description:
  - shortens the tongue
  - runs sagitally above the genioglossus
  - its fibres interlace with the genioglossus and hyoglossus

object_id:
  linguae frontal,!linguae distal,!pars oralis pharyngis,!pars laryngea pharyngis,!dentes incisivi 1,!dentes incisivi 2,!dentes incisivi b1,!dentes incisivi b2,!dentes incisivi 003,!dentes incisivi 004,!,!dentes incisivi b003,!dentes incisivi b004,!dentes canini 3,!dentes canini b3,!dentes canini 004,!dentes canini b004,!dentes premolares 4,!dentes premolares 5,!dentes premolares b4,!dentes premolares b5,!dentes premolares 006,!dentes premolares 007,!dentes premolares b007,!dentes premolares b008,!dentes morales 6,!dentes morales 7,!dentes morales 8,!dentes morales b7,!dentes morales b8,!dentes premolares b6,!dentes morales 009,!dentes morales 010,!dentes morales 011,!dentes morales b009,!dentes morales b010,!dentes premolares b009,!dentes premolares b6 cut,!dentes premorales b6 cut2,!pars nasalis pharyngis


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 5.3
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Intrinsic (intraglossal) muscles
en_description:
  - narrows and extends the tongue
  - runs across the tongue from the sides through the lingual septum

memorix_page: 9
latin: musculus transversus
en: Transverse muscle
cell_type: 0
color: 26d0d9
hit_position: 0.17812,23.24384,0.93585
hit_normal: 0.08909,-1.22398,-10.06633
body_rotation: 9.30357,179.97290,-0.00437
object_id:
  linguae frontal,!linguae distal,!pars oralis pharyngis,!pars laryngea pharyngis,!dentes incisivi 1,!dentes incisivi 2,!dentes incisivi b1,!dentes incisivi b2,!dentes incisivi 003,!dentes incisivi 004,!,!dentes incisivi b003,!dentes incisivi b004,!dentes canini 3,!dentes canini b3,!dentes canini 004,!dentes canini b004,!dentes premolares 4,!dentes premolares 5,!dentes premolares b4,!dentes premolares b5,!dentes premolares 006,!dentes premolares 007,!dentes premolares b007,!dentes premolares b008,!dentes morales 6,!dentes morales 7,!dentes morales 8,!dentes morales b7,!dentes morales b8,!dentes premolares b6,!dentes morales 009,!dentes morales 010,!dentes morales 011,!dentes morales b009,!dentes morales b010,!dentes premolares b009,!dentes premolares b6 cut,!dentes premorales b6 cut2,!pars nasalis pharyngis


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 5.4
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Intrinsic (intraglossal) muscles
memorix_page: 9
latin: musculus verticalis
en: Vertical muscle
cell_type: 0
color: 84d926
hit_position: 0.15946,23.88478,0.70283
hit_normal: 0.57980,-2.06405,-9.78162
body_rotation: 11.36376,183.06080,0.60365
en_description:
  - flattens, broadens and extends the tongue
  - runs between the dorsal and inferior surfaces of the tongue

object_id:
  linguae frontal,!linguae distal,!pars oralis pharyngis,!pars laryngea pharyngis,!dentes incisivi 1,!dentes incisivi 2,!dentes incisivi b1,!dentes incisivi b2,!dentes incisivi 003,!dentes incisivi 004,!,!dentes incisivi b003,!dentes incisivi b004,!dentes canini 3,!dentes canini b3,!dentes canini 004,!dentes canini b004,!dentes premolares 4,!dentes premolares 5,!dentes premolares b4,!dentes premolares b5,!dentes premolares 006,!dentes premolares 007,!dentes premolares b007,!dentes premolares b008,!dentes morales 6,!dentes morales 7,!dentes morales 8,!dentes morales b7,!dentes morales b8,!dentes premolares b6,!dentes morales 009,!dentes morales 010,!dentes morales 011,!dentes morales b009,!dentes morales b010,!dentes premolares b009,!dentes premolares b6 cut,!dentes premorales b6 cut2,!pars nasalis pharyngis


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Lingua
memorix_page: 9
en: Extrinsic (extraglossal) muscles
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The extrinsic muscles of the tongue originate on the surrounding structures and insert on the fibrous lingual apparatus. They change the position of the tongue.


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 6.1
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Extrinsic (extraglossal) muscles
memorix_page: 9
object_id: musculus genioglosus
latin: musculus genioglossus
en: Genioglossus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Origin</b>: superior mental spine
  <b>Insertion</b>: lingual aponeurosis
  <b>Function</b>: protrusion and depression of the tongue and protects the tongue from falling backwards


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 6.2
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Extrinsic (extraglossal) muscles
memorix_page: 9
object_id: musculus hyoglossus
latin: musculus hyoglossus
en: Hyoglossus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Origin</b>: the greater horn of the hyoid bone
  Insertion</b>: lateral to the genioglossus
  <b>Action</b>: depression and retraction of the tongue


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 6.3
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Extrinsic (extraglossal) muscles
memorix_page: 9
object_id: musculus styloglossus
latin: musculus styloglossus
en: Styloglossus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Origin</b>: styloid process and stylomandibular ligament
  <b>Insertion</b>: the tip and sides of the tongue
  <b>Function</b>: retraction of the tongue and elevation of the body and apex of the tongue


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 6.4
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Extrinsic (extraglossal) muscles
memorix_page: 9
object_id: musculus palatoglosus
latin: musculus palatoglossus
en: Palatoglossus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Origin</b>: the lateral margins of the palatine aponeurosis
  <b>Course</b>: within the palatoglossal arch (forms the anterior pillar of the fauces)
  <b>Insertion</b>: the root of the tongue
  <b>Function</b>: elevation of the root of the tongue and depression of the soft palate, thus the final action is to narrow the opening of the pharynx


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Lingua
memorix_page: 9
en: Blood supply
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  <b>Arterial supply</b>: lingual artery (a branch of the external carotid artery)
  <b>Venous drainage</b>: lingual vein, vena comitans of the hypoglossal nerve (to the internal jugular vein)
  <b>Lymphatic drainage</b>: from the apex - submental lymph nodes, from the margins - submandibular lymph nodes, from the body and root - deep cervical lymph nodes, due to the incomplete septum of the tongue also to the contralateral nodes


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Innervation
memorix_page: 9
en: Sensory innervation – taste
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>VII Chorda tympani</b>: provides taste on the apex and body of the tongue except the vallate papillae
  - a branch of the facial nerve, from the tongue fibers travel via the lingual nerve
  <b>IX Glossopharyngeal nerve</b>: provides taste on the root of the tongue and vallate papillae
  <b>X Vagus nerve /b>: provides taste on the epiglottic valleculae


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Tongue
parent: Innervation
memorix_page: 9
en: Parasympathetic innervation (of the salivary glands
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>VII Chorda tympani</b>: innervates the glands within the apex and body of the tongue
  <b>IX Glossopharyngeal nerve</b>: innervates the glands within the root of the tongue
  <b>X Vagus nerve</b>: innervates the glands within the epiglottic valleculae


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Palate
parent: Cavitas oris
memorix_page: 10
latin: Palatum
en: Palate
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  <b>The palate is a horizontal partition separating the oral cavity </b>from the nasal cavity. The ventral part is formed by the <b>bony hard palate</b>. The dorsal part is called the <b>soft palate </b>and formed by a fibromuscular plate. The palate is used during swallowing, phonation and articulation.

general_description:
  <b>A mnemonic for the palatine muscles:</b>
   
  <b>2 muscles are attached directly to the palate:</b>
   - tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini
   - complicated position, course and innervation
   
  <b>1 muscle is simple: 
  </b>- musculus uvulae
   
  <b>2 muscles are in arches: </b>- palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus
   - both run within the homonymous arches
  - developmentally are classified as muscles of the pharynx
  - functionally are classified as muscles of the tongue and pharynx
  - both are elevators
  - both are innervated by the vagus nerve


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Palate
parent: Palatum
memorix_page: 10
object_id: palatum durum
latin: Palatum durum
en: Hard palate
cell_type: 0
master_object: gingiva
en_description:
  The <b>hard palate </b>is a horizontal bony partition covered by mucosa and separating the oral cavity from the nasal cavity.

related_objects:
  corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,palatum durum,uvula palatina,arcus palatoglossus 1,arcus palatoglossus 2


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Palate
parent: Structures *1
en_description: - a mucosal ridge running in the median plane
memorix_page: 10
latin: raphe palati
en: Palatine raphe
cell_type: 0
color: 8c6bea
hit_position: -0.09324,-1.24050,24.62606
hit_normal: -12.30146,-16.12934,-10.86713
body_rotation: 337.13640,37.25068,343.53960
object_id:
  palatum durum,!linguae frontal,!linguae distal,!dentes incisivi 1,!dentes incisivi 2,!dentes incisivi b1,!dentes incisivi b2,!dentes incisivi 003,!dentes incisivi 004,!,!dentes incisivi b003,!dentes incisivi b004,!dentes canini 3,!dentes canini b3,!dentes canini 004,!dentes canini b004,!dentes premolares 4,!dentes premolares 5,!dentes premolares b4,!dentes premolares b5,!dentes premolares 006,!dentes premolares 007,!dentes premolares b007,!dentes premolares b008,!dentes morales 6,!dentes morales 7,!dentes morales 8,!dentes morales b7,!dentes morales b8,!dentes premolares b6,!dentes morales 009,!dentes morales 010,!dentes morales 011,!dentes morales b009,!dentes morales b010,!dentes premolares b009,!dentes premolares b6 cut,!dentes premorales b6 cut2


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Palate
parent: Structures *1
en_description: - elevated mucosa above the opening of the incisive canal on the ventral part of the palatine raphe
memorix_page: 10
latin: papilla incisiva
en: Incisive papilla
cell_type: 0
color: fff161
hit_position: 0.00767,-1.81590,24.53047
hit_normal: -19.83490,9.75835,-7.51291
body_rotation: 7.80631,112.72860,342.03500
object_id:
  palatum durum,!linguae frontal,!linguae distal,!dentes incisivi 1,!dentes incisivi 2,!dentes incisivi b1,!dentes incisivi b2,!dentes incisivi 003,!dentes incisivi 004,!,!dentes incisivi b003,!dentes incisivi b004,!dentes canini 3,!dentes canini b3,!dentes canini 004,!dentes canini b004,!dentes premolares 4,!dentes premolares 5,!dentes premolares b4,!dentes premolares b5,!dentes premolares 006,!dentes premolares 007,!dentes premolares b007,!dentes premolares b008,!dentes morales 6,!dentes morales 7,!dentes morales 8,!dentes morales b7,!dentes morales b8,!dentes premolares b6,!dentes morales 009,!dentes morales 010,!dentes morales 011,!dentes morales b009,!dentes morales b010,!dentes premolares b009,!dentes premolares b6 cut,!dentes premorales b6 cut2


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Palate
parent: Structures *1
en_description: - low transverse mucous folds on the oral side of the palate
memorix_page: 10
latin: palatine rugae, plicae palatinae transversae, rugae palatinae
en: Transverse palatine folds
cell_type: 0
color: b4ea6b
hit_position: -0.28072,-1.36425,24.61483
hit_normal: 8.19904,-18.13665,-10.87796
body_rotation: 334.75110,330.23070,13.71143
object_id:
  palatum durum,!linguae frontal,!linguae distal,!dentes incisivi 1,!dentes incisivi 2,!dentes incisivi b1,!dentes incisivi b2,!dentes incisivi 003,!dentes incisivi 004,!,!dentes incisivi b003,!dentes incisivi b004,!dentes canini 3,!dentes canini b3,!dentes canini 004,!dentes canini b004,!dentes premolares 4,!dentes premolares 5,!dentes premolares b4,!dentes premolares b5,!dentes premolares 006,!dentes premolares 007,!dentes premolares b007,!dentes premolares b008,!dentes morales 6,!dentes morales 7,!dentes morales 8,!dentes morales b7,!dentes morales b8,!dentes premolares b6,!dentes morales 009,!dentes morales 010,!dentes morales 011,!dentes morales b009,!dentes morales b010,!dentes premolares b009,!dentes premolares b6 cut,!dentes premorales b6 cut2


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Palate
parent: Palatum
memorix_page: 10
latin: Tonsilla palatina
en: Palatine tonsils
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  The palatine tonsil is <b>an oval-shaped lymphoid organ </b>covered by mucosa and located in the tonsillar fossa/sinus (<i>fossa tonsillaris</i>) <b>between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches</b>. It is a part of the immunological barrier that prevents infection from spreading from the oral and nasal cavity. The surface of the tonsil is decorated by the tonsillar pits and crypts.

object_id:
  tonsilla palatina 1,tonsilla palatina 2,!dentes incisivi 1,!dentes incisivi 2,!dentes incisivi b1,!dentes incisivi b2,!dentes incisivi 003,!dentes incisivi 004,!,!dentes incisivi b003,!dentes incisivi b004,!dentes canini 3,!dentes canini b3,!dentes canini 004,!dentes canini b004,!dentes premolares 4,!dentes premolares 5,!dentes premolares b4,!dentes premolares b5,!dentes premolares 006,!dentes premolares 007,!dentes premolares b007,!dentes premolares b008,!dentes morales 6,!dentes morales 7,!dentes morales 8,!dentes morales b7,!dentes morales b8,!dentes premolares b6,!dentes morales 009,!dentes morales 010,!dentes morales 011,!dentes morales b009,!dentes morales b010,!dentes premolares b009,!dentes premolares b6 cut,!dentes premorales b6 cut2

related_objects:
  corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,palatum durum,uvula palatina,arcus palatoglossus 1,arcus palatoglossus 2

clinical_notes:
  <b>During acute tonsillitis </b>dead bacteria and denuded epithelial cells accumulate in the pits and crypts of the tonsils and a white exudate emerges on the surface. Swollen tonsils can narrow or even completely close the lumen of the pharynx, impairing swallowing or even causing asphyxiation. Inflammation of the palatine tonsils is also called angina tonsillaris.

  <b>Tonsillectomy </b>is a surgical procedure to remove the tonsils from the peritonsillar space. In the loose connective tissue of this space, inflammation can arise and spread to the surrounding tissue. This condition can deteriorate to the point of a life- -threatening cervical phlegmon and spread to the mediastinum.

  <b>A peritonsillar abscess </b>is a bordered inflammatory focus in the peritonsillar space. It is a frequent complication of a bacterial inflammation of the palatine tonsils.
   
  <b>A paratonsillar abscess </b>is a type peritonsillar abscesses. It is located in the peritonsillar space lateral to the tonsil and can extend into the parapharyngeal space.

  <b>The internal carotid artery runs close to the palatine tonsils </b>in the parapharyngeal space. It can be damaged during a careless tonsillectomy as runs about 25 mm dorsal to the tonsil. Nevertheless, the most common structure prone to bleed during and after tonsillectomy is the paratonsillar vein (from the external palatine vein).

blood_supply:
  vena palatina externa,arteriae palatinae minores,arteria palatina ascendens,arteria pharyngea ascendens,arteria lingualis

innervation:
  nervus glossopharyngeus,ganglion pterygopalatinum,rami ganglionares nervi maxillaris ganglion pterigopalatinum,nervus maxillaris,nervi palatini minores


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Palate
parent: Laterally (in layers)
memorix_page: 10
latin: capsula tonsillae
en: Tonsillar capsule
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  - a fibrous capsule that borders the lateral aspect of the tonsil
  - emits septa into the surrounding tissue


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Palate
parent: Laterally (in layers)
memorix_page: 10
latin: spatium peritonsillare
en: Peritonsillar space
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  - a space filled with loose connective tissue
  - is continuous with the surrounding submucosal connective tissue
  - contains the venous tonsillar plexus and the external palatine vein


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Palate
parent: Blood supply and innervation *1
en: Lymphatic drainage
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  into the deep cervical lymph nodes but mostly to the tonsillar lymph node (node of Wood) located behind the angle of the mandible


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Palate
parent: Palatum molle
memorix_page: 11
en: Structures *2
general_description: <b>Velum </b>is an obsolete term for the soft palate.
cell_type: 5
en_description:
  <b>The soft palate is a fibromuscular plate that consists of the palatine aponeurosis </b>and the muscles that insert and originate on it. Two palatine arches extend laterocaudally from the soft palate: the palatoglossal arch and palatopharyngeal arch. They are formed by two homonymous muscles. The uvula protrudes caudally from the posterior part of the soft palate. The soft palate <b>participates in swallowing and prevents food from passing into the nasopharynx</b>.


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Palate
parent: Structures *2
en_description: - a caudally protruding part of the soft palate
memorix_page: 11
object_id: uvula palatina
latin: uvula palatina
en: Uvula
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula
cell_type: 0
master_object: gingiva
blood_supply:
  venae palatinae,arteria lingualis,arteria pharyngea ascendens,arteria palatina ascendens,plexus pterygoideus,arteria palatina descendens

innervation:
  ganglion inferius nervi vagi,plexus pharyngeus nervous,rami pharyngei nervi glossopharyngei,nervus vagus 1,nervus glossopharyngeus,nervi palatini minores,nervus palatinus major,plexus pharyngeus nervous


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Palate
parent: Structures *2
en_description: - an arched elevation between the palate and tongue, formed by the palatoglossus
memorix_page: 11
object_id: arcus palatoglossus 1,arcus palatoglossus 2
latin: arcus palatoglossus
en: Palatoglossal arch / anterior pillar of fauces
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,uvula palatina
cell_type: 0
master_object: gingiva
blood_supply:
  venae palatinae,arteria lingualis,arteria pharyngea ascendens,arteria palatina ascendens,plexus pterygoideus,arteria palatina descendens

innervation:
  ganglion inferius nervi vagi,plexus pharyngeus nervous,rami pharyngei nervi glossopharyngei,nervus vagus 1,nervus glossopharyngeus,nervi palatini minores,nervus palatinus major,plexus pharyngeus nervous


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Palate
parent: Muscles
memorix_page: 11
object_id: musculus tensor veli palatini
latin: musculus tensor veli palatini
en: Tensor veli palatini
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Origin</b>: spine of sphenoid bone, scaphoid fossa of sphenoid bone, lateral side of the cartilaginous part of the auditory tube
  <b>Course</b>: descends laterally from the medial lamina of the pterygoid process of sphenoid bone, its inserting tendon turns medially around the pterygoid hamulus
  <b>Insertion</b>: palatine aponeurosis
  <b>Innervation</b>: mandibular nerve (branch of the trigeminal nerve)
  <b>Function</b>: tenses the soft palate and narrows the auditory tube by pressing its tendon on the wall of the auditory tube


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Palate
parent: Muscles
memorix_page: 11
object_id: musculus levator veli palatini
latin: musculus levator veli palatini
en: Levator veli palatini
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  the levator of the soft palate
  <b>Origin</b>: apex of petrous part of temporal bone, medial wall of the cartilaginous part of auditory tube
  <b>Course</b>: descends medially from the medial lamina of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone
  <b>Insertion</b>: palatine aponeurosis
  <b>Innervation</b>: vagus nerve
  <b>Function</b>: elevates the soft palate


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Palate
parent: Muscles
memorix_page: 11
object_id: Musculus uvulae
latin: musculus uvulae
en: Musculus uvulae
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Origin</b>: posterior nasal spine of palatine bone and palatine aponeurosis
  <b>Insertion</b>: connective tissue of the uvula, it protrudes into the pharynx (the fauces)
  <b>Innervation</b>: vagus nerve
  <b>Action</b>: shortens and elevates the uvula


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Palate
parent: Muscles
memorix_page: 11
object_id: musculus palatoglosus
latin: musculus palatoglossus
en: Palatoglossus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Origin</b>: the lateral margins of the palatine aponeurosis
  <b>Course</b>: within the palatoglossal arch
  <b>Insertion</b>: the root of the tongue
  <b>Innervation</b>: vagus nerve
  <b>Function</b>: elevation of the root of the tongue and depression of the soft palate, thus the final action is narrowing of the opening of the pharynx


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Palate
parent: Muscles
memorix_page: 11
object_id: musculus palatopharyngeus
latin: musculus palatopharyngeus
en: Palatopharyngeus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Origin</b>: palatine aponeurosis and medial lamina of pterygoid process of sphenoid bone, pterygoid hamulus and the inferior part of the auditory tube
  <b>Course</b>: within the palatopharyngeal arch
  <b>Insertion</b>: posterior margin of the thyroid cartilage and he wall of the pharynx
  <b>Innervation</b>: vagus nerve
  <b>Action</b>: elevation of the pharynx and depression of the soft palate, thus the final action is narrowing of the opening of the pharynx (the fauces)


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Palate
parent: Palatum molle
memorix_page: 11
en: Blood supply and innervation *2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Arterial supply</b>: descending palatine artery, ascending palatine artery, ascending pharyngeal artery, lingual artery
  <b>Venous drainage</b>: pterygoid plexus, pharyngeal veins
  <b>Motor innervation</b>: vagus nerve, except for the tensor veli palatini muscle, which is innervated by the mandibular nerve
  <b>Somatosensory and parasympathetic innervation</b>: greater palatine nerve, lesser palatine nerves, nasopalatine nerve (maxillary nerve - somatosensory, facial nerve - parasympathetic and taste)
  <b>Sympathetic innervation</b>: pharyngeal plexus (glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve)


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Salivary glands
parent: Cavitas oris
memorix_page: 12
latin: Glandulae salivariae
en: Salivary glands
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  The <b>salivary glands </b>are connected by their ducts to the oral cavity. They produce <b>saliva</b>, which has a serous and a mucous component. <b>The serous component </b>contains enzymes, which participate in the initial breakdown of food. <b>The mucous component </b>lubricates the ingested food and prepares it for swallowing. Saliva secretion is regulated by reflexes and <b>controlled directly by the autonomic nervous system</b>. The autonomic nervous system processes stimuli that lead to salvation, such as: smell, taste, visual stimuli and somatosensory stimuli, made by contact between food and the mucosa of the oral cavity.

general_description:
  <b>Von Ebners glands </b>(gustatory glands) are serous glands that wash out the grooves around the vallate papillae where taste buds are located. <b>Webers glands </b>(glands of the root of the tongue) are mucous glands. They protect the root of the tongue. <b>The retromandibular fossa </b>is located between the lateral margin of the ramus of the mandible, external acoustic meatus, posterior belly of the digastric, styloid process, styloid septum and pterygoids.
   
