# content_muscular

system: 386
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the shoulder joint
parent: Muscles of the shoulder joint
en_origin: scapula - cranial 2/3 of the lateral border
en_insertion: humerus - greater tubercle
en_function: adduction and external rotation of the arm
en_innervation: axillary nerve (V5, variably C4-C6)
memorix_page: 37/5
object_id: musculus teres minor
latin: musculus teres minor
en: Teres minor
related_objects: scapula,humerus
bloodsupply_related: arteria circumflexa scapulae,arteria dorsalis scapulae
innervation_related: ramus musculi teretis minoris nervi axillaris,nervus axillaris,musculus teres minor
general_description:
  <b>The infraspinatus and teres minor</b> (external rotators of the arm) tend to weaken frequently in comparison to the internal rotators (pectoralis major, subscapularis, latissimus dorsi and teres major).

clinical_notes:
  <b>A trigger point in the teres minor can</b> cause a loss of sensation or tingling sensation in the fourth and fifth fingers. This has to be distinguished from palsy of the ulnar nerve.

syntopy_related:
  musculus deltoideus pars clavicularis,musculus deltoideus pars acromialis,musculus deltoideus pars spinalis,caput longum musculi tricipitis brachii,humerus,musculus infraspinatus,scapula,musculus teres major


system: 387
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the shoulder joint
parent: Muscles of the shoulder joint
en_origin: scapula (costal surface) - muscular lines
en_insertion: humerus - lesser tubercle
en_function: adduction and internal rotation of the arm
en_innervation: subscapular nerve (C5 and C6)
memorix_page: 37/6
object_id: musculus subscapularis2
latin: musculus subscapularis
en: Subscapularis
related_objects: scapula,humerus
bloodsupply_related: arteria axillaris,arteria suprascapularis,arteria subscapularis
innervation_related: nervus subscapularis superior,nervus subscapularis inferior
syntopy_related: musculus serratus anterior,humerus,musculus teres major,scapula
clinical_notes:
  <b>The rhomboid major and minor</b> are responsible for stabilisation of the cervicothoracic transion. These muscles tend to weaken and it is important to stretch and exercise them together with the pectoral muscles. However, the weak rhomboid muscles contain painful trigger points.
  Upper crossed syndrome is caused by a muscular imbalance with the accentuated thoracic kyphosis and cervical lordosis (descending part of the trapezius, levator scapulae and sternocleidomastoid, and inferior part of the major pectoralis are shortened; the nuchal muscles, rhomboids and superior part of the major pectoralis are weakened).

  <b>The levator scapulae</b> is typically overloaded by carrying of heavy luggage or by a constant arm elevation (computer working and long lasting use of a mouse). Similarly to the trapezius, this muscle is very sensitive to cold air conditions (leading to painful spasms).
  The posterior superior serratus is palpable in the depth of the back in a maximal scapular abduction. This muscle is typically overloaded in constant forward position of the head and in paradoxical breathing. Its trigger point irradiation typically emits under the scapula, to the posterior part of the arm, into the triceps, elbow, ulnar part of the forearm, to the 5th finger. It is important to note this disorder and di eren - ate it from radicular syndromes of C8 and T1.

  <b>The splenius capitis and sternocleidomastoid</b> may cause transferred pain in the vertex.


system: 388
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the arm
parent: Musculi membri superioris
memorix_page: 38
latin: musculi brachii
en: Muscles of the arm
en_description:
  The muscles around the humerus can be divided into an <b>anterior and a posterior group</b>.These muscles <b>act on the shoulder and elbow joints</b>. <b>The anterior group </b>consists of flexors of the shoulder and elbow joints and is innervated by the <b>musculocutaneous nerve</b>. <b>The posterior group </b>consists of <b>extensors </b>of the shoulder and elbow joints andis innervated by the <b>radial nerve</b>.

general_description:
  <b>Cubitus </b>is a Latin term for elbow.
  <b>Ancon </b>is a Greek term for elbow.
  <b>Lacerta </b>is a Latin term for lizard.


system: 390
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
brief_parent: musculus biceps brachii
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the arm
parent: Anterior (flexor) group *1
en_description: - the biceps brachii is comprised of a long head and a short head
en_innervation: musculocutaneous nerve (C5 and C6)
latin: musculus biceps brachii
en: Biceps brachii
en_insertion:
  radius - radial tuberosity, medial side of the forearm - antebrachial fascia via the bicipital aponeurosis (lacertus fibrosus)

en_function:
  at the shoulder joint:
  - abduction of the arm (long head)
  - adduction and ventral flexion of the arm (short head)
  at the elbow joint:
  - supination of a pronated forearm
  - flexion (only when the forearm is supinated)

general_description:
  <b>The tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii </b>is the only tendon in the body which runs through the inside of a joint. The tendon is covered by a synovial membrane within the joint and by a synovial sheath when leaving the articular capsule in the intertubercular groove.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Patients with trigger points in the biceps brachii </b>complain of pain in the ventral part of the shoulder joint (but not inside the shoulder joint itself).


system: 391
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.1
brief_parent: musculus biceps brachii
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the arm
parent: musculus biceps brachii
en_origin: scapula - supraglenoid tubercle
en_innervation: musculocutaneous nerve (C5 and C6)
memorix_page: 38/1.1
object_id: musculus biceps brachii caput longum
latin: caput longum musculi bicipitis brachii
en: Biceps brachii long head
related_objects: scapula,radius,humerus
bloodsupply_related: arteria profunda brachii,arteria collateralis radialis,arteria brachialis
syntopy_related: caput longum musculi bicipitis brachii
innervation_related:
  ramus capitis brevis musculi bicipitis brachii nervi musculocutanei,ramus capitis longi musculi bicipitis brachii nervi musculocutanei,nervus musculocutaneus


system: 392
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.2
brief_parent: musculus biceps brachii
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the arm
parent: musculus biceps brachii
en_origin: scapula - coracoid process
object_id: musculus biceps brachii caput breve
latin: caput breve musculi bicipitis brachii
en: Biceps brachii short head
related_objects: scapula,radius,humerus
bloodsupply_related: arteria profunda brachii,arteria collateralis radialis,arteria brachialis
innervation_related:
  ramus capitis brevis musculi bicipitis brachii nervi musculocutanei,ramus capitis longi musculi bicipitis brachii nervi musculocutanei,nervus musculocutaneus

syntopy_related:
  radius,musculus brachialis,musculus coracobrachialis,musculus pectoralis major,scapula,musculus biceps brachii caput longum


system: 393
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.3
brief_parent: musculus biceps brachii
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the arm
parent: musculus biceps brachii
en_description: - an expansion of the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle
object_id: aponeurosis bicipitalis brachii
latin: aponeurosis musculi bicipitis brachii/lacertus fibrosus
en: Bicipital aponeurosis
related_objects:
  musculus biceps brachii caput longum,musculus biceps brachii caput breve,musculus flexor carpi ulnaris


system: 394
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the arm
parent: Anterior (flexor) group *1
en_origin: scapula - coracoid process
en_insertion: humerus (anteromedial surface) - in the middle of the humerus
memorix_page: 38/1.2
object_id: musculus coracobrachialis
en: Coracobrachialis
related_objects: scapula,humerus
bloodsupply_related: arteria brachialis
innervation_related: nervus musculocutaneus,ramus musculi coracobrachialis nervi musculocutanei
syntopy_related: musculus subscapularis2,scapula,musculus biceps brachii caput breve,humerus
en_function:
  adduction and ventral flexion of the arm, returns the arm to the middle (basic) position from both external and internal rotation

clinical_notes:
  <b>The coracobrachialis can compress the musculocutaneous nerve when overloaded or hypertrophied causing entrapment syndrome. </b>It is necessary to distinguish this from radiculopathy of C5/6 and from damage to the lateral cord of the brachial plexus. When the musculocutaneous nerve is compressed, the muscle still maintains its function because the motor branch is proximal to the compression.


system: 395
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the arm
parent: Anterior (flexor) group *1
en_origin: humerus (anterior surface) - distal half
en_insertion: ulna - tuberosity of ulna
en_function: flexion of the forearm
en_innervation: musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C6)
memorix_page: 38/1.3
object_id: musculus brachialis
latin: musculus brachialis
en: Brachialis
related_objects: humerus,ulna
innervation_related: ramus musculi brachialis nervi musculocutanei,nervus musculocutaneus,musculus brachialis
bloodsupply_related:
  arteria brachialis,rete articulare cubiti,arteria collateralis ulnaris inferior,arteria collateralis ulnaris superior

syntopy_related:
  musculus deltoideus pars spinalis,musculus deltoideus pars acromialis,musculus deltoideus pars clavicularis,musculus coracobrachialis,humerus,musculus biceps brachii caput breve,musculus biceps brachii caput longum,ulna


system: 397
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
brief_parent: musculus triceps brachii
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the arm
parent: Posterior (extensor) group *1
en_description: - the triceps brachii is comprised of a long head, medial head and lateral head
en_insertion: ulna - olecranon
en_function:
  whole muscle: extension of the forearm
  only the long head: adduction of an extended arm

en_innervation: radial nerve (C6-C8)
memorix_page: 38/2.1
latin: musculus triceps brachii
en: Triceps brachii
clinical_notes:
  <b>When a trigger point in the long head of the triceps brachii </b>is present,the patient cannot touch his ear with his hand (the triceps brachii test).

  <b>Pain originating from the lateral head of the triceps brachii </b>is located over the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. Pain from the medial head is located over the medial epicondyle.


system: 398
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the arm
parent: musculus triceps brachii
en_origin: humerus - distal to the radial groove
object_id: musculus triceps brachii caput mediale
latin: caput mediale musculi tricipitis brachii
en: Triceps brachii medial head
related_objects: humerus,ulna,radius
bloodsupply_related: arteria profunda brachii,arteria collateralis ulnaris superior
innervation_related:
  ramus capitis longi musculi tricipitis brachii nervi radialis,nervus radialis,ramus capitis lateralis musculi tricipitis brachii nervi radialis

syntopy_related:
  ulna,tendon triceps brachii,caput longum musculi tricipitis brachii,caput laterale musculi tricipitis brachii,humerus


system: 399
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.2
brief_parent: musculus triceps brachii
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the arm
parent: musculus triceps brachii
en_origin: humerus - proximal to the radial groove
object_id: caput laterale musculi tricipitis brachii
latin: caput laterale musculi tricipitis brachii
en: Triceps brachii lateral head
related_objects: humerus,ulna,radius
bloodsupply_related: arteria profunda brachii,arteria collateralis ulnaris superior
innervation_related:
  ramus capitis longi musculi tricipitis brachii nervi radialis,nervus radialis,ramus capitis lateralis musculi tricipitis brachii nervi radialis

syntopy_related:
  tendon triceps brachii,caput longum musculi tricipitis brachii,musculus triceps brachii caput mediale,humerus


system: 400
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.3
brief_parent: musculus triceps brachii
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the arm
parent: musculus triceps brachii
en_origin: scapula - infraglenoid tubercle
object_id: caput longum musculi tricipitis brachii
latin: caput longum musculi tricipitis brachii
en: Triceps brachii long head
related_objects: scapula,ulna,radius,humerus
bloodsupply_related: arteria profunda brachii,arteria collateralis ulnaris superior
innervation_related:
  ramus capitis longi musculi tricipitis brachii nervi radialis,nervus radialis,ramus capitis lateralis musculi tricipitis brachii nervi radialis

syntopy_related:
  musculus teres minor,musculus triceps brachii caput mediale,tendon triceps brachii,caput laterale musculi tricipitis brachii,musculus teres major,scapula,humerus


system: 402
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the arm
parent: Posterior (extensor) group *1
en_origin: humerus - lateral epicondyle, radial collateral ligament
en_insertion: ulna (posterior border) - proximally up to the olecranon
en_innervation: radial nerve (C7-C8)
memorix_page: 38/2.2
object_id: musculus anconeus
latin: musculus anconeus
en: Anconeus
related_objects: humerus,ulna
en_function:
  accessory extensor of the forearm, stretches the articular capsule of the elbow joint and therefore prevents its constriction, stabilises the elbow joint during supination and pronation

general_description:
  <b>When the function of the anconeus is</b> eliminated, extension of the elbow joint is decreased by 20 %.


system: 403
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Musculi membri superioris
latin: Musculi antebrachii
en: Muscles of the forearm
en_description:
  The muscles of the forearm are divided into <b>3 groups</b>: anterior, lateral and posterior groups. They act on <b>the elbow joint, wrist joint and joints of the hand</b>.

general_description:
  <b>The common ulnar head </b>(caput commune ulnare)is the common origin of the first and the second layers of the ventral group of the forearm muscles.

  <b>The flexors and supinators of the forearm </b>are more dominant than extensors and pronators. The flexors and supinators may shorten during long periods of inactivity, occurs in bedridden patients.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Golfer's elbow </b>is an overuse injury of the flexors that originate on the medial epicondyle. It can be caused by manual labor and is characterised by pain over the medial epicondyle.<b>Tennis elbow </b>is an overuse injury of the extensors that originate on the lateral epicondyle. It can be caused by working on computers for long periods of time and is characterised by pain over the lateral epicondyle.<b>

  The palm and the palmar part of the wrist </b>are painful when <b>the palmaris longus is overloaded</b>. The Pain is described as “thousands of tiny needles” and it makes it difficult work with tools.

  <b>Pain from trigger points of the lateral group of the forearm muscles is</b> located over the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.

  <b>Transposition of the tendons of the forearm muscles </b>is a surgical procedure to regain hand function after injury to the tendons of the forearm muscles. If muscles important for hand function are irreversibly damaged, it is possible to transpose a tendon of another muscle which is not essential for hand function (for example the extensor pollicis brevis flexor digitorum superficialis) on the stump of the original tendon. The result is a functional muscle that has the origin, belly and supply of the transposed muscle, but the insertion and similar function as the lost muscle.


system: 404
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Musculi antebrachii
en: Anterior (flexor) group *2
en_description:
  <b>The anterior muscles of the forearm </b>are divided into <b>four layers</b>. They are <b>flexors and pronators of the forearm</b>. These Muscles are innervated predominantly by the <b>median nerve, </b>although the flexor carpi ulnaris and part of the flexor digitorum profundus are innervated by the <b>ulnar nerve</b>. The pronator teres, flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum superficialis each have two heads, through which nerves from the upper arm pass to the forearmusculi

clinical_notes:
  <b>The pronator, supinator and cubital canals </b>are narrow spaces between the muscles of the forearm through which the median nerve, deep branch of the radial nerve and ulnar nerve run, respectively. These nerves may be compressed in their canals, causing nerve entrapment syndromes.


system: 406
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: 1st layer of the forearm muscles
en_description: - a muscle of the 1st layer
en_origin: humerus - medial epicondyle and antebrachial fascia
en_insertion: palmar aponeurosis, flexor retinaculum
en_function: an accessory flexor of the forearm and hand, stretches the palmar aponeurosis
en_innervation: median nerve (C8, variably C7-T1)
memorix_page: 40/1.1
object_id: musculus palmaris longus
latin: musculus palmaris longus
en: Palmaris longus
related_objects: humerus,retinaculum musculorum flexorum,aponeurosis palmaris,ulna, radius
bloodsupply_related: arteria recurrens ulnaris anterior,arteria comitans nervi mediani
innervation_related: nervus medianus
general_description:
  <b>The palmaris longus </b>is a functionally insignificant muscle and is absent in 10 % of cases. It can be used for tendon grafts.

syntopy_related:
  musculus flexor digitorum superficialis,musculus flexor carpi ulnaris,musculus flexor carpi radialis,humerus


system: 407
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: 1st layer of the forearm muscles
en_description: - a muscle of the 1st layer
en_insertion: radius - pronator tuberosity
en_function: flexion and pronation of the forearm
en_innervation: median nerve (C6-C7)
memorix_page: 40/1.2
object_id: musculus pronator teres
latin: musculus pronator teres
en: Pronator teres
related_objects: humerus,ulna,radius,ulna
bloodsupply_related: arteria brachialis,arteria radialis,arteria ulnaris
innervation_related: nervus medianus,ramus musculi pronatoris teresis nervi mediani
en_origin:
  1<b> Humeral head</b> (caput humerale):
  humerus - medial epicondyle
  2<b> Ulnar head</b> (caput ulnare):
  ulna - coronoid process

clinical_notes:
  <b>Shortening of the pronator teres occurs</b> from working on a computer while positioning the mouse in front of the body, rather than on the side. This position is characterised by internal rotation of the arm and flexion and pronation of the forearm. The shortened pronator teres limits the extent of flexion of the forearm and makes the extensors of the forearm disproportionately long.

syntopy_related:
  musculus extensor carpi radialis longus,humerus,musculus flexor carpi radialis,musculus brachialis,musculus flexor digitorum superficialis,radius


system: 408
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: 1st layer of the forearm muscles
en_description: - a muscle of the 1st layer
en_origin: humerus - medial epicondyle and antebrachial fascia
en_insertion: base of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpal (anterior surface)
en_function: flexion of the forearm, radial duction and flexion of the hand
en_innervation: median nerve (C6-C7)
memorix_page: 40/1.3
object_id: musculus flexor carpi radialis
latin: musculus flexor carpi radialis
en: Flexor carpi radialis
bloodsupply_related: arteria recurrens ulnaris anterior,arteria recurrens ulnaris posterior,arteria radialis
innervation_related: nervus medianus,ramus musculi flexor carpi radialis nervi mediani
related_objects:
  humerus,os metacarpale 2, os metacarpale 3,ulna, radius,ulna, os hamatum, os capitatum, os trapezoideum, os trapezium, os scaphoideum, os lunatum, os triquetrum

general_description:
  <b>The flexor carpi radialis </b>courses through the carpal canal in its own separate section and then through a groove on the trapezium.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The flexor carpi radialis brevis </b>is a variable muscle, which, if present can compress the anterior interosseous nerve.

syntopy_related:
  humerus,musculus pronator teres,musculus palmaris longus,musculus flexor digitorum superficialis,musculus flexor policis longus,os metacarpale 2


system: 409
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: 1st layer of the forearm muscles
en_description: - a muscle of the 1st layer
en_function: flexion of the forearm, ulnar duction and flexion of the hand
en_innervation: ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
memorix_page: 40/1.4
object_id: musculus flexor carpi ulnaris
latin: musculus flexor carpi ulnaris
en: Flexor carpi ulnaris
bloodsupply_related: arteria ulnaris,arteria recurrens ulnaris posterior
innervation_related: nervus medianus,ramus musculi flexor carpi radialis nervi mediani
en_origin:
  1 <b>Humeral head </b>(caput humerale): 
  humerus - medial epicondyle
  2 <b>Ulnar head </b>(caput ulnare):
  ulna - olecranon and posterior border

en_insertion:
  pisiform, hook of hamate (as the pisohamate ligament), base of the 5th metacarpal (as the pisometacarpal ligament)

related_objects:
  humerus,os pisiforme,ulna, os hamatum, os capitatum, os trapezoideum, os trapezium, os scaphoideum, os lunatum, os triquetrum, radius

syntopy_related:
  os pisiforme,musculus extensor carpi ulnaris,musculus flexor digitorum superficialis,musculus palmaris longus,humerus,ulna


system: 411
custom_hierarchy: 1.5
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: 2nd layer of the forearm muscles
en_description: - a muscle of the 2nd layer
en_innervation: median nerve (C7-T1)
memorix_page: 40/1.5
object_id: musculus flexor digitorum superficialis
latin: musculus flexor digitorum superficialis
en: Flexor digitorum superficialis
bloodsupply_related: arteria ulnaris,arteria radialis,arteria comitans nervi mediani
innervation_related: nervus medianus
en_origin:
  1 <b>Humero-ulnar head</b> (caput humeroulnare):
  humerus - medial epicondyle, 
  ulna - ulnar tuberosity,
  ulnar collateral ligament
  2 <b>Radial head </b>(caput radiale):
  radius - anterior surface from radial to pronator tuberosity

en_insertion:
  as four tendons to the 2nd-5th digits, which bifurcate to insert on both sides of the base of the middle phalanx

en_function:
  flexion of the 2nd-5th digits at the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints, accessory flexion of the forearm and hand

related_objects:
  humerus,ulna, radius,phalanx media manus 2,phalanx media manus 3,phalanx media manus 4,phalanx media manus 5,os proximalis manus 2,os proximalis manus 3,os proximalis manus 4,os proximalis manus 5,os metacarpale 2,os metacarpale 3,os metacarpale 4,os metacarpale 5,os hamatum, os capitatum, os trapezoideum, os trapezium, os scaphoideum, os lunatum, os triquetrum,os pisiforme

syntopy_related:
  phalanx media manus 2,phalanx media manus 3,phalanx media manus 4,phalanx media manus 5,musculus flexor carpi ulnaris,musculus palmaris longus,musculus flexor carpi radialis,musculus pronator teres,humerus,radius


system: 412
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Anterior (flexor) group *2
en: 3rd layer of the forearm muscles
general_description:
  <b>The tendons of the flexor carpi radialis, flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus and flexor pollicis longus </b>are covered by synovial sheaths as they run through the carpal canal.


system: 413
custom_hierarchy: 1.6
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: 3rd layer of the forearm muscles
en_description: - a muscle of the 3rd layer
en_origin:
  ulna - anterior surface,
  interosseous membrane of forearm

en_insertion: as four tendons on the 2nd-5th finger that insert on the base of the distal phalanges
en_innervation: median nerve (C7-T1) - for the 2nd and 3rd finger, ulnar nerve (C8-T1) - for the 4th and 5th finger
memorix_page: 40/1.6
object_id: musculus flexor digitorum profundus
latin: musculus flexor digitorum profundus
en: Flexor digitorum profundus
en_function:
  flexion of the 2nd-5th fingers at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints, accessory flexion of the hand

related_objects:
  ulna,membrana interossea antebrachii,phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 5,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius

general_description:
  <b>Contraction of the flexor digitorum profundus </b>is not possible during passive extension of the fingers. This effect is diagnostically important when examining the hand and wrist when injury to the tendons is suspected.
  <b>Tendinous chiasm </b>(chiasma tendinum) means crossing of tendons. This occurs at the middle phalanges as the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus pass through the bifurcated tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis to insert on the distal phalanges.