  <b>Relation of the parotid gland to nerves in its proximity</b>:
   
  The facial nerve enters the gland after passing through the stylomastoid foramen. Within the gland it ramifies forming the intraparotid plexus, which divides the gland into superficial and deep parts.
   
  <b>The auriculotemporal nerve </b>passes behind the parotid gland to reach the temporal region.
   
  <b>Division of the parotid gland </b>by the intraparotid plexus (branches of the facial nerve) into the superficial and deep part does not match exactly the morphological division into the pars superficialis and pars profunda.
   
  <b>Parasympathetic fibers </b>that supply the parotid gland originate in the inferior salivary nucleus. They travel in the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve to the middle ear before leaving the skull as the lesser petrosal nerve. They synapse in the optic ganglion and reach the parotid gland through the parotid branches of the auriculotemporal nerve.
   
  <b>The salivary glands </b>produce 1 to 1,5 liters of saliva daily. Saliva is important for hygiene of the oral cavity, lubricating food and in preventing the formation of dental calculus.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Sialolithiasis </b>refers to the presence of stones in the salivary ducts. This occurs most frequently in the submandibular duct due to its upward course.
   
  <b>Sialoadenitis </b>is inflammation of the salivary gland. This can occur as a consequence of sialolithiasis.
   
  <b>Epidemic parotitis </b>(mumps) is an acute viral inflammation of the parotid gland. Its clinical symptoms are swelling and pain. The disease can be accompanied by inflammation of other glands such as the pancreas and gonads. Infection of the male gonads may result in sterility.


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Salivary glands
parent: Types of glands according to the type of saliva they produce
memorix_page: 12
en: Mucous glands
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  glands of the root of the tongue (Weber’s glands), the posterior part of the sublingual gland and the palatine glands


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Salivary glands
parent: Types of glands according to the type of saliva they produce
memorix_page: 12
en: Seromucous glands
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  the submandibular gland, the anterior part of the sublingual gland, labial glands, buccal glands, molar glands and the anterior lingual glands


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Salivary glands
parent: Types of glands according to their size
memorix_page: 12
latin: glandulae salivariae minores
en: Minor salivary glands
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the lesser glands
  - scattered throughout the oral cavity, embedded in mucosa, submucosa and sometimes even in the muscular layer
  - produce saliva continuously without neuronal stimuli


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Salivary glands
parent: glandulae salivariae majores
en_description: - is located beneath the mandible
memorix_page: 12
object_id: glandula submandibularis 1
latin: glandula submandibularis *1
en: Submandibular gland *1
cell_type: 4
innervation: nervus sublingualis,nervus lingualis,ganglion submandibulare
syntopy: palatum durum,mandibula,gingiva,musculus hyoglossus
blood_supply:
  arteria lingualis,vena comitans nervi hypoglossi,vena lingualis,arteria sublingualis,vena sublingualis,arteria facialis,vena facialis


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Salivary glands
parent: glandula sublingualis *2
memorix_page: 12
object_id: glandula sublingualis 1
latin: glandula sublingualis *3
en: Sublingual gland *3
cell_type: 0
master_object: Sublingual gland
tags: subgroup_desc
en_description:
  The sublingual gland is located in the sublingual space.
  The anterior part of the gland is seromucous. The posterior part is purely mucous.

related_objects:
  corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,palatum durum,uvula palatina,arcus palatoglossus 1,arcus palatoglossus 2


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Salivary glands
parent: Salivary glands ducts
memorix_page: 12
object_id: ductus sublingualis major 1
latin: ductus sublingualis major
en: Major sublingual duct / duct of Bartholin
cell_type: 0
master_object: Sublingual gland
en_description:
  - leaves the anterior seromucous part of the gland
  - its opening is located on the sublingual caruncle with the opening of the submandibular duct

related_objects:
  corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,palatum durum,uvula palatina,arcus palatoglossus 1,arcus palatoglossus 2


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Salivary glands
parent: Salivary glands ducts
memorix_page: 12
object_id: ductus sublinguales minores 1
latin: ductus sublinguales minores
en: Minor sublingual ducts
cell_type: 0
master_object: Sublingual gland
en_description:
  - 8-20 ducts that leave from the posterior part of the gland
  - are located on each side of the gland and open on the sublingual fold

related_objects:
  corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,palatum durum,uvula palatina,arcus palatoglossus 1,arcus palatoglossus 2


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Salivary glands
parent: glandula sublingualis *2
memorix_page: 12
en: Blood supply and innervation *4
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  <b>Arterial supply</b>: facial artery, lingual artery
  <b>Venous drainage</b>: facial vein, lingual vein
  <b>Lymphatic drainage</b>: submandibular lymph nodes
  <b>Parasympathetic innervation</b>: glandular branches from the submandibular ganglion (fibres from the facial nerve via the chorda tympani)
  <b>Sympathetic innervation</b>: periarterial plexus
  <b>Viscerosensory innervation</b>: lingual nerve (from the mandibular nerve)


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Salivary glands
parent: glandula sublingualis *2
memorix_page: 12
en: Syntopy *1
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  <b>Caudally</b>: in contact with the upper surface of the mylohyoid 
  <b>Cranially</b>: forms a prominence in the oral cavity called the sublingual fold 
  <b>Laterally</b>: in contact with the sublingual fovea of the mandible 
  <b>Medially</b>: in contact with the hyoglossus, geniohyoid, submandibular duct and lingual nerve


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Salivary glands
parent: glandula submandibularis *2
memorix_page: 13
object_id: glandula submandibularis 1
latin: glandula submandibularis *3
en: Submandibular gland *3
cell_type: 0
tags: subgroup_desc
en_description:
  The submandibular gland is a seromucous gland in the submandibular space. It secretes predominantly serous saliva.


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Salivary glands
parent: glandula submandibularis *3
memorix_page: 13
en: Syntopy *2
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  <b>Dorsally</b>: is separated from the parotid gland by the stylomandibular ligament
  <b>Laterally</b>: faces the submandibular fovea of the mandible
  Turns around the posterior margin of the mylohyoid and follows its duct to the sublingual space.The surface of the gland is covered by the superficial layer of the cervical fascia.
  Relationship to the surrounding structures:
  <b>1 Superficial cervical ansa</b> - in contact with the gland through the superficial layer of the cervical fascia
  <b>2 Hypoglossal nerve</b> - in contact with the gland in the inferior pole of the submandibular triangle
  <b>3 Facial artery and vein</b> - cross the gland vertically
  - the facial vein is on the outer surface of the gland and the facial artery runs medially to the gland


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Salivary glands
parent: glandula submandibularis *3
memorix_page: 13
object_id: ductus parotideus 1
latin: ductus submandibularis
en: Submandibular/Wharton’s duct
cell_type: 0
innervation: nervus auriculotemporalis
en_description:
  <b>1.</b> emerges from the posterior part of the gland
  <b>2.</b> curves over the posterior margin of the mylohyoid and runs between the mylohyoid and hyoglossus
  <b>3.</b> continues in the sublingual space on the inner side of the sublingual gland, where it crosses the lingual nerve
  <b>4.</b> opens on the sublingual caruncle with the major sublingual duct

blood_supply:
  arteria temporalis superficialis,arteria maxillaris,ramus parotideus arteriae auricilaris posterioris,arteria auricularis posterior,arteria transversa faciei,venae parotidae

syntopy:
  vena facialis,vena jugularis externa,vena temporalis superficialis,vena retromandibularis,arteria facialis,os zygomaticum 1,os temporale 1,arteria temporalis superficialis,arteria carotis externa,mandibula,pars superfacialis musculi masseteris


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Salivary glands
parent: glandula submandibularis *3
memorix_page: 13
en: Blood supply and innervation *5
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  <b>Arterial supply</b>: facial artery and lingual artery
  <b>Venous drainage</b>: facial vein and lingual vein
  <b>Lymphatic drainage</b>: submandibular lymph nodes
  <b>Parasympathetic innervation</b>: lingual nerve via the submandibular ganglion (fibres from the facial nerve via the chorda tympani)
  <b>Sympathetic innervation</b>: periarterial plexus
  <b>Viscerosensory innervation</b>: lingual nerve (from the mandibular nerve)


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Salivary glands
parent: Glandulae salivariae
memorix_page: 13
latin: glandula parotidea *2
en: Parotid gland *2
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The purely serous parotid gland is the largest salivary gland. It is located on the lateral surface of the head, ventral to the auricle.


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Salivary glands
parent: glandula parotidea *2
memorix_page: 13
en: Structure of parotid glands
cell_type: 0
tags: subgroup_desc
related_objects:
  corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,palatum durum,uvula palatina,arcus palatoglossus 1,arcus palatoglossus 2


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Salivary glands
parent: Structure of parotid glands
en_description: is medially in contact with the masseter
memorix_page: 13
object_id: glandula parotidea pars superficialis 1
latin: pars superficialis glandulae parotidae
en: Superficial part
cell_type: 0
master_object: Parotid gland
innervation: nervus auriculotemporalis
related_objects:
  corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,palatum durum,uvula palatina,arcus palatoglossus 1,arcus palatoglossus 2

blood_supply:
  arteria temporalis superficialis,arteria maxillaris,ramus parotideus arteriae auricilaris posterioris,arteria auricularis posterior,arteria transversa faciei,venae parotidae

syntopy:
  vena facialis,vena jugularis externa,vena temporalis superficialis,vena retromandibularis,arteria facialis,os zygomaticum 1,os temporale 1,arteria temporalis superficialis,arteria carotis externa,mandibula,pars superfacialis musculi masseteris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Salivary glands
parent: Structure of parotid glands
en_description: - is located in the retromandibular fossa
memorix_page: 13
object_id: glandula parotidea pars profunda 1
latin: pars profunda glandulae parotidae
en: Deep part
cell_type: 0
master_object: Parotid gland
innervation: nervus auriculotemporalis
related_objects:
  corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,palatum durum,uvula palatina,arcus palatoglossus 1,arcus palatoglossus 2

blood_supply:
  arteria temporalis superficialis,arteria maxillaris,ramus parotideus arteriae auricilaris posterioris,arteria auricularis posterior,arteria transversa faciei,venae parotidae

syntopy:
  vena facialis,vena jugularis externa,vena temporalis superficialis,vena retromandibularis,arteria facialis,os zygomaticum 1,os temporale 1,arteria temporalis superficialis,arteria carotis externa,mandibula,pars superfacialis musculi masseteris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Salivary glands
parent: Structure of parotid glands
memorix_page: 13
object_id: glandula parotidea isthmus 1
latin: Isthmus
en: Isthmus
cell_type: 0
master_object: Parotid gland
innervation: nervus auriculotemporalis
en_description:
  - the connection between the superficial and deep part
  - is located behind the ramus of the mandible

related_objects:
  corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,palatum durum,uvula palatina,arcus palatoglossus 1,arcus palatoglossus 2

blood_supply:
  arteria temporalis superficialis,arteria maxillaris,ramus parotideus arteriae auricilaris posterioris,arteria auricularis posterior,arteria transversa faciei,venae parotidae

syntopy:
  vena facialis,vena jugularis externa,vena temporalis superficialis,vena retromandibularis,arteria facialis,os zygomaticum 1,os temporale 1,arteria temporalis superficialis,arteria carotis externa,mandibula,pars superfacialis musculi masseteris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Salivary glands
parent: Structure of parotid glands
en_description: - a small accessory gland located above the parotid duct
memorix_page: 13
object_id: glandula parotidea accessoria 1
latin: glandula parotidea accessoria
en: Accessory parotid gland
cell_type: 0
master_object: Parotid gland
innervation: nervus auriculotemporalis
related_objects:
  corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,palatum durum,uvula palatina,arcus palatoglossus 1,arcus palatoglossus 2

blood_supply:
  arteria temporalis superficialis,arteria maxillaris,ramus parotideus arteriae auricilaris posterioris,arteria auricularis posterior,arteria transversa faciei,venae parotidae

syntopy:
  vena facialis,vena jugularis externa,vena temporalis superficialis,vena retromandibularis,arteria facialis,os zygomaticum 1,os temporale 1,arteria temporalis superficialis,arteria carotis externa,mandibula,pars superfacialis musculi masseteris


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Salivary glands
parent: ductus parotideus
en_description: - runs ventrally on the surface of the masseter, about 1cm beneath the zygomatic arch
memorix_page: 13
object_id: ductus parotideus masseterica 1
latin: pars masseterica
en: Masseteric part
cell_type: 0
master_object: Parotid gland
related_objects:
  corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,palatum durum,uvula palatina,arcus palatoglossus 1,arcus palatoglossus 2


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Salivary glands
parent: ductus parotideus
en_description: - courses on the anterior margin of the masseter and enters and the buccal fat pad
memorix_page: 13
object_id: ductus parotideus premasseterica 1
latin: pars premasseterica
en: Premasseteric part
cell_type: 0
master_object: Parotid gland
related_objects:
  corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,palatum durum,uvula palatina,arcus palatoglossus 1,arcus palatoglossus 2


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 7
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Salivary glands
parent: ductus parotideus
en_description: - opens into the oral vestibule on the parotid papilla just above the second upper molar
memorix_page: 13
object_id: ductus parotideus buccinatoria 1
latin: pars buccinatoria
en: Buccinatoric part
cell_type: 0
master_object: Parotid gland
related_objects:
  corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,palatum durum,uvula palatina,arcus palatoglossus 1,arcus palatoglossus 2


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Salivary glands
parent: fascia parotidea
memorix_page: 13
latin: tractus angularis
en: Angular tract
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  - an oblique band at the angle of the mandible continues into the superficial layer of cervical fascia
  - separates the gland from the submandibular space


system: digestive
main_group: Oral cavity
sub_group: Salivary glands
parent: glandula parotidea *2
memorix_page: 13
en: Blood supply and innervation *6
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  <b>Arterial supply</b>: superficial temporal artery, maxillary artery, posterior auricular artery, transverse facial artery
  <b>Venous drainage</b>: parotid veins (retromandibular vein)
  <b>Lymphatic drainage</b>: superficial and deep cervical lymph nodes and parotid lymph nodes
  <b>Parasympathetic innervation</b>: auriculotemporal nerve (a branch of the mandibular nerve), carries parasympathetic fibres from the glossopharyngeal nerve
  <b>Sympathetic innervation</b>: periarterial plexus
  <b>Viscerosensory innervation</b>: auriculotemporal nerve (from the mandibular nerve)


system: digestive
main_group: Oesophagus
memorix_page: 17
latin: Oesophagus
en: Oesophagus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  The oesophagus is an approximately 25 cm long muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. Several <b>curvature and</b> <b>constrictions </b>are located along <b>its course through the neck and thorax to the abdominal cavity</b>. The muscular layer of the upper third of the oesophagus is composed of striated muscle fibres. The middle third is composed of both striated and smooth muscle fibres and the lower third is composed of smooth muscle fibres. Due to the long course of the oesophagus through several topographical regions, the blood supply is provided by multiple sources. The venous system of the oesophagus contains an important <b>portocaval anastomosis</b>, which can form varices in portal hypertension.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Achalasia </b>is a pathological motility disorder of the aboral part of the oesophagus. A lack of the myenteric ganglion cells lead to absence of peristalsis and inability to relax the distal oesophageal sphincter.


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Oesophagus
sub_group: Oesophagus (parts)
parent: Oesophagus (parts)
en_description: - runs in the cervical visceral space from C6 to T2
memorix_page: 17
object_id: pars cervicalis oseophagi
latin: pars cervicalis oesophagi
en: Cervical part of the oseophagus
cell_type: 0
master_object: Oesophagus
innervation: plexus oesophageus,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2
syntopy: Trachea,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,
related_objects:
  corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,palatum durum,uvula palatina,arcus palatoglossus 1,arcus palatoglossus 2,os hyoideum,atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,pars oralis pharyngis,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,gaster,gaster cap,pars laryngea pharyngis

blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria thyroidea inferior,venae oesophageales,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,venae oesophageales sinistrae,rami oesophageales,venae oesophageae,ramus oesophagealis arteria bronchiales,arteria bronchialis dextra,venae oesophageales dextrae


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Oesophagus
sub_group: Oesophagus (parts)
parent: Oesophagus (parts)
en_description: - passes through the posterior mediastinum from T2 to T10
memorix_page: 17
object_id: pars thoracica oseophagi
latin: pars thoracica oesophagi
en: Thoracic part of the oseophagus
cell_type: 0
master_object: Oesophagus
innervation: plexus oesophageus,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2
related_objects:
  corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,palatum durum,uvula palatina,arcus palatoglossus 1,arcus palatoglossus 2,os hyoideum,atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,pars oralis pharyngis,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,gaster,gaster cap,pars laryngea pharyngis

blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria thyroidea inferior,venae oesophageales,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,venae oesophageales sinistrae,rami oesophageales,venae oesophageae,ramus oesophagealis arteria bronchiales,arteria bronchialis dextra,venae oesophageales dextrae

syntopy:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,pericardium fibrosum,pericardium fibrosum,aorta thoracica,bronchus principalis sinister,bronchus principalis dexter,arcus aortae,vena azygos


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.3
main_group: Oesophagus
sub_group: Oesophagus (parts)
parent: Syntopy of the thoracic part
en: Laterally *2
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  - the vagus nerves run on the sides of the oesophagus 
  - running caudally, the right vagus nerve moves to its dorsal surface and the left vagus moves to its anterior surface 
  - on the right side: the azygos vein crosses the right main bronchus and then opens into the superior vena cava 
  - on the left side: the descending part of the aortic arch


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Oesophagus
sub_group: Oesophagus (parts)
parent: Oesophagus (parts)
memorix_page: 17
object_id: pars abdominalis oseophagi
latin: pars abdominalis oesophagi
en: Abdominal part of the oseophagus
cell_type: 0
master_object: Oesophagus
innervation: plexus oesophageus,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2
syntopy: vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t10,diaphragm,Liver
en_description:
  - runs within the peritoneal cavity from T10 to T11
  - a 1-2 cm long portion located in the abdominal cavity after passing through the oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

related_objects:
  corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,mandibula,gingiva,palatum durum,uvula palatina,arcus palatoglossus 1,arcus palatoglossus 2,os hyoideum,atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,pars oralis pharyngis,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,gaster,gaster cap,pars laryngea pharyngis

blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria thyroidea inferior,venae oesophageales,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,venae oesophageales sinistrae,rami oesophageales,venae oesophageae,ramus oesophagealis arteria bronchiales,arteria bronchialis dextra,venae oesophageales dextrae


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.1
main_group: Oesophagus
sub_group: Oesophagus (parts)
parent: Syntopy of the abdominal part
en: Ventrally *3
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  the oesophagus is in contact with the liver and creates the oesophageal impression on its dorsal surface


system: digestive
main_group: Oesophagus
sub_group: Curvatures
parent: Curvatures
memorix_page: 17
en: In the frontal plane
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  - the cervical part is curved in the median plane
  - the superior thoracic part is curved to the left
  - the middle thoracic part is curved to the right
  - the inferior thoracic part is curved to the left and directs towards the oesophageal hiatus


system: digestive
main_group: Oesophagus
sub_group: Curvatures
parent: Curvatures
memorix_page: 17
en: In the sagittal plane
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  - the cervical part is curved in the median plane
  - the superior thoracic part is curved to the left
  - the middle thoracic part is curved to the right
  - the inferior thoracic part is curved to the left and directs towards the oesophageal hiatus


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Oesophagus
sub_group: Constrictions
parent: Constrictions
memorix_page: 17
object_id: pars cervicalis oseophagi,pars thoracica oseophagi,pars abdominalis oseophagi
latin: constrictio pharyngooesophagealis
en: Pharyngo-oesophageal constriction of Killian
cell_type: 0
color: 6ce5de
hit_position: -0.07709,21.68345,-0.87733
hit_normal: -10.22147,0.43815,12.62183
body_rotation: 2.44789,35.13253,1.72144
en_description:
  - the border between the pharynx and oesophagus at the level of C6
  - is located between the cricoid cartilage and vertebral column
  - during an endoscopic procedure, this point is about 15 cm from the patient’s incisors


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Oesophagus
sub_group: Constrictions
parent: Constrictions
memorix_page: 17
object_id: pars thoracica oseophagi,pars cervicalis oseophagi,pars abdominalis oseophagi
latin: constrictio partis thoracicae, constrictio bronchoaortica
en: Thoracic constriction
cell_type: 0
color: cbe56c
hit_position: -0.08347,19.17355,-1.69784
hit_normal: -30.86753,-0.00007,25.59673
body_rotation: 1.62527,47.39461,1.76634
en_description:
  - is in contact with the aortic arch and the main left bronchus at the level of T4-5
  - during an endoscopic procedure, this point is about 25 cm from the patient’s incisors


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Oesophagus
sub_group: Constrictions
parent: Constrictions
memorix_page: 17
object_id: pars abdominalis oseophagi, pars cervicalis oseophagi,pars thoracica oseophagi
latin: constrictio phrenica
en: Diaphragmatic constriction
cell_type: 0
color: e56c6c
hit_position: -0.61642,13.02484,-0.86963
hit_normal: -17.90225,6.47881,-12.30123
body_rotation: 351.80550,120.51280,13.59605
en_description:
  - is located within the oesophageal hiatus at the level of T10-11
  - during an endoscopic procedure, this point is about 40 cm from the patient’s incisors


system: digestive
main_group: Oesophagus
sub_group: Blood supply and innervation
parent: Blood supply and innervation
memorix_page: 17
en: Blood supply
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  Arterial supply is segmental. <b>The individual parts of the oesophagus are supplied from the nearest blood vessels:</b> inferior thyroid artery, oesophageal branches of the aortic arch and thoracic aorta, posterior intercostal arteries, left gastric artery and left inferior phrenic artery. 

  <b>Venous drainage </b>occurs through two venous plexues located in the wall of the oesophagus: the deep (in the submucosa) and superficial (within the adventitia) plexuses. These plexuses anastomose with each other and form a connection between the riverbeds of the superior vena cava and the portal vein. Thus, they create a portocaval anastomosis. 

  <b>Blood from the oesophagus drains into:</b>
  - <b>superior vena cava:</b> via the oesophageal veins into the azygos and hemi-azygos veins and also via the inferior thyroid veins
  - <b>portal vein:</b> the aboral part of the oesophagus via the gastric veins


system: digestive
main_group: Oesophagus
sub_group: Blood supply and innervation
parent: Blood supply and innervation
memorix_page: 17
en: Innervation
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  - <b>cervical part:</b> deep cervical lymph nodes
  - <b>thoracic part:</b> tracheobronchial lymph nodes and posterior mediasti nal lymph nodes,
  - <b>abdominal part:</b> left gastric lymph nodes

  <b>Mixed innervation:</b> oesophageal plexus (fibres of both vagus nerves and the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk)


system: digestive
main_group: Stomach
memorix_page: 18
latin: gaster
en: Stomach
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  The stomach is the widest part of the digestive tract. It is located in the <b>supramesocolic part of the peritoneal cavity </b>under the left vault of the diaphragm. It extends on the right to the epigastric region. The average volume is approximately one litre, but capacity may be two to three litres. The shape of the stomach varies according to its content and the activity of its muscular wall. The arterial supply is provided by the coeliac<b> trunk</b>.

general_description:
  <b>Stomachus </b>is the Greek term for the stomach. <b>Ventriculus </b>is the obsoleteLati n term for the stomach.

  <b>Functional division of the stomach:</b>
  <b>Digestive part </b><i>(pars digestoria) </i>- includes the fundus and body of the stomach.
  <b>Evacuating part </b><i>(pars egestoria)</i>- includes the pyloric part of the stomach.

  <b>Gastric peristola </b>is a resting phase of the stomach after being filled with food.

  <b>Peristaltic waves </b>enable mixing and moving of the gastric content and creation of chyme.

  <b>Pyloric pump: </b>peristaltic waves in the pyloric part enable the passage of chyme into the duodenum while the pyloric sphincter is relaxed.

  <b>Pepsin, gastrin, intrinsic factor ofCastle </b>(necessary for absorption of vitamin B12) and <b>hydrochloric acid</b>(HCl) are secreted in the stomach.

  <b>The parasympathetic nervous system facilitates</b> peristalsis and secretion of HCl.
  <b>The sympathetic nervous system inhibits</b> peristalsis and secretion ofHCl. However, the pyloric sphincter contracts under the influence of the sympathetic system.

  <b>Mnemonics:</b>
  <b>Arteries with a short name </b>(gastric arteries) course along the <b>lesser curvature</b>.
  <b>Arteries with a long name </b>(gastro omental arteries) course along the greater curvature.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Pyloric stenosis </b><i>(pylorostenosis) </i> is a congenital hypertrophic stenosis of the pyloric sphincter that may clinically manifest as projectile vomiting.

  <b>The nodes of Virchow-Troisier Are</b> the left supraclavicular lymph nodes. Enlargement of these nodes can be one of the first symptoms of stomach cancer due to its connection with the thoracic duct.

  <b>Gastric ulcers </b>are more likely to occur in areas of the stomach that have poor blood supply, such as were the anastomotic arterial arches are attached to the lesser and greater curvatures of the stomach.


system: digestive
main_group: Stomach
sub_group: External structure of stomach
parent: Stomach anatomy sections
object_id: gaster
latin: gaster *2
en: Stomach *2
cell_type: 0
master_object: Stomach
syntopy: Liver,diaphragm,Kidneys,glandula suprarenalis 1,Pancreas,Large intestine
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,pars cervicalis oseophagi,pars thoracica oseophagi,pars abdominalis oseophagi,duodenum,duodenum cap,gaster fibrae obliquae,gaster sphincter pylori,gaster stratum circulare,gaster stratum longitudinale,pelvis,pancreas anterior cap,pancreas posterior cap,os sacrum,vesica biliaris dorsal,vesica biliaris ventral,cystic duct

blood_supply:
  arteria gastrica posterior,arteria gastricae breves,truncus coeliacus,arteria hepatica propria,arteria gastroduodenalis,arteria hepatica communis,arteria splenica,arteria gastrica sinistra,arteria gastrica dextra,arteria prepancreatica sinistra,arteria gastroomentalis,venae gastricae breves,vena gastroomentalis sinistra,vena gastroomentalis dextra,vena prepylorica,vena gastrica dextra,vena splenica,vena gastrica sinistra

innervation:
  nervus pyloricus,rami gastrici trunci vagalis posterioris,nervus posterior curvature minoris gastricae,truncus vagalis posterior,nervus anterior curvature minoris gastricae,rami gastrici trunci vagalis antrioris,truncus vagalis anterior,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,


system: digestive
main_group: Stomach
sub_group: External structure of stomach
parent: Stomach anatomy sections
object_id: gaster cap
en: Stomach anatomy cap
cell_type: 0
syntopy: Liver,diaphragm,Kidneys,glandula suprarenalis 1,Pancreas,Large intestine
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,pars cervicalis oseophagi,pars thoracica oseophagi,pars abdominalis oseophagi,duodenum,duodenum cap,gaster,pelvis,pancreas anterior cap,pancreas posterior cap,os sacrum,vesica biliaris dorsal,vesica biliaris ventral,cystic duct

blood_supply:
  arteria gastrica posterior,arteria gastricae breves,truncus coeliacus,arteria hepatica propria,arteria gastroduodenalis,arteria hepatica communis,arteria splenica,arteria gastrica sinistra,arteria gastrica dextra,arteria prepancreatica sinistra,arteria gastroomentalis,venae gastricae breves,vena gastroomentalis sinistra,vena gastroomentalis dextra,vena prepylorica,vena gastrica dextra,vena splenica,vena gastrica sinistra

innervation:
  nervus pyloricus,rami gastrici trunci vagalis posterioris,nervus posterior curvature minoris gastricae,truncus vagalis posterior,nervus anterior curvature minoris gastricae,rami gastrici trunci vagalis antrioris,truncus vagalis anterior,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,


system: digestive
main_group: Stomach
sub_group: Syntopy of stomach
parent: Syntopy of stomach
memorix_page: 18
en: Posterior wall of the stomach
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  faces the omental bursa and is in contact with the following structures listed belowm, through the parietal peritoneum


system: digestive
main_group: Stomach
sub_group: Fixation
parent: gaster
memorix_page: 19
en: Fixation
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  Peritoneal duplicatures (ligaments) extend from the serous coat of the stomach and course towards both curvatures. Blood and lymph vessels, nerves and lymph nodes are positioned in the loose fibrous tissue between the sheets of peritoneum.


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Stomach
sub_group: Histology of stomach
parent: Mucosa
memorix_page: 19
latin: sulcus salivarius
en: Salivary sulcus of Waldeyer
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - longitudinal folds along the lesser curvature
  - liquid food may pass through them on their way from the cardia to the pylorus


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Stomach
sub_group: Histology of stomach
parent: tunica muscularis
memorix_page: 19
object_id: gaster fibrae obliquae,!gaster cap
latin: fibrae obliquae
en: Oblique fibres
cell_type: 0
master_object: Stomach
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - the innermost layer
  - extend from the circular layer
  - course from the cardia to the greater curvature
  - their contraction assists in closure of the cardia


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
main_group: Stomach
sub_group: Histology of stomach
parent: tunica muscularis
memorix_page: 19
object_id: gaster stratum longitudinale,!gaster cap
latin: stratum longitudinale
en: Longitudinal layer
cell_type: 0
master_object: Stomach
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - the outer longitudinal layer
  - continuation of closing process of the cardia oesophageal longitudinal muscle layer


system: digestive
main_group: Stomach
sub_group: Blood supply
parent: Blood supply
memorix_page: 19
en: Venous drainage
cell_type: 5
en_description:
  portal vein - left and right gastric vein, right and left gastro-omental (gastro-epiploic) vein, short gastric veins
  - an important portocaval anastomosis is formed by connecti ons with the oesophageal veins within the area of the cardia
  - the ventral surface of the pylorus is drained by the prepyloric vein (either via the right gastric vein or directly to the portal vein)


system: digestive
main_group: Stomach
sub_group: Blood supply
parent: Blood supply
memorix_page: 19
en: Lymphatic drainage
cell_type: 5
en_description:
  coeliac lymph nodes (subsequently to the thoracic duct) and into
  the left supraclavicular lymph nodes (lymph nodes of Virchow-Troisier)
  - body of the stomach: right and left gastric lymph nodes, right and left gastro-omental lymph nodes
  - fundus: pancreaticosplenic lymph nodes, pylorus: pyloric lymph nodes


system: digestive
main_group: Stomach
sub_group: Innervation
parent: Innervation
memorix_page: 19
en: Sympathetic system
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  splanchnic nerves (fibres of the coeliac plexus and via the periarterial plexuses enter the stomach wall)


system: digestive
main_group: Small intestine
memorix_page: 20
latin: Intestinum tenue
en: Small intestine
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  The small intestine is the longest part of the digestive system. It is approximately <b>3- 5 m long </b>and its width is 2- 4 cm. It is composed of <b>intestinal loops that fill the majority of the abdominal cavity</b>. The loops face the peritoneum of the anterior abdominal wall and are in contact with parts of the large intestine and other abdominal organs.


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Small intestine
sub_group: Parts
parent: Parts
memorix_page: 20
object_id: duodenum
en: Duodenum*2
cell_type: 0
blood_supply:
  arteria pancreaticoduodenalis inferior,arteria pancreaticoduodenalis superior posterior,arteria pancreaticoduodenalis superior anterior,ramus anterior arteria pancreaticoduodenalis inferior,ramus posterior arteria pancreaticoduodenalis inferior,vena pancreaticoduodenale inferior anterior,vena pancreaticoduodenale inferior posterior,vena pancreaticoduodenale superior anterior,vena portae hepatis,vena pancreaticoduodenale superior posterior

innervation:
  truncus vagalis posterior,nervus pyloricus,nervus anterior curvature minoris gastricae,truncus vagalis anterior,nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1

syntopy:
  Liver,Large intestine,Gallbladder,Pancreas,pelvis renalis 2,ren cap 2,arteria mesenterica superior,ureter pars abdominalis 2,aorta abdominalis,vena cava inferior


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Small intestine
sub_group: Parts
parent: Parts
memorix_page: 20
object_id: jejunum
en: Jejunum
cell_type: 0
blood_supply:
  arteriae jejunales,arteriae ileales,ramus ilialis arteriae ileocolicae,ramus descendens rami colici arteriae ileocolicae,ramus colicus arteriae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens rami colici arteriae ileocolicae,vena mesenterica superior

innervation:
  ganglion mesentericum superius,ganglion coeliacum 2,ganglion coeliacum 1,plexus coeliacus,nervus vagus 1,nervus splanchnicus major 2,nervus vagus 2,nervus splanchnicus major 1,rami jejunales plexus mesenterici superioris,plexus mesentericus superior

syntopy:
  omen majus,ren cap 2,ren 1,ren 2,ren cap 1,pelvis renalis 1,ureter pars abdominalis 1,ureter pars pelvica 1,ureter pars pelvica 2,ureter pars abdominalis 2,pelvis renalis 2,colon sigmoideum,vena cava inferior,aorta abdominalis,duodenum,duodenum cap,flexura coli dextra,flexura coli sinistra,rectum,caecum,colon ascendens,colon descendens,apex vesicae,fundus vesicae,corpus vesicae,colon transversum cap,colon transversum


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Small intestine
sub_group: Parts
parent: Parts
memorix_page: 20
object_id: ileum
en: Ileum
cell_type: 0
blood_supply:
  arteriae jejunales,arteriae ileales,ramus ilialis arteriae ileocolicae,ramus descendens rami colici arteriae ileocolicae,ramus colicus arteriae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens rami colici arteriae ileocolicae,vena mesenterica superior

innervation:
  ganglion mesentericum superius,ganglion coeliacum 2,ganglion coeliacum 1,plexus coeliacus,nervus vagus 1,nervus splanchnicus major 2,nervus vagus 2,nervus splanchnicus major 1,rami jejunales plexus mesenterici superioris,plexus mesentericus superior

syntopy:
  omen majus,ren cap 2,ren 1,ren 2,ren cap 1,pelvis renalis 1,ureter pars abdominalis 1,ureter pars pelvica 1,ureter pars pelvica 2,ureter pars abdominalis 2,pelvis renalis 2,colon sigmoideum,vena cava inferior,aorta abdominalis,duodenum,duodenum cap,flexura coli dextra,flexura coli sinistra,rectum,caecum,colon ascendens,colon descendens,apex vesicae,fundus vesicae,corpus vesicae,colon transversum cap,colon transversum


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Small intestine
sub_group: Fixation
parent: Fixation
memorix_page: 20
latin: radix mesenterii
en: Root of mesentery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the attachement of the mesentery to the posterior abdominal wall
  - extends from the duodenojejunal flexure to the right iliac fossa


system: digestive
main_group: Small intestine
sub_group: Histology
parent: Intestinum tenue
memorix_page: 20
en: Histology
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  Mucosa is covered by simple columnar epithelium and together with the submucosa forms the macroscopically visible transverse circular folds of Kerckring (plicae circulares).
  The muscular layer is composed of a longitudinal and a circular layer. The majority of the intestinal wall is covered by visceral peritoneum, excluding the duodenum, which is mainly retroperitoneal (except its ampulla), with its anterior surface covered by parietal peritoneum.


system: digestive
main_group: Duodenum
memorix_page: 20
en: Duodenum
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  The small intestine is the longest part of the digestive system. It is approximately <b>3- 5 m long </b>and its width is 2- 4 cm. It is composed of <b>intestinal loops that fill the majority of the abdominal cavity</b>. The loops face the peritoneum of the anterior abdominal wall and are in contact with parts of the large intestine and other abdominal organs. 

  The duodenum originates at the pyloric orifice of the stomach and continues into the jejunum at the duodenojejunal flexure. It has the shape of a horseshoe. It is located at the level of L1- L3 and its length is about 25- 30cm. The duodenum encircles vertebra L2 from the right side and <b>forms a space for the head of the pancreas</b>. The duodenum has four <b>main parts</b>, the majority of which are <b>secondarily retroperitoneal</b>. The bile duct and both pancreatic ducts open into the duodenum. The duodenal arterial supply is provided by two large trunks from the abdominal aorta: the coeliac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery.

general_description:
  <b>The term "duodenum“</b>refers to its length of 12 inches.

  <b>The intestinal villi of the duodenal wall </b>are shaped like sheets.

  <b>Duodenal glands / Brunners glands </b><i>(glandulae duodenales) </i>are submucosal serous tubuloalveolar glands that produce and secrete an alkaline liquid, which neutralises the acidic content from the stomach.

  <b>The developmental border zone between</b> the foregut and midgut is situated just below the major duodenal papilla.

  <b>The suspensory muscle of duodenum/ Ligament of Treitz </b><i>(musculus suspensorius duodeni) </i>is a musculoligamentous fascicle extending from the left crus of the diaphragm. It Suspends the duodenojejunal flexure.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Bulbar ulcer </b>is a duodenal ulcer which occurs in the ampulla (duodenal cap). Ulcers are less likely to occur in other parts of the duodenum chyme gets neutralized by the liquid of the duodenal glands

  <b>Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy </b>is an endoscopic examination of the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract: oesophagus, stomach and duodenum.In the clinical practice, this is often termed gastroscopy.