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria comitans nervi mediani,arteria ulnaris,arteria recurrens ulnaris posterior,arteria interossea anterior,arteria interossea communis

innervation_related:
  ramus musculi profundi flexoris digitorum nervi ulnaris,nervus ulnaris,nervus medianus,ramus musculi profundi flexoris digitorum nervi mediani

syntopy_related:
  musculus flexor digitorum superficialis,phalanx distalis manus 5,phalanx distalis manus 4,phalanx distalis manus 3,phalanx distalis manus 2,radius,ulna


system: 414
custom_hierarchy: 1.7
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: 3rd layer of the forearm muscles
en_description: - a muscle of the 3rd layer
en_insertion: base of the distal phalanx of the thumb
en_innervation: median nerve (C6-C7)
memorix_page: 40/1.7
object_id: musculus flexor policis longus
latin: musculus flexor pollicis longus
en: Flexor pollicis longus
bloodsupply_related: arteria interossea anterior,arteria radialis
en_origin:
  radius - anterior surface, between the insertion of the pronator teres proximally and the insertion of the pronator quadratus distally, interosseous membrane of forearm

en_function:
  flexion of the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints,accessory flexion of the hand

related_objects:
  radius,membrana interossea antebrachii,phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx distalis pollicis 1,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius

clinical_notes:
  <b>When a trigger point is present in the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus</b>, the patient feels pain in the whole finger and even distally to the fingertips.

innervation_related:
  nervus medianus,nervus interosseus antebrachii anterior,ramus musculi flexor pollicis longi nervi mediani

syntopy_related:
  musculus flexor digitorum superficialis,musculus opponens pollicis,musculus flexor pollicis brevis,phalanx distalis pollicis 1,ulna,radius


system: 416
custom_hierarchy: 1.8
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: 4th layer of the forearm muscles
en_description: - a muscle of the 4th layer
en_origin: ulna - distal 1/4 of the anterior surface
en_insertion: radius - distal 1/4 of the anterior surface
en_function: pronation of the forearm
en_innervation: median nerve (C7-T1)
memorix_page: 40/1.8
object_id: musculus pronator quadratus
latin: musculus pronator quadratus
en: Pronator quadratus
related_objects: ulna,radius
bloodsupply_related: arteria interossea anterior
syntopy_related: musculus flexor digitorum profundus,musculus flexor policis longus,ulna,radius
innervation_related:
  nervus medianus,nervus interosseus antebrachii anterior,ramus musculi pronatores quadrati nervi mediani


system: 417
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Musculi antebrachii
en: Lateral (radial) group of forearm
en_description:
  <b>The lateral group of the forearm muscles </b>consists of two layers of muscles that have a <b>common innervation by the radial nerve</b>. The superficial layer consists of three muscles, which have a common function of <b>pronation of the flexed forearm and</b><b>supination of the extended forearm</b>. The deep layer consists of one muscle, the supinator, which is made up of two layers of fibres and acts as a <b>supinator of the forearm</b>.

general_description:
  <b>The common radial head </b>(caput commune radiale) is the common origin of the lateral group and superficial layers of the dorsal group of the forearm muscles on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.


system: 419
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Superficial layer (radial) of forearm
en_description: - a muscle of the superficial layer
en_origin: humerus - lateral supraepicondylar ridge
en_insertion: radius - suprastyloid crest
en_innervation: radial nerve (C5-C6)
memorix_page: 40/2.1
object_id: musculus brachioradialis
latin: musculus brachioradialis
en: Brachioradialis
related_objects: humerus,radius
bloodsupply_related: arteria collateralis radialis,arteria radialis,arteria recurrens radialis
innervation_related: nervus radialis,rami musculi brachioradialis nervi radialis
en_function:
  supination of the extended forearm, pronation of the flexed forearm, flexion of the forearm, stabilises the elbow joint to prevent its overstretching

syntopy_related:
  musculus pronator teres,musculus triceps brachii caput mediale,musculus brachialis,musculus extensor carpi radialis longus,humerus,radius


system: 420
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Superficial layer (radial) of forearm
en_description: - a muscle of the superficial layer
en_origin: humerus - lateral supraepicondylar ridge distally to the brachioradialis
en_insertion: base of the 2nd metacarpal - posterior surface
en_innervation: radial nerve (C6-C7)
memorix_page: 4/2.2
object_id: musculus extensor carpi radialis longus
latin: musculus extensor carpi radialis longus
en: Extensor carpi radialis longus
bloodsupply_related: arteria collateralis radialis,arteria radialis,arteria recurrens radialis
innervation_related: nervus radialis,rami musculi radialis longi extensoris carpi nervi radialis
syntopy_related: os metacarpale 2,musculus extensor carpi radialis brevis,musculus brachioradialis,humerus
en_function:
  dorsal flexion and radial duction of the hand supination of the extended forearm, pronation of the flexed forearm, accessory flexion of the forearm

related_objects:
  humerus,os metacarpale 2,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius

general_description:
  <b>The most important function of the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis </b>is prevention of ventral flexion of the wrist when gripping. The larger the object that is being grasped, the greater the load on these muscles.


system: 421
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Superficial layer (radial) of forearm
en_description: - a muscle of the superficial layer
en_origin: humerus - lateral epicondyle, radial collateral ligament
en_insertion: base of the 3rd metacarpal - posterior surface
en_innervation: radial nerve (C6-C7)
memorix_page: 40/2.3
object_id: musculus extensor carpi radialis brevis
latin: musculus extensor carpi radialis brevis
en: Extensor carpi radialis brevis
bloodsupply_related: arteria radialis,arteria recurrens radialis,arteria profunda brachii
en_function:
  dorsal flexion and radial duction of the hand, supination of the extended forearm, pronation of the flexed forearm

related_objects:
  humerus,os metacarpale 3,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius

innervation_related:
  nervus radialis,ramus profundus nervi radialis,rami musculi radialis brevi extensoris carpi nervi radialis

syntopy_related:
  os metacarpale 3,musculus abductor pollicis longus,humerus,musculus extensor carpi radialis longus,musculus extensor digitorum


system: 423
custom_hierarchy: 2.4
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Deep layer (radial) of forearm
en_description:
  - a muscle of the deep layer
  - consists of 2 parts (layers)

en_insertion: radius - laterally and proximally to the pronator tuberosity
en_function: supination of the forearm
en_innervation: radial nerve (C5-C7)
memorix_page: 40/2.4
object_id: musculus supinator
latin: musculus supinator
en: Supinator
related_objects: humerus,radius,ulna,radius
bloodsupply_related: arteria recurrens radialis,arteria interossea posterior,arteria interossea reccurens
syntopy_related: humerus,musculus abductor pollicis longus,radius,musculus extensor carpi radialis brevis
en_origin:
  1 <b>Superficial layer:</b>
  humerus - lateral epicondyle, radial collateral ligament, annular ligament of radius
  2 <b>Deep layer:</b>
  ulna - supinator crest

general_description:
  <b>The supinator canal </b>(canalis supinatorius)is a space between the layers of the supinator where the deep branch of the radial nerve passes.

innervation_related:
  nervus radialis,ramus profundus nervi radialis,nervus interosseus antebrachii posterior,ramus musculi supinatoris nervi radialis


system: 426
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Superficial layer (extensor)
en_description: - a muscle of the superficial layer
en_origin: humerus - lateral epicondyle and antebrachial fascia
en_innervation: radial nerve (C6-C8)
memorix_page: 40/3.1
object_id: musculus extensor digitorum
latin: musculus extensor digitorum
en: Extensor digitorum
bloodsupply_related: arteria interossea posterior,arteria interossea anterior,arteria recurrens radialis
innervation_related: nervus radialis,ramus profundus nervi radialis,nervus interosseus antebrachii posterior
en_insertion:
  as four tendons to the 2nd-5th fingers, which insert on the dorsal aponeurosis on the base of the middle and distal phalanges

en_function:
  extension of the 2nd-5th fingers at the metacarpophalangeal and proximal and distal interphalangeal joints, dorsal flexion of the hand

related_objects:
  humerus,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius

general_description:
  <b>Intertendinous connections </b>(connexus intertendinous) are connections between the tendons of the extensor digitorum.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Trigger points </b>often develop in the extensor<b> digitorum </b>due to overloading of the flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus.


system: 427
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Superficial layer (extensor)
en_description: - a muscle of the superficial layer
en_origin: humerus - lateral epicondyle
en_insertion: dorsal aponeurosis of the 5th finger on the base of the middle and distal phalanges
en_innervation: radial nerve (C7-C8)
memorix_page: 40/3.2
object_id: musculus extensor digiti minimi
latin: musculus extensor digiti minimi
en: Extensor digiti minimi
bloodsupply_related: arteria interossea posterior,arteria interossea anterior,arteria recurrens radialis
en_function:
  extension of the 5th finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint and proximal and distal interphalangeal joints, flexion of the hand

related_objects:
  humerus,phalanx distalis manus 5,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius

general_description:
  <b>The dorsal aponeurosis </b>(aponeurosis dorsalis) is a fibrous structure on the back of the fingers, which attaches to the middle and distal phalanges. The extensor digitorum, extensor indicis, extensor digiti minimi, lumbricals and interossei insertion the phalanges through the dorsal aponeurosis.

innervation_related:
  nervus radialis,ramus profundus nervi radialis,nervus interosseus antebrachii posterior,ramus musculi extensoris pollicis longi nervi radialis,rami musculi extensoris digiti minimi nervi radialis

syntopy_related:
  musculus abductor pollicis longus,humerus,musculus extensor carpi ulnaris,phalanx media manus 5,phalanx distalis manus 5


system: 428
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Superficial layer (extensor)
en_description: - a muscle of the superficial layer
en_insertion: base of the 5th metacarpal - medial side
en_function: ulnar duction and dorsal flexion of the hand
en_innervation: radial nerve (C7-C8, variably C6)
memorix_page: 40/3.3
object_id: musculus extensor carpi ulnaris
latin: musculus extensor carpi ulnaris
en: Extensor carpi ulnaris
bloodsupply_related: arteria interossea anterior,arteria recurrens radialis
en_origin:
  1 <b>Humeral head</b> (caput humerale):
  humerus - lateral epicondyle
  2 <b>Ulnar head </b>(caput ulnare):
  ulna - posterior border

related_objects:
  humerus,ulna,os metacarpale 5,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius

innervation_related:
  nervus radialis,ramus profundus nervi radialis,nervus interosseus antebrachii posterior,ramus musculi extensor carpi ulnaris nervi radialis

syntopy_related:
  humerus,musculus anconeus,musculus flexor carpi ulnaris,musculus extensor digiti minimi,os metacarpale 5


system: 430
custom_hierarchy: 3.4
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Deep layer (extensor)
en_description: - a muscle of the deep layer
en_insertion: base of the 1st metacarpal - lateral side trapezium
en_function: abduction of the thumb, radial duction of the hand
en_innervation: radial nerve (C6-C7)
memorix_page: 40/3.4
object_id: musculus abductor pollicis longus
latin: musculus abductor pollicis longus
en: Abductor pollicis longus
bloodsupply_related: arteria interossea posterior,arteria interossea anterior
en_origin:
  radius - middle 1/3 of the posterior surface
  ulna - middle 1/3 of the posterior surface
  interosseous membrane of forearm - middle 1/3 of the posterior surface

related_objects:
  radius,ulna,membrana interossea antebrachii,os metacarpale pollicis 1,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius

innervation_related:
  nervus radialis,ramus profundus nervi radialis,nervus interosseus antebrachii posterior,ramus musculi abductor pollicis longi nervi radialis

syntopy_related:
  musculus extensor pollicis longus,musculus extensor carpi radialis brevis,musculus supinator,radius,musculus extensor pollicis brevis,os metacarpale pollicis 1


system: 431
custom_hierarchy: 3.5
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Deep layer (extensor)
en_description: - a muscle of the deep layer
en_insertion: proximal phalanx of thumb - posterior surface
en_function: extension and abduction of the thumb at the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints
en_innervation: radial nerve (C6-C7)
memorix_page: 40/3.5
object_id: musculus extensor pollicis brevis
latin: musculus extensor pollicis brevis
en: Extensor pollicis brevis
bloodsupply_related: arteria interossea posterior,arteria interossea anterior
en_origin:
  radius - middle 1/3 of the posterior surface interosseous membrane of forearm - middle 1/3 of the posterior surface

related_objects:
  radius,membrana interossea antebrachii,phalanx proximalis pollicis 1,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius

innervation_related:
  nervus radialis,ramus profundus nervi radialis,nervus interosseus antebrachii posterior,ramus musculi extensoris pollicis brevis nervi radialis

syntopy_related:
  phalanx proximalis pollicis 1,musculus abductor pollicis longus,musculus extensor pollicis longus,radius


system: 432
custom_hierarchy: 3.6
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Deep layer (extensor)
en_description: - a muscle of the deep layer
en_insertion: distal phalanx of thumb (posterior surface)
en_innervation: radial nerve (C6-C7, variably C8)
memorix_page: 40/3.6
object_id: musculus extensor pollicis longus
latin: musculus extensor pollicis longus
en: Extensor pollicis longus
bloodsupply_related: arteria interossea posterior,arteria interossea anterior
syntopy_related: musculus extensor pollicis longus
en_origin:
  ulna - middle 1/3 of the posterior surface interosseous membrane of forearm - middle 1/3 of the posterior surface

en_function:
  extension of the thumb (in the carpometacarpal, metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joint), accessory abductor of the thumb

related_objects:
  ulna,membrana interossea antebrachii,phalanx distalis pollicis 1,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius

innervation_related:
  nervus radialis,ramus profundus nervi radialis,nervus interosseus antebrachii posterior,ramus musculi extensoris pollicis longi nervi radialis


system: 433
custom_hierarchy: 3.7
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Deep layer (extensor)
en_description: - a muscle of the deep layer
en_insertion: dorsal aponeurosis of the 2nd finger, base of the middle and distal phalanges of the 2nd digit
en_innervation: radial nerve (C6-C7)
memorix_page: 40/3.7
object_id: musculus extensor indicis
latin: musculus extensor indicis
en: Extensor indicis
bloodsupply_related: arteria interossea posterior,arteria interossea anterior
syntopy_related: musculus extensor pollicis longus,phalanx media manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 2,ulna
en_origin:
  ulna - distal 1/3 of the posterior surface
  interosseous membrane of forearm - distal 1/3 of the posterior surface

en_function:
  extension of the 2nd digit at the metacarpophalangeal joint and proximal and distal interphalangeal joints, accessory flexion of the hand

related_objects:
  ulna,membrana interossea antebrachii,phalanx media manus 2, phalanx distalis manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius

innervation_related:
  nervus radialis,ramus profundus nervi radialis,nervus interosseus antebrachii posterior,ramus musculi extensoris pollicis longi nervi radialis,ramus musculi extensoris indicis nervi radialis


system: 434
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: Musculi membri superioris
latin: Musculi manus
en: Muscles of the hand
en_description:
  <b>The intrinsic muscles of the hand </b>can be divided into <b>4 groups: the muscles of the thenar eminence, the muscles of the hypothenar eminence</b>, <b>the interossei muscles and the lumbricals</b>. The superficial thenar muscles (abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis and superficial head of the flexor pollicis brevis) and the two medial lumbricals are innervated by <b>the median nerve</b>. All other intrinsic hand muscles are innervated by the<b> ulnar nerve</b>.

general_description:
  <b>The order of the thenar and hypothenar muscles </b>(excluding the palmaris brevis) going from lateral to medial and superficial to deep can be remembered by the following mnemonic: :
  <b>PAFO </b>and <b>MAFO</b>
  <b>P </b>- Pollex (thumb)
  <b>A </b>- Abductor pollicis brevis
  <b>F </b>- Flexor pollicis brevis
  <b>O </b>- Opponens pollicis
  <b>A </b>- Adductor pollicis
  <b>M </b>- Digitus Minimus (little finger)
  <b>A </b>- Abductor digiti minimi
  <b>F </b>- Flexor digiti minimi
  <b>O </b>- Opponens digiti minimi


system: 435
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: Thenar muscles (thumb group)
en_origin: radial carpal eminence, flexor retinaculum
en_insertion: base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb (lateral side), lateral sesamoid bone of the thumb
en_function: abduction of the thumb
en_innervation: median nerve (C6-C7)
memorix_page: 46/1.1
object_id: musculus abductor pollicis brevis
latin: musculus abductor pollicis brevis
en: Abductor pollicis brevis
bloodsupply_related: ramus palmaris superficialis
innervation_related: nervus medianus
related_objects:
  ligamentum carpi transversum,,phalanx proximalis pollicis 1,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,

general_description:
  <b>The opponens pollicis and adductor pollicis can be overloaded </b>during activities such as gardening, writing and sewing. Load-relieving exercises such as shaking the arms, forearms and wrists with relaxed fingers should be performed regularly to prevent injury to these muscles.