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Duodenum
sub_group: Parts
parent: Parts
en_description:
  - is about 4-5 cm long
  - connects to the stomach and is located at the level of vertebra L1

memorix_page: 20
latin: pars superior *2
en: Superior part / D1
cell_type: 0
color: d4852f
hit_position: 1.62292,-0.75969,10.71899
hit_normal: -0.17384,-25.03990,-7.68389
body_rotation: 343.87520,354.70260,1.47514
object_id:
  duodenum,duodenum cap,caecum,!caecum cap,!appendix vermiformis,!ostium appendicis,!caecum cap,!colon ascendens,!flexura coli dextra,!colon transversum,!colon transversum cap,!flexura coli sinistra,!colon descendens,!colon sigmoideum,!rectum,!rectum cap,!taenia mecocolica,!taenia omentalis,!taneia libera,!epiploic appendices,!colon transversum,!colon transversum cap


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Duodenum
sub_group: Parts
parent: Parts
memorix_page: 20
latin: pars descendens *2
en: Descending part / D2
cell_type: 0
color: afd42f
hit_position: 1.81923,-0.72558,10.04280
hit_normal: 10.20681,-23.69098,-1.38409
body_rotation: 356.84410,331.17270,1.73554
en_description:
  - is about 6-10 cm long
  - is vertically oriented and situated behind the peritoneum between the hilum of the right kidney and the right margin of L2
  - is secondarily retroperitoneal

object_id:
  duodenum,duodenum cap,caecum,!caecum cap,!appendix vermiformis,!ostium appendicis,!caecum cap,!colon ascendens,!flexura coli dextra,!colon transversum,!colon transversum cap,!flexura coli sinistra,!colon descendens,!colon sigmoideum,!rectum,!rectum cap,!taenia mecocolica,!taenia omentalis,!taneia libera,!epiploic appendices,!colon transversum,!colon transversum cap,!omen majus


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Duodenum
sub_group: Parts
parent: Parts
memorix_page: 20
latin: pars inferior *2
en: Inferior part / D3
cell_type: 0
color: 2f9cd4
hit_position: 0.19962,-1.03888,9.73726
hit_normal: 8.20241,-24.63194,0.57354
body_rotation: 0.00000,339.60890,0.00000
en_description:
  - is about 7-8 cm long
  - is horizontally oriented, in front of vertebra L3
  - in secondarily retroperitoneal

object_id:
  duodenum,duodenum cap,caecum,!caecum cap,!appendix vermiformis,!ostium appendicis,!caecum cap,!colon ascendens,!flexura coli dextra,!colon transversum,!colon transversum cap,!flexura coli sinistra,!colon descendens,!colon sigmoideum,!rectum,!rectum cap,!taenia mecocolica,!taenia omentalis,!taneia libera,!epiploic appendices,!colon transversum,!colon transversum cap,!omen majus


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Duodenum
sub_group: Parts
parent: Parts
memorix_page: 20
latin: pars ascendens *2
en: Ascending part / D4
cell_type: 0
color: af2fd4
hit_position: -0.44435,-1.11195,9.76633
hit_normal: 2.82209,-24.58371,-5.45461
body_rotation: 346.61540,352.61630,1.71823
en_description:
  - is secondarily retroperitoneal
  - runs obliquely up to the left margin of the body of vertebra L2, then continues into the jejunum at the level of the duodenojejunal flexure

object_id:
  duodenum,duodenum cap,caecum,!caecum cap,!appendix vermiformis,!ostium appendicis,!caecum cap,!colon ascendens,!flexura coli dextra,!colon transversum,!colon transversum cap,!flexura coli sinistra,!colon descendens,!colon sigmoideum,!rectum,!rectum cap,!taenia mecocolica,!taenia omentalis,!taneia libera,!epiploic appendices,!colon transversum,!colon transversum cap,!omen majus


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Duodenum
sub_group: Histology of duodenum
parent: Histology of duodenum
en_description:
  - is about 4-5 cm long
  - connects to the stomach and is located at the level of vertebra L1

memorix_page: 20
object_id: duodenum cap
en: Duodenum - anterior part
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,gaster fibrae obliquae,gaster sphincter pylori,gaster stratum circulare,gaster stratum longitudinale,pelvis,pancreas anterior cap,pancreas posterior cap,os sacrum,vesica biliaris dorsal,vesica biliaris ventral,cystic duct,duodenum,jejunum

blood_supply:
  arteria pancreaticoduodenalis inferior,arteria pancreaticoduodenalis superior posterior,arteria pancreaticoduodenalis superior anterior,ramus anterior arteria pancreaticoduodenalis inferior,ramus posterior arteria pancreaticoduodenalis inferior,vena pancreaticoduodenale inferior anterior,vena pancreaticoduodenale inferior posterior,vena pancreaticoduodenale superior anterior,vena portae hepatis,vena pancreaticoduodenale superior posterior

innervation:
  truncus vagalis posterior,nervus pyloricus,nervus anterior curvature minoris gastricae,truncus vagalis anterior,nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1

syntopy:
  Liver,Large intestine,Gallbladder,Pancreas,pelvis renalis 2,ren cap 2,arteria mesenterica superior,ureter pars abdominalis 2,aorta abdominalis,vena cava inferior


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Duodenum
sub_group: Histology of duodenum
parent: Histology of duodenum
memorix_page: 20
latin: Intestinum duodenum
en: Duodenum *3
cell_type: 0
master_object: duodenum
en_description:
  - is about 6-10 cm long
  - is vertically oriented and situated behind the peritoneum between the hilum of the right kidney and the right margin of L2
  - is secondarily retroperitoneal

object_id:
  duodenum,!caecum cap,!appendix vermiformis,!ostium appendicis,!caecum cap,!colon ascendens,!flexura coli dextra,!colon transversum,!colon transversum cap,!flexura coli sinistra,!colon descendens,!colon sigmoideum,!rectum,!rectum cap,!taenia mecocolica,!taenia omentalis,!taneia libera,!epiploic appendices,!colon transversum,!colon transversum cap,!omen majus

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,gaster fibrae obliquae,gaster sphincter pylori,gaster stratum circulare,gaster stratum longitudinale,pelvis,pancreas anterior cap,pancreas posterior cap,os sacrum,vesica biliaris dorsal,vesica biliaris ventral,cystic duct,duodenum,jejunum

blood_supply:
  arteria pancreaticoduodenalis inferior,arteria pancreaticoduodenalis superior posterior,arteria pancreaticoduodenalis superior anterior,ramus anterior arteria pancreaticoduodenalis inferior,ramus posterior arteria pancreaticoduodenalis inferior,vena pancreaticoduodenale inferior anterior,vena pancreaticoduodenale inferior posterior,vena pancreaticoduodenale superior anterior,vena portae hepatis,vena pancreaticoduodenale superior posterior

innervation:
  truncus vagalis posterior,nervus pyloricus,nervus anterior curvature minoris gastricae,truncus vagalis anterior,nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1

syntopy:
  Liver,Large intestine,Gallbladder,Pancreas,pelvis renalis 2,ren cap 2,arteria mesenterica superior,ureter pars abdominalis 2,aorta abdominalis,vena cava inferior


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Duodenum
sub_group: Histology of duodenum
parent: Histology of duodenum
memorix_page: 20
latin: Startum circulare tunicae muscularis duodeni
en: Circular layer of duodenum
cell_type: 0
master_object: duodenum
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - is about 7-8 cm long
  - is horizontally oriented, in front of vertebra L3
  - in secondarily retroperitoneal

object_id:
  duodenum 3,!duodenum cap,!caecum cap,!appendix vermiformis,!ostium appendicis,!caecum cap,!colon ascendens,!flexura coli dextra,!colon transversum,!colon transversum cap,!flexura coli sinistra,!colon descendens,!colon sigmoideum,!rectum,!rectum cap,!taenia mecocolica,!taenia omentalis,!taneia libera,!epiploic appendices,!colon transversum,!colon transversum cap,!omen majus

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,gaster fibrae obliquae,gaster sphincter pylori,gaster stratum circulare,gaster stratum longitudinale,pelvis,pancreas anterior cap,pancreas posterior cap,os sacrum,vesica biliaris dorsal,vesica biliaris ventral,cystic duct,duodenum,jejunum


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Duodenum
sub_group: Histology of duodenum
parent: Histology of duodenum
memorix_page: 20
latin: Startum longitudinale tunicae muscularis duodeni
en: Longitudinal layer of duodenum
cell_type: 0
master_object: duodenum
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - is secondarily retroperitoneal
  - runs obliquely up to the left margin of the body of vertebra L2, then continues into the jejunum at the level of the duodenojejunal flexure

object_id:
  duodenum 2,!duodenum cap,!caecum cap,!appendix vermiformis,!ostium appendicis,!caecum cap,!colon ascendens,!flexura coli dextra,!colon transversum,!colon transversum cap,!flexura coli sinistra,!colon descendens,!colon sigmoideum,!rectum,!rectum cap,!taenia mecocolica,!taenia omentalis,!taneia libera,!epiploic appendices,!colon transversum,!colon transversum cap,!omen majus

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,gaster fibrae obliquae,gaster sphincter pylori,gaster stratum circulare,gaster stratum longitudinale,pelvis,pancreas anterior cap,pancreas posterior cap,os sacrum,vesica biliaris dorsal,vesica biliaris ventral,cystic duct,duodenum,jejunum


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Duodenum
sub_group: Histology of duodenum
parent: Histology of duodenum
memorix_page: 20
latin: tela submucosa duodenum
en: Submucosa of duodenum
cell_type: 0
master_object: duodenum
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  duodenum submucosa,!duodenum cap,!caecum cap,!appendix vermiformis,!ostium appendicis,!caecum cap,!colon ascendens,!flexura coli dextra,!colon transversum,!colon transversum cap,!flexura coli sinistra,!colon descendens,!colon sigmoideum,!rectum,!rectum cap,!taenia mecocolica,!taenia omentalis,!taneia libera,!epiploic appendices,!colon transversum,!colon transversum cap,!omen majus

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,gaster fibrae obliquae,gaster sphincter pylori,gaster stratum circulare,gaster stratum longitudinale,pelvis,pancreas anterior cap,pancreas posterior cap,os sacrum,vesica biliaris dorsal,vesica biliaris ventral,cystic duct,duodenum,jejunum


system: digestive
main_group: Duodenum
sub_group: Structure
memorix_page: 21
latin: pars superior
en: Superior part
cell_type: 0
parent:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,gaster fibrae obliquae,gaster sphincter pylori,gaster stratum circulare,gaster stratum longitudinale,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,ileum,gaster,gastercap


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Duodenum
sub_group: Structure
parent: pars superior
en_description: - a flexure between the superior and descending part
memorix_page: 21
latin: flexura duodeni superior
en: Superior duodenal flexure
cell_type: 0
color: ab32d4
hit_position: 1.98274,-0.29283,10.69878
hit_normal: 14.95548,21.93781,-6.25458
body_rotation: 10.02978,213.63050,6.60798
object_id:
  duodenum,duodenum cap,caecum,!caecum cap,!appendix vermiformis,!ostium appendicis,!caecum cap,!colon ascendens,!flexura coli dextra,!colon transversum,!colon transversum cap,!flexura coli sinistra,!colon descendens,!colon sigmoideum,!rectum,!rectum cap,!taenia mecocolica,!taenia omentalis,!taneia libera,!epiploic appendices,!colon transversum,!colon transversum cap,!omen majus


system: digestive
main_group: Duodenum
sub_group: Structure
parent: pars superior
memorix_page: 21
en: Syntopy*1
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  <b>ventrally:</b>  gallbladder and the visceral surface of the liver (forms the duodenal impression on the liver)
  <b>dorsally:</b>  bile duct, portal vein, inferior vena cava, gastroduodenal artery
  <b>cranially:</b>  hepatoduodenal ligament and its content
  <b>caudally:</b>  the head of the pancreas


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Duodenum
sub_group: Structure
parent: pars descendens
memorix_page: 21
latin: papilla duodeni major
en: Major duodenal papilla of Vater
cell_type: 0
color: 32d48d
hit_position: 1.34480,-0.46842,9.75430
hit_normal: 9.51873,-24.36337,-8.38142
body_rotation: 343.10740,332.68910,8.53347
en_description:
  - an elevated area on the lower end of the longitudinal duodenal fold within the inferior half of the descending part, approximately 10cm from the pylorus
  - the opening of the bile duct and major pancreati c duct

object_id:
  duodenum,!duodenum cap,caecum,!caecum cap,!appendix vermiformis,!ostium appendicis,!caecum cap,!colon ascendens,!flexura coli dextra,!colon transversum,!colon transversum cap,!flexura coli sinistra,!colon descendens,!colon sigmoideum,!rectum,!rectum cap,!taenia mecocolica,!taenia omentalis,!taneia libera,!epiploic appendices,!colon transversum,!colon transversum cap,!omen majus


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Duodenum
sub_group: Structure
parent: pars descendens
memorix_page: 21
latin: papilla duodeni minor
en: Minor duodenal papilla of Santorini
cell_type: 0
color: 32c1d4
hit_position: 1.71779,-0.45597,10.37930
hit_normal: 12.68963,-21.17728,-2.42665
body_rotation: 355.65800,323.61220,3.19337
en_description:
  - an elevated spot positioned 2cm above the major duodenal papilla
  - the opening of the accessory pancreatic duct

object_id:
  duodenum,!duodenum cap,caecum,!caecum cap,!appendix vermiformis,!ostium appendicis,!caecum cap,!colon ascendens,!flexura coli dextra,!colon transversum,!colon transversum cap,!flexura coli sinistra,!colon descendens,!colon sigmoideum,!rectum,!rectum cap,!taenia mecocolica,!taenia omentalis,!taneia libera,!epiploic appendices,!colon transversum,!colon transversum cap,!omen majus


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Duodenum
sub_group: Structure
parent: pars descendens
en_description: - a flexure situated between the descending and inferior part
memorix_page: 21
latin: flexura duodeni inferior
en: Inferior duodenal flexure
cell_type: 0
color: 3d32d4
hit_position: 2.03310,-0.48750,9.90292
hit_normal: 22.84218,-8.18852,-3.20654
body_rotation: 357.91340,284.86430,7.81112
object_id:
  duodenum,duodenum cap,caecum,!caecum cap,!appendix vermiformis,!ostium appendicis,!caecum cap,!colon ascendens,!flexura coli dextra,!colon transversum,!colon transversum cap,!flexura coli sinistra,!colon descendens,!colon sigmoideum,!rectum,!rectum cap,!taenia mecocolica,!taenia omentalis,!taneia libera,!epiploic appendices,!colon transversum,!colon transversum cap,!omen majus


system: digestive
main_group: Duodenum
sub_group: Structure
parent: pars descendens
memorix_page: 21
en: Syntopy*2
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  <b>ventrally:</b> the root of the transverse mesocolon, transverse mesocolon, gallbladder and visceral surface of the liver
  <b>dorsally:</b> the bile duct and pancreati coduodenal arteries in a groove between the duodenum and the head of the pancreas
  <b>left :</b> the head of the pancreas and blood vessels (anterior and posterior pancreatic arches)
  <b>right:</b> the hilum of the right kidney, right renal pelvis, the initial part of the right ureter and the right renal blood vessels


system: digestive
main_group: Duodenum
sub_group: Structure
parent: pars inferior
memorix_page: 21
en: Syntopy*3
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  <b>ventrally:</b>  the root of the mesentery with the superior mesenteric artery and vein (the vein is situated on the right side from the artery), and intestinal loops
  <b>dorsally: </b> the right ureter, which crosses the inferior part in its direction from the right to the left , right psoas major, right testicular/ovarian blood vessels, inferior vena cava and abdominal aorta
  <b>cranially:</b>  the head of the pancreas


system: digestive
main_group: Duodenum
sub_group: Structure
parent: pars ascendens
memorix_page: 21
en: Syntopy*4
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  <b>ventrally: </b> intestinal loops, transverse mesocolon, stomach
  <b>dorsally: </b> the abdominal aorta, left sympathetic trunk, left psoas major, left testicular/ovarian blood vessels, left renal artery and vein
  <b>right:</b>  pancreas


system: digestive
main_group: Duodenum
sub_group: Innervation
parent: Duodenum
memorix_page: 21
en: Innervation
cell_type: 5
en_description:
  <b>Parasympathetic system:</b> vagus nerve (via the coeliac plexus and superior mesenteric periarterial plexuses)
  <b>Sympathetic system:</b> splanchnic nerves (via the coeliac plexus and superior mesenteric periarterial plexuses)
  <b>Viscerosensory innervation:</b> fibres accompanying the vagus and splanchnic nerves


system: digestive
main_group: Jejunum and ileum
memorix_page: 22
latin: Jejunum et ileum
en: Jejunum and ileum
clinical_notes: <b>Enteroscopy </b>is an endoscopic examination of the small intestine.
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  The small intestine is the longest part of the digestive system. It is approximately <b>3- 5 m long </b>and its width is 2- 4 cm. It is composed of <b>intestinal loops that fill the majority of the abdominal cavity</b>. The loops face the peritoneum of the anterior abdominal wall and are in contact with parts of the large intestine and other abdominal organs. 

  The duodenum becomes the jejunum at the duodenojejunal flexure. However, there is no<b> macroscopically visible border </b>between the jejunum and ileum. The jejunum and ileum form loops and together measure about <b>3 to 5 meters</b>. Only the initial part of the jejunum and the terminal ileum are held firmly in place; the rest of the jejunum and ileum is freely mobile in the abdominal cavity.

general_description:
  <b>The jejunum and ileum </b>are intraperitoneal organs. They are suspended by the mesentery and,in comparison to the duodenum,which is not suspended by the mesentery are mobile.

  <b>The muscular layer of the small intestine </b>performs 3 types of motions. Segmental motions are focal contractions of circular muscle that create segments. Oscillating motions within the segments shorten and lengthen the intestinal loops,mixing the intestinal content. Peristaltic motion move the intestinal content in an aboral direction.

  <b>The intestinal villi </b><i>(villi intestinales)</i>are prominences of epithelium and lamina propria.

  <b>The intestinal glands / crypts ofLieberkuhn </b><i>(glandulae intestinales)</i>are depressions between bases of the intestinal villi.

  <b>Peyers patches </b><i>(noduli lymphoideiaggregati ) </i>are located in the submucosa of the ileum.

  <b>In the clinical practice </b>the jejunum and ileum are called the jejunoileum mesenterial intestine.

  <b>The terminal ileum </b>is a clinical term for the aboral part of ileum, whichconti nues into the caecum. Inflammatory Bowel diseases such asCrohns disease may affect this part of small intestine.

  <b>The enterohepatic circulation </b>refers to the circulation of bile acids that are absorbed in the terminal ileum and then transported by the hepatic portal vein back to the liver to be reused in bile acid synthesis.

  <b>The developmental border zone between</b> the midgut and hindgut is situated between the middle and left thirds of transverse colon(the Cannon-B&ouml;hm point). This also represents the border between parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve and from the sacralspinal segments.

  <b>Gastrocolic ligament </b>( <i>ligamentumgastrocolicum</i>) is a part of the greater omentum originating from the greater curvature of the stomach. It is attached to the omental taenia of the transverse colon.

  <b>Phrenicocolic ligament </b>( <i>ligamentumphrenicocolicum</i>) is a peritoneal fold passing from the left diaphragmatic vault to the left colic flexure.