syntopy_related:
  musculus flexor pollicis brevis,phalanx proximalis pollicis 1,os scaphoideum,musculus opponens pollicis


system: 436
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: Thenar muscles (thumb group)
en_origin: radial carpal eminence, flexor retinaculum
en_insertion: 1st metacarpal - opponens crest
en_function: opposition and flexion of the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint
en_innervation: median nerve (C6-C7)
memorix_page: 46/1.2
object_id: musculus opponens pollicis
latin: musculus opponens pollicis
en: Opponens pollicis
bloodsupply_related: ramus palmaris superficialis
innervation_related: nervus medianus
syntopy_related: musculus abductor pollicis brevis,os trapezium,os metacarpale pollicis 1
related_objects:
  ligamentum carpi transversum,,os metacarpale pollicis 1,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,

clinical_notes:
  <b>Trigger points in the adductor pollicis and opponens pollicis </b>make the pincer grasp impossible due to intense pain. In the differential diagnosis, we distinguish disability of these two muscles from the carpal tunnel syndrome.


system: 437
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: Thenar muscles (thumb group)
en_insertion: base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb (lateral side), lateral sesamoid bone of the thumb
en_function: flexion of the thumb at the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints
memorix_page: 46/1.3
object_id: musculus flexor pollicis brevis
latin: musculus flexor pollicis brevis
en: Flexor pollicis brevis
bloodsupply_related: ramus palmaris superficialis,arteria radialis indicis
innervation_related: nervus medianus,musculus flexor pollicis brevis
syntopy_related: musculus opponens pollicis,phalanx proximalis pollicis 1,musculus abductor pollicis brevis
en_origin:
  1<b> Superficial head </b>(caput superficiale):
  - radial carpal eminence,
  - flexor retinaculum
  2<b> Deep head</b> (caput profundum):
  - trapezoid,
  - capitate,
  - palmar intercarpal ligaments

en_innervation:
  1 <b>Superficial head </b>(caput superficiale): median nerve (C6-C7)
  2 <b>Deep head</b> (caput profundum): ulnar nerve (C6-C7)

related_objects:
  ligamentum carpi transversum, os trapezoideum, os capitatum,phalanx proximalis pollicis 1,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,


system: 438
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: Thenar muscles (thumb group)
en_insertion: base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb (medial side), medial sesamoid bone of the thumb
en_function: adduction of the thumb
en_innervation: ulnar nerve (C6-C7)
memorix_page: 46/1.4
latin: Musculus adductor pollicis
en: Adductor pollicis
bloodsupply_related: arcus palmaris profundus
innervation_related: nervus ulnaris,ramus profundus nervi ulnaris,ramus musculi adductoris pollicis nervi ulnaris
en_origin:
  1 <b>Oblique head</b> (caput obliquum):
  - capitate,
  - trapezoid,
  - base of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpal (anterior surface)
  2 <b>Transverse head</b> (caput transversum):
  - 3rd metacarpal (anterior surface)

related_objects:
  os metacarpale 3,phalanx proximalis pollicis 1,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,

clinical_notes:
  <b>Overload of the adductor pollicis </b>is probably related with the nodes of Heberden in the interphalangeal joint of the thumb.
  <b>Hypertonus in the adductor pollicis </b>often occurs with the spasmodic type of grasping or holding of a burden (e.g. texting on a mobile phone).


system: 439
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: Hypothenar muscles (little finger group)
en_origin: palmar aponeurosis (medial margin)
en_insertion: skin of the hypothenar eminence
en_function: pulls the skin of the hypothenar eminence
en_innervation: ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
memorix_page: 46/2.1
object_id: musculus palmaris brevis
latin: Musculus palmaris brevis
en: Palmaris brevis
bloodsupply_related: arcus palmaris superficialis
innervation_related: nervus ulnaris
syntopy_related: Musculus palmaris brevis
related_objects:
  aponeurosis palmaris,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,

general_description:
  <b>The palmaris brevis </b>is a cutaneous muscle and its innervation comes from the cutaneous branch (superficial branch of ulnar nerve).


system: 440
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: Hypothenar muscles (little finger group)
en_origin: pisiform
en_insertion: base of the proximal phalanx of the little finger (ulnar side)
en_function: abduction of the little finger
en_innervation: ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
memorix_page: 46/2.2
object_id: musculus abductor digiti minimi manus
latin: musculus abductor digiti minimi
en: Abductor digiti minimi
bloodsupply_related: ramus palmaris profundus,arteriae digitales palmares propriae,ramus palmaris superficialis
innervation_related: nervus ulnaris
syntopy_related: os hamatum,musculus palmaris brevis,os proximalis manus 5,musculus flexor digiti minimi brevis
related_objects:
  os pisiforme,os proximalis manus 5,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,


system: 441
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: Hypothenar muscles (little finger group)
en_origin: hook of hamate, flexor retinaculum
en_insertion: base of the proximal phalanx of the little finger (medial side)
en_function: flexion of the little finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint
en_innervation: ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
memorix_page: 46/2.3
object_id: musculus flexor digiti minimi brevis
latin: musculus flexor digiti minimi brevis
en: Flexor digiti minimi brevis
bloodsupply_related: ramus palmaris profundus
innervation_related: nervus ulnaris
related_objects:
  os hamatum,os metacarpale 5,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,


system: 442
custom_hierarchy: 2.4
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: Hypothenar muscles (little finger group)
en_origin: hook of hamate, flexor retinaculum
en_insertion: 5th metacarpal - medial margin and anterior surface
en_function: adduction and flexion of the little finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint
en_innervation: ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
memorix_page: 46/2.4
object_id: musculus opponens digiti minimi
latin: Musculus opponens digiti minimi
en: Opponens digiti minimi
bloodsupply_related: ramus palmaris profundus,arcus palmaris profundus
innervation_related: nervus ulnaris
syntopy_related: Musculus opponens digiti minimi
related_objects:
  os hamatum,os metacarpale 5,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,


system: 443
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
brief_parent: musculi interossei palmares
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi interossei
en_innervation: ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
memorix_page: 46/3.1
latin: musculi interossei palmares
en: Palmar interossei
innervation_related: nervus ulnaris
en_description:
  - the palmar interossei (PI) are three muscles located in the 2nd-4th interosseous spaces between the metacarpals

en_origin:
  2nd metacarpal - medial side (1st PI)
  4th metacarpal - lateral side (2nd PI)
  5th metacarpal - lateral side (3rd PI)

en_insertion:
  dorsal aponeurosis and base of proximal phalanges on the sides facing the 3rd digit
  2nd digit, proximal phalanx - medial side (1st PI)
  4th digit, proximal phalanx - lateral side (2nd PI)
  5th digit, proximal phalanx - lateral side (3rd PI)

en_function:
  flexion of the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints, extension of the phalanges at the interphalangeal joints (by pulling the dorsal aponeurosis),
  duction of the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints to an axis that runs through the centre of the 3rd finger


system: 444
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.1
brief_parent: musculi interossei palmares
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi interossei palmares
object_id: musculus interosseous palmares primus
latin: musculus interosseus palmaris primus
en: 1st Palmar interossei
innervation_related: nervus ulnaris,ramus profundus nervi ulnaris,ramus musculi interosseorum palmarium nervi ulnaris
related_objects:
  os metacarpale 2,os proximalis manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria radialis indicis,rami perforantes arcus palmaris profundus,arteriae metacarpales dorsales,arcus palmaris profundus


system: 445
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.2
brief_parent: musculi interossei palmares
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi interossei palmares
object_id: musculus interosseous palmares secundus
latin: musculus interosseus palmaris secundus
en: 2nd Palmar interossei
innervation_related: nervus ulnaris,ramus profundus nervi ulnaris,ramus musculi interosseorum palmarium nervi ulnaris
related_objects:
  os metacarpale 4,os proximalis manus 4,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,

bloodsupply_related:
  arteriae metacarpales palmares,rami perforantes arcus palmaris profundus,arteriae metacarpales dorsales,arcus palmaris profundus


system: 446
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.3
brief_parent: musculi interossei palmares
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi interossei palmares
object_id: musculus interosseous palmares tertius
latin: musculus interosseus palmaris tertius
en: 3rd Palmar interossei
innervation_related: nervus ulnaris,ramus profundus nervi ulnaris,ramus musculi interosseorum palmarium nervi ulnaris
related_objects:
  os metacarpale 5,os proximalis manus 5,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,

bloodsupply_related:
  arteriae metacarpales palmares,rami perforantes arcus palmaris profundus,arteriae metacarpales dorsales,arcus palmaris profundus


system: 447
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
brief_parent: musculi interossei dorsales
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi interossei
en_innervation: ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
memorix_page: 46/3.2
latin: musculi interossei dorsales
en: Dorsal interossei
en_description:
  - the dorsal interossei (DI) are four muscles located in the 1st-4th interosseous spaces between the metacarpals

en_origin:
  as two heads on adjacent metacarpals which meet in the interosseous space, resembling the shape of a tree

en_insertion:
  the dorsal aponeurosis of the digits 2-5 both sides of the proximal phalanx of the 3rd digit and on the sides facing away from the 3rd digit of the proximal phalanges of the 2nd and 4th digit
  2nd digit, proximal phalanx - lateral side (1st DI),
  3rd digit, proximal phalanx - lateral side (2nd DI) and medial side (3rd DI)
  4th digit, proximal phalanx - medial side (4th DI)

en_function:
  flexion of the digits at the metacarpophalangeal joints, extension of the phalanges at the interphalangeal joints (by pulling the dorsal aponeurosis), duction of the fingers at metacarpophalangeal joints towards an axis that runs through the centre of the 3rd digit)

clinical_notes:
  <b>Flexion and extension of the dorsal interossei </b>need far less force than abduction and adduction. When these muscles are impaired, lateral movements are limited at first.

  <b>Pain from a trigger point in the first dorsal interosseus </b>is located in the palm.


system: 448
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.1
brief_parent: musculi interossei dorsales
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi interossei dorsales
object_id: musculus interossei dorsalis manus primus
latin: musculus interosseus dorsalis manus primus
en: 1st Dorsal interossei
bloodsupply_related: arteria metacarpalis palmaris prima,arteria metacarpalis dorsalis prima
related_objects:
  os metacarpale pollicis 1, os metacarpale 2,os proximalis manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,

general_description:
  <b>Through the heads of the first dorsal interosseus </b>the radial artery and veins pass to the palm.

innervation_related:
  ramus musculi interosseorum palmarium nervi ulnaris,ramus profundus nervi ulnaris,musculus abductor digiti minimi manus,nervus ulnaris


system: 449
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.2
brief_parent: musculi interossei dorsales
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi interossei dorsales
object_id: musculus interosseus dorsalis manus secundus
latin: musculus interosseus dorsalis manus secundus
en: 2nd Dorsal interossei
bloodsupply_related: arteriae metacarpales dorsales
related_objects:
  os metacarpale 2, os metacarpale 3,os proximalis manus 3,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,

innervation_related:
  ramus musculi interosseorum palmarium nervi ulnaris,ramus profundus nervi ulnaris,musculus abductor digiti minimi manus,nervus ulnaris


system: 450
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.3
brief_parent: musculi interossei dorsales
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi interossei dorsales
object_id: musculus interosseus dorsalis manus tertius
latin: musculus interosseus dorsalis manus tertius
en: 3rd Dorsal interossei
bloodsupply_related: arteriae metacarpales dorsales
related_objects:
  os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 4,os proximalis manus 3,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,

innervation_related:
  ramus musculi interosseorum palmarium nervi ulnaris,ramus profundus nervi ulnaris,musculus abductor digiti minimi manus,nervus ulnaris


system: 451
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.4
brief_parent: musculi interossei dorsales
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi interossei dorsales
object_id: musculus interosseus dorsalis manus quartius
latin: musculus interosseus dorsalis manus quartus
en: 4th Dorsal interossei
bloodsupply_related: arteriae metacarpales dorsales
related_objects:
  os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4,os proximalis manus 4,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,

innervation_related:
  ramus musculi interosseorum palmarium nervi ulnaris,ramus profundus nervi ulnaris,musculus abductor digiti minimi manus,nervus ulnaris


system: 452
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: Musculi manus
memorix_page: 46/4.1
latin: musculi lumbricales
en: Lumbricals
en_description:
  The lumbricals </b>are four short muscles that originate on the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus and insert on the2nd - 5th finger. The common function of the lumbricals is <b>flexion in the metacarpophalangeal joints </b>and <b>extension in the interphalangeal joints</b>.


system: 453
custom_hierarchy: 4.1.1
brief_parent: musculi lumbricales manus
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi lumbricales manus
en_innervation: median nerve (C8-T1)
object_id: musculus lumbricales manus primus
latin: musculus lumbricalis manus primus
en: 1st Lumbricals
bloodsupply_related: arcus palmaris superficialis
related_objects:
  musculus flexor digitorum profundus,os proximalis manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,

innervation_related:
  ramus profundus nervi plantaris lateralis,nervus plantaris lateralis,nervi digitales plantares communes,nervus plantaris medialis,nervus tibialis,musculus lumbricales tertius,musculus lumbricales secundus,musculus lumbricales quartius,musculus lumbricales primus


system: 454
custom_hierarchy: 4.1.2
brief_parent: musculi lumbricales manus
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi lumbricales manus
en_innervation: median nerve (C8-T1)
object_id: musculus lumbricales manus secundus
latin: musculus lumbricalis manus secundus
en: 2nd Lumbricals
bloodsupply_related: arcus palmaris superficialis
related_objects:
  musculus flexor digitorum profundus,os proximalis manus 3,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,

innervation_related:
  ramus profundus nervi plantaris lateralis,nervus plantaris lateralis,nervi digitales plantares communes,nervus plantaris medialis,nervus tibialis,musculus lumbricales tertius,musculus lumbricales secundus,musculus lumbricales quartius,musculus lumbricales primus


system: 455
custom_hierarchy: 4.1.3
brief_parent: musculi lumbricales manus
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi lumbricales manus
en_innervation: ulnar nerve (C8-T1
object_id: musculus lumbricales manus tertius
latin: musculus lumbricalis manus tertius
en: 3rd Lumbricals
bloodsupply_related: arcus palmaris superficialis
related_objects:
  musculus flexor digitorum profundus,os proximalis manus 4,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,

innervation_related:
  ramus profundus nervi plantaris lateralis,nervus plantaris lateralis,nervi digitales plantares communes,nervus plantaris medialis,nervus tibialis,musculus lumbricales tertius,musculus lumbricales secundus,musculus lumbricales quartius,musculus lumbricales primus


system: 456
custom_hierarchy: 4.1.4
brief_parent: musculi lumbricales manus
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi lumbricales manus
en_innervation: ulnar nerve (C8-T1
object_id: musculus lumbricales manus quartius
latin: musculus lumbricalis manus quartus
en: 4th Lumbricals
bloodsupply_related: arcus palmaris superficialis
related_objects:
  musculus flexor digitorum profundus,os proximalis manus 5,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,

innervation_related:
  ramus profundus nervi plantaris lateralis,nervus plantaris lateralis,nervi digitales plantares communes,nervus plantaris medialis,nervus tibialis,musculus lumbricales tertius,musculus lumbricales secundus,musculus lumbricales quartius,musculus lumbricales primus


system: 457
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: Musculi membri superioris
latin: Vaginae tendinum membri superioris
en: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
en_description:
  <b>Tendinous sheaths </b>are filled with viscous fluid. <b>They coat tendons in places of high vulnerability during movement</b>, especially when tendons pass under the the flexor and extensor retinaculum and on the fingers. Tendinous sheaths make <b>smooth sliding movements of tendons </b>possible.

general_description:
  <b>The anterior compartment of the forearm </b>is divided into a superficial and deep part by a fibrous septum between the second and third layer of the ventral group of the forearm muscles. The median nerve runs through this septum.

  <b>The intertubercular tendon sheath </b>(vagina tendinis intertubercularis) is a sheath for the long head of the biceps brachii. It arises from the shoulder joint capsule.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Tenosynovitis </b>is inflammation inside the tendon sheath associated with pain, swelling and movement limitation. The condition can be caused by muscle overload.

  <b>Trigger finger </b>(digitus saltans) is a finger disorder caused by swelling of the flexor tendons at the first circular fibrous band (pars anularis A1). A high amount of force is needed to “thread” the swollen tendon through the narrow bands. Treatment is surgical and based on cutting through the bands.

  <b>Contracture of Dupuytren </b>is a pathological shortening of the palmar aponeurosis, which forms thick bands and limits the extent of extension of the fingers. It is a relapsing chronic disease that most typically occurs in men and alcohol consumers. The treatment options range from cutting through the bands to excision of the whole aponeurosis.


system: 458
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: Palmar tendinous sheaths
memorix_page: 50/1
object_id: vagina synovialis musculus flexor carpi radialis
latin: vagina tendinis musculi flexoris carpi radialis
en: Tendinous sheath of flexor carpi radialis
related_objects:
  musculus flexor carpi radialis,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,radius,ulna


system: 459
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: Palmar tendinous sheaths
memorix_page: 50/2
object_id: vagina tendinis musculi longi flexoris pollicis
latin: vagina tendinis musculi flexoris pollicis longi
en: Tendinous sheath of flexor pollicis longus
related_objects:
  musculus flexor policis longus,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,radius,ulna


system: 460
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: Palmar tendinous sheaths
memorix_page: 50/3
object_id: vagina communis tendinum musculorum flexorum
latin: vagina communis tendinum musculorum flexorum
en: Common flexor sheath
en_description:
  - the common sheath for the flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus
  - usually continues as the tendinous sheath of the little finger

related_objects:
  musculus flexor digitorum superficialis,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,radius,ulna


system: 462
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: Palmar tendinous sheaths
en_description: - individual sheaths for the 2nd, 3rd and 4th fingers
memorix_page: 50/4
object_id: vagina fibrosae digitorum manus
latin: vaginae synoviales digitorum manus
en: Synovial sheaths of digits of hand
related_objects:
  phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,radius,ulna


system: 463
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: Dorsal tendinous sheaths
memorix_page: 50/1
object_id: vagina synovialis musculus abductor pollicis longus
latin: vagina tendinum musculorum abductoris longi et extensoris pollicis brevis
en: Tendinous sheath of abductor pollicis longus
related_objects:
  musculus abductor pollicis longus,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,radius,ulna


system: 464
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: Dorsal tendinous sheaths
memorix_page: 50/1
object_id: vagina synovialis musculus extensor pollicis brevis
latin: vagina tendinum musculorum abductoris longi et extensoris pollicis brevis
en: Tendinous sheath of extensor pollicis brevis
related_objects:
  musculus extensor pollicis brevis,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,radius,ulna


system: 465
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: Dorsal tendinous sheaths
memorix_page: 50/2
object_id: vagina synovialis musculus extensor carpi radialis brevis
latin: vagina communis tendinum musculorum extensorum carpi radialium
en: Tendinous sheath of extensores carpi radiales
related_objects:
  musculus extensor carpi radialis brevis,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,radius,ulna


system: 467
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: Dorsal tendinous sheaths
memorix_page: 50/4
object_id: vagina synovialis musculus extensor digitorum
latin: vagina tendinum musculorum extensoris digitorum et extensoris indicis
en: Tendinous sheath of extensor digitorum
related_objects:
  musculus extensor digitorum,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,radius,ulna


system: 468
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: Dorsal tendinous sheaths
memorix_page: 50/4
object_id: vagina synovialis musculus extensor indicis
latin: vagina tendinum musculorum extensoris digitorum et extensoris indicis
en: Tendinous sheath of extensor indicis
related_objects:
  musculus extensor indicis,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,radius,ulna


system: 469
custom_hierarchy: 7
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: Dorsal tendinous sheaths
memorix_page: 50/5
object_id: vagina synovialis musculus extensor digiti minimi
latin: vagina tendinis musculi extensoris digiti minimi
en: Tendinous sheath of extensor digiti minimi
related_objects:
  musculus extensor digiti minimi,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,radius,ulna


system: 470
custom_hierarchy: 8
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: Dorsal tendinous sheaths
memorix_page: 50/6
object_id: vagina synovialis musculus extensor carpi ulnaris
latin: vagina tendinis musculi extensoris carpi ulnaris
en: Tendinous sheath of extensor carpi ulnaris
related_objects:
  musculus extensor carpi ulnaris,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,radius,ulna


system: 471
custom_hierarchy: 9
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: Dorsal tendinous sheaths
memorix_page: 50/6
object_id: vagina synovialis musculus extensor carpi radialis longus
latin: vagina tendinis musculi extensoris carpi radialis longus
en: Tendinous sheath of extensor carpi radialis longus
related_objects:
  musculus extensor carpi radialis longus,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,


system: 472
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: Tendinous sheaths of the fingers
memorix_page: 50/1
latin: vaginae fibrosae digitorum manus
en: Fibrous sheaths of digits of hand
en_description:
  - osteofibrous canals of firm fibrous tissue coating the synovial sheaths of the tendons of the fingers
  - connected to the palmar fibrocartilage of the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints

general_description:
  <b>Fibrous digital sheaths </b>(vaginae fibrosae digitorum manus) are surrounded by a system of circular fibrous bands which prevent from the bowstring effect during flexion. The bands are ring-shaped (pars anularis; A1 - A5) and crossed (pars cruciformis; C1 - C3). They are attached to the middle and distal phalanges and to the interphalangeal joint capsules. The fingers have eight and the thumb has five bands.


system: 473
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: vaginae fibrosae digitorum manus
memorix_page: 50/1.1
latin: vincula tendinum
en: Vincula tendina
en_description:
  - fibrous connections inside the tendinous sheaths between the flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus
  - provide nutrition to the tendons

general_description:
  <b>Vincula tendinum </b>are always in pair in each tendon sheath. Vinculum breve is triangular and is located at the tendon insertion. Vinculum longum has a longer thread like appearance (adaptation for tendon movement during contraction). It is located proximally to the vinculum breve on the same tendon.


system: 474
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the upper limb
parent: Musculi membri superioris
en: Fasciae of the upper limb
en_description:
  <b>The fasciae of the upper limb form individual compartments </b>(muscle groups) of the upper limb. The thickened distal parts of the fasciae of the forearm form <b>the flexor and extensor retinaculum</b>.


system: 479
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the upper limb
parent: fascia brachii
memorix_page: 51/3.1
latin: septum intermusculare brachii mediale et laterale
en: Medial and lateral intermuscular septa of arm
en_description:
  - osteofascial septa between the muscles of the anterior and posterior group
  - form two brachial compartments (osteofascial spaces): anterior and posterior
  - form two skin grooves: medial and lateral bicipital grooves


system: 484
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the upper limb
parent: Fasciae of the upper limb
memorix_page: 51/5
object_id: ligamentum carpi palmare
latin: retinaculum musculorum flexorum
en: Flexor retinaculum
en_description:
  - a transverse band of thickened antebrachial fascia, located ventrally on the wrist
  - ventrally borders the carpal canal
  - fuses with the palmar carpal ligament

related_objects:
  phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,radius,ulna


system: 485
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the upper limb
parent: Fasciae of the upper limb
en_description: - a transverse band of thickened antebrachial fascia, located dorsally on the wrist
memorix_page: 51/6
object_id: retinaculum musculorum extensorum
latin: retinaculum musculorum extensorum
en: Extensor retinaculum
related_objects:
  phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,radius,ulna


system: 490
custom_hierarchy: 7.4
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the upper limb
parent: fasciae manus
memorix_page: 51/7.4
latin: fascia palmaris superficialis
en: Superficial palmar fascia
en_description:
  - covers the muscles of both the thenar and hypothenar eminences and fuses with the palmar aponeurosis
  - is separated from the interosseous palmar fascia by three compartments and is connected with it by two septa (thenar and hypothenar septa)


system: 492
custom_hierarchy: 8
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the upper limb
parent: Fasciae of the upper limb
memorix_page: 51/8
object_id: aponeurosis palmaris
latin: aponeurosis palmaris
en: Palmar aponeurosis
en_description:
  - a fibrous triangle covering the palm
  - fuses with the superficial palmar fascia
  - disappears in bands on the fingers

related_objects:
  phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,radius,ulna


system: 493
custom_hierarchy: 8
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the upper limb
parent: aponeurosis palmaris
memorix_page: 51/8
object_id: fasciculi transversi aponeurosis palmaris
latin: fasciculi transversi aponeurosis palmaris
en: Transverse fasciculi of palmar aponeurosis
related_objects:
  phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,radius,ulna


system: 495
custom_hierarchy: 1.4.1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: Musculus adductor pollicis
memorix_page: 46/1.5
object_id: musculus adductor pollicis transversus
latin: caput transversum musculus adductor pollicis
en: Transverse head of adductor pollicis
innervation_related: nervus ulnaris,ramus profundus nervi ulnaris,ramus musculi adductoris pollicis nervi ulnaris
related_objects:
  os metacarpale 4,phalanx proximalis pollicis 2,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,


system: 496
custom_hierarchy: 1.4.2
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: Musculus adductor pollicis
memorix_page: 46/1.6
object_id: musculus adductor pollicis caput obliquum
latin: caput obliquum musculus adductoris pollicis
en: Oblique head of adductor pollicis
related_objects:
  os metacarpale 5,phalanx proximalis pollicis 3,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,


system: 497
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: Musculi manus
latin: musculi interossei
en: Interossei
en_description:
  <b>The palmar interossei </b>are three muscles in the 2nd, 4th and 5th interosseous space in between the metacarpals. <b>The dorsal interossei </b>are four muscles in the 1st-4th interosseous space in between the metacarpals. Their function is adduction from(palmar interossei) and abduction from (dorsal interossei) a virtual axis that runs through the center of the 3rd finger.<b>

general_description:
  <b>The palmar and dorsal interossei and lumbricals </b>generate the main force for extension of the middle and distal phalanges. The extensor digitorum performs especially extension of the proximal phalanx, however, it only has a weak effect on the other two phalanges. Extension of all phalanges is possible due to a common contraction of all these muscles.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Interossei overload </b>leads to interphalangeal joints arthrosis. And vice versa, interphalangeal joints arthritis leads to the muscle overload.

  <b>Projection of pain from the palmar or dorsal interosseus </b>is located on the homolateral side of the finger where the muscle insertion is situated.


system: 498
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi lumbricales
en_description: - four muscles corresponding to the 2nd-5th digits
en_origin: on the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus of the 2nd-5th finger
en_innervation:
  Innervation:
  Lumbrical I and II: median nerve (C8-T1)
  Lumbrical III and IV: ulnar nerve (C8-T1)

memorix_page: 46/4.1
latin: musculi lumbricales manus
en: Lumbricals of the hand
en_insertion:
  dorsal aponeurosis of the 2nd-5th digits, base of the proximal phalanges of the 2nd-5th finger (laterally)

en_function:
  flexion of the digits at the metacarpophalangeal joints, extension of the phalanges at the interphalangeal joints (by pulling the dorsal aponeurosis), radial duction of the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints (towards the thumb)

general_description:
  <b>The interossei and lumbricals are stretched </b>by interweaving of both hands, fingers and pushing them against each other in front of the sternum.


system: 499
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: Musculi manus
en: Thenar muscles (thumb group)
en_description:
  The thenar group consists of <b>four muscles </b>that provide <b>movements of the thumb</b>. <b>The flexor pollicis brevis and adductor pollicis </b>have <b>two heads</b>. The thenar muscles are innervated by both the <b>median nerve </b>and the <b>ulnar nerve</b>. The borderline between the domains of these nerves is formed by the tendon of the flexor pollicis longus.

general_description:
  <b>Contemporary occupations </b>lead more commonly to hypotonicity of the hypothenar muscles than of the thenar muscles.


system: 500
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: Musculi manus
en: Hypothenar muscles (little finger group)
en_description:
  <b>The hypothenar muscles </b>are a group of <b>four muscles</b>. Three of them (abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis and opponens digiti minimi) provide <b>movements of the little finger</b>. The palmaris brevis is a rudimentary cutaneous muscle. All of the hypothenar muscles are innervated by the <b>ulnar nerve</b>.


system: 519
custom_hierarchy: 1.5
main_group: Perineum
muscle_group: Urogenital floor
parent: Urogenital floor
memorix_page: 256
object_id: musculus bulbospongiosus,musculus bulbospongiosus f
latin: musculus bulbospongiosus
en: Bulbospongius muscle
related_objects: os sacrum, os coccygis, pelvis
bloodsupply_related: arteria perinealis
innervation_related: nervi perineales
syntopy_related: pelvis
en_description:
  - evacuates the urethra during micturition and ejaculation (male)
  - compresses the vestibule, evacuating the vestibular glands (female)


system: 526
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the digestive system
parent: Muscles of the tongue
en_origin: superior mental spine
en_insertion: lingual aponeurosis
en_function: protrusion and depression of the tongue and protects the tongue from falling backwards
memorix_page: 177
object_id: musculus genioglosus
latin: musculus genioglosus
en: Genioglosus
related_objects: mandibula
bloodsupply_related: arteria sublingualis,arteria lingualis,arteria profunda linguae
innervation_related: nervus hypoglossus
syntopy_related:
  gingiva,glandula submandibularis 1,pars oralis pharyngis,pars laryngea pharyngis,os hyoideum,linguae frontal,linguae distal,mandibula


system: 527
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the digestive system
parent: Muscles of the tongue
en_origin: the greater horn of the hyoid bone
en_insertion: lateral to the genioglossus
memorix_page: 177
object_id: musculus hyoglossus
latin: musculus hyoglossus
en: Hyoglossus
related_objects: os hyoideum
bloodsupply_related: arteria sublingualis,arteria lingualis,arteria profunda linguae
innervation_related: nervus hypoglossus
syntopy_related:
  gingiva,glandula submandibularis 1,pars oralis pharyngis,pars laryngea pharyngis,os hyoideum,linguae frontal,linguae distal,mandibula


system: 528
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the digestive system
parent: Muscles of the tongue
en_origin: styloid process and stylomandibular ligament
en_insertion: the tip and sides of the tongue
en_function: retraction of the tongue and elevation of the body and apex of the tongue
memorix_page: 177
object_id: Musculus styloglossus
latin: musculus styloglossus
en: Styloglossus
related_objects: os temporale 1,musculus hyoglossus
bloodsupply_related: arteria sublingualis,arteria lingualis,arteria profunda linguae,arteria facialis
innervation_related: nervus hypoglossus
syntopy_related:
  gingiva,glandula submandibularis 1,pars oralis pharyngis,pars laryngea pharyngis,os hyoideum,linguae frontal,linguae distal,mandibula


system: 529
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the digestive system
parent: Muscles of the tongue
en_description: <b>Course</b>: within the palatoglossal arch
en_origin: the lateral margins of the palatine aponeurosis
en_insertion: the root of the tongue
en_innervation: vagus nerve
memorix_page: 177
object_id: musculus palatoglosus
latin: musculus palatoglosus
en: Palatoglossus
bloodsupply_related: arteria sublingualis,arteria lingualis,arteria profunda linguae,arteria facialis
innervation_related: nervus hypoglossus
en_function:
  elevation of the root of the tongue and depression of the soft palate, thus the final action is to narrow the opening of the pharynx

syntopy_related:
  gingiva,glandula submandibularis 1,pars oralis pharyngis,pars laryngea pharyngis,os hyoideum,linguae frontal,linguae distal,mandibula


system: 531
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the digestive system
parent: Palate muscles
en_description: <b>Course</b>: within the palatopharyngeal arch
en_insertion: posterior margin of the thyroid cartilage and he wall of the pharynx
en_innervation: vagus nerve
memorix_page: 179
object_id: musculus palatopharyngeus
latin: musculus palatopharyngeus
en: Palatopharyngeus
related_objects: os temporale 1
bloodsupply_related: arteria palatina ascendens,arteria palatina major,ramus pahryngeus superior trunci pharyngei
innervation_related: plexus pharyngeus
en_origin:
  palatine aponeurosis and medial lamina of pterygoid process of sphenoid bone, pterygoid hamulus and the inferior part of the auditory tube

en_function:
  elevation of the pharynx and depression of the soft palate, thus the final action is narrowing of the opening of the pharynx (the fauces)

syntopy_related:
  gingiva,glandula submandibularis 1,pars oralis pharyngis,pars laryngea pharyngis,os hyoideum,linguae frontal,linguae distal,mandibula


system: 532
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the digestive system
parent: Palate muscles
en_insertion: palatine aponeurosis
en_innervation: mandibular nerve (branch of the trigeminal nerve)
object_id: musculus tensor veli palatini
latin: musculus tensor veli palatini
en: Tensor veli plalatini
related_objects: os temporale 1,os palatinum 1,musculus uvulae
bloodsupply_related: arteria palatina major,arteria palatina ascendens
innervation_related: nervus pterygoideus medialis
en_description:
  <b>Course</b>: descends laterally from the medial lamina of the pterygoid process of sphenoid bone, its inserting tendon turns medially around the pterygoid hamulus

en_origin:
  spine of sphenoid bone, scaphoid fossa of sphenoid bone, lateral side of the cartilaginous part of the auditory tube

en_function:
  tenses the soft palate and narrows the auditory tube by pressing its tendon on the wall of the auditory tube

syntopy_related:
  gingiva,glandula submandibularis 1,pars oralis pharyngis,pars laryngea pharyngis,os hyoideum,linguae frontal,linguae distal,mandibula


system: 533
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the digestive system
parent: Palate muscles
en_origin: apex of petrous part of temporal bone, medial wall of the cartilaginous part of auditory tube
en_insertion: palatine aponeurosis
en_function: elevates the soft palate
en_innervation: vagus nerve
object_id: musculus levator veli palatini
latin: musculus levator veli palatini
en: Levator veli palatini
related_objects: os temporale 1,os palatinum 1,musculus uvulae
bloodsupply_related: arteria palatina ascendens
innervation_related: plexus pharyngeus
en_description:
  the levator of the soft palate
  <b>Course</b>: descends medially from the medial lamina of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone

syntopy_related:
  gingiva,glandula submandibularis 1,pars oralis pharyngis,pars laryngea pharyngis,os hyoideum,linguae frontal,linguae distal,mandibula


system: 536
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the digestive system
parent: Pharynx muscles
latin: musculi constrictores pharyngis
en: Pharyngeal constrictors
en_description:
  The fibres of the pharyneal constrictors have a circular course and overlap each other in a craniocaudal direction.
  They originate on the base of the skull and its neighboring structures and insert into the pharyngeal raphe.


system: 537
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the digestive system
parent: musculi constrictores pharyngis
object_id: raphe pharyngis
latin: raphe pharyngis
en: Pharyngeal raphe
bloodsupply_related: arteria pharyngea ascendens,ramus tonsillaris arteriae facialis,
innervation_related: plexus pharyngeus
en_description:
  - a band of connective tissue in the posterior wall of the pharynx, where the pharyngeal constrictors are inserted

related_objects:
  os occipitale,pars cervicalis oseophagi,mandibula,os hyoideum,pars abdominalis oseophagi,pars thoracica oseophagi

syntopy_related:
  gingiva,pars oralis pharyngis,pars laryngea pharyngis,os hyoideum,linguae distal,linguae frontal,mandibula,os temporale 1,musculus stylopharyngeus


system: 538
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the digestive system
parent: musculi constrictores pharyngis
en_description: - originates on the base of the skull and its neighboring structures
object_id: musculus constrictor pharyngis superior
latin: musculus constrictor pharyngis superior
en: Superior constrictor
related_objects: raphe pharyngis,mandibula, os sphenoidale
bloodsupply_related: arteria pharyngea ascendens,ramus tonsillaris arteriae facialis,
innervation_related: plexus pharyngeus
syntopy_related:
  gingiva,pars oralis pharyngis,pars laryngea pharyngis,os hyoideum,linguae distal,linguae frontal,mandibula,os temporale 1,musculus stylopharyngeus


system: 543
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the digestive system
parent: musculi constrictores pharyngis
en_description: - originates on the hyoid bone
object_id: musculus constrictor pharyngis medius
latin: musculus constrictor pharyngis medius
en: Middle constrictor
related_objects: raphe pharyngis,os hyoideum,mandibula,os hyoideum
bloodsupply_related: arteria pharyngea ascendens,ramus tonsillaris arteriae facialis,
innervation_related: plexus pharyngeus
syntopy_related:
  gingiva,pars oralis pharyngis,pars laryngea pharyngis,os hyoideum,linguae distal,linguae frontal,mandibula,os temporale 1,musculus stylopharyngeus


system: 546
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the digestive system
parent: musculi constrictores pharyngis
en_description: - originates on the laryngeal cartilage
object_id: musculus constrictor pharyngis inferior
latin: musculus constrictor pharyngis inferior
en: Inferior constrictor
related_objects: raphe pharyngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,mandibula,os hyoideum
bloodsupply_related: arteria thyroidea inferior,rami pharyngeales arterieae thyroideae inferioris
innervation_related: plexus pharyngeus
syntopy_related:
  gingiva,pars oralis pharyngis,pars laryngea pharyngis,os hyoideum,linguae distal,linguae frontal,mandibula,os temporale 1,musculus stylopharyngeus


system: 549
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the digestive system
parent: Pharynx muscles
latin: musculi levatores pharyngis
en: Pharyngeal levators
en_description:
  The levators have a longitudinal course and descend to the pharyngeal wall from either the outside or the inside of the pharynx. They originate on the base of the skull and its neighboring structures and insert into the pharyngeal muscular wall made by the pharyngeal constrictors.


system: 550
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the digestive system
parent: musculi levatores pharyngis
object_id: musculus stylopharyngeus
latin: musculus stylopharyngeus
en: Stylopharyngeus
related_objects: os temporale 1,musculus constrictor pharyngis inferior,mandibula,os hyoideum
bloodsupply_related: ramus pahryngeus superior trunci pharyngei,truncus pharyngeus,arteria pharyngea ascendens
innervation_related: nervus glossopharyngeus
en_description:
  - originates on the styloid process and inserts on the outer wall of the pharynx
  - runs through a cleft between the superior and middle constrictors
  - innervation: pharyngeal plexus (n. IX)

syntopy_related:
  gingiva,pars oralis pharyngis,pars laryngea pharyngis,os hyoideum,linguae distal,linguae frontal,mandibula,os temporale 1,musculus stylopharyngeus


system: 551
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the digestive system
parent: musculi levatores pharyngis
object_id: musculus salpingopharyngeus
latin: musculus salpingopharyngeus
en: Salpingopharyngeus
related_objects: musculus palatopharyngeus,mandibula,os hyoideum
innervation_related: plexus pharyngeus
en_description:
  - originates on the medial margin of the cartilaginous part of the auditory tube and inserts on the inner wall of the pharynx
  - innervation: pharyngeal plexus