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Jejunum and ileum
sub_group: Parts
parent: Parts
memorix_page: 22
object_id: jejunum
latin: Jejunum
en: Jejunum
cell_type: 0
tags: maingroup_desc
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,gaster fibrae obliquae,gaster sphincter pylori,gaster stratum circulare,gaster stratum longitudinale,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,ileum,gaster,gaster cap

blood_supply:
  arteriae jejunales,arteriae ileales,ramus ilialis arteriae ileocolicae,ramus descendens rami colici arteriae ileocolicae,ramus colicus arteriae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens rami colici arteriae ileocolicae,vena mesenterica superior

innervation:
  ganglion mesentericum superius,ganglion coeliacum 2,ganglion coeliacum 1,plexus coeliacus,nervus vagus 1,nervus splanchnicus major 2,nervus vagus 2,nervus splanchnicus major 1,rami jejunales plexus mesenterici superioris,plexus mesentericus superior

syntopy:
  omen majus,ren cap 2,ren 1,ren 2,ren cap 1,pelvis renalis 1,ureter pars abdominalis 1,ureter pars pelvica 1,ureter pars pelvica 2,ureter pars abdominalis 2,pelvis renalis 2,colon sigmoideum,vena cava inferior,aorta abdominalis,duodenum,duodenum cap,flexura coli dextra,flexura coli sinistra,rectum,caecum,colon ascendens,colon descendens,apex vesicae,fundus vesicae,corpus vesicae,colon transversum cap,colon transversum


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1.5
main_group: Jejunum and ileum
sub_group: Parts
parent: Jejunum
memorix_page: 22
en: Arterial supply*1
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  rich (color: rosier in vivo), 1 or 2 series of arcades from the jejunal arteries and long straight arterioles (5 cm)


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Jejunum and ileum
sub_group: Parts
parent: Parts
memorix_page: 22
object_id: ileum
latin: Ileum
en: Ileum
cell_type: 0
tags: maingroup_desc
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,gaster fibrae obliquae,gaster sphincter pylori,gaster stratum circulare,gaster stratum longitudinale,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum,gaster,gaster cap

blood_supply:
  arteriae jejunales,arteriae ileales,ramus ilialis arteriae ileocolicae,ramus descendens rami colici arteriae ileocolicae,ramus colicus arteriae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens rami colici arteriae ileocolicae,vena mesenterica superior

innervation:
  ganglion mesentericum superius,ganglion coeliacum 2,ganglion coeliacum 1,plexus coeliacus,nervus vagus 1,nervus splanchnicus major 2,nervus vagus 2,nervus splanchnicus major 1,rami jejunales plexus mesenterici superioris,plexus mesentericus superior

syntopy:
  omen majus,ren cap 2,ren 1,ren 2,ren cap 1,pelvis renalis 1,ureter pars abdominalis 1,ureter pars pelvica 1,ureter pars pelvica 2,ureter pars abdominalis 2,pelvis renalis 2,colon sigmoideum,vena cava inferior,aorta abdominalis,duodenum,duodenum cap,flexura coli dextra,flexura coli sinistra,rectum,caecum,colon ascendens,colon descendens,apex vesicae,fundus vesicae,corpus vesicae,colon transversum cap,colon transversum


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Jejunum and ileum
sub_group: Syntopy
parent: Syntopy
memorix_page: 22
en: Dorsally
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  - the retroperitoneal organs (duodenum, kidneys, ureters, abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava)
  - the sigmoid colon and rectal ampulla in the pelvic part of the peritoneal cavity,


system: digestive
main_group: Jejunum and ileum
sub_group: Blood supply
parent: Blood supply
memorix_page: 22
en: Arterial supply
cell_type: 5
en_description:
  - superior mesenteric artery
  - jejunal arteries, ileal arteries and ileocolic artery form the mesenteric arterial arches (terminated arcades)
  - direct branches to the intestinal wall arise from arcades (straight arterioles)


system: digestive
main_group: Jejunum and ileum
sub_group: Blood supply
parent: Blood supply
memorix_page: 22
en: Lymphatic drainage
cell_type: 5
en_description:
  superior mesenteric lymph nodes (into the coeliac and lumbar lymph nodes and subsequently into the thoracic duct)


system: digestive
main_group: Jejunum and ileum
sub_group: Innervation
parent: Jejunum et ileum
memorix_page: 22
en: Innervation
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  <b>Parasympathetic and sympathetic system:</b> vagus and splanchnic nerves
  <b>Viscerosensory innervation:</b> fibers accompanying the vagus and splanchnic nerves


system: digestive
main_group: Large Intestine
memorix_page: 23
latin: Intestinum crassum
en: Large Intestine
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  The large intestine is <b>the last part of the digestive tract</b>. Its main functions are <b>absorption of water </b>and creation of faeces.The large intestine is about <b>1.5 m long </b>and 6- 8 cm wide. Along its course, it is either located secondarily retroperitoneallyon the posterior abdominal wall or is suspended in the abdominal cavity by the mesocolon. The large intestine from a perimeter around the small intestine.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease belongs</b> to a group of diseases called idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

  <b>Hirschsprungs disease </b>is a rare congenital disorder. It is characterised by the absence of ganglia in the enteric nervous system in the aboralpart of the large intestine.


system: digestive
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Caecum
parent: Intestinum crassum
memorix_page: 24
latin: Caecum
en: Caecum
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  <b>The caecum </b>is the first part of the large intestine. It is <b>situated in the right iliac fossa and</b> it is about 7 cm long. The ileum opens into the left side of the caecum. The caecumis covered by peritoneum, except on the cranial aspect of its dorsal wall. The caudal part of the caecum is free and movable, a peritoneal fold arises here forming the retrocaecal recess. The <b>vermiform appendix </b>arises from the caudal apex of the caecum.

general_description:
  <b>Mobile caecum </b>is a term for a caecum,which is fully mobile due to the presence of a fold of peritoneumcalled the mesocaecum.

  <b>Syntopy of the caecum</b>
  Ventrally: the greater omentum and ileum
  Dorsally: the iliacus, psoas major and lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Caecum
parent: Caecum
memorix_page: 24
object_id: caecum
en: Caecum *1
cell_type: 5
master_object: Rectum
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap

blood_supply:
  arteriae sigmoideae,arteria colica sinistra,arteria mesenterica inferior,arteria colica dextra,arteria ileocolica,arteriae rectae coli,arteria rectalis media 2,arteria rectalis media 1,arteria rectalis inferior,arteria rectalis superior,arteria colica media,ramus colicus arteriae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens arteriae colicae dextrae,ramus descendens arteriae colicae dextrae,arteria caecalis posterior,arteria caecalis anterior,arteria appendicularis,ramus ilialis arteriae ileocolicae,ramus descendens rami colici arteriae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens rami colici arteriae ileocolicae,ramus dexter arteriae colicae mediae,ramus sinister arteriae colicae mediae,ramus ascendens arteriae colicae sinistrae,ramus descendens arteriae colicae sinistrae,arcus arteriae sigmoidae,vena rectalis superior,venae rectales inferiores,vena rectalis media,venae sigmoideae,vena colica sinistra,ramus descendens venae colicae sinistrae,ramus ascendens venae colicae sinistrae,venae rectae jejunales,venae rectae ileales,venae rectae colonae,venae jejunales,venae ileales,vena pancreaticoduodenale inferior posterior,vena ileocolica,vena colica media,vena colica dextra,vena caecalis anterior,vena appendicularis,ramus sinister venae colicae mediae,ramus ilealis venae ileocolicae,ramus dexter venae colicae mediae,ramus descendens venae colicae dextrae,ramus colicus venae ileocolicae,ramus colicus descendens venae ileocolicae,ramus colicus ascendens venae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens venae colicae dextrae

innervation:
  rami sigmoidei plexus mesenterici inferioris,nervi splanchnici sacrales 2,nervi splanchnici sacrales 1,ganglion mesentericum inferius,plexus mesentericus inferior,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,ganglion coeliacum 1,ganglion coeliacum 2,ganglion mesentericum superius,plexus coeliacus


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Caecum
parent: Caecum *1
memorix_page: 24
object_id: caecum cap
en: Caecum anterior cap
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap,caecum,,caecum,appendix vermiformis,ostium appendicis,colon ascendens,flexura coli dextra,colon transversum,flexura coli sinistra,colon descendens,colon sigmoideum,rectum,taenia mecocolica,taenia omentalis,taneia libera,epiploic appendices

blood_supply:
  arteriae sigmoideae,arteria colica sinistra,arteria mesenterica inferior,arteria colica dextra,arteria ileocolica,arteriae rectae coli,arteria rectalis media 2,arteria rectalis media 1,arteria rectalis inferior,arteria rectalis superior,arteria colica media,ramus colicus arteriae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens arteriae colicae dextrae,ramus descendens arteriae colicae dextrae,arteria caecalis posterior,arteria caecalis anterior,arteria appendicularis,ramus ilialis arteriae ileocolicae,ramus descendens rami colici arteriae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens rami colici arteriae ileocolicae,ramus dexter arteriae colicae mediae,ramus sinister arteriae colicae mediae,ramus ascendens arteriae colicae sinistrae,ramus descendens arteriae colicae sinistrae,arcus arteriae sigmoidae,vena rectalis superior,venae rectales inferiores,vena rectalis media,venae sigmoideae,vena colica sinistra,ramus descendens venae colicae sinistrae,ramus ascendens venae colicae sinistrae,venae rectae jejunales,venae rectae ileales,venae rectae colonae,venae jejunales,venae ileales,vena pancreaticoduodenale inferior posterior,vena ileocolica,vena colica media,vena colica dextra,vena caecalis anterior,vena appendicularis,ramus sinister venae colicae mediae,ramus ilealis venae ileocolicae,ramus dexter venae colicae mediae,ramus descendens venae colicae dextrae,ramus colicus venae ileocolicae,ramus colicus descendens venae ileocolicae,ramus colicus ascendens venae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens venae colicae dextrae

innervation:
  rami sigmoidei plexus mesenterici inferioris,nervi splanchnici sacrales 2,nervi splanchnici sacrales 1,ganglion mesentericum inferius,plexus mesentericus inferior,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,ganglion coeliacum 1,ganglion coeliacum 2,ganglion mesentericum superius,plexus coeliacus


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Caecum
parent: Caecum
memorix_page: 24
object_id: appendix vermiformis
latin: appendix vermiformis
en: Vermiform appendix
cell_type: 5
master_object: Rectum
en_description:
  The vermiform appendix is a 5- 7 cm long, narrow blind-ended tube. It is held in its location by a <b>fold of peritoneum called the meso-appendix</b>. <b>An abundance of lymphoid tissue </b>is found throughout its mucosa and submucosa. The taenia coli converge to form a continuous muscular layer on the vermiform appendix.

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap

general_description:
  <b>The appendicular tonsil </b>is a term for the vermiform appendix based on the extensive amount of lymphoid tissue in its wall.

  <b>The appendiculo-ovarian ligament of Clado </b>is a variable peritoneal duplicature connecting the vermiform appendix to the right ovary. It Contains lymphatic vessels and may allow the infection to spread between the vermiform appendix and ovary.

  <b>It can sometimes be sometimes difficult to determine the position of the vermiform appendix</b>, particularly when it is in atypical positions or during inflammation of the abdominal cavity.In such cases, orientation by the taenia coli can help as they converge on the vermiform appendix to form a continuous muscular layer.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Acute appendicitis </b>is an acute inflammation of the appendix. The Classical presentation of appendicitis is pain in the right area under the umbilicus, but it can imitate an inflammation of other organs according to the variability of a position. It is a severe health condition,classified as acute abdomen. Retrocaecalappendices have the worst prognosis.

  <b>Atypical positions of the appendix</b>,such as the subhepatic position and cranial displacement during pregnancy, can cause appendicitis sto mimic inflammations of other organs, such as the gallbladder bladder and kidneys.


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Caecum
parent: appendix vermiformis
memorix_page: 24
object_id: ostium appendicis,!caecum cap
latin: ostium appendicis vermiformis
en: Orifice of vermiform appendix
cell_type: 0
master_object: Rectum
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - the opening of the vermiform appendix at the posterior wall of the caecum
  - is located around 3 cm below the ileal orifice

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap


system: digestive
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Ascending colon
parent: Intestinum crassum
memorix_page: 25
latin: Colon ascendens
en: Ascending colon
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  <b>The ascending colon </b>is about 15 cm long and is the second part of the large intestine. It is the aboral continuation of the caecum passing on the right side of the abdominal cavity up to the liver. At the liver, it bends to the left , forming the right colic flexure, and continues as the transverse colon. The ascending colon <b>lacks its peritoneal mesocolon</b>, because it remains in contact with the posterior abdominal wall and is covered by peritoneum on its ventral aspect. It is a <b>secondary retroperitoneal organ.</b>


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Ascending colon
parent: Colon ascendens
memorix_page: 25
object_id: colon ascendens
latin: colon ascendens *1
en: Ascending colon *1
cell_type: 0
master_object: Rectum
tags: subgroup_desc
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap

blood_supply:
  arteriae sigmoideae,arteria colica sinistra,arteria mesenterica inferior,arteria colica dextra,arteria ileocolica,arteriae rectae coli,arteria rectalis media 2,arteria rectalis media 1,arteria rectalis inferior,arteria rectalis superior,arteria colica media,ramus colicus arteriae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens arteriae colicae dextrae,ramus descendens arteriae colicae dextrae,arteria caecalis posterior,arteria caecalis anterior,arteria appendicularis,ramus ilialis arteriae ileocolicae,ramus descendens rami colici arteriae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens rami colici arteriae ileocolicae,ramus dexter arteriae colicae mediae,ramus sinister arteriae colicae mediae,ramus ascendens arteriae colicae sinistrae,ramus descendens arteriae colicae sinistrae,arcus arteriae sigmoidae,vena rectalis superior,venae rectales inferiores,vena rectalis media,venae sigmoideae,vena colica sinistra,ramus descendens venae colicae sinistrae,ramus ascendens venae colicae sinistrae,venae rectae jejunales,venae rectae ileales,venae rectae colonae,venae jejunales,venae ileales,vena pancreaticoduodenale inferior posterior,vena ileocolica,vena colica media,vena colica dextra,vena caecalis anterior,vena appendicularis,ramus sinister venae colicae mediae,ramus ilealis venae ileocolicae,ramus dexter venae colicae mediae,ramus descendens venae colicae dextrae,ramus colicus venae ileocolicae,ramus colicus descendens venae ileocolicae,ramus colicus ascendens venae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens venae colicae dextrae

innervation:
  rami sigmoidei plexus mesenterici inferioris,nervi splanchnici sacrales 2,nervi splanchnici sacrales 1,ganglion mesentericum inferius,plexus mesentericus inferior,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,ganglion coeliacum 1,ganglion coeliacum 2,ganglion mesentericum superius,plexus coeliacus

syntopy:
  ren cap 2,nervus iliohypogastricus,nervus ilioinguinalis,nervus genitofemoralis,nervus cutaneus femoris lateralis,jejunum,ileum,musculus quadratus lumborum,musculus iliacus,musculus transversus abdominis


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Ascending colon
parent: colon ascendens *1
memorix_page: 25
en: Syntopy of ascending colon
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  <b>dorsally: </b>quadratus lumborum, iliacus, transversus abdominis, inferior pole of the right kidney, iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve, genitofemoral nerve, lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
  <b>medially:</b> small intestine
  <b>laterally:</b> abdominal wall


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Ascending colon
parent: Colon ascendens
memorix_page: 25
object_id: flexura coli dextra
latin: flexura coli dextra/hepatica
en: Right colic flexure / hepatic flexure
cell_type: 0
master_object: Rectum
tags: subgroup_desc
syntopy: Gallbladder,ren cap 2,ren 2,Duodenum,Liver
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap

blood_supply:
  arteriae sigmoideae,arteria colica sinistra,arteria mesenterica inferior,arteria colica dextra,arteria ileocolica,arteriae rectae coli,arteria rectalis media 2,arteria rectalis media 1,arteria rectalis inferior,arteria rectalis superior,arteria colica media,ramus colicus arteriae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens arteriae colicae dextrae,ramus descendens arteriae colicae dextrae,arteria caecalis posterior,arteria caecalis anterior,arteria appendicularis,ramus ilialis arteriae ileocolicae,ramus descendens rami colici arteriae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens rami colici arteriae ileocolicae,ramus dexter arteriae colicae mediae,ramus sinister arteriae colicae mediae,ramus ascendens arteriae colicae sinistrae,ramus descendens arteriae colicae sinistrae,arcus arteriae sigmoidae,vena rectalis superior,venae rectales inferiores,vena rectalis media,venae sigmoideae,vena colica sinistra,ramus descendens venae colicae sinistrae,ramus ascendens venae colicae sinistrae,venae rectae jejunales,venae rectae ileales,venae rectae colonae,venae jejunales,venae ileales,vena pancreaticoduodenale inferior posterior,vena ileocolica,vena colica media,vena colica dextra,vena caecalis anterior,vena appendicularis,ramus sinister venae colicae mediae,ramus ilealis venae ileocolicae,ramus dexter venae colicae mediae,ramus descendens venae colicae dextrae,ramus colicus venae ileocolicae,ramus colicus descendens venae ileocolicae,ramus colicus ascendens venae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens venae colicae dextrae

innervation:
  rami sigmoidei plexus mesenterici inferioris,nervi splanchnici sacrales 2,nervi splanchnici sacrales 1,ganglion mesentericum inferius,plexus mesentericus inferior,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,ganglion coeliacum 1,ganglion coeliacum 2,ganglion mesentericum superius,plexus coeliacus


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Ascending colon
parent: flexura coli dextra/hepatica
en: Syntopy of hepatic flexure
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  <b>ventromedially</b>: gallbladder
  <b>dorsally</b>: right kidney
  <b>medially</b>: descending part of the duodenum
  <b>cranially</b>: liver


system: digestive
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Transverse colon
parent: Intestinum crassum
memorix_page: 26
latin: colon transversum
en: Transverse colon
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  <b>The transverse colon </b>is the continuation of the ascending colon from <b>the right colic flexure </b>up to and including <b>the left colic flexure </b>at the spleen. At the left colic flexure it turns downwards and continues as the descending colon. The transverse colon is <b>intraperitoneal organ</b>. <b>The transverse mesocolon </b>divides the peritoneal cavity into a (upper) <b>supramesocolic part </b>and a (lower) <b>inframesocolic part</b>.


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Transverse colon
parent: colon transversum
memorix_page: 26
object_id: colon transversum
latin: colon transversum*1
en: Transverse colon*1
cell_type: 0
master_object: Rectum
tags: subgroup_desc
syntopy: Kidneys,Gallbladder,Duodenum,Liver,omen majus,Pancreas,Stomach,Jejunum and ileum
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap

blood_supply:
  arteriae sigmoideae,arteria colica sinistra,arteria mesenterica inferior,arteria colica dextra,arteria ileocolica,arteriae rectae coli,arteria rectalis media 2,arteria rectalis media 1,arteria rectalis inferior,arteria rectalis superior,arteria colica media,ramus colicus arteriae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens arteriae colicae dextrae,ramus descendens arteriae colicae dextrae,arteria caecalis posterior,arteria caecalis anterior,arteria appendicularis,ramus ilialis arteriae ileocolicae,ramus descendens rami colici arteriae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens rami colici arteriae ileocolicae,ramus dexter arteriae colicae mediae,ramus sinister arteriae colicae mediae,ramus ascendens arteriae colicae sinistrae,ramus descendens arteriae colicae sinistrae,arcus arteriae sigmoidae,vena rectalis superior,venae rectales inferiores,vena rectalis media,venae sigmoideae,vena colica sinistra,ramus descendens venae colicae sinistrae,ramus ascendens venae colicae sinistrae,venae rectae jejunales,venae rectae ileales,venae rectae colonae,venae jejunales,venae ileales,vena pancreaticoduodenale inferior posterior,vena ileocolica,vena colica media,vena colica dextra,vena caecalis anterior,vena appendicularis,ramus sinister venae colicae mediae,ramus ilealis venae ileocolicae,ramus dexter venae colicae mediae,ramus descendens venae colicae dextrae,ramus colicus venae ileocolicae,ramus colicus descendens venae ileocolicae,ramus colicus ascendens venae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens venae colicae dextrae

innervation:
  rami sigmoidei plexus mesenterici inferioris,nervi splanchnici sacrales 2,nervi splanchnici sacrales 1,ganglion mesentericum inferius,plexus mesentericus inferior,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,ganglion coeliacum 1,ganglion coeliacum 2,ganglion mesentericum superius,plexus coeliacus


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Transverse colon
parent: colon transversum*1
memorix_page: 26
object_id: colon transversum cap
en: Transverse colon anterior cap
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap,,caecum,appendix vermiformis,ostium appendicis,colon ascendens,flexura coli dextra,colon transversum,flexura coli sinistra,colon descendens,colon sigmoideum,rectum,taenia mecocolica,taenia omentalis,taneia libera,epiploic appendices


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Transverse colon
parent: colon transversum*1
memorix_page: 26
en: Syntopy of transverse colon
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  <b>dorsally</b>:right kidney, duodenum, pancreas, left kidney, spleen
  <b>ventrally</b>: greater omentum, anterior abdominal wall
  <b>cranially</b>: liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen
  <b>caudally</b>: small intestine


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Transverse colon
parent: colon transversum
memorix_page: 26
object_id: flexura coli sinistra
latin: flexura coli sinistra/splenica
en: Left colic / splenic flexure
cell_type: 0
master_object: Rectum
tags: subgroup_desc
syntopy: ren cap 1, ren 1,Stomach
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap

blood_supply:
  arteriae sigmoideae,arteria colica sinistra,arteria mesenterica inferior,arteria colica dextra,arteria ileocolica,arteriae rectae coli,arteria rectalis media 2,arteria rectalis media 1,arteria rectalis inferior,arteria rectalis superior,arteria colica media,ramus colicus arteriae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens arteriae colicae dextrae,ramus descendens arteriae colicae dextrae,arteria caecalis posterior,arteria caecalis anterior,arteria appendicularis,ramus ilialis arteriae ileocolicae,ramus descendens rami colici arteriae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens rami colici arteriae ileocolicae,ramus dexter arteriae colicae mediae,ramus sinister arteriae colicae mediae,ramus ascendens arteriae colicae sinistrae,ramus descendens arteriae colicae sinistrae,arcus arteriae sigmoidae,vena rectalis superior,venae rectales inferiores,vena rectalis media,venae sigmoideae,vena colica sinistra,ramus descendens venae colicae sinistrae,ramus ascendens venae colicae sinistrae,venae rectae jejunales,venae rectae ileales,venae rectae colonae,venae jejunales,venae ileales,vena pancreaticoduodenale inferior posterior,vena ileocolica,vena colica media,vena colica dextra,vena caecalis anterior,vena appendicularis,ramus sinister venae colicae mediae,ramus ilealis venae ileocolicae,ramus dexter venae colicae mediae,ramus descendens venae colicae dextrae,ramus colicus venae ileocolicae,ramus colicus descendens venae ileocolicae,ramus colicus ascendens venae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens venae colicae dextrae

innervation:
  rami sigmoidei plexus mesenterici inferioris,nervi splanchnici sacrales 2,nervi splanchnici sacrales 1,ganglion mesentericum inferius,plexus mesentericus inferior,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,ganglion coeliacum 1,ganglion coeliacum 2,ganglion mesentericum superius,plexus coeliacus


system: digestive
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Descending and sigmoid colon
parent: Intestinum crassum
memorix_page: 26
latin: Colon descendens and sigmoideum
en: Descending and sigmoid colon
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The <b>descending colon </b>is 22- 30 cm long and passes on the left side of the peritoneal cavity distally from the left colic flexure to the left iliac fossa where it continues as the sigmoid colon. Similarly to the ascending colon, the descending colon <b>lacks its own peritoneal mesocolon</b>. It remains in contact with the posterior abdominal wall and is covered by peritoneum only on its ventral aspect. It is a <b>secondary retroperitoneal organ</b>. The <b>sigmoid colon </b>is 30- 40 cm long. It courses from the level of the iliac crest to the level of the vertebral disc S2/S3. It is a primary <b>intraperitoneal organ </b>and its peritoneal<b> duplicature </b>is called the <b>sigmoid mesocolon</b>. It continues as the rectum on the pelvic surface of the sacrum.


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Descending and sigmoid colon
parent: Colon descendens and sigmoideum
memorix_page: 26
object_id: colon descendens
latin: colon descendens
en: Descending colon
cell_type: 0
master_object: Rectum
tags: subgroup_desc
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap

blood_supply:
  arteriae sigmoideae,arteria colica sinistra,arteria mesenterica inferior,arteria colica dextra,arteria ileocolica,arteriae rectae coli,arteria rectalis media 2,arteria rectalis media 1,arteria rectalis inferior,arteria rectalis superior,arteria colica media,ramus colicus arteriae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens arteriae colicae dextrae,ramus descendens arteriae colicae dextrae,arteria caecalis posterior,arteria caecalis anterior,arteria appendicularis,ramus ilialis arteriae ileocolicae,ramus descendens rami colici arteriae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens rami colici arteriae ileocolicae,ramus dexter arteriae colicae mediae,ramus sinister arteriae colicae mediae,ramus ascendens arteriae colicae sinistrae,ramus descendens arteriae colicae sinistrae,arcus arteriae sigmoidae,vena rectalis superior,venae rectales inferiores,vena rectalis media,venae sigmoideae,vena colica sinistra,ramus descendens venae colicae sinistrae,ramus ascendens venae colicae sinistrae,venae rectae jejunales,venae rectae ileales,venae rectae colonae,venae jejunales,venae ileales,vena pancreaticoduodenale inferior posterior,vena ileocolica,vena colica media,vena colica dextra,vena caecalis anterior,vena appendicularis,ramus sinister venae colicae mediae,ramus ilealis venae ileocolicae,ramus dexter venae colicae mediae,ramus descendens venae colicae dextrae,ramus colicus venae ileocolicae,ramus colicus descendens venae ileocolicae,ramus colicus ascendens venae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens venae colicae dextrae

innervation:
  rami sigmoidei plexus mesenterici inferioris,nervi splanchnici sacrales 2,nervi splanchnici sacrales 1,ganglion mesentericum inferius,plexus mesentericus inferior,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,ganglion coeliacum 1,ganglion coeliacum 2,ganglion mesentericum superius,plexus coeliacus

syntopy:
  musculus iliacus,musculus quadratus lumborum,musculus transversus abdominis,ren 1, ren cap 1,nervus iliohypogastricus,nervus ilioinguinalis,nervus genitofemoralis,nervus cutaneus femoris lateralis,jejunum,ileum


system: digestive
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Descending and sigmoid colon
parent: colon descendens
memorix_page: 26
en: Syntopy of descending colon
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  <b>dorsally</b>: iliacus, quadratus lumborum, transversus abdominis, left kidney, iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve, genitofemoral nerve, lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
  <b>medially</b>: small intestine
  <b>laterally</b>: abdominal wall


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Descending and sigmoid colon
parent: Colon descendens and sigmoideum
memorix_page: 26
object_id: colon sigmoideum
latin: colon sigmoideum
en: Sigmoid colon
cell_type: 0
master_object: Rectum
tags: subgroup_desc
syntopy: Ureter,Testis,arteria iliaca externa,vena iliaca externa
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap

blood_supply:
  arteriae sigmoideae,arteria colica sinistra,arteria mesenterica inferior,arteria colica dextra,arteria ileocolica,arteriae rectae coli,arteria rectalis media 2,arteria rectalis media 1,arteria rectalis inferior,arteria rectalis superior,arteria colica media,ramus colicus arteriae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens arteriae colicae dextrae,ramus descendens arteriae colicae dextrae,arteria caecalis posterior,arteria caecalis anterior,arteria appendicularis,ramus ilialis arteriae ileocolicae,ramus descendens rami colici arteriae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens rami colici arteriae ileocolicae,ramus dexter arteriae colicae mediae,ramus sinister arteriae colicae mediae,ramus ascendens arteriae colicae sinistrae,ramus descendens arteriae colicae sinistrae,arcus arteriae sigmoidae,vena rectalis superior,venae rectales inferiores,vena rectalis media,venae sigmoideae,vena colica sinistra,ramus descendens venae colicae sinistrae,ramus ascendens venae colicae sinistrae,venae rectae jejunales,venae rectae ileales,venae rectae colonae,venae jejunales,venae ileales,vena pancreaticoduodenale inferior posterior,vena ileocolica,vena colica media,vena colica dextra,vena caecalis anterior,vena appendicularis,ramus sinister venae colicae mediae,ramus ilealis venae ileocolicae,ramus dexter venae colicae mediae,ramus descendens venae colicae dextrae,ramus colicus venae ileocolicae,ramus colicus descendens venae ileocolicae,ramus colicus ascendens venae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens venae colicae dextrae

innervation:
  rami sigmoidei plexus mesenterici inferioris,nervi splanchnici sacrales 2,nervi splanchnici sacrales 1,ganglion mesentericum inferius,plexus mesentericus inferior,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,ganglion coeliacum 1,ganglion coeliacum 2,ganglion mesentericum superius,plexus coeliacus


system: digestive
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Rectum
parent: Intestinum crassum
memorix_page: 27
latin: Rectum
en: Rectum
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The rectum is the terminal part of the digestive canal. <b>It begins at the distal end of the sigmoid colon at the level of thevertebral disc S2/S3 and terminates as the anal canal</b>. The rectum is about 12- 15 cm long, 4 cm wide and is located in the lesser pelvis. In comparison to the other parts of the large intestine, it lacks haustra, taeniae coli and omental appendices.Its shorter oral part has a <b>peritoneal attachment </b>called <b>the mesorectum</b>. Its longer aboral part is fixed to the surrounding sutures in the lesser pelvis by connective tissue known as <b>the paraproctium</b>.

general_description:
  <b>The root of the mesentery </b>divides the inframesocolic part of the peritoneal cavity into the left and right paracolic spaces. The superior mesenteric artery supplies the right paracolic space and the inferior mesenteric artery supplies the left paracolic space.

  <b>The haemorrhoidal plexus </b>(internalrectal venous plexus) is located inthe submucosa of the oral part ofthe anal canal. It elevates the submucosa and contributes to the closure mechanism of the rectum. The Superior rectal vein supplies blood to this area and it plays a key role in the pathogenesis of haemorrhoids.

  <b>The connection between the hepatic portal vein and internal iliac vein </b>is a portocaval anastomosis and can participate in pathogenesis of haemorrhoids.

  <b>The mechanism of defecati on </b>startswith expansion of the rectal ampullacaused by accumulati on of stool.This eventually leads to refl ex relaxation of the internal anal sphincter.The next step is voluntary relaxati onof the external anal sphincter andpuborectalis. This triggers contractions of the muscular layer of therectum that lead to defecati on.

  <b>The colorectal zone </b>reaches aborallydown to the supratransiti onalline.

  <b>The surgical anal canal </b>(described inthe text and depicted in the fi gure)extends from the anorectal junction to the anocutaneous line. Theanatomical anal canal extends fromthe pecti nate line to the anocutaneous line.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Structures palpated in the digital rectal examination:</b>
  <b>Dorsally: </b>coccyx, pelvic surface of the sacrum
  <b>Laterally: </b>ischiadic spines, sometimes also the ovaries in female
  <b>Ventrally in a male: </b>prostate (sometimes also the urinary bladder)
  <b>Ventrally in a female: </b>the perineal wedge , posterior wall of the vaginaand, through the vagina, the cervix of the uterus.

  <b>Colonoscopy </b>is an endoscopic examination of the large intestine.

  <b>Colorectal carcinoma </b>is one of the most common malignant tumors of the adult population. The common way for metastatic dissemination is hematogenous spread through the hepatic portal vein to the liver and lymphatic spread to the regional lymph nodes.


system: digestive
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Rectum
parent: Rectum
memorix_page: 27
object_id: rectum
en: Rectum *1
cell_type: 0
master_object: Rectum
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap

blood_supply:
  arteriae sigmoideae,arteria colica sinistra,arteria mesenterica inferior,arteria colica dextra,arteria ileocolica,arteriae rectae coli,arteria rectalis media 2,arteria rectalis media 1,arteria rectalis inferior,arteria rectalis superior,arteria colica media,ramus colicus arteriae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens arteriae colicae dextrae,ramus descendens arteriae colicae dextrae,arteria caecalis posterior,arteria caecalis anterior,arteria appendicularis,ramus ilialis arteriae ileocolicae,ramus descendens rami colici arteriae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens rami colici arteriae ileocolicae,ramus dexter arteriae colicae mediae,ramus sinister arteriae colicae mediae,ramus ascendens arteriae colicae sinistrae,ramus descendens arteriae colicae sinistrae,arcus arteriae sigmoidae,vena rectalis superior,venae rectales inferiores,vena rectalis media,venae sigmoideae,vena colica sinistra,ramus descendens venae colicae sinistrae,ramus ascendens venae colicae sinistrae,venae rectae jejunales,venae rectae ileales,venae rectae colonae,venae jejunales,venae ileales,vena pancreaticoduodenale inferior posterior,vena ileocolica,vena colica media,vena colica dextra,vena caecalis anterior,vena appendicularis,ramus sinister venae colicae mediae,ramus ilealis venae ileocolicae,ramus dexter venae colicae mediae,ramus descendens venae colicae dextrae,ramus colicus venae ileocolicae,ramus colicus descendens venae ileocolicae,ramus colicus ascendens venae ileocolicae,ramus ascendens venae colicae dextrae

innervation:
  superior hypogastric plexus,plexus iliaca communis 2,plexus iliaca communis 1,nervus hypogastricus 2,nervus hypogastricus 1,nervi splanchnici sacrales 1,nervi splanchnici sacrales 2,nervi rectales inferiores,rami musculares nervi pudendus,nervus pudendus,plexus hypogastricus inferior 2,plexus hypogastricus inferior 1,plexus rectalis medius 2,plexus rectalis medius 1

syntopy:
  os coccygis,os sacrum,musculus puborectalis,musculus pubococcygeus,musculus iliococcygeus.Urinary bladder,Seminal glands,Ductus deferens,Prostate


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Rectum
parent: Rectum *1
memorix_page: 27
object_id: rectum cap
en: Rectum anterior cap
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the dilated and longer part forming the sacral flexure
  - its mucosa features simple columnar epithelium as so is known as the colorectal zone

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap,,caecum,appendix vermiformis,ostium appendicis,colon ascendens,flexura coli dextra,colon transversum,flexura coli sinistra,colon descendens,colon sigmoideum,rectum,taenia mecocolica,taenia omentalis,taneia libera,epiploic appendices


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Rectum
parent: Rectum *1
memorix_page: 27
object_id: rectum,!rectum cap
latin: ampulla recti
en: Rectal ampulla
cell_type: 0
color: 89eb6f
en_description:
  - the dilated and longer part forming the sacral flexure
  - its mucosa features simple columnar epithelium as so is known as the colorectal zone


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Rectum
parent: canalis analis
memorix_page: 27
latin: zona transitionalis analis
en: Anal transition zone ATZ / haemorrhoidal zone
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the main part of the anal canal
  - the epithelial cells get shorter when going in an aboral direction (from columnar to cuboid and finally squamous)
  - contains the internal rectal venous plexus (haemorrhoidal plexus) in the submucosa


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.1
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Rectum
parent: zona transitionalis analis
memorix_page: 27
object_id: rectum,!rectum cap
latin: columnae anales
en: Anal columns of Morgagni
cell_type: 0
color: c4e73e
en_description:
  - 6 to 12 longitudinal folds connected aborally by the anal valves, which form the anal sinuses/crypts, into which the anal glands open


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Rectum
parent: In the sagittal plane
memorix_page: 27
object_id: rectum,!rectum cap
latin: flexura anorectalis / flexura perinealis
en: Anorectal flexure / perineal flexure
cell_type: 0
color: 3ea0e7
hit_position: 0.48048,1.88221,3.35441
hit_normal: -5.20124,-16.48730,-25.96619
body_rotation: 304.89020,21.27540,342.28670
en_description:
  - after passing through the pelvic diaphragm, the rectum bends along the coccyx and then courses dorsocaudally


system: digestive
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Rectum
parent: Flexures
memorix_page: 27
en: In the frontal plane
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - flexures correlate with the mucous folds of the rectum - the superior, middle and inferior transverse folds of Houston (plica transversa recti superior, media et inferior)


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 11
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Rectum
parent: Muscles
memorix_page: 27
object_id: musculi sphincteris ani externus pars subcutanea
latin: musculus sphincter ani externus
en: External anal sphincter
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a skeletal muscle
  - attached externally to the internal anal sphincter and from below to the levator ani


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 12
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Rectum
parent: Muscles
memorix_page: 27
object_id: musculus puborectalis
latin: musculus puborectalis
en: Puborectalis
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a skeletal muscle, the most medial part of the levator ani
  - forms a sling around the rectum at the level of the anorectal flexure


system: digestive
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Rectum
parent: Rectum
memorix_page: 27
en: Syntopy
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  <b>Dorsally</b>: in both sexes: sacral vertebrae III-V, coccyx
  <b>Laterally</b>:  in both sexes: pararectal fossae, levator ani
  <b>Ventrally, in male</b>: 
  - oral part: urinary bladder, seminal glands, rectovesical excavati on of Proust
  - aboral part: urinary bladder, seminal glands, ductus deferens, prostate
  <b>Ventrally, in female</b>: 
  - oral part: uterus, vagina, rectouterine excavati on of Douglas
  - aboral part: vagina, perineal muscles


system: digestive
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: Rectum
parent: Rectum
memorix_page: 27
en: Innervation
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  <b>Sympathetic</b>:  from the lumbar part of the sympathetic trunk via the superior hypogastric plexus (contracts the internal anal sphincter)
  <b>Parasympathetic</b>:  sacral splanchnic nerves (relaxes the internal anal sphincter and stimulates of the smooth muscles of the rectum)
  <b>Somatomotor and somatosensory</b>:  pudendal nerves (somatomotor innervation of the external anal sphincter and sensory innervation of the ti ssue surrounding the anus)


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: General information
parent: Appearance
memorix_page: 23
latin: haustra coli
en: Haustra of colon
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - saccular pouches of the colon wall are formed by contractions of the layer of circular smooth muscle and bulging of the longitudinal muscles
  - notches between the pouches correlate with the internal semilunar folds


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: General information
parent: Appearance
memorix_page: 23
latin: taeniae coli
en: Taeniae coli
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - three longitudinal muscular bands that are visible on the external surface of the colon
  - are classified according to the position on the transverse colon:


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.1
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: General information
parent: taeniae coli
en_description: - at the attachment of the transverse mesocolon
memorix_page: 23
object_id: taenia mecocolica
latin: taenia mecocolica
en: Mesocolic taenia
cell_type: 0
master_object: Rectum
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.2
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: General information
parent: taeniae coli
en_description: - at the fusion with the greater omentum (gastrocolic ligament)
memorix_page: 23
object_id: taenia omentalis
latin: taenia omentalis
en: Omental taenia
cell_type: 0
master_object: Rectum
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.3
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: General information
parent: taeniae coli
memorix_page: 23
object_id: taneia libera
latin: taenia libera
en: Free taenia
cell_type: 0
master_object: Rectum
en_description:
  - faces the anterior abdominal wall
  - the taeniae coli form a continuous muscular layer on the vermiform appendix and the rectum (at the recto-sigmoid transition)

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: General information
parent: Appearance
en_description: - small pouches of visceral peritoneum filled with adipose tissue
memorix_page: 23
object_id: epiploic appendices
latin: appendices omentales / adiposae coli / appendices epiploicae
en: Omental appendices / fatty appendices of colon
cell_type: 0
master_object: Rectum
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: General information
parent: Innervation*2
memorix_page: 23
en: Mixed periaterial plexus
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  - extends from the coeliac and superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia
  - contains sympathetic, parasympathetic and viscerosensory nerve fibres


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: General information
parent: Innervation*2
memorix_page: 23
en: Parasympathetic system
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  increases peristalsis and contractions of the large intestine and reduces its glandular activity
  - vagus nerve: innervates the colon until the last third of the transverse colon at the Cannon-Böhm point
  - sacral parasympathetic fibres: innervate the colon distal to the Cannon-Böhm point and travel in the sacral splanchnic nerves and the inferior mesenteric plexus


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: General information
parent: Innervation*2
memorix_page: 23
en: Sympathetic system
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  reduces peristaltic movements and contractions of the large intestine and increase its glandular activity


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4.1.4
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: General information
parent: Inferior mesenteric artery
memorix_page: 24
en: Superior rectal artery
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  - the terminal branch
  - supplies the rectal ampulla and anastomoses with the most distal of the sigmoid arteries


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: General information
parent: Blood supply
memorix_page: 24
en: Venous drainage
cell_type: 5
en_description:
  - superior rectal vein (to the inferior mesenteric vein and then to the portal vein)
  - middle rectal veins and inferior rectal veins (to the internal iliac vein)


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4.3
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: General information
parent: Blood supply
memorix_page: 24
en: Lymphatic drainage
cell_type: 5
en_description:
  - <b>terminal ileum, caecum, vermiform appendix and beginning of the ascending colon</b>:
  ileocolic nodes, precaecal and retrocaecal nodes, appendicular nodes and paracolic nodes
  - <b>ascending colon</b>: right colic nodes
  - <b>right 2/3 of the transverse colon</b>: middle colic nodes
  - <b>left 1/3 of the transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid colon</b>: left colic nodes
  - <b>rectum</b>: inferior mesenteric nodes, internal and external iliac nodes, superficial inguinal nodes, pararectal and sacral nodes


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: General information
parent: Histology
memorix_page: 23
en: Muscular layer
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  - has a circular and a longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
  - there are several regions along the course of the large intestine with highly developed circular muscle that form functional sphincters


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Large Intestine
sub_group: General information
parent: Histology
memorix_page: 23
en: Superficial layer
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  - is covered by the visceral peritoneum except on the posterior wall of the ascending and descending colon and the aboral part of the rectum, which are connected to the surrounding tissue by adventitia


system: digestive
main_group: Liver
memorix_page: 28
latin: Hepar
en: Liver
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The liver </b>is the largest gland in the human body. It has both the exocrine and endocrine functions. The liver <b>produces bile</b>, which travels through the biliary tree and is stored in the gallbladder before being excreted by the bile duct into the duodenum. Other important functions of the liver are detoxification and haematopoesis during foetal development.The liver is <b>situated in the supramesocolic part of the peritoneal cavity </b>in the<b> right hypochondrium</b>. A minor part of the liver extends to the left hypochondrium.

general_description:
  <b>The basic structural unit of the liver: </b>hepatocytes
  <b>The basic morphologic unit:</b>the classical hepatic lobule
  <b>The basic circulation unit:</b>the portal lobule
  <b>The basic functional unit:</b>the hepatic acinus

  <b>The fibrous capsule of the liver</b>(capsule of Glisson) is a fibrous cover of the liver. It projects septainto the liver parenchyma. Thesesepta delimit individual hepatic lobules and house the blood vessels and bile ducts (perivascular fibrous capsule).