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria palatina ascendens,arteria palatina major,ramus pahryngeus superior trunci pharyngei,truncus pharyngeus,arteria pharyngea ascendens

syntopy_related:
  gingiva,pars oralis pharyngis,pars laryngea pharyngis,os hyoideum,linguae distal,linguae frontal,mandibula,os temporale 1,musculus stylopharyngeus


system: 552
custom_hierarchy: 7
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the digestive system
parent: musculi levatores pharyngis
latin: musculus palatopharyngeus *2
en: Palatopharyngeus *2
en_description:
  - originates on the margin of the soft palate, runs in the palatopharyngeal arch and inserts on the inner wall of the pharynx
  - innervation: pharyngeal plexus


system: 556
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the respiratory system
parent: Ventral group
memorix_page: 213
latin: musculus cricothyroideus
en: Cricothyroid
related_objects: 241
en_description:
  <b>course:</b> from the ventral side of the cricoid cartilage laterocranially to the caudal margin of the thyroid cartilage
  <b>function: </b> moves the thyroid cartilage ventrocaudally while concurrently moving the arch of the cricoid cartilage cranially, tightening the vocal folds


system: 557
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.1
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the respiratory system
parent: musculus cricothyroideus
object_id: musculus cricothyroideus recta 1
latin: pars recta musculi cricothyroidei
en: Cricothyroid straight part
bloodsupply_related: ramus cricothyroideus arteriae thyroideae superioris
innervation_related: ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 1
related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2

syntopy_related:
  cartilago epiglottica,cartilago cricoidea,pars laryngea pharyngis,pars oralis pharyngis,os hyoideum,cartilago thyroidea,ligamentum cricotracheale,cartilagines tracheales,ligamenta anularia


system: 558
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.2
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the respiratory system
parent: musculus cricothyroideus
object_id: musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1
latin: pars obliqua musculi cricothyroidei
en: Cricothyroid oblique part
bloodsupply_related: ramus cricothyroideus arteriae thyroideae superioris
innervation_related: ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 1
related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2

syntopy_related:
  cartilago epiglottica,cartilago cricoidea,pars laryngea pharyngis,pars oralis pharyngis,os hyoideum,cartilago thyroidea,ligamentum cricotracheale,cartilagines tracheales,ligamenta anularia


system: 560
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the respiratory system
parent: Lateral group of crycothyroid
object_id: musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1
latin: musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis
en: Lateral cricoarytenoid
bloodsupply_related: ramus cricothyroideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,arteria laryngea superior
innervation_related: ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 1
en_description:
  <b>course:</b>from the cranial part of the lateral margin of the cricoid cartilage to the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage
  <b>function: </b> moves the muscular process ventrolaterally, adducting the vocal cords and closing the intermembranous part of the rima glottidis

related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2

syntopy_related:
  cartilago epiglottica,cartilago cricoidea,pars laryngea pharyngis,pars oralis pharyngis,os hyoideum,cartilago thyroidea,ligamentum cricotracheale,cartilagines tracheales,ligamenta anularia


system: 561
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the respiratory system
parent: Lateral group of crycothyroid
object_id: musculus thyroarytenoideus 1
latin: musculus thyroarytenoideus
en: Thyroarytenoid
bloodsupply_related: ramus cricothyroideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,arteria laryngea superior
innervation_related: ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 2
en_description:
  <b>course:</b> from the internal side of the thyroid cartilage along the external side of the vocal ligament to the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage
  <b>function: </b>internal rotation and ventral shift of the arytenoid cartilage
  - adduction and shortening of the vocal ligament (narrows the rima glottidis)

related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2

syntopy_related:
  cartilago epiglottica,cartilago cricoidea,pars laryngea pharyngis,pars oralis pharyngis,os hyoideum,cartilago thyroidea,ligamentum cricotracheale,cartilagines tracheales,ligamenta anularia


system: 562
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.1
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the respiratory system
parent: musculus thyroarytenoideus
object_id: musculus vocalis
latin: musculus vocalis
en: Vocalis muscle
bloodsupply_related: ramus cricothyroideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,arteria laryngea superior
en_description:
  - the medial part of the thyroarytenoid adjacent to the vocal ligament
  - shortens and relaxes the vocal ligament
  - the main muscle regulating strain on the vocal ligaments
  - contains many motor units

related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2

innervation_related:
  rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 1,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 

syntopy_related:
  cartilago epiglottica,cartilago cricoidea,pars laryngea pharyngis,pars oralis pharyngis,os hyoideum,cartilago thyroidea,ligamentum cricotracheale,cartilagines tracheales,ligamenta anularia


system: 563
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.2
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the respiratory system
parent: musculus thyroarytenoideus
latin: pars thyroepiglottica
en: Thyro-epiglottic part
bloodsupply_related: ramus cricothyroideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,arteria laryngea superior
en_description:
  <b>course:</b> fascicles of the thyroarytenoid from the thyroid cartilage extending to the lateral margin of the epiglottis
  <b>function: </b> moves the margins of the epiglottis ventrally enlarging the rima glottidis

innervation_related:
  rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 1,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 

syntopy_related:
  cartilago epiglottica,cartilago cricoidea,pars laryngea pharyngis,pars oralis pharyngis,os hyoideum,cartilago thyroidea,ligamentum cricotracheale,cartilagines tracheales,ligamenta anularia


system: 565
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the respiratory system
parent: Dorsal group
object_id: musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1
latin: musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior
en: Posterior cricoarytenoid
bloodsupply_related: arteria laryngea inferior
en_description:
  <b>course:</b> begins on the dorsal side of the cricoid cartilage and runs craniolaterally to the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage
  <b>function: </b> external rotation and abduction of the arytenoid cartilage
  - abducts and lengthens the vocal ligament, enlarging the laryngeal inlet

related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2

syntopy_related:
  cartilago epiglottica,cartilago cricoidea,pars laryngea pharyngis,pars oralis pharyngis,os hyoideum,cartilago thyroidea,ligamentum cricotracheale,cartilagines tracheales,ligamenta anularia


system: 566
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the respiratory system
parent: Dorsal group
object_id: musculus arytenoideus obliquus
latin: musculus arytenoideus transversus
en: Transverse arytenoid
bloodsupply_related: arteria laryngea inferior
en_description:
  <b>course:</b> transversally connects both arytenoid cartilages on their dorsal sides
  <b>function: </b> adduction of the arytenoid cartilages
  - adducts the vocal ligaments, narrowing the rima glottidis
  (both the intercartilaginous and interarytenoid parts)

related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2

syntopy_related:
  cartilago epiglottica,cartilago cricoidea,pars laryngea pharyngis,pars oralis pharyngis,os hyoideum,cartilago thyroidea,ligamentum cricotracheale,cartilagines tracheales,ligamenta anularia


system: 567
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the respiratory system
parent: Dorsal group
object_id: musculus arytenoideus transversus
latin: musculus arytenoideus obliquus
en: Oblique arytenoid
bloodsupply_related: arteria laryngea inferior
en_description:
  <b>course:</b> obliquely connects both arytenoid cartilages on their dorsal sides
  <b>function: </b> adduction of the arytenoid cartilages
  - adducts the vocal ligaments, narrowing the rima glottidis (both the intercartilaginous and interarytenoid parts)
  - with the transverse arytenoid forms the strongest vocal ligament adductor

related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2

syntopy_related:
  cartilago epiglottica,cartilago cricoidea,pars laryngea pharyngis,pars oralis pharyngis,os hyoideum,cartilago thyroidea,ligamentum cricotracheale,cartilagines tracheales,ligamenta anularia


system: 568
custom_hierarchy: 3.3.1
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the respiratory system
parent: musculus arytenoideus obliquus
object_id: musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1
latin: arytenoideus obliquus pars aryepiglottica
en: Ary-epiglottic part of arytenoid muscle
bloodsupply_related: arteria laryngea inferior
en_description:
  <b>course:</b> fascicles of the oblique arytenoid extending to the lateral margin of the epiglottic cartilage
  - forms the aryepiglottic fold
  <b>function: </b> moves the margins of the epiglottis dorsocaudally, and thus depresses the epiglottis, closing the laryngeal inlet

related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2

syntopy_related:
  cartilago epiglottica,cartilago cricoidea,pars laryngea pharyngis,pars oralis pharyngis,os hyoideum,cartilago thyroidea,ligamentum cricotracheale,cartilagines tracheales,ligamenta anularia


system: 570
main_group: Perineum
muscle_group: Urogenital floor
parent: perineum et musculi perinei
en: Urogenital floor
en_description:
  The perineum is the<b> region between the external genitalia and the anus</b>. The striated perineal muscles are arranged in two layers. They form the triangular fibromuscular <b>urogenital floor</b> (diaphragma urogenitale) spread between the ischial tuberosities and the inferior pubic rami. The urogenital floor contains a hiatus for the terminal segment of the urogenital tract. The perineal muscles <b>act as sphincters and contribute to erection and ejaculation</b>. They are innervated by <b>the pudendal nerve</b> (from spinal cord segments S2-S4).


system: 571
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
main_group: Perineum
muscle_group: Urogenital floor
parent: Urogenital floor
object_id: musculus ischiocavernosus,musculus ischiocavernosus f
latin: musculus ischiocavernosus
en: Ischiocavernosus
related_objects: os sacrum, os coccygis, pelvis,pelvis_CLONED
bloodsupply_related: arteria perinealis
innervation_related: rami musculares nervi perinealis,nervus perinealis superficialis,nervi perineales
syntopy_related: pelvis
en_description:
  - compresses the crus of the penis, contributing to erection (male)
  - compresses the crus of the clitoris (female)


system: 572
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Perineum
muscle_group: Urogenital floor
parent: Urogenital floor
en_description: - the deep muscular part of the urogenital floor
latin: musculus transversus perinei profundus
en: Deep transverse perineal muscle
related_objects: os sacrum, os coccygis, pelvis,pelvis_CLONED
bloodsupply_related: arteria pudenda interna
innervation_related: nervus pudendus
syntopy_related: pelvis
object_id:
  musculus transversus profundus perinei 1,musculus transversus profundus perinei 2,musculus transversus profundus perinei f 1,musculus transversus profundus perinei f 2


system: 573
custom_hierarchy: 1.6
main_group: Perineum
muscle_group: Urogenital floor
parent: Urogenital floor
en_description: - compresses and extends the urethra
object_id: compressor urethrae f 1,compressor urethrae f 2
latin: musculus compressor urethrae
en: Compressor urethrae
related_objects: os sacrum, os coccygis, pelvis,pelvis_CLONED
innervation_related: nervi perineales
syntopy_related: pelvis
bloodsupply_related:
  arteria pudenda interna,arteria vesicalis inferior,arteria rectalis media 1,arteria rectalis media 2


system: 574
custom_hierarchy: 1.7
main_group: Perineum
muscle_group: Urogenital floor
parent: Urogenital floor
object_id: musculus sphincter uretrae f
latin: musculus sphincter uretrae
en: Urethral sphincter
related_objects: os sacrum, os coccygis, pelvis,pelvis_CLONED
innervation_related: nervi perineales
syntopy_related: pelvis
bloodsupply_related:
  arteria pudenda interna,arteria vesicalis inferior,arteria rectalis media 1,arteria rectalis media 3


# content_urinary

system: urogenital
main_group: Urinary system
en: Urinary system
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
en_description:
   The urinary system is comprised of <b>two kidneys, two renal pelves, two ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra</b>. The kidney is the main organ of the urinary system. Its roles include <b>plasma filtration, excretion of the waste products of metabolism, acid-base homeostasis</b>, <b>regulation of blood pressure and blood volume </b>(via renin), <b>hormone secretion </b>(erythropoietin) and <b>metabolism of vitamin D</b>. Urine is transported via the renal pelves and ureters to the urinary bladder before being excreted through the urethra.

general_description:
  <b>The excretory system </b>is a synonymous term the urinary system. However, as other organ systems take part in the excretion of waste products, this term is less accurate.

  <b>The urogenital sinus </b>is the anterior half of the cloaca. The cloaca is the common end of the urinary, digestive and genital systems in the developing human. It divides into the urogenital sinus and anal canal.

  <b>Primary urine </b>is plasma ultrafiltrate. 150-180 l of primary urine are produced per day.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: Coverings of kidney
parent: Coverings of kidney
memorix_page: 227
latin: corpus adiposum pararenale
en: Paranephric fat
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
en_description:
  - a body of fat surrounding the kidney, located between the retrorenal lamina of the renal fascia and the transversalis fascia
  - extends caudally to the upper margins of the iliac fossa


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: Coverings of kidney
parent: Coverings of kidney
memorix_page: 227
latin: fascia renalis
en: Renal fascia / Gerota’s fascia
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
en_description:
  - is composed of an anterior and a posterior layer that fuse at the lateral margin and superior pole of the kidney
  - the layers remain separated caudally, creating a space that the kidney can move into (ren migrans)
  - contains the capsuloadipose vessels
  - represents a condensed extension of the transversal fascia, the internal lining of the abdominal cavity


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: Coverings of kidney
parent: Coverings of kidney
memorix_page: 227
object_id: ren 1,ren 2,!ren cap 1,!ren cap 2
latin: capsula fibrosa
en: Fibrous capsule
cell_type: 0
color: b53db6
tags: urinary
en_description:
  - loosely covers the kidney
  - is attached firmly only to the vessels and the renal pelvis at the hilum of the kidney

related_objects:
  pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: External structures of kidney
parent: External structures of kidney
en_description: - is covered by the suprarenal gland
memorix_page: 227
object_id: ren 1,ren cap 1,ren 2,ren cap 2
latin: extremitas superior
en: Superior pole
cell_type: 0
color: d08641
tags: urinary
related_objects:
  pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: External structures of kidney
parent: External structures of kidney
memorix_page: 227
object_id: ren 1,ren cap 1,ren 2,ren cap 2
latin: extremitas inferior
en: Inferior pole
cell_type: 0
color: 47dacf
hit_position: -1.80163,9.74281,-0.09180
hit_normal: 11.43815,-0.02010,22.81653
body_rotation: 358.92460,330.85950,0.59950
tags: urinary
related_objects:
  pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: External structures of kidney
parent: External structures of kidney
en_description: - the location of the hilum of the kidney
memorix_page: 227
object_id: ren 1,ren cap 1,ren 2,ren cap 2
latin: margo medialis
en: Medial border
cell_type: 0
color: 606bdc
hit_position: -1.45988,10.82094,-0.60703
hit_normal: 21.69750,2.60648,11.81573
body_rotation: 3.04866,295.03230,353.50280
tags: urinary
related_objects:
  pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2.4
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: External structures of kidney
parent: External structures of kidney
memorix_page: 227
object_id: ren 1,ren cap 1,ren 2,ren cap 2
latin: margo lateralis
en: Lateral border
cell_type: 0
color: c25887
hit_position: -2.53457,9.73522,-0.76983
hit_normal: -22.75984,0.14194,-10.99244
body_rotation: 0.33742,112.20960,359.17360
tags: urinary
related_objects:
  pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2.5
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: External structures of kidney
parent: External structures of kidney
memorix_page: 227
object_id: ren 1,ren cap 1,ren 2,ren cap 2
latin: hilum renale
en: Hilum of kidney
cell_type: 0
color: f4eb77
hit_position: -1.38187,10.31686,-0.67659
hit_normal: 20.05918,2.95599,15.96065
body_rotation: 3.75358,304.63580,354.58620
tags: urinary
en_description:
  - a vertical slit on the medial border where the renal vessels enter and leave the kidney and the location of the renal pelvis

related_objects:
  pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2.6
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: External structures of kidney
parent: External structures of kidney
memorix_page: 227
object_id: ren 1,ren 2
latin: facies anterior
en: Anterior surface
cell_type: 0
color: 8b5dc2
hit_position: -1.78585,10.27312,-1.05154
hit_normal: 19.56872,-3.58773,-17.18623
body_rotation: 5.50333,225.25430,5.52667
tags: urinary
related_objects:
  pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: Longitudinal sections of kidney
parent: Renes
en: Longitudinal sections of kidney
cell_type: 1
tags: urinary
en_description:
  <b>The kidneys </b>are located <b>in the retroperitoneal space </b>on both sides of the vertebral column. The left kidney extends from vertebra T12 to L2 and the right kidney extends from vertebra T12 to L3. There are <b>five renal segments</b>, defined according to their vascular supply. Ventrally, the kidneys are covered by parietal peritoneum. Their dorsal surfaces lie close to the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall. <b>The hilum of the left kidney lies against vertebra L1</b>. The hilum of the right kidney lies slightly more caudal than this, as it is pushed by the mass of the liver. At birth, the kidney is composed of 6 renal pyramids. This number increases to 7-18 in adulthood.

general_description:
  <b>Nephros </b><i>(pl. nephroi) </i>is the Greek term for kidney.

  <b>There are approximately 1 to 1.5 million nephrons </b>in a single kidney.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Dissection of the renal fibrous capsule </b>is a procedure that is infrequently performed after the resection of benign tumors to cover the resulting defect.

  <b>Developmental variations in the shape and size of the kidney </b>(that may or may not result in malfunction):
  - <b>horseshoe kidney</b> <i>(ren arcuatus/unguliformis)</i>
  - <b>supernumerary kidney </b> <i>(ren supernumerarius)</i>
  - <b>sigmoid kidney </b> <i>(ren sigmoideus)</i>
  - <b>cake (lump/fused pelvic) kidney </b> <i>(ren fungiformis)</i>

  <b>Tapotement </b>is part of the physical examination of the kidney. The examiner strikes the patient’s lumbar area with the ulnar side of his/her palm. Pain is a positive result and may be a sign of kidney inflammation (pyelonephritis).

  <b>Renal artery stenosis </b>is a narrowing of the renal artery. Decreased blood flow in the renal vascular bed disrupts the regulation of blood pressure and can result in hypertension.

  <b>Brodel’s bloodless line </b>is a watershed area between areas supplied by the anterior and posterior branches of the renal artery. It carries a lower risk of bleeding when being cut during nephrotomy or lithotomy (surgical removal of kidney stones). Due to its low perfusion, it is an optimal place for insertion of a renal catheter.

  <b>A floating kidney </b><i>(ren migrans / nephroptosis) </i>describes a situation in which the renal capsule is weakened due to an excessive loss of perinephric fat (extreme weight loss), and the kidney descends within the retroperitoneal space to the pelvic cavity. Although the renal vessels descend along the kidney, their origin remains at the level of vertebra L2.

  <b>An ectopic kidney </b>is a kidney located in an abnormal position. It results from failure of the kidney to reach its normal position during development and is usually located more caudal than the normal position. Its arteries arise from the aorta at the corresponding level.