  <b>The sinusoid </b>is a type of a blood capillary which does not have a continuous basal lamina. Sinusoidshave irregularly shaped lumen and walls, which contain fenestrations and pores. Sinusoids are located between the anastomosing laminae of the hepatic parenchyma.Their structure facilitates exchange of substances between blood and hepatocytes. The portal blood and arterial blood are mixed in the sinusoids(and also in the circumlobularveins and precapillary veins).

  <b>The round ligament of the liver </b>is a ligamentous remnant of the umbilical vein.

  <b>The ligamentum venosum </b>is a ligamentous remnant of the venous duct.

  <b>The hepatorenal ligament </b>is a transition between the dorsal part of the right coronary ligament and the parietal peritoneum covering the right kidney.

  <b>The cystohepatic triangle of Calot Is</b> a topographical space bordered by the liver, common hepatic and cystic duct. It is a site for ligation of the cystic artery during cholecystectomy.

  <b>The liver is held </b>in its position by the inferior vena cava, its adhesion to the diaphragm (bare area), the support of the abdominal organs, the round ligament of the liver and other attachments.


  <b>The fibrous appendix of the liver</b>(<i>appendix fi brosa hepati s</i>) is the end of the left coronary ligament attached to the diaphragm.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Liver cirrhosis </b>is conversion of the hepatic parenchyma into nodules.Portal venous blood pressure may rise due to cirrhosis. This is called portal hypertension and can lead to an expansion of the portocaval anastomosis between the stomach and oesophagus, which results in oesophageal varices. Bleeding of ruptured varices is a life-threatening condition.

  <b>Division of the liver parenchyma into segments </b>allows surgical removal particular segments according to their blood supply.


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Liver
sub_group: Liver lobes
parent: lobi hepatis
en_description: - on the right side of the left sagittal fissure
memorix_page: 28
object_id: hepar lobus dexter
latin: lobus dexter
en: Right lobe
cell_type: 0
master_object: Liver
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap,vesica biliaris dorsal,vesica biliaris ventral,cystic duct,pancreas anterior cap,pancreas posterior cap

blood_supply:
  vena hepatica dextra,vena hepatica sinistra,vena hepatica intermedia,arteria hepatica sinistra,arteria hepatica dextra,ramus dexter venae portae hepatis,ramus sinister venae portae hepatis,arteria hepatica communis,arteria hepatica propria,vena portae hepatis

innervation:
  truncus vagalis posterior,rami coeliaci trunci vagalis posterioris,rami phrenici nervi phrenicis 2,rami phrenicoabdominales nervi phrenicis 2,truncus vagalis anterior,ramus hepaticus trunci vagalis anterioris,rami hepatici

syntopy:
  glandula suprarenalis 2,ren 2, ren cap 2,Duodenum,Large intestine,Oesophagus,diaphragm,pericardium fibrosum,


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Liver
sub_group: Liver lobes
parent: lobi hepatis
en_description: - on the left side of the left sagittal fissure
memorix_page: 28
object_id: hepar lobus sinister
latin: lobus sinister
en: Left lobe
cell_type: 0
master_object: Liver
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap,vesica biliaris dorsal,vesica biliaris ventral,cystic duct,pancreas anterior cap,pancreas posterior cap

blood_supply:
  vena hepatica dextra,vena hepatica sinistra,vena hepatica intermedia,arteria hepatica sinistra,arteria hepatica dextra,ramus dexter venae portae hepatis,ramus sinister venae portae hepatis,arteria hepatica communis,arteria hepatica propria,vena portae hepatis

innervation:
  truncus vagalis posterior,rami coeliaci trunci vagalis posterioris,rami phrenici nervi phrenicis 2,rami phrenicoabdominales nervi phrenicis 2,truncus vagalis anterior,ramus hepaticus trunci vagalis anterioris,rami hepatici

syntopy:
  glandula suprarenalis 2,ren 2, ren cap 2,Duodenum,Large intestine,Oesophagus,diaphragm,pericardium fibrosum,


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Liver
sub_group: Liver lobes
parent: lobi hepatis
en_description: - below the porta hepatis
memorix_page: 28
object_id: hepar lobus quadratus,!omen minus
latin: lobus quadratus
en: Quadrate lobe
cell_type: 0
master_object: Liver
hit_position: 0.64658,11.84713,0.98762
hit_normal: -21.07495,-6.67046,-28.77110
body_rotation: 8.23154,141.22190,353.43840
tags: hide_parts
syntopy: hepar lobus dexter,hepar lobus sinister
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap,vesica biliaris dorsal,vesica biliaris ventral,cystic duct,pancreas anterior cap,pancreas posterior cap


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Liver
sub_group: Liver lobes
parent: lobi hepatis
en_description: - above the porta hepatis
memorix_page: 28
object_id: hepar lobus caudatus
latin: lobus caudatus
en: Caudate lobe
cell_type: 0
master_object: Liver
syntopy: hepar lobus dexter,hepar lobus sinister
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap,vesica biliaris dorsal,vesica biliaris ventral,cystic duct,pancreas anterior cap,pancreas posterior cap


system: digestive
main_group: Liver
sub_group: Segments
parent: Hepar
memorix_page: 28
latin: segmenta
en: Segments
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  - are divided by the branching pattern of the blood vessels and biliary tree
  - the inner segmentation does not correlate with the pattern of lobes as seen from the surface


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Liver
sub_group: Histology
parent: muralium hepaticum
memorix_page: 28
latin: Lobulus venae centralis
en: Classical/polygonal hepatic lobule
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the basic anatomical unit
  - a hexagonal shape, the hepatocyte laminae radiating outward from the central vein


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Liver
sub_group: Histology
parent: muralium hepaticum
memorix_page: 28
latin: Lobulus portalis
en: Portal lobule of Mall
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the principal unit of circulation, a triangular shape, vertices are represented by three central veins, the portobiliary space is located in the centre
  - a part of the hepatic parenchyma supplied by the interlobular vessels located in its centre


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 7
main_group: Liver
sub_group: Histology
parent: muralium hepaticum
memorix_page: 28
en: Hepatic/liver acinus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the primary functional unit
  - made of hepatic laminae supplied by one particular circumlobular vessels (artery and vein)
  - quadrilateral (two triangles), the circumlobular artery and vein are situated in its center, vertices are represented by two central veins and two portobiliary spaces


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 5.2
main_group: Liver
sub_group: External structure
parent: fissura sagittalis dextra
memorix_page: 29
object_id: hepar lobus dexter,hepar lobus sinister,hepar lobus quadratus,hepar lobus caudatus
latin: sulcus venae cavae
en: Groove for vena cava
cell_type: 0
color: b9b313
hit_position: 0.71148,13.19692,-0.46596
hit_normal: -14.59044,2.36388,-24.25039
body_rotation: 354.83970,149.27190,3.06034
en_description:
  - the dorsal part of the right sagittal fissure
  - contains the inferior vena cava, at the entrance of the hepatic veins


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Liver
sub_group: External structure
parent: Grooves
memorix_page: 29
object_id: hepar lobus dexter,hepar lobus sinister,hepar lobus quadratus,hepar lobus caudatus,!omen minus
latin: porta hepatis
en: Porta hepatis
cell_type: 0
color: b9139c
hit_position: 1.29631,12.15448,-0.09904
hit_normal: 0.26624,-11.85892,-25.03028
body_rotation: 25.39708,174.67670,357.71150
en_description:
  - a transverse groove, where the hepatic ducts emerge from the liver and vessels and nerves enter the liver


system: digestive
main_group: Liver
sub_group: Fixation of liver
parent: Hepar
memorix_page: 29
en: Fixation of liver
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The liver is held to the surrounding structures by peritoneal duplicatures and, in some places, by single sheets of peritoneum.


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 7
main_group: Liver
sub_group: Fixation of liver
parent: Fixation of liver
memorix_page: 29
object_id: ligamentum hepatis falsiforme
latin: ligamentum falciforme hepatis
en: Falciform ligament
cell_type: 0
master_object: ligamentum hepatis
en_description:
  - a peritoneal duplicature
  - is located in front of the liver between the right and left lobes
  - attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall
  - splits into two separate sheets on the bare area, the anterior sheet continues as the coronary ligament on both sides

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap,vesica biliaris dorsal,vesica biliaris ventral,cystic duct,pancreas anterior cap,pancreas posterior cap,hepar lobus dexter,hepar lobus sinister,hepar lobus quadratus,hepar lobus caudatus


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 8
main_group: Liver
sub_group: Fixation of liver
parent: Fixation of liver
memorix_page: 29
object_id: ligamentum hepatis teres
latin: ligamentum teres hepatis
en: Round ligament of liver
cell_type: 0
master_object: ligamentum hepatis
en_description:
  - a remnant of the fetal umbilical vein in the free edge of the falciform ligament extending from the umbilicus to the liver


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 9
main_group: Liver
sub_group: Fixation of liver
parent: Fixation of liver
memorix_page: 29
latin: ligamentum coronarium hepatis
en: Coronary ligament
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a single sheet of peritoneum
  - borders the superior and posterior parts of the diaphragmatic surface


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 10
main_group: Liver
sub_group: Fixation of liver
parent: Fixation of liver
en_description: - a peritoneal duplicature between the oesophagus, stomach, duodenum and liver
memorix_page: 29
object_id: omen minus
latin: omentum minus
en: Lesser omentum
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap,vesica biliaris dorsal,vesica biliaris ventral,cystic duct,pancreas anterior cap,pancreas posterior cap,hepar lobus dexter,hepar lobus sinister,hepar lobus quadratus,hepar lobus caudatus


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Liver
sub_group: Syntopy
parent: Impressions on the diaphragmatic surface
memorix_page: 29
latin: impressio cardiaca
en: Cardiac impression
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  - an impression of the heart in the middle of the diaphragmatic surface
  - the heart exerts pressure on left hepatic lobe, between the heart and left hepatic lobe is the pericardium and diaphragm


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Liver
sub_group: Intrahepatic bile ducts
parent: Intrahepatic bile ducts
memorix_page: 30
latin: canaliculi biliferi
en: Bile canaliculi / bile capillaries
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - hepatocytes produce bile and form the walls of the bile canaliculi, which flow into intralobular bile ducts


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Liver
sub_group: Intrahepatic bile ducts
parent: Intrahepatic bile ducts
memorix_page: 30
latin: canales biliferi
en: Intralobular bile ducts
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - at the periphery of the hepatic lobule the bile canaliculi transform into the short cholangiocyte-lined intralobular bile ducts


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Liver
sub_group: Intrahepatic bile ducts
parent: Intrahepatic bile ducts
memorix_page: 30
latin: ductus biliferi interlobulares
en: Interlobular bile ducts
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - are located in the portobiliary space, empty into the segmental ducts, which empty into the lobar ducts


system: digestive
main_group: Liver
sub_group: Blood supply
parent: Blood supply
memorix_page: 30
latin: vasa publica
en: Functional circulation
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  <b>1.</b>  blood from the abdominal organs enters the liver via the hepatic portal vein
  <b>2.</b>  to the interlobular veins, which, at right angles, give off the circumlobular veins (venae circumlobulares) that surround the hepatic lobule and empty into the hepatic sinusoids via the precapillary veins
  <b>3</b> . blood in the sinusoids supplies hepatocytes with oxygen and nutrients
  <b>4.</b>  and flows to the central vein, sublobular veins (venae sublobulares), hepatic veins and finally to the inferior vena cava


system: digestive
main_group: Liver
sub_group: Blood supply
parent: Blood supply
memorix_page: 30
latin: vasa privata
en: Nutritive circulation
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  <b>1.</b>  blood flows from the hepatic artery proper
  <b>2.</b>  to the interlobular arteries, which give of the circumlobulares arteries at right angles that flows via arterioles to the terminal parts of the hepatic portal system
  <b>3.</b> the nutritive system oxygenates the wall of the veins and interstitial connective tissue and partially oxygenate hepatocytes (hepatocytes are mainly supplied by the portal venous blood)


system: digestive
main_group: Liver
sub_group: Blood supply
parent: Blood supply
memorix_page: 30
en: Portal venous supply
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  from the hepatic portal vein
  - the hepatic portal vein is formed by the superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein


system: digestive
main_group: Liver
sub_group: Blood supply
parent: Blood supply
memorix_page: 30
en: Venous drainage
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  to the inferior vena cava
  - right, left and intermediate hepatic veins
  - usually two venous roots from the right side and one from the left side


system: digestive
main_group: Liver
sub_group: Blood supply
parent: Blood supply
memorix_page: 30
en: Lymphatic drainage
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  - to the hepatic and coeliac nodes
  - also through the diaphragm to:
  - anterior and posterior mediasti nal nodes, anterior and posterior phrenic nodes, parasternal nodes


system: digestive
main_group: Liver
sub_group: Innervation
parent: Innervation
memorix_page: 30
en: Sympathetic
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  thoracic splanchnic nerves
  - decreases production of bile and increases glycogen and protein catabolism


system: digestive
main_group: Liver
sub_group: Innervation
parent: Innervation
memorix_page: 30
en: Autonomic nerve fibers
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  supply the liver and gallbladder in a mixed hepatic plexus, passing via the coeliac ganglia and winding around the proper hepatic artery


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Liver
sub_group: Functions
parent: Functions
memorix_page: 30
en: Main functions
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  - Bile production
  - Metabolism of sacharides, lipids and amino acids
  - Detoxification of ammonia, alcohol and drugs
  - Degradation of hormones, heme and cholesterol
  - Storage of vitamins and glycogen
  - Haematopoiesis during fetal development


system: digestive
main_group: Gallbladder
memorix_page: 31
latin: Vesica biliaris (fellea)
en: Gallbladder
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The gallbladder </b>is about 10 cm long blind sac with a volume of about 15 ml. It is located <b>in the fossa for the gallbladder on the visceral (inferior) surface of the liver</b>. <b>Bile is collected and concentrated </b>in the gallbladder. Almost the whole gallbladder is covered by the visceral peritoneum except part of its anterior wall, which is attached to the liver by connective tissue (there can be sometimes a short peritoneal duplication). The bile duct leads bile to the duodenum and to the gallbladder. Two types of the bile ducts exist: intrahepati c (inside the liver) and extrahepati c (outside the liver) bile ducts.

general_description:
  <b>Cholekystis </b>is the Greek term for gallbladder.

  <b>The mucosa of the gallbladder </b>has columnar epithelium and displays macroscopic folding.

  <b>The spiral fold </b>is a mucosal fold in the cystic duct, which allows bile to flow in both directions.

  <b>Hartmanns pouch </b>is an out-pocketingof the gallbladder wall situated at the border between the neck of the gallbladder and first part of the cystic duct.

  <b>The sphincter of the ampulla </b>is closed during the resting phase of digestion. This causes bile to accumulate in the bile duct and, after it reaches the level of the cystic duct passively flow into the gallbladder.

  <b>The gallbladder projects on the anterior abdominal wall </b>at Murphyspoint, which is located at the intersection of the midclavicular line and coastal margin.

  <b>The major duodenal papilla project on the anterior abdominal wall at Desjardins pancreatic point</b>,which is located 6 cm from the umbilicus on a line connecting the umbilicus to the right axilla.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Murphys point </b>may be sensitive on palpation (Murphys sign). This indicates pathology of the gallbladder.

  <b>Cholelithiasis </b>is the presence of bile stones in the gallbladder (cholecystolithiasis)or in the bile ducts(choledocholithiasis). This can cause inflammation of the gallbladder(cholecystitis), bile ducts (choledocholithitis) or pain, caused by the stone moving through the bile ducts(biliary colic).


system: digestive
main_group: Gallbladder
sub_group: Gallbladder longitudinal sections
parent: Gallbladder longitudinal sections
object_id: vesica biliaris ventral
latin: vesica biliaris ventralis
en: Ventral part of gallbladder
cell_type: 0
blood_supply: arteria cystica,vena cystica,ramus posterior venae cysticae,ramus anterior venae cysticae
innervation: truncus vagalis anterior,ramus hepaticus trunci vagalis anterioris,rami hepatici,plexus hepaticus
syntopy: Liver,Stomach,Large Intestine
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap,cystic duct,pancreas anterior cap,pancreas posterior cap,ductus pancreoticus,ductus pancreaticus accesorius,ductus pars supraduodenalis,ductus pars retroduenalis,ductus pars pancreatica,ductus pars intramuralis,hepar lobus dexter,hepar lobus sinister,hepar lobus quadratus,hepar lobus caudatus


system: digestive
main_group: Gallbladder
sub_group: Gallbladder longitudinal sections
parent: Gallbladder longitudinal sections
object_id: vesica biliaris dorsal
latin: vesica biliaris dorsalis
en: Dorsal part of gallblader
cell_type: 0
blood_supply: arteria cystica,vena cystica,ramus posterior venae cysticae,ramus anterior venae cysticae
innervation: truncus vagalis anterior,ramus hepaticus trunci vagalis anterioris,rami hepatici,plexus hepaticus
syntopy: Liver,Stomach,Large Intestine
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap,cystic duct,pancreas anterior cap,pancreas posterior cap,ductus pancreoticus,ductus pancreaticus accesorius,ductus pars supraduodenalis,ductus pars retroduenalis,ductus pars pancreatica,ductus pars intramuralis,hepar lobus dexter,hepar lobus sinister,hepar lobus quadratus,hepar lobus caudatus


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Gallbladder
sub_group: Structure
parent: Structure
en_description: - located beyond the level of the inferior margin of the liver
memorix_page: 31
en: Fundus
cell_type: 0
color: cd8217
object_id:
  vesica biliaris ventral,vesica biliaris dorsal,!hepar lobus dexter,!hepar lobus sinister,!hepar lobus quadratus,!hepar lobus caudatus,!ligamentum hepatis falsiforme,!ligamentum hepatis teres,!ligamentum hepatis ,!coronarium sinistrum,!ligamentum dextrum triangulare,!ligamentum hepatis coronarium dextrum,!ligamentum hepatis triangulare sinistrum,!omen minus,!ligamentum hepatis duodenale,!ligamentum hepatis venosum


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Gallbladder
sub_group: Structure
parent: Structure
en_description: - located in the fossa for the gallbladder
memorix_page: 31
latin: corpus
en: Body
cell_type: 0
color: 9bc21e
hit_position: 1.56231,11.38586,1.23390
hit_normal: -11.80570,3.15998,16.97931
body_rotation: 7.17334,31.48304,4.37293
object_id:
  vesica biliaris ventral,vesica biliaris dorsal,!hepar lobus dexter,!hepar lobus sinister,!hepar lobus quadratus,!hepar lobus caudatus,!ligamentum hepatis falsiforme,!ligamentum hepatis teres,!ligamentum hepatis ,!coronarium sinistrum,!ligamentum dextrum triangulare,!ligamentum hepatis coronarium dextrum,!ligamentum hepatis triangulare sinistrum,!omen minus,!ligamentum hepatis duodenale,!ligamentum hepatis venosum


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Gallbladder
sub_group: Structure
parent: Structure
en_description: - the part where the body continues to the neck
memorix_page: 31
en: Infundibulum
cell_type: 0
color: 1387a6
hit_position: 1.29230,11.97972,0.47945
hit_normal: -8.26406,4.54712,18.68525
body_rotation: 13.06600,22.49594,5.34871
object_id:
  vesica biliaris ventral,vesica biliaris dorsal,!hepar lobus dexter,!hepar lobus sinister,!hepar lobus quadratus,!hepar lobus caudatus,!ligamentum hepatis falsiforme,!ligamentum hepatis teres,!ligamentum hepatis ,!coronarium sinistrum,!ligamentum dextrum triangulare,!ligamentum hepatis coronarium dextrum,!ligamentum hepatis triangulare sinistrum,!omen minus,!ligamentum hepatis duodenale,!ligamentum hepatis venosum