  <b>A transplanted kidney </b>is usually positioned in the right iliac fossa. It is more common than an ectopic or floating kidney in the same location


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: Longitudinal sections of kidney
parent: Longitudinal sections of kidney
object_id: ren cap 1,ren cap 2
latin: ren pars ventralis
en: Ventral section of the kidney
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
related_objects:
  pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11

blood_supply:
  aorta abdominalis,ramus posterior arteriae renalis 2,ramus posterior arteriae renalis 1,ramus anterior arteriae renalis 2,ramus anterior arteriae renalis 1,arteriae lobares 2,arteriae lobares 1,arteriae interlobares 2,arteriae interlobares 1,arteriae arcuatae 2,arteriae arcuatae 1,arteria renalis 2,arteria renalis 1,venae arcuatae 1,venae interlobares 1,venae lobares 1,venae arcuatae 2,venae interlobares 2,venae lobares 2,ramus posterior venae renalis 1,ramus anterior venae renalis 2,vena renalis 2,vena cava inferior,ramus posterior venae renalis 2,ramus anterior venae renalis 1,vena renalis 1

innervation:
  ganglion renalis 1,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,nervus splanchnicus minor 1,ganglion aorticorenale 1,plexus renalis 1,ganglion renalis 2,ganglion aorticorenale 2,nervus splanchnicus minor 2,plexus renalis 2

syntopy:
  Stomach,Duodenum,Jejunum and ileum,Large Intestine,Liver,Gallbladder,Pancreas,Suprarenal/adrenal glands,musculus psoas major_l,musculus quadratus lumborum_l,musculus transversus abdominis_l,musculus psoas major_r,musculus quadratus lumborum_r,musculus transversus abdominis_r


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: Longitudinal sections of kidney
parent: Longitudinal sections of kidney
object_id: ren 1,ren 2
latin: ren pars dorsalis
en: Dorsal section of the kidney
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
related_objects:
  pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11

blood_supply:
  aorta abdominalis,ramus posterior arteriae renalis 2,ramus posterior arteriae renalis 1,ramus anterior arteriae renalis 2,ramus anterior arteriae renalis 1,arteriae lobares 2,arteriae lobares 1,arteriae interlobares 2,arteriae interlobares 1,arteriae arcuatae 2,arteriae arcuatae 1,arteria renalis 2,arteria renalis 1,venae arcuatae 1,venae interlobares 1,venae lobares 1,venae arcuatae 2,venae interlobares 2,venae lobares 2,ramus posterior venae renalis 1,ramus anterior venae renalis 2,vena renalis 2,vena cava inferior,ramus posterior venae renalis 2,ramus anterior venae renalis 1,vena renalis 1

innervation:
  ganglion renalis 1,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,nervus splanchnicus minor 1,ganglion aorticorenale 1,plexus renalis 1,ganglion renalis 2,ganglion aorticorenale 2,nervus splanchnicus minor 2,plexus renalis 2

syntopy:
  Stomach,Duodenum,Jejunum and ileum,Large Intestine,Liver,Gallbladder,Pancreas,Suprarenal/adrenal glands,musculus psoas major_l,musculus quadratus lumborum_l,musculus transversus abdominis_l,musculus psoas major_r,musculus quadratus lumborum_r,musculus transversus abdominis_r


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: Segments of kidney
parent: Segments of kidney
en_description: - is supplied by the superior segmental artery (a. segmenti superioris)
memorix_page: 227
object_id: ren cap 1,ren cap 2,ren 1,ren 2
latin: segmentum superius
en: Superior segment
cell_type: 0
color: 4086a3
hit_position: -1.78568,11.39029,-0.67394
hit_normal: -3.49836,16.05424,20.00510
body_rotation: 40.23843,7.85721,5.09411
tags: urinary
related_objects:
  pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: Segments of kidney
parent: Segments of kidney
en_description: - is supplied by the inferior segmental artery (a. segmenti inferioris)
memorix_page: 227
object_id: ren cap 1,ren cap 2,ren 1,ren 2
latin: segmentum inferius
en: Inferior segment
cell_type: 0
color: 8740a3
hit_position: -1.72036,9.30395,0.02611
hit_normal: -6.74431,-6.41022,24.13157
body_rotation: 344.17910,12.45782,356.55320
tags: urinary
related_objects:
  pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4.3
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: Segments of kidney
parent: Segments of kidney
en_description: - is supplied by the anterior superior segmental artery (a. segmenti anterioris superioris)
memorix_page: 227
object_id: ren cap 1,ren cap 2
latin: segmentum anterius superius
en: Anterior superior segment
cell_type: 0
color: c3b728
hit_position: -2.35310,10.83485,-0.54021
hit_normal: -15.64849,13.47050,16.29038
body_rotation: 23.06058,45.93719,22.03479
tags: urinary
related_objects:
  pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4.4
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: Segments of kidney
parent: Segments of kidney
en_description: - is supplied by the anterior inferior segmental artery (a. segmenti anterioris inferioris)
memorix_page: 227
object_id: ren cap 1,ren cap 2
latin: segmentum anterius inferius
en: Anterior inferior segment
cell_type: 0
color: 70a340
hit_position: -2.24085,9.90745,-0.26900
hit_normal: -5.27219,-1.81844,27.29893
body_rotation: 355.56330,8.72172,359.32010
tags: urinary
related_objects:
  pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4.5
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: Segments of kidney
parent: Segments of kidney
en_description: - is supplied by the posterior segmental artery (a. segmenti posterioris)
memorix_page: 227
object_id: ren 1,ren 2
latin: segmentum posterius
en: Posterior segment
cell_type: 0
color: c35828
hit_position: -1.69272,10.04723,-0.94480
hit_normal: 8.18916,-4.42227,-24.27629
body_rotation: 9.81612,195.86940,2.77472
tags: urinary
related_objects:
  pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 5.1
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: Internal structures of kidney
parent: Internal structures of kidney
en_description: - is composed of the glomeruli and the proximal and distal tubules
memorix_page: 227
object_id: ren 1,ren 2,!ren cap 1,!ren cap 2,!pyramides renales 1,!pyramides renales 2
latin: cortex renalis
en: Renal cortex
cell_type: 0
color: 39cde5
hit_position: 1.36702,0.08956,9.35102
hit_normal: 9.63963,-17.67015,4.50811
body_rotation: 9.57036,-329.55290,-354.41840
tags: urinary
related_objects:
  pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 5.1.1
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: Internal structures of kidney
parent: cortex renalis
en_description: - extensions of the cortex into the renal medulla
memorix_page: 227
object_id: ren 1,ren 2,!ren cap 1,!ren cap 2,!pyramides renales 1,!pyramides renales 2
latin: columnae renales
en: Renal columns
cell_type: 0
color: 55c328
hit_position: 1.34280,0.11544,9.43846
hit_normal: 10.65557,-18.00982,7.15558
body_rotation: 14.90792,-326.65860,-350.39320
tags: urinary
related_objects:
  pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 5.2
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: Internal structures of kidney
parent: Internal structures of kidney
memorix_page: 227
latin: medulla renalis
en: Renal medulla
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
en_description:
  - is composed of the intermediate tubules, tubules of the juxtamedullary nephrons and collecting ducts in renal pyramids


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 5.2.1
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: Internal structures of kidney
parent: medulla renalis
memorix_page: 227
object_id: pyramides renales 1,pyramides renales 2
latin: pyramides renales
en: Renal pyramids
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
en_description:
  - their bases projecting outwards to the renal cortex
  - there are 7-18 renal pyramids in the adult kidney

related_objects:
  pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11

blood_supply:
  aorta abdominalis,ramus posterior arteriae renalis 2,ramus posterior arteriae renalis 1,ramus anterior arteriae renalis 2,ramus anterior arteriae renalis 1,arteriae lobares 2,arteriae lobares 1,arteriae interlobares 2,arteriae interlobares 1,arteriae arcuatae 2,arteriae arcuatae 1,arteria renalis 2,arteria renalis 1,venae arcuatae 1,venae interlobares 1,venae lobares 1,venae arcuatae 2,venae interlobares 2,venae lobares 2,ramus posterior venae renalis 1,ramus anterior venae renalis 2,vena renalis 2,vena cava inferior,ramus posterior venae renalis 2,ramus anterior venae renalis 1,vena renalis 1

innervation:
  ganglion renalis 1,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,nervus splanchnicus minor 1,ganglion aorticorenale 1,plexus renalis 1,ganglion renalis 2,ganglion aorticorenale 2,nervus splanchnicus minor 2,plexus renalis 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 5.2.2
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: Internal structures of kidney
parent: medulla renalis
en_description: - slender strips of renal medulla extending into the cortex
memorix_page: 227
object_id: ren 1,ren 2,!ren cap 1,!ren cap 2,!pyramides renales 1,!pyramides renales 2
latin: radii medullares
en: Renal medullary rays
cell_type: 0
color: 45ed17
hit_position: 1.46086,0.00595,8.98888
hit_normal: 11.33867,-17.29591,7.32615
body_rotation: 13.96105,-323.99390,-350.05560
tags: urinary
related_objects:
  pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 5.4
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: Internal structures of kidney
parent: Internal structures of kidney
memorix_page: 227
object_id: ren 1,ren 2,!ren cap 1,!ren cap 2,!pyramides renales 1,!pyramides renales 2
latin: lobi renales
en: Kidney lobes
cell_type: 0
color: baed58
hit_position: -2.31579,10.08121,-0.64572
hit_normal: -4.16898,7.55516,20.29637
body_rotation: 19.22796,9.55107,3.17162
tags: urinary
en_description:
  - are composed of the renal pyramids and contiguous cortex
  - macroscopically visible in the early periods of development (lobulated kidney)

related_objects:
  pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: Histology
parent: Histology
memorix_page: 228
en: Nephron
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
en_description:
  - the single functional unit of renal tissue
  - the cortical nephron is located in the renal cortex
  - the juxtamedullary nephron is located in the cortex in close proximity to the renal medulla


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: Histology
parent: Special structure
memorix_page: 228
latin: complexus juxtaglomerularis
en: Juxtaglomerular complex
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
en_description:
  - an apparatus consisting of the juxtaglomerular cells (modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent and efferent arterioles), extraglomerular mesangium, macula densa of the distal tubule, and granular epithelial peripolar cells
  - maintains stable blood pressure and intravascular volume and regulates sodium and water homeostasis by releasing the hormone (enzyme) renin


system: urogenital
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: Development
parent: Development
memorix_page: 228
latin: diverticulum ureteris
en: Ureteric bud
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
en_description:
  - originates from the mesonephric duct (ductus mesonephricus Wolffi )
  - releases the signal for differentiation of surrounding mesodermal cells into nephrons
  - without this stimulating structure, kidney tissue does not develop at all (renal aplasia)
  - partial failure results in renal cystic diseases (cysts compress the healthy kidney tissue which leads to renal atrophy or even renal failure)


system: urogenital
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: Regional anatomy
parent: Regional anatomy
memorix_page: 229
en: Posterior surface for both kidneys
cell_type: 5
tags: urinary
en_description:
  Structures related to the posterior surface of both kidneys:
  - 11th and 12th rib
  - subcostal nerve
  - iliohypogastric nerve
  - ilioinguinal nerve


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: Vascular supply
parent: arteria renalis dextra et sinistra
memorix_page: 229
latin: ramus anterior
en: Anterior branch
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
en_description:
  -<indent=3em> has 4 branches that supply the anterior segments </indent>
  -<indent=3em>superior segmental artery (a. segmenti superioris)</indent>
  -<indent=3em>inferior segmental artery (a. segmenti inferioris)</indent>
  -<indent=3em>anterior superior segmental artery (a. segmenti anterioris superioris)</indent>
  -<indent=3em>anterior inferior segmental artery (a. segmenti anterioris inferioris)</indent>


system: urogenital
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: Vascular supply
parent: Vascular supply
memorix_page: 229
en: Lymphatic drainage
cell_type: 5
tags: urinary
en_description:
  lateral aortic nodes, where three lymphatic plexuses terminate one from the parenchyma, one from the fibrous capsule and one from the fat capsule)


system: urogenital
main_group: Renal pelvis and renal calices
memorix_page: 230
latin: Pelvis renalis et calices renales
en: Renal pelvis and renal calices
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
en_description:
  <b>The renal pelvis and renal calices </b>are parts of the upper urinary tract. They <b>collect urine </b>from the kidney <b>and direct it into the ureters</b>. They have the same innervation, vascular supply and lymphatic drainage as the kidneys.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Renal pelvis and renal calices
sub_group: Structure
parent: Structure
en_description: - small calices encircling the renal papillae (7-18)
memorix_page: 230
object_id: calices minores 1,calices minores 2
latin: calices minores
en: Minor calices
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
master_object: ureter
tags: urinary
clinical_notes:
  <b>In the endoscopic percutaneous approach to the renal calices</b>, a needle is inserted in a direction parallel to the course of the calyx and directed towards the papilla. In this location the vasculature is most scarce, which eliminate the risk of bleeding.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Renal pelvis and renal calices
sub_group: Structure
parent: Structure
memorix_page: 230
object_id: pelvis renalis 1,pelvis renalis 2
latin: pelvis renalis
en: Renal pelvis
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
master_object: ureter
tags: urinary
clinical_notes:
  <b>Hydronephrosis </b>describes a situation where the renal pelvis is dilated due to either obstruction in the flow of urine or upstream flow of urine from the urinary bladder to the ureters and renal pelves and calyces.

  <b>Vesicoureteral reflux </b>occurs when the uretero-vesical junction is insufficient, allowing urine to flow upstream, back into the ureters and renal pelvis.

blood_supply:
  ramus anterior arteriae renalis 1,ramus posterior arteriae renalis 1,ramus posterior arteriae renalis 2,ramus anterior arteriae renalis 2,ramus posterior venae renalis 1,ramus anterior venae renalis 2,ramus anterior venae renalis 1,ramus posterior venae renalis 2,arteria renalis 1,vena renalis 2,vena renalis 1,arteria renalis 2


system: urogenital
main_group: Ureter
memorix_page: 230
en: Ureter
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
en_description:
  <b>The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder.</b> Its <b>peristaltic movements</b> pass urine in waves to the urinary bladder.Therefore, urine flow is not continuous.

general_description:
  <b>The ureter </b>is 25-30 cm long and 4-7 mm wide.

  <b>The muscular layer </b>(<i>tunica muscularis</i>) of the ureteric wall is composed of two layers: the internal longitudinal and external circular layer. The intramural part of the ureter has a &lsquo;&lsquo;third collar-like’’ layer, called Waldeyer's sheath.

  <b>The urachus </b>is a remnant of the allantoenteric diverticulum. It is found within the median umbilical ligament (<i>ligamentum umbilicale medianum</i>) on the posterior side of the anterior abdominal wall.

  <b>The uretero-vesical junction region </b>is described as the intramural part of the ureter, adjacent wall of the urinary bladder and ureteric orifice.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Developmental anomalies of the ureter:</b>
  <b>Ureter fissus </b>- a ureter divided in two in its proximal part with a single opening into the urinary bladder. 
  <b>Ureter duplex </b>- a double ureter with two separate openings into the urinary bladder.

  <b>Ureterocele </b>is a dilation of the distal part of the ureter curved inwards to the cavity of the urinary bladder.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Ureter
sub_group: Parts and orifices of ureter
parent: Parts and orifices of ureter
en_description: - courses in the retroperitoneal space
memorix_page: 230
object_id: ureter pars abdominalis 1,ureter pars abdominalis 2
latin: pars abdominalis
en: Abdominal part
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
master_object: ureter
tags: urinary
blood_supply:
  ramus posterior arteriae renalis 2,ramus posterior arteriae renalis 1,ramus anterior arteriae renalis 2,ramus anterior arteriae renalis 1,arteriae lobares 2,arteriae lobares 1,arteria renalis 2,arteria renalis 1,venae lobares 2,venae lobares 1,vena renalis 2,vena renalis 1,ramus posterior venae renalis 2,ramus posterior venae renalis 1,ramus anterior venae renalis 2,ramus anterior venae renalis 1,arteria rectalis media 2,arteria rectalis media 1,arteria iliaca interna pars viscerales,arteria iliaca interna pars parietales,arteria iliaca interna,arteria ductus deferentis,arteria testicularis 2,arteria testicularis 1

innervation:
  plexus vesicalis 2,plexus vesicalis 1,plexus renalis 1,ganglion aorticorenale 1,plexus aorticus abdominalis,plexus renalis 2,ganglion aorticorenale 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Ureter
sub_group: Parts and orifices of ureter
parent: Parts and orifices of ureter
en_description: - courses in the lesser pelvis
memorix_page: 230
object_id: ureter pars pelvica 1,ureter pars pelvica 2,ureter pars pelvica f 1,ureter pars pelvica f 2
latin: pars pelvica
en: Pelvic part
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
master_object: ureter
tags: urinary
blood_supply:
  ramus posterior arteriae renalis 2,ramus posterior arteriae renalis 1,ramus anterior arteriae renalis 2,ramus anterior arteriae renalis 1,arteriae lobares 2,arteriae lobares 1,arteria renalis 2,arteria renalis 1,venae lobares 2,venae lobares 1,vena renalis 2,vena renalis 1,ramus posterior venae renalis 2,ramus posterior venae renalis 1,ramus anterior venae renalis 2,ramus anterior venae renalis 1,arteria rectalis media 2,arteria rectalis media 1,arteria iliaca interna pars viscerales,arteria iliaca interna pars parietales,arteria iliaca interna,arteria ductus deferentis,arteria testicularis 2,arteria testicularis 1

innervation:
  plexus vesicalis 2,plexus vesicalis 1,plexus renalis 1,ganglion aorticorenale 1,plexus aorticus abdominalis,plexus renalis 2,ganglion aorticorenale 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Ureter
sub_group: Parts and orifices of ureter
parent: Parts and orifices of ureter
en_description: - passing through the wall of the urinary bladder
memorix_page: 230
object_id: pars intramuralis ureteris 1,pars intramuralis ureteris 2
latin: pars intramuralis
en: Intramural part
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
master_object: ureter
tags: urinary
blood_supply:
  ramus posterior arteriae renalis 2,ramus posterior arteriae renalis 1,ramus anterior arteriae renalis 2,ramus anterior arteriae renalis 1,arteriae lobares 2,arteriae lobares 1,arteria renalis 2,arteria renalis 1,venae lobares 2,venae lobares 1,vena renalis 2,vena renalis 1,ramus posterior venae renalis 2,ramus posterior venae renalis 1,ramus anterior venae renalis 2,ramus anterior venae renalis 1,arteria rectalis media 2,arteria rectalis media 1,arteria iliaca interna pars viscerales,arteria iliaca interna pars parietales,arteria iliaca interna,arteria ductus deferentis,arteria testicularis 2,arteria testicularis 1

innervation:
  plexus vesicalis 2,plexus vesicalis 1,plexus renalis 1,ganglion aorticorenale 1,plexus aorticus abdominalis,plexus renalis 2,ganglion aorticorenale 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Ureter
sub_group: Parts and orifices of ureter
parent: Parts and orifices of ureter
en_description: - a slit-like orifice opened only during the flow of urine
memorix_page: 230
object_id: ostium ureteris 1,ostium ureteris 2
latin: ostium ureteris
en: Ureteric orifice
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
master_object: ureter
tags: urinary
blood_supply:
  ramus posterior arteriae renalis 2,ramus posterior arteriae renalis 1,ramus anterior arteriae renalis 2,ramus anterior arteriae renalis 1,arteriae lobares 2,arteriae lobares 1,arteria renalis 2,arteria renalis 1,venae lobares 2,venae lobares 1,vena renalis 2,vena renalis 1,ramus posterior venae renalis 2,ramus posterior venae renalis 1,ramus anterior venae renalis 2,ramus anterior venae renalis 1,arteria rectalis media 2,arteria rectalis media 1,arteria iliaca interna pars viscerales,arteria iliaca interna pars parietales,arteria iliaca interna,arteria ductus deferentis,arteria testicularis 2,arteria testicularis 1

innervation:
  plexus vesicalis 2,plexus vesicalis 1,plexus renalis 1,ganglion aorticorenale 1,plexus aorticus abdominalis,plexus renalis 2,ganglion aorticorenale 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Ureter
sub_group: Constrictions
parent: Constrictions
memorix_page: 230
en: Crossing the iliac vessels
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
en_description:
  - the right ureter runs ventrally to the external iliac artery and vein
  - the left ureter runs ventrally to the common iliac artery and vein


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Ureter
sub_group: Vascular supply and innervation
parent: Vascular supply and innervation
memorix_page: 230
en: Arterial supply
cell_type: 5
tags: urinary
en_description:
  in both sexes: renal artery, internal iliac artery, superior vesicular artery and middle rectal artery
  in males: plus the testicular artery and artery to the ductus deferens
  in female: plus the ovarian and uterine arteries


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Ureter
sub_group: Vascular supply and innervation
parent: Vascular supply and innervation
memorix_page: 230
en: Innervation
cell_type: 5
tags: urinary
en_description:
  sympathetic, parasympathetic and visceral sensory nerve fibres from the ureteric plexus (plexus ureteric us), which originate in the abdominal aortic and renal plexuses (plexus aorticus abdominalis, plexus renalis)


system: urogenital
main_group: Urinary bladder
memorix_page: 231
latin: Vesica urinaria
en: Urinary bladder
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
en_description:
  <b>The urinary bladder </b>is a subperitoneal located hollow organ. It <b>collects urine</b>, which it releases by contractions of the <b>detrusor muscle </b><i>(m. detrusor vesicae) </i>into the urethra. As the amount of urine in the bladder increases, the tension in the walls of the bladder increases, which eventually leads to the activation of the sacral parasympathetic system via visceral sensory nerves. This triggers contractions of the detrusor muscle, leading to an urgent need to micturate.

general_description:
  <b>Urocystis </b>is the Greek term for urinary bladder.

  <b>The vertex </b>is the highest point of a full urinary bladder.

  <b>Bell’s muscular fascicles </b>are a pair of muscular fascicles between the ureteric orifice and the internal urethral orifice.

  <b>Micturition </b><i>(micturition) </i>is the Latin term for urination.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The retropubic space of Retzius </b><i>(spatium retropubicum) </i>is used as an extraperitoneal surgical approach to the urinary bladder or prostate. It avoids entering the peritoneal cavity.

  <b>The external iliac nodes </b>need to be removed during radical cystectomy as they drain the urinary bladder.

  <b>Epicystostomy </b><i>(sectio alta) </i>is a method to directly drain urine from the bladder by a inserting urine catheter through the anterior abdominal wall (extraperitoneal approach).


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Urinary bladder
sub_group: External structures of urinary bladder
parent: External structures of urinary bladder
en_description: - is covered by peritoneum
memorix_page: 231
object_id: corpus vesicae,corpus vesicae f
latin: corpus vesicae
en: Body of bladder
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
innervation: plexus vesicalis 2,plexus vesicalis 1
syntopy: Large Intestine,ileum,prostata 1,prostata 2
blood_supply:
  arteria vesicalis inferior_l,arteriae vesicales superiores_l,arteria vesicalis inferior_r,arteriae vesicales superiores_r,plexus venosus vesicalis_l.plexus venosus vesicalis_r,plexus venosus prostaticus_l,plexus venosus prostaticus_r,,vena dorsalis profunda penis


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Urinary bladder
sub_group: External structures of urinary bladder
parent: External structures of urinary bladder
memorix_page: 231
object_id: fundus vesicae,fundus vesicae f
latin: fundus vesicae
en: Fundus of bladder
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
innervation: plexus vesicalis 2,plexus vesicalis 1
syntopy: Large Intestine,ileum,prostata 1,prostata 2
en_description:
  - the bottom part of the bladder
  - in males, it is in close proximity to the prostate and rectum
  - in female, it is close to the vagina

blood_supply:
  arteria vesicalis inferior_l,arteriae vesicales superiores_l,arteria vesicalis inferior_r,arteriae vesicales superiores_r,plexus venosus vesicalis_l.plexus venosus vesicalis_r,plexus venosus prostaticus_l,plexus venosus prostaticus_r,,vena dorsalis profunda penis


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Urinary bladder
sub_group: External structures of urinary bladder
parent: External structures of urinary bladder
memorix_page: 231
object_id: cervix vesicae
latin: cervix vesicae
en: Neck of bladder
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
innervation: plexus vesicalis 2,plexus vesicalis 1
syntopy: Large Intestine,ileum,prostata 1,prostata 2
en_description:
  - is located on the inferior surface of the bladder and is continuous with the urethra
  - in males, it prevents semen from flowing into the bladder during ejaculation

blood_supply:
  arteria vesicalis inferior_l,arteriae vesicales superiores_l,arteria vesicalis inferior_r,arteriae vesicales superiores_r,plexus venosus vesicalis_l.plexus venosus vesicalis_r,plexus venosus prostaticus_l,plexus venosus prostaticus_r,,vena dorsalis profunda penis


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Urinary bladder
sub_group: External structures of urinary bladder
parent: External structures of urinary bladder
memorix_page: 231
object_id: apex vesicae,apex vesicae f
latin: apex vesicae
en: Apex of bladder
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
innervation: plexus vesicalis 2,plexus vesicalis 1
syntopy: Large Intestine,ileum,prostata 1,prostata 2
en_description:
  - directed towards the pubic symphysis
  - in the empty bladder, it is located right behind the pubic symphysis
  - in the full bladder, it usually extends above the pubic symphysis

blood_supply:
  arteria vesicalis inferior_l,arteriae vesicales superiores_l,arteria vesicalis inferior_r,arteriae vesicales superiores_r,plexus venosus vesicalis_l.plexus venosus vesicalis_r,plexus venosus prostaticus_l,plexus venosus prostaticus_r,,vena dorsalis profunda penis


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Urinary bladder
sub_group: External structures of urinary bladder
parent: External structures of urinary bladder
memorix_page: 231
object_id: ligamentum umbilicale medianum,ligamentum umbilicale medianum f
latin: ligamentum umbilicale medianum
en: Median umbilical ligament
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
en_description:
  - a ligament extending from the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus on the anterior abdominal wall between the transversal fascia and parietal peritoneum


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Urinary bladder
sub_group: Internal structures
parent: Internal structures
memorix_page: 231
object_id: corpus vesicae,!fundus vesicae
latin: ostia ureterum
en: Ureteric orifices
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: b7bd2a
hit_position: -0.32400,1.76565,-0.95358
hit_normal: -0.45119,-1.03019,13.33269
body_rotation: 356.39690,2.06789,359.87000
tags: urinary
en_description:
  - slit-like openings for the ureters in the bladder wall
  - there are no sphincter muscles around these orifices


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Urinary bladder
sub_group: Internal structures
parent: Internal structures
memorix_page: 231
object_id: fundus vesicae,cervix vesicae,!corpus vesicae
latin: trigonum vesicae
en: Trigone of bladder
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: 20b671
hit_position: -0.04589,1.27626,-0.66780
hit_normal: -2.44406,10.12971,4.87504
body_rotation: 54.99997,42.47487,36.86819
tags: urinary
en_description:
  - a triangle-like area in the infero-posterior part of the bladder
  - the ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifice form the three corners of the trigone
  - its mucosa is not folded
  - in female, it projects on the anterior wall of the vagina as the trigonal area of Pawlik (area trigonalis Pawliki)


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 5.1
main_group: Urinary bladder
sub_group: Internal structures
parent: ostium urethrae internum
memorix_page: 231
object_id: fundus vesicae,cervix vesicae,!corpus vesicae
latin: uvula vesicae
en: Uvula of bladder
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: d9c24b
hit_position: -0.06663,1.19150,-0.38531
hit_normal: -1.79778,7.69149,2.82818
body_rotation: 52.15992,56.11926,49.62633
tags: urinary
en_description:
  - a mucous fold in the posterior part of the internal urethral orifice
  - in males, it is located close to the middle lobe of the prostate


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Urinary bladder
sub_group: Regional anatomy
parent: Spaces, fasciae, septa
memorix_page: 231
latin: fascia vesicoumbilicalis Delbeti
en: Vesicoumbilical fascia of Delbet
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
en_description:
  - a fascia located between the medial umbilical ligaments and median umbilical ligament in the shape of a triangle
  - extends to the umbilicus and may contain the urinary bladder in its full state


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 8
main_group: Urinary bladder
sub_group: Regional anatomy
parent: Spaces, fasciae, septa
memorix_page: 231
latin: spatium paravesicale
en: Paravesical space
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
en_description:
  - a space surrounding the urinary bladder inside the pelvic cavity between the urinary bladder and pelvic walls


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 9.1
main_group: Urinary bladder
sub_group: Regional anatomy
parent: septum rectovesicale Denonvilliersi
memorix_page: 231
latin: septum vesicovaginale
en: Vesico-vaginal septum
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
en_description:
  - an plate of connective tissue between the urinary bladder and the vagina with the adjacent cervix of the uterus


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Urinary bladder
sub_group: Involved muscles of bladder
parent: Urinary bladder muscles
memorix_page: 232
object_id: fundus vesicae,cervix vesicae,!corpus vesicae
latin: musculus detrusor vesicae
en: Detrusor (muscle)
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: 248e1c
hit_position: -0.75155,1.97635,-0.01338
hit_normal: -8.26629,6.93679,-8.53420
body_rotation: 342.54030,124.38670,23.67299
tags: urinary
en_description:
  - three layers of smooth muscle (inner plexiform, middle circular and external longitudinal layer) innervated by the parasympathetic system


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Urinary bladder
sub_group: Involved muscles of bladder
parent: Urinary bladder muscles
memorix_page: 232
object_id: !fundus vesicae,cervix vesicae,corpus vesicae
latin: musculus sphincter vesicae
en: Sphincter vesicae (muscle)
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: 3337b1
hit_position: -0.26274,1.16296,-0.24871
hit_normal: -8.16884,4.12568,7.10158
body_rotation: 13.77222,49.57915,15.61654
tags: urinary
en_description:
  - a single layer of circular smooth muscle extending around the neck of the bladder innervated by the sympathetic system
  - in male, prevents semen from flowing into the bladder during ejaculation


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Urinary bladder
sub_group: Involved muscles of bladder
parent: Urinary bladder muscles
memorix_page: 232
object_id: fundus vesicae,cervix vesicae,!corpus vesicae
latin: musculi trigoni vesicae
en: Trigonal muscles
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: a91949
hit_position: -0.51781,1.52529,-0.76858
hit_normal: 2.44568,13.79406,4.96873
body_rotation: 53.43915,299.55140,305.21640
tags: urinary
en_description:
  - bundles of smooth muscle located in the trigone of bladder, organised in a loop-like fashion
  - this enables them to control the opening and closure of the internal urethral orifice and urethral orifices


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Urinary bladder
sub_group: Involved muscles of bladder
parent: Muscles surrounding the urethra
en_description: - the external sphincter is composed of striated muscle tissue
memorix_page: 232
object_id: detrusor apron
latin: musculus sphincter urethrae externus
en: External urethral sphincter
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
general_description:
  <b>The external urethral sphincter </b>is predominantly composed of slow-twitch muscle fibres that are capable of long-lasting contraction, maintaining closure of the urethra.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The external urethral sphincter in males </b>is the main mechanism for providing continence. During prostate and urinary bladder operations, it may be damaged and can cause urinary incontinence.


system: urogenital
main_group: Urinary bladder
sub_group: Vascular supply
parent: Vascular supply
memorix_page: 232
en: Arteries
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
en_description:
  - superior vesical arteries (aa. vesicales superiores) from the umbilical artery
  - inferior vesical artery (a. vesicalis inferior) from the internal iliac artery
  - vesical branches (rr. vesicales) from the surrounding arteries (obturator, inferior gluteal, uterine and vaginal arteries)


system: urogenital
main_group: Urinary bladder
sub_group: Vascular supply
parent: Vascular supply
memorix_page: 232
en: Veins
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
en_description:
  - vesical venous plexus (plexus venosus vesicalis) via the vesical veins into the internal iliac vein
  - connections with the prostatic/vaginal venous plexus and pudendal plexus of Santorini


system: urogenital
main_group: Urinary bladder
sub_group: Vascular supply
parent: Vascular supply
memorix_page: 232
en: Lymphatic drainage
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
en_description:
  - paravesical nodes (nodi lymphoidei paravesicales), which drain to the common iliac, external and internal iliac nodes


system: urogenital
main_group: Testis
memorix_page: 240
latin: Testis
en: Testis
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  During prenatal development of the testes, they originate <b>in the lumbar region </b>and <b>descend through the retroperitoneal space and inguinal canal to reach the scrotum</b>. The layers of the abdominal wall form the layers of scrotum as the testes passes through them. <b>The testicular vessels </b>descend with the testes, hence <b>the origin of these arteries</b><b>in lumbar region </b>of the abdomen. <b>Lymphatic drainage </b>is similarly directed to the <b>lumbar nodes</b>. Testosterone and spermatozoa are produced in the testes.


system: urogenital
main_group: Testis
sub_group: Longitudinal sections of testes
parent: Testis
en: Longitudinal sections of testes
cell_type: 1
tags: genital
en_description:
  <b>The testes are a pair of genital glands </b>located outside the abdominopelvic cavity <b>in the scrotum</b>.

general_description:
  The functional tissue of the testis is its medulla with the seminiferous tubuli <i>(tubuli seminiferi).</i>

  <b>Orchis </b>is the Greek term for testis.

  <b>The gubernaculum testis </b>is a thick band of connective tissue that originates from the caudal part of the urogenital fold <i>(plica urogenitalis). </i>It is attached to the mesenchyme of the genital swellings on both sides of the urogenital membrane. Due to its firm attachment to the scrotum, it directs the testis during its descent.

  <b>The tunica albuginea </b>is thickened on the posterior surface of the testis where it pierces the parenchyma of the testis and forms the mediastinum testis.

  <b>The hilum of the testis </b>is a slit-like area on the posterior surface of the testis where the testicular vessels enter and the efferent ductules leave the testis.

  <b>There are 200-300 lobules in the testis.</b>

clinical_notes:
  <b>The appendix testis </b>(hydatid of Morgagni) is a vestigial remnant of the paramesonaphric duct, present at the upper pole of the testis. It can undergo a torsion, causing acute one-sided testicular pain.

  <b>Orchidectomy </b>is a surgical removal of the testis.<b>Orchidopexy </b>describes a surgical treatment of cryptorchidism. It is a procedure to move an undescended testis to its proper place in the scrotum. 

  Orchidopexy should be performed within the first six years of life, otherwise the risk of infertility and testicular tumors increases.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Testis
sub_group: External structure of testis
parent: External structure of testis
memorix_page: 240
latin: extremitas superior
en: Upper pole
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: 3d1da3
hit_position: -0.58953,-0.95502,2.08014
hit_normal: -2.23941,8.43538,10.29184
body_rotation: 37.74781,14.83604,9.21084
tags: genital
object_id:
  tunica albuginea testis laterale 1,tunica albuginea testis mediale 1,!tunica vaginalis testis lateralis 1,!tunica vaginalis testis medialis 1,!musculus cremaster 1 uri,!fascia spermatica externa 1,!fascia spermatica interna 1


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Testis
sub_group: External structure of testis
parent: External structure of testis
en_description: - the attachment of the scrotal ligament to the testis
memorix_page: 240
latin: extremitas inferior
en: Lower pole
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: a31d5a
hit_position: -0.47846,-1.83273,2.12807
hit_normal: 2.06238,-15.32983,15.11696
body_rotation: 315.68340,343.08290,11.99612
tags: genital
object_id:
  tunica albuginea testis laterale 1,tunica albuginea testis mediale 1,!tunica vaginalis testis lateralis 1,!tunica vaginalis testis medialis 1,!musculus cremaster 1 uri,!fascia spermatica externa 1,!fascia spermatica interna 1


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Testis
sub_group: External structure of testis
parent: External structure of testis
en_description: - the anterior margin facing the tunica vaginalis
memorix_page: 240
latin: margo anterior
en: Anterior border
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: 701da3
hit_position: -0.49155,-1.44944,2.18702
hit_normal: -1.16227,0.07244,21.67914
body_rotation: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
tags: genital
object_id:
  tunica albuginea testis laterale 1,tunica albuginea testis mediale 1,!tunica vaginalis testis lateralis 1,!tunica vaginalis testis medialis 1,!musculus cremaster 1 uri,!fascia spermatica externa 1,!fascia spermatica interna 1


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Testis
sub_group: External structure of testis
parent: External structure of testis
en_description: - the posterior margin facing the epididymis
memorix_page: 240
latin: margo posterior
en: Posterior border
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: 1d50a3
hit_position: -0.78790,-1.53172,1.68675
hit_normal: -11.71184,0.37209,-17.61975
body_rotation: 359.53310,143.39090,0.34685
tags: genital
object_id:
  tunica albuginea testis laterale 1,tunica albuginea testis mediale 1,!tunica vaginalis testis lateralis 1,!tunica vaginalis testis medialis 1,!musculus cremaster 1 uri,!fascia spermatica externa 1,!fascia spermatica interna 1,!epididymis laterale 1,!epididymis mediale 1


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Testis
sub_group: External structure of testis
parent: External structure of testis
en_description: - the medial surface facing the septum of the scrotum
memorix_page: 240
latin: facies medialis
en: Medial surface
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: 4dc1d3
hit_position: -0.15174,-1.54918,1.93340
hit_normal: 21.03030,-0.05356,-1.11199
body_rotation: 0.05953,264.33100,0.59971
tags: genital
object_id:
  tunica albuginea testis laterale 1,tunica albuginea testis mediale 1,!tunica vaginalis testis lateralis 1,!tunica vaginalis testis medialis 1,!musculus cremaster 1 uri,!fascia spermatica externa 1,!fascia spermatica interna 1


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Testis
sub_group: External structure of testis
parent: External structure of testis
memorix_page: 240
latin: facies lateralis
en: Lateral surface
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: 5ad3a3
hit_position: -0.59421,-1.66804,2.13670
hit_normal: -20.66666,0.28997,5.48846
body_rotation: -0.00083,71.69128,-0.00250
tags: genital
object_id:
  tunica albuginea testis laterale 1,tunica albuginea testis mediale 1,!tunica vaginalis testis lateralis 1,!tunica vaginalis testis medialis 1,!musculus cremaster 1 uri,!fascia spermatica externa 1,!fascia spermatica interna 1


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 7
main_group: Testis
sub_group: External structure of testis
parent: External structure of testis
memorix_page: 240
latin: tunica vaginalis testis
en: Tunica vaginalis
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - originally a part of peritoneum (processus vaginalis peritonei) that became one of the layers of the scrotum during the descent of the testis
  - is composed of two layers with a slender slit between them


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Testis
sub_group: Internal structure of testis
parent: Internal structure of testis
memorix_page: 240
en: Capsule of the testis
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 5
color: e4734b
hit_position: -0.43385,-1.57995,1.88275
hit_normal: -9.73560,-0.33296,4.79692
body_rotation: 358.62630,62.71857,357.33850
tags: genital
object_id:
  tunica albuginea testis mediale 1,!tunica albuginea testis laterale 1,!tunica vaginalis testis lateralis 1,!musculus cremaster 1 uri,!fascia spermatica externa 1,!fascia spermatica interna 1


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Testis
sub_group: Internal structure of testis
parent: Capsule of the testis
en_description: - is located under the tunica albuginea
memorix_page: 240
latin: tunica vasculosa
en: Vascular layer
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: 94d35c
hit_position: -0.35389,-1.70929,2.10733
hit_normal: -9.17804,-0.43344,3.44333
body_rotation: 358.28240,67.56030,355.84880
tags: genital
object_id:
  tunica albuginea testis mediale 1,!tunica albuginea testis laterale 1,!tunica vaginalis testis lateralis 1,!musculus cremaster 1 uri,!fascia spermatica externa 1,!fascia spermatica interna 1


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Testis
sub_group: Internal structure of testis
parent: Lobules
en_description: - each contains a single tubule
memorix_page: 240
latin: 1
en: Lobules of testis
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: 51b7e0
hit_position: -0.44816,-1.59430,1.85458
hit_normal: -10.77723,-0.45982,4.27524
body_rotation: 358.60530,67.21613,356.68350
tags: genital
object_id:
  tunica albuginea testis mediale 1,!tunica albuginea testis laterale 1,!tunica vaginalis testis lateralis 1,!musculus cremaster 1 uri,!fascia spermatica externa 1,!fascia spermatica interna 1


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Testis
sub_group: Internal structure of testis
parent: Lobules
en_description:
  separates the lobules
  - dense plates of connective tissue derived from the tunica albuginea

memorix_page: 240
latin: septula testis
en: Septa of testis
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: 9e57bd
hit_position: -0.39438,-1.66991,1.99827
hit_normal: -9.11180,-0.74932,3.27753
body_rotation: 357.48050,67.62814,353.90370
tags: genital
object_id:
  tunica albuginea testis mediale 1,!tunica albuginea testis laterale 1,!tunica vaginalis testis lateralis 1,!musculus cremaster 1 uri,!fascia spermatica externa 1,!fascia spermatica interna 1