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Gallbladder
sub_group: Structure
parent: Structure
en_description: - continues to the cystic duct
memorix_page: 31
latin: collum
en: Neck
cell_type: 0
color: 6c13a6
hit_position: 0.98335,11.93324,0.23546
hit_normal: -9.59248,6.01171,16.40873
body_rotation: 15.92927,28.47081,8.46539
object_id:
  cystic duct,!hepar lobus dexter,!hepar lobus sinister,!hepar lobus quadratus,!hepar lobus caudatus,!ligamentum hepatis falsiforme,!ligamentum hepatis teres,!ligamentum hepatis ,!coronarium sinistrum,!ligamentum dextrum triangulare,!ligamentum hepatis coronarium dextrum,!ligamentum hepatis triangulare sinistrum,!omen minus,!ligamentum hepatis duodenale,!ligamentum hepatis venosum


system: digestive
main_group: Gallbladder
parent: Vesica biliaris (fellea)
en_description: - course from the porta hepatis to the duodenum within the hepatoduodenal ligament
memorix_page: 31
en: Extrahepatic bile ducts
cell_type: 1
sub_group:
  vena cava inferior,vena portae hepatis,ductus pars retroduenalis,ductus pars supraduodenalis,Large Intestine,vena mesenterica superior,arteria mesenterica superior,aorta abdominalis,vena renalis 1,glandula suprarenalis 1,Stomach,arteria splenica,vena splenica,Jejunum and ileum


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Gallbladder
sub_group: Extrahepatic bile ducts
parent: Extrahepatic bile ducts
en_description: - located on the right side of the porta hepatis
memorix_page: 31
object_id: hepar ductus dexter
latin: ductus hepaticus dexter
en: Right hepatic duct
cell_type: 0
master_object: hepatic duct
syntopy: vesica biliaris ventral,vesica biliaris dorsal
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap,cystic duct,pancreas anterior cap,pancreas posterior cap,ductus pancreoticus,ductus pancreaticus accesorius,ductus pars supraduodenalis,ductus pars retroduenalis,ductus pars pancreatica,ductus pars intramuralis,


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Gallbladder
sub_group: Extrahepatic bile ducts
parent: Extrahepatic bile ducts
en_description: - located on the left side of the porta hepatis
memorix_page: 31
object_id: hepar ductus sinister
latin: ductus hepaticus sinister
en: Left hepatic duct
cell_type: 0
master_object: hepatic duct
syntopy: vesica biliaris ventral,vesica biliaris dorsal
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap,cystic duct,pancreas anterior cap,pancreas posterior cap,ductus pancreoticus,ductus pancreaticus accesorius,ductus pars supraduodenalis,ductus pars retroduenalis,ductus pars pancreatica,ductus pars intramuralis,


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 7
main_group: Gallbladder
sub_group: Extrahepatic bile ducts
parent: Extrahepatic bile ducts
en_description: - formed by communion of the right and left hepatic ducts
memorix_page: 31
object_id: ductus hepaticus communis,!omen minus
latin: ductus hepaticus communis
en: Common hepatic duct
cell_type: 0
master_object: hepatic duct
tags: hide_parts
syntopy: vesica biliaris ventral,vesica biliaris dorsal
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap,cystic duct,pancreas anterior cap,pancreas posterior cap,ductus pancreoticus,ductus pancreaticus accesorius,ductus pars supraduodenalis,ductus pars retroduenalis,ductus pars pancreatica,ductus pars intramuralis,hepar lobus dexter,hepar lobus sinister,hepar lobus quadratus,hepar lobus caudatus


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 8
main_group: Gallbladder
sub_group: Extrahepatic bile ducts
parent: Extrahepatic bile ducts
memorix_page: 31
object_id: cystic duct,!omen minus
latin: ductus cysticus
en: Cystic duct
cell_type: 0
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - connects the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct on the right side at a distance of about 4 cm from the porta hepatis


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 9
main_group: Gallbladder
sub_group: Extrahepatic bile ducts
parent: Extrahepatic bile ducts
memorix_page: 31
latin: ductus choledochus
en: Bile duct
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - formed by the common hepatic duct and cystic duct
  - is about 6-8 cm long and is divided into 4 parts


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 9.1
main_group: Gallbladder
sub_group: Extrahepatic bile ducts
parent: ductus choledochus
en_description: - above the superior part of the duodenum
memorix_page: 31
object_id: ductus pars supraduodenalis,!omen minus
latin: pars supraduodenalis
en: Supraduodenal part of bile duct
cell_type: 0
master_object: Bile duct
tags: hide_parts
syntopy: vesica biliaris ventral,vesica biliaris dorsal
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap,cystic duct,pancreas anterior cap,pancreas posterior cap,ductus pancreoticus,ductus pancreaticus accesorius,ductus pars supraduodenalis,ductus pars retroduenalis,ductus pars pancreatica,ductus pars intramuralis,hepar lobus dexter,hepar lobus sinister,hepar lobus quadratus,hepar lobus caudatus


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 9.2
main_group: Gallbladder
sub_group: Extrahepatic bile ducts
parent: ductus choledochus
en_description: - behind the superior part of the duodenum
memorix_page: 31
object_id: ductus pars retroduenalis,!omen minus
latin: pars retroduodenalis
en: Retroduodenal part of bile duct
cell_type: 0
master_object: Bile duct
tags: hide_parts
syntopy: vesica biliaris ventral,vesica biliaris dorsal
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap,cystic duct,pancreas anterior cap,pancreas posterior cap,ductus pancreoticus,ductus pancreaticus accesorius,ductus pars supraduodenalis,ductus pars retroduenalis,ductus pars pancreatica,ductus pars intramuralis,hepar lobus dexter,hepar lobus sinister,hepar lobus quadratus,hepar lobus caudatus


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 9.3
main_group: Gallbladder
sub_group: Extrahepatic bile ducts
parent: ductus choledochus
memorix_page: 31
object_id: ductus pars pancreatica,!omen minus
latin: pars pancreatica
en: Pancreatic part of bile duct
cell_type: 0
master_object: Bile duct
tags: hide_parts
syntopy: vesica biliaris ventral,vesica biliaris dorsal
en_description:
  - located in a groove between the descending part of the duodenum and head of the pancreas
  - elevates the longitudinal fold of the duodenum (plica longitudinalis duodeni)

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap,cystic duct,pancreas anterior cap,pancreas posterior cap,ductus pancreoticus,ductus pancreaticus accesorius,ductus pars supraduodenalis,ductus pars retroduenalis,ductus pars pancreatica,ductus pars intramuralis,hepar lobus dexter,hepar lobus sinister,hepar lobus quadratus,hepar lobus caudatus


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 9.4
main_group: Gallbladder
sub_group: Extrahepatic bile ducts
parent: ductus choledochus
en_description: - passes inside the medial wall of the descending part of the duodenum
memorix_page: 31
object_id: ductus pars intramuralis,!omen minus
latin: pars intramuralis
en: Intramural part of bile duct
cell_type: 0
master_object: Bile duct
tags: hide_parts
syntopy: vesica biliaris ventral,vesica biliaris dorsal
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap,cystic duct,pancreas anterior cap,pancreas posterior cap,ductus pancreoticus,ductus pancreaticus accesorius,ductus pars supraduodenalis,ductus pars retroduenalis,ductus pars pancreatica,ductus pars intramuralis,hepar lobus dexter,hepar lobus sinister,hepar lobus quadratus,hepar lobus caudatus


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 10
main_group: Gallbladder
sub_group: Bile ducts termination
parent: Bile ducts termination
memorix_page: 31
latin: papilla duodeni major
en: Major duodenal papilla of Vater
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a mucous elevation located at the inferior border of the longitudinal fold of the duodenum in the lower half of the descending part of the duodenum, about 10 cm aboral to the pylorus
  - drains the bile duct and pancreatic duct


system: digestive
main_group: Gallbladder
sub_group: Blood supply and innervation
parent: Blood supply and innervation
memorix_page: 31
en: Sympathetic
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  thoracic splanchnic nerves (decrease contractions of the gallbladder and sti mulate contraction of the sphincter of bile duct)


system: digestive
main_group: Pancreas
memorix_page: 32
latin: Pancreas *1
en: Pancreas
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The pancreas </b>is a <b>secondary retroperitoneal </b>glandular organ located behind the stomach and in front of the inferior vena cava and abdominal aorta. It has both exocrine and endocrine functions. <b>The exocrine part </b>produces pancreatic juice that contains a variety of enzymes. Pancreatic juice flows into the duodenum. <b>The endocrine part </b>releases hormones into the blood. One of the important hormones it releases is <b>insulin</b>.

general_description:
  <b>The exocrine part of the pancreas is</b> composed of the pancreatic acini which are made up by the serous cells. It is the major part of the pancreas.

  <b>The endocrine part of the pancreas is</b> composed of about one million pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Itrepresents only 1.5 % of the total pancreatic mass.

  <b>The duodenal window </b>is a radiological term for the position of the head of the pancreas in the concavity of the duodenum at the level ofL2.

  <b>The pancreas originates </b>as two buds which merge during prenatal development. The ventral bud forms the inferior part of the head of the pancreas and its uncinate process and the dorsal bud form the superior part of the head, the body and the tail of the pancreas.

  <b>Divided pancreas </b>(<i>pancreas divisum</i>)is a developmental defect presenting with a missing connection between the pancreatic duct and the ducts draining the body and tail. In this condition, most of the pancreatic juice is drained via the accessory pancreatic duct.

  <b>Annular pancreas </b>(<i>pancreas annulare</i>)is a developmental defect characterized by a pancreas circumferentially surrounding the descending part of the duodenum. It can lead to constriction of the duodenal lumen.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) </b>is an endoscopic technique that allows visualisation of the biliary tree and pancreas. It allows contrast material can be injected into the bile duct and the pancreatic duct.

  <b>Tumors of the head of the pancreas can</b> compress the bile duct leading to icterus (jaundice), compress the portal vein leading to portal hypertension and compress the pylorus or duodenum leading to obstructi on of the passage of chyme.


system: digestive
main_group: Pancreas
sub_group: Pancreas longitudinal sections
parent: Pancreas longitudinal sections
object_id: pancreas anterior cap
en: Pancreas anterior part
cell_type: 0
innervation: plexus pancreaticus
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,,gaster,gaster cap,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap,vesica biliaris dorsal,vesica biliaris ventral,cystic duct,ductus pancreoticus,ductus pancreaticus accesorius,ductus pars supraduodenalis,ductus pars retroduenalis,ductus pars pancreatica,ductus pars intramuralis,

blood_supply:
  arteria splenica,arteria pancreaticoduodenalis superior posterior,arteria hepatica communis,truncus coeliacus,arteria prepancreatica,arteria pancreatica inferior,arteria pancreatica dorsalis,arteria caudae pancreatis,arteria pancreatica magna,arteria mesenterica superior,ramus posterior arteria pancreaticoduodenalis inferior,arteria pancreaticoduodenalis inferior,ramus anterior arteria pancreaticoduodenalis inferior,vena pancreaticoduodenale superior anterior,vena pancreaticoduodenale inferior anterior,vena pancreaticoduodenale inferior posterior,vena pancreaticoduodenale superior posterior,vena pancreatica magna,vena splenica,venae pancreaticae,vena mesenterica superior

syntopy:
  vena cava inferior,vena portae hepatis,ductus pars retroduenalis,ductus pars supraduodenalis,Large Intestine,vena mesenterica superior,arteria mesenterica superior,aorta abdominalis,vena renalis 1,glandula suprarenalis 1,Stomach,arteria splenica,vena splenica,Jejunum and ileum


system: digestive
main_group: Pancreas
sub_group: Pancreas longitudinal sections
parent: Pancreas longitudinal sections
object_id: pancreas posterior cap
en: Pancreas posterior part
cell_type: 0
innervation: plexus pancreaticus
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap,vesica biliaris dorsal,vesica biliaris ventral,cystic duct,ductus pancreoticus,ductus pancreaticus accesorius,ductus pars supraduodenalis,ductus pars retroduenalis,ductus pars pancreatica,ductus pars intramuralis,

blood_supply:
  arteria splenica,arteria pancreaticoduodenalis superior posterior,arteria hepatica communis,truncus coeliacus,arteria prepancreatica,arteria pancreatica inferior,arteria pancreatica dorsalis,arteria caudae pancreatis,arteria pancreatica magna,arteria mesenterica superior,ramus posterior arteria pancreaticoduodenalis inferior,arteria pancreaticoduodenalis inferior,ramus anterior arteria pancreaticoduodenalis inferior,vena pancreaticoduodenale superior anterior,vena pancreaticoduodenale inferior anterior,vena pancreaticoduodenale inferior posterior,vena pancreaticoduodenale superior posterior,vena pancreatica magna,vena splenica,venae pancreaticae,vena mesenterica superior

syntopy:
  vena cava inferior,vena portae hepatis,ductus pars retroduenalis,ductus pars supraduodenalis,Large Intestine,vena mesenterica superior,arteria mesenterica superior,aorta abdominalis,vena renalis 1,glandula suprarenalis 1,Stomach,arteria splenica,vena splenica,Jejunum and ileum


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Pancreas
sub_group: Structures
parent: Structures
memorix_page: 32
latin: caput pancreatis
en: Head of pancreas
cell_type: 0
color: 57bdf3
en_description:
  - the large and rounded part of the pancreas
  - is located in front of the body of vertebra L2 within the concavity of the duodenum

object_id:
  pancreas anterior cap,pancreas posterior cap,!gaster,!gaster fibrae obliquae,!gaster cap,!gaster stratum circulare,!gaster sphincter pylori,!gaster stratum longitudinale,!omen minus,!omen majus


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Pancreas
sub_group: Structures
parent: caput pancreatis
en_description: - an notch on the inferior aspect of the pancreas between its head and body
memorix_page: 32
latin: incisura pancreatis
en: Pancreatic notch
cell_type: 0
color: b41919
object_id:
  pancreas anterior cap,pancreas posterior cap,!gaster,!gaster fibrae obliquae,!gaster cap,!gaster stratum circulare,!gaster sphincter pylori,!gaster stratum longitudinale,!omen minus,!omen majus


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Pancreas
sub_group: Structures
parent: caput pancreatis
en_description:
  - a extension of the head of the pancreas
  - passes behind the superior mesenteric vessels

memorix_page: 32
latin: processus uncinatus
en: Uncinate process
cell_type: 0
color: da8e6d
object_id:
  pancreas anterior cap,pancreas posterior cap,!gaster,!gaster fibrae obliquae,!gaster cap,!gaster stratum circulare,!gaster sphincter pylori,!gaster stratum longitudinale,!omen minus,!omen majus


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Pancreas
sub_group: Structures
parent: Structures
memorix_page: 32
latin: corpus pancreatis
en: Body of pancreas
cell_type: 0
color: 935eff
en_description:
  - the narrower and longer part of the pancreas
  - courses horizontally to the left side over the large vessels

object_id:
  pancreas anterior cap,pancreas posterior cap,!gaster,!gaster fibrae obliquae,!gaster cap,!gaster stratum circulare,!gaster sphincter pylori,!gaster stratum longitudinale,!omen minus,!omen majus


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Pancreas
sub_group: Structures
parent: Structures
en_description: - points towards the spleen, located intraperitoneally
memorix_page: 32
latin: cauda pancreatis
en: Tail of pancreas
cell_type: 0
color: da6dd8
object_id:
  pancreas anterior cap,pancreas posterior cap,!gaster,!gaster fibrae obliquae,!gaster cap,!gaster stratum circulare,!gaster sphincter pylori,!gaster stratum longitudinale,!omen minus,!omen majus


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Pancreas
sub_group: Ducts of pancreas
parent: Ducts of pancreas
memorix_page: 32
object_id: ductus pancreoticus
latin: ductus pancreaticus
en: Pancreatic duct / duct of Wirsung
cell_type: 0
master_object: Pancreatic duct
en_description:
  - about 10-12 cm long, runns along the whole length of the pancreas
  - runs dorsocaudally inside the head of the pancreas and emerges usually together with the bile duct (the hepatopancreatic ampulla) into the descending part of the duodenum on the major duodenal papilla


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Pancreas
sub_group: Ducts of pancreas
parent: Ducts of pancreas
memorix_page: 32
object_id: ductus pancreaticus accesorius
latin: ductus pancreaticus accessorius
en: Accessory pancreatic duct / duct of Santorini
cell_type: 0
master_object: Pancreatic duct
en_description:
  - is usually connected to the pancreatic duct but drains independently into the minor duodenal papilla


system: digestive
main_group: Pancreas
sub_group: Blood supply and innervation
parent: Blood supply and innervation
memorix_page: 32
en: Arterial supply
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  - coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery
  - branches form anastomoses with each other
  - the anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery (branches of the gastroduodenal artery) and the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (a branch of the superior mesenteric artery) supply the head of the pancreas
  - pancreatic branches of the splenic artery (dorsal pancreatic artery, greater pancreatic artery, caudal pancreatic artery, inferior pancreatic artery) supply the body and tail of the pancreas


system: digestive
main_group: Peritoneum
memorix_page: 33
en: Peritoneum
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Peritoneum </b>is a <b>serous membrane </b>lining the abdominal cavity and part of the pelvic cavity. <b>The peritoneal cavity </b>is a space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum. <b>The parietal peritoneum </b>covers the abdominal walls and <b>the visceralperitoneum </b>covers organs. <b>Peritoneal duplicatures </b>are folds of peritoneum connecting the visceral to the parietal peritoneum. They <b>hold organs in their correct positions </b>and allow <b>blood vessels and nerves to pass to the organs</b>.

general_description:
  <b>Peritoneum </b>consists the mesothelium supported by subserosal connective tissue, which attaches the peritoneum to the surrounding structures. It contains blood and lymphatic vessels.
  <b>Mesothelium </b>is a layer of simple squamous epithelium that produces peritoneal fluid. Mesothelial cells have the ability to absorb fluid.
  <b>The total area of the peritoneum </b>is approximately 2 m2.


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 9
main_group: Peritoneum
sub_group: Secondary retroperitoneal organs and their origin
parent: Secondary retroperitoneal organs and their origin
memorix_page: 33
en: Secondary retroperitoneal organs
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - organs primary formed intraperitoneally but lose their peritoneal duplicature during development as they move to the retroperitoneal space


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Peritoneum
sub_group: Principal structures and parts of the peritoneal cavity
parent: Principal structures and parts of the peritoneal cavity
memorix_page: 33
object_id: omen majus
latin: omentum majus
en: Greater omentum
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a peritoneal duplicature extended from the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon, it hangs in front of the small intestine

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap,vesica biliaris dorsal,vesica biliaris ventral,cystic duct,ductus pancreoticus,ductus pancreaticus accesorius,ductus pars supraduodenalis,ductus pars retroduenalis,ductus pars pancreatica,ductus pars intramuralis,


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Peritoneum
sub_group: Principal structures and parts of the peritoneal cavity
parent: Principal structures and parts of the peritoneal cavity
memorix_page: 33
object_id: omen minus
latin: omentum minus
en: Lesser omentum
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  a peritoneal duplicature extended between the liver and the oesophagus, stomach (lesser curvature) and duodenum

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,pelvis,os sacrum,duodenum,jejunum, ileum,duodenum cap,vesica biliaris dorsal,vesica biliaris ventral,cystic duct,ductus pancreoticus,ductus pancreaticus accesorius,ductus pars supraduodenalis,ductus pars retroduenalis,ductus pars pancreatica,ductus pars intramuralis,


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Peritoneum
sub_group: Principal structures and parts of the peritoneal cavity
parent: Principal structures and parts of the peritoneal cavity
memorix_page: 33
latin: ligamentum hepatoduodenale
en: Hepatoduodenal ligament
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the right margin of the lesser omentum containing the following structures:
  portal vein, proper hepatic artery, bile duct


system: digestive
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Peritoneum
sub_group: Principal structures and parts of the peritoneal cavity
parent: Principal structures and parts of the peritoneal cavity
memorix_page: 33
latin: radix mesocoli transversi
en: Root of transverse mesocolon
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - an attachment oft he transverse mesocolon which divides the peritoneal cavity into two parts - supramesocolic and inframesocolic part