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Testis
sub_group: Internal structure of testis
parent: Ducts of the testis
memorix_page: 240
latin: mediastinum testis
en: Mediastinum of the testis
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: d4df3d
hit_position: -0.53652,-1.33169,1.70105
hit_normal: -8.34579,-0.88560,3.71195
body_rotation: 357.68050,64.58899,355.13060
tags: genital
en_description:
  - an area close to the hilum of the testis filled with connective tissue where the rete testis and efferent ductules coalesce

object_id:
  tunica albuginea testis mediale 1,!tunica albuginea testis laterale 1,!tunica vaginalis testis lateralis 1,!musculus cremaster 1 uri,!fascia spermatica externa 1,!fascia spermatica interna 1


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Testis
sub_group: Descent of the testis
parent: Testis
memorix_page: 241
en: Descent of the testis
cell_type: 1
tags: genital
en_description:
  Descent of the testis from their place of their origin in the lumbar region to the scrotum takes place during intrauterine development:


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Testis
sub_group: Descent of the testis
parent: Descent of the testis
memorix_page: 241
en: 3rd month
cell_type: 4
tags: genital
en_description:
  - unequal growth of the trunk and the pulling force of the gubernaculum begins to move the testis caudally from their position at L1-L2
  - the testicular artery (from the aorta), testicular vein (to the inferior vena cava) and lymphatic vessels follow the testis during its descent
  - the testis is located in the iliac fossa by the end of the 3rd month


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
main_group: Testis
sub_group: Descent of the testis
parent: Descent of the testis
memorix_page: 241
en: 6th month
cell_type: 4
tags: genital
en_description:
  - the testis passes through the inguinal canal and pulls the peritoneum (which becomes the vaginal process) fasciae of the abdominal muscles and muscle bundles of the transversus abdominis and internal oblique along with it
  - these structures become the layers of the scrotum and the cremaster muscle
  - vessels, nerves and the ductus deferens form the contents of the spermatic cord


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.4
main_group: Testis
sub_group: Descent of the testis
parent: Descent of the testis
memorix_page: 241
en: 8th month
cell_type: 4
tags: genital
en_description:
  - the testis should be fully descended
  - the arrangement of the scrotal layers are fully formed
  - the vaginal process of the peritoneum separates completely from the abdominal peritoneum and closes to form the tunica vaginalis


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.5
main_group: Testis
sub_group: Descended testis
parent: Descent of the testis
memorix_page: 241
en: Descended testis
cell_type: 4
tags: genital
en_description:
  Descended testes (testes in situ) is an important sign of maturity of the newborn.
  Spermatogenesis is only possible in testes positioned inside the scrotum.
  Descent of the testes should be complete by the end of the 3rd postnatal month.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Testis
sub_group: Vascular supply
parent: Arterial supply
memorix_page: 241
en: Testicular artery
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  (from the abdominal aorta),
  partially: artery to ductus deferens (from the internal iliac artery) and cremasteric artery (from the inferior epigastric artery)


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Testis
sub_group: Function
parent: Testis
memorix_page: 241
en: Function
cell_type: 1
tags: genital
en_description:
  Spermatozoa production occurs in the seminiferous epithelium. Sertoli cells support, isolate and supply spermatozoa precursor cells (spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids) with nutrients. They also maintain high levels of testosterone in the seminiferous epithelium, which is necessary for the proper development of spermatozoa.
  Testosterone production takes place in Leydig cells, located in the interstitium of the seminiferous tubules. Testosterone is the main male sex hormone (androgen). It is responsible for male primary and secondary sex characteristics.


system: urogenital
main_group: Testis
sub_group: Clinical notes
parent: Clinical notes
memorix_page: 241
en: Cryptorchism
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  (undescended testis, retention of the testis)
  - failure of descent of the testis and its subsequent absence in the scrotum


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Testis
sub_group: Clinical notes
parent: Cryptorchism
memorix_page: 241
en: Dystopic testis
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - retention of the testis anywhere on its course from the abdomen at level of L1-2 to the scrotum
  - is most commonly located within the inguinal canal


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Testis
sub_group: Clinical notes
parent: Cryptorchism
memorix_page: 241
en: Ectopic testis
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - a testis located in a position outside of the course of its physiological descent to the scrotum (e.g. lesser pelvis, perineum, above the pubic symphysis)


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Epididymis
sub_group: Longitudinal sections of epididymis
parent: Epididymis
en: Longitudinal sections of epididymis
cell_type: 1
tags: genital
en_description:
  The epididymis is a <b>highly convoluted duct</b>. It is attached to the posterior margin of the testis and inferiorly to the scrotum. The tail of the epididymis <b>continues as the ductus deferens</b>. Spermatozoa spend 10-12 of their total 72 days of maturation within the epididymis. The epididymis serves as <b>a reservoir of spermatozoa</b>, where they mature <b>and gain the capacity to move and fertilise the ovum</b>. It also provides nutrition for the spermatozoa.

general_description:
  <b>The pampiniform plexus and </b>the testicular veins work as a countercurrent blood cooling system.

  <b>The epithelium of the duct of the epididymis </b>is pseudostratified columnar with stereocilia.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Varicocele </b>is a term describing dilation of the pampiniform plexus inside the spermatic cord. In young males, the cause remains unknown. In older men, varicocele may arise as a result of impeded blood flow caused by various renal diseases and tumors. It is one of the most common causes of male infertility, as the impeded blood flow results in an increase in temperature inside the testis. Varicocele occurs more commonly on the left side, since the left testicular vein drains into the left renal vein perpendicularly.<b>

  The appendix of the epididymis </b>(pedunculated hydatid) is a small stalked sac on the head of the epididymis. It is derived from the mesonephric duct.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Epididymis
sub_group: External structure of epididymis
parent: External structure of epididymis
en_description: - the cranial part of the head of the epididymis is formed by the efferent ductules
memorix_page: 242
latin: caput epididymidis
en: Head of epididymis
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: c54787
hit_position: -0.67128,-0.66567,1.85767
hit_normal: -11.75119,0.07391,6.70105
body_rotation: 1.24871,58.51079,2.03755
tags: genital
object_id:
  epididymis mediale 1,epididymis laterale 1,!tunica vaginalis testis lateralis 1,!tunica vaginalis testis medialis 1,!musculus cremaster 1 uri,!fascia spermatica externa 1,!fascia spermatica interna 1


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Epididymis
sub_group: External structure of epididymis
parent: External structure of epididymis
en_description: - is formed by the convoluted duct of the epididymis
memorix_page: 242
latin: corpus epididymidis
en: Body of epididymis
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: 418dd9
hit_position: -0.74568,-1.36382,1.56453
hit_normal: -12.26905,0.70971,5.48647
body_rotation: 1.00632,65.10712,2.16750
tags: genital
object_id:
  epididymis mediale 1,epididymis laterale 1,!tunica vaginalis testis lateralis 1,!tunica vaginalis testis medialis 1,!musculus cremaster 1 uri,!fascia spermatica externa 1,!fascia spermatica interna 1


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Epididymis
sub_group: External structure of epididymis
parent: External structure of epididymis
en_description:
  - the caudal part of the epididymis
  - connects to the ductus deferens

memorix_page: 242
latin: cauda epididymidis
en: Tail of epididymis
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: a3d941
hit_position: -0.69570,-1.88488,1.64439
hit_normal: -8.95139,0.32810,4.51297
body_rotation: 359.57930,62.38612,359.19590
tags: genital
object_id:
  epididymis mediale 1,epididymis laterale 1,!tunica vaginalis testis lateralis 1,!tunica vaginalis testis medialis 1,!musculus cremaster 1 uri,!fascia spermatica externa 1,!fascia spermatica interna 1


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2.4
main_group: Epididymis
sub_group: External structure of epididymis
parent: External structure of epididymis
memorix_page: 242
latin: sinus epididymidis
en: Sinus of epididymis
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - a peritoneal fold
  - the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis ( tunica vaginalis testis) between the testis and epididymis


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
main_group: Epididymis
sub_group: External structure of epididymis
parent: Epididymis supporting ligaments
memorix_page: 242
object_id: ligamentum scrotale
latin: ligamentum scrotale
en: Scrotal ligament
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - connects the epididymis and testis to the caudal aspect of the scrotum
  - a remnant of the gubernaculum testis


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 5.2
main_group: Epididymis
sub_group: Vascular supply
parent: Vascular supply
memorix_page: 242
en: Venous drainage
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  the pampiniform plexus (to the testicular veins, which drain to the inferior vena cava on the right side and to the left renal vein on the left side)


system: urogenital
main_group: Ductus deferens
memorix_page: 243
latin: Ductus deferens
en: Ductus deferens
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  The ductus deferens is a tubular organ <b>that transports spermatozoa from the epididymis to the prostatic urethra </b>by peristaltic contractions. It passes <b>from the scrotum through the spermatic cord and inguinal canal </b>into the lesser pelvis, where it <b>crosses the ureter </b>and <b>enters the prostate</b>.

general_description:
  <b>If uncoiled, the ductules of the epididymis </b>would reach a length of six meters.

  <b>The vas efferens </b>is an obsolete synonym for the ductus deferens.

  <b>The epithelium of the efferent ductules </b>is simple cuboidal with variable cell height. It contains kinocilia.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Ductus deferens
sub_group: Parts of ductus deferens
parent: Parts of ductus deferens
memorix_page: 243
object_id: ductus deferens pars inguinalis
latin: pars inguinalis
en: Inguinal part
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
master_object: ductus deferens
tags: genital
en_description:
  -<indent=3em>is located in the inguinal canal (canalis inguinalis)</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the ductus deferens enters the inguinal canal through the superficial inguinal ring, courses through the canal ventral to the inferior epigastric vessels and enters the pelvis through the deep inguinal ring</indent>


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Ductus deferens
sub_group: Parts of ductus deferens
parent: Parts of ductus deferens
memorix_page: 243
object_id: ductus deferens pars pelvica
latin: pars pelvica
en: Pelvic part
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
master_object: ductus deferens
tags: genital
en_description:
  -<indent=3em>courses through the lesser pelvis, close to the urinary bladder and fuses with the excretory duct of the seminal vesicle</indent>


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Ductus deferens
sub_group: Parts of ductus deferens
parent: Parts of ductus deferens
memorix_page: 243
object_id: ductus ejaculatorius
latin: ductus ejaculatorius
en: Ejaculatory duct
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
master_object: ductus deferens
tags: genital
en_description:
  - a common duct formed by the union of the ductus deferens with the excretory duct of the seminal vesicle
  - enters the prostate and joins the prostatic urethra at the seminal colliculus


system: urogenital
main_group: Spermatic cord
memorix_page: 243
latin: Funiculus spermaticus
en: Spermatic cord
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  The spermatic cord is a <b>tough rope-like structure that contains the ductus deferens and several vessels and nerves</b>. It courses from <b>the scrotum to the inguinal canal</b>. The venous pampiniform plexus lowers the temperature inside the spermatic cord, which is necessary for the proper maturation of spermatozoa. The layers of the abdominal wall continue over the spermatic cord and the scrotum, forming their coverings.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Spermatic cord
sub_group: Contents
parent: Contents
memorix_page: 243
latin: plexus pampiniformis
en: Pampiniform plexus
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - a venous plexus conveying blood from the testis and epididymis to the inferior vena cava on the right and to the left renal vein on the left


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 8
main_group: Spermatic cord
sub_group: Coverings of spermatic cord
parent: Coverings of spermatic cord
en_description: - a continuation of the superficial abdominal fascia
memorix_page: 243
object_id: fascia spermatica externa 1
latin: fascia spermatica externa
en: External spermatic fascia
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
blood_supply:
  rami scrotales,arteria pudenda externa profunda,vena pudenda externa,venae scrotae sposteriores,ramis scrotales anteriores arteriae pudendae externae profundae,venae scrotales anteriores

innervation:
  nervus ilioinguinalis,nervi scrotales posteriores,ramus genitalis nervi genitofemoralis,nervus genitofemoralis


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 9
main_group: Spermatic cord
sub_group: Coverings of spermatic cord
parent: Coverings of spermatic cord
memorix_page: 243
object_id: musculus cremaster 1 uri
latin: musculus cremaster
en: Cremaster
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - a skeletal muscle that pulls the scrotum towards the abdominal wall
  - consists of muscle bundles from the internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles
  - the cremasteric fascia (fascia cremasterica) covers the cremaster and its muscle bundles

blood_supply:
  rami scrotales,arteria pudenda externa profunda,vena pudenda externa,venae scrotae sposteriores,ramis scrotales anteriores arteriae pudendae externae profundae,venae scrotales anteriores

innervation:
  nervus ilioinguinalis,nervi scrotales posteriores,ramus genitalis nervi genitofemoralis,nervus genitofemoralis


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 10
main_group: Spermatic cord
sub_group: Coverings of spermatic cord
parent: Coverings of spermatic cord
en_description: - a continuation of the transversalis fascia of the ventrolateral abdominal wall
memorix_page: 243
object_id: fascia spermatica interna 1
latin: fascia spermatica interna
en: Internal spermatic fascia
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
blood_supply:
  rami scrotales,arteria pudenda externa profunda,vena pudenda externa,venae scrotae sposteriores,ramis scrotales anteriores arteriae pudendae externae profundae,venae scrotales anteriores

innervation:
  nervus ilioinguinalis,nervi scrotales posteriores,ramus genitalis nervi genitofemoralis,nervus genitofemoralis


system: urogenital
main_group: Seminal glands
memorix_page: 244
latin: Glandulae vesiculosae
en: Seminal glands
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  The seminal glands are <b>located behind the urinary bladder above the prostate</b>. Each seminal gland is a simple tubular gland, <b>composed of a single duct that has multiple convolutions</b>. The seminal glands produce <b>50-80 % of the ejaculate</b>. The excretory duct of the seminal gland joins the ductus deferens to form <b>the ejaculatory duct </b>that empties into the urethra.

general_description:
  <b>Glandulae seminales</b>, vesiculae seminales, seminal vesicles and vesicular glands are alternative terms for the seminal glands.

  <b>Verumontanum </b>is an obsolete term for the seminal colliculus.


  <b>The seminal glands </b>develop from the ductus deferens. They are 4-5 cm long, 17-20 mm wide and 6-9 mm thick. When uncoiled, the length of the simple tubular gland is 10-15 cm.

  <b>Seminal glands produce </b>an alkaline substance that contains fructose (a nutrient for spermatozoa), globulin proteins and prostaglandines (hormone-like compounds that stimulate the smooth muscle of the female genital organs).

  <b>The seminal glands are lined with </b>pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

  <b>The prostatic glands are lined with</b> cuboidal to pseudostratified columnar epithelium (depending on the secretion activity of the gland).

  <b>Proportion of gland tissue in the different histological zones of the prostate: </b>Peripheral zone 75 % Central and transitional zone 20 % Aglandular zone (isthmus) and periurethral zone 5 %.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Seminal glands
sub_group: Seminal gland and its ducts
parent: Seminal gland and its ducts
en_description: - the seminal vesicle is a paired accessory sex gland of the male
memorix_page: 244
object_id: glandula vesiculosa 1
latin: glandula vesiculosa
en: Seminal gland
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
innervation: plexus venosus prostaticus
blood_supply:
  arteria ductus deferentis,arteria vesicalis inferior,arteria rectalis media 1,arteria rectalis media 2,plexus venosus vesicalis,plexus venosus prostaticus


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Seminal glands
sub_group: Seminal gland and its ducts
parent: Seminal gland and its ducts
en_description: - a duct of the seminal gland joining the ductus deferens
memorix_page: 244
object_id: glandula vesiculosa 1
latin: ductus excretorius
en: Excretory duct
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: 50ce5b
tags: genital
innervation: plexus venosus prostaticus
blood_supply:
  arteria ductus deferentis,arteria vesicalis inferior,arteria rectalis media 1,arteria rectalis media 2,plexus venosus vesicalis,plexus venosus prostaticus


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Seminal glands
sub_group: Seminal gland and its ducts
parent: Seminal gland and its ducts
en_description: - a common duct formed by the union of the excretory duct and ductus deferens
memorix_page: 244
object_id: ductus ejaculatorius
latin: ductus ejaculatorius
en: Ejaculatory duct
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
innervation: plexus venosus prostaticus
blood_supply:
  arteria ductus deferentis,arteria vesicalis inferior,arteria rectalis media 1,arteria rectalis media 2,plexus venosus vesicalis,plexus venosus prostaticus


system: urogenital
main_group: Bulbo-urethral glands
sub_group: The gland
parent: Glandulae bulbourethrales
memorix_page: 244
en: The gland
cell_type: 5
tags: genital
en_description:
  The bulbourethral glands are a pair of <b>accessory genital glands that empty into the ampulla urethrae</b>. These pea-sized glands are located on the inferior surface of the deep transverse perineal muscle. They produce a viscous liquid that lubricates the internal surface of the urethra during ejaculation.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Bulbo-urethral glands
sub_group: The gland
parent: The gland
memorix_page: 244
object_id: glandula bulbourethralis 1
latin: glandula bulbourethralis
en: Bulbo-urethral gland
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
innervation: plexus venosus prostaticus,plexus vesicalis 1,plexus vesicalis 2
blood_supply:
  arteria ductus deferentis,arteria vesicalis inferior,arteria rectalis media 1,arteria rectalis media 2,plexus venosus vesicalis,plexus venosus prostaticus


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Prostate
sub_group: Longitudinal sections of prostate
parent: Prostata
en: Longitudinal sections of prostate
cell_type: 1
tags: genital
en_description:
  The prostate is the <b>largest male genital gland</b>. It produces <b>30 % of ejaculate fluid</b>. It is located <b>subperitoneally, inferior to the urinary bladder</b>. <b>The urethra courses through the prostate </b>along with the paired ejaculatory ducts, the common duct for the epididymis and the seminal glands.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Per rectum palpation of the prostate </b>is a standard part of the clinical examination, performed by palpating the prostate through the anterior wall of the rectum.

  <b>The zones of the prostate vary in </b>shape, in proportion of fibromuscular stroma and in their tendency to develop disease. The different zones of the prostate can be visualised by transrectal ultrasound and distinguish in the magnetic resonance imaging.

  <b>Benign prostate hyperplasia </b>is characterized by an increase in number of the submucosal prostate glands. This leads to the enlargement of transistional zone, which can lead to obstruction of urinary flow. The enlarged transitional zone compresses the fibromuscular stroma of the peripheral zone, eventually transforming it into the “surgical” capsule of the prostate. This allows surgical enucleation of transistional zone, sparing the peripheral part.

  <b>Carcinoma of the prostate </b>is a malignant neoplasia arising in the glandular epithelium of the peripheral zone or, less commonly, in the central or transistional zones.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Prostate
sub_group: Longitudinal sections of prostate
parent: Longitudinal sections of prostate
object_id: prostata 1
en: Left section of the prostata
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
blood_supply: arteria vesicalis inferior,arteria rectalis media 1,arteria rectalis media 2
innervation: plexus venosus prostaticus
syntopy:
  ductus deferens pars inguinalis,ampulla ductus deferentis,glandula vesiculosa 1,detrusor apron,fascia penis superficialis 2,Large Intestine,fundus vesicae,fascia penis superficialis 1


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Prostate
sub_group: Longitudinal sections of prostate
parent: Longitudinal sections of prostate
object_id: prostata 2
en: Right section of the prostata
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
blood_supply: arteria vesicalis inferior,arteria rectalis media 1,arteria rectalis media 3
innervation: plexus venosus prostaticus
syntopy:
  ductus deferens pars inguinalis,ampulla ductus deferentis,glandula vesiculosa 1,detrusor apron,fascia penis superficialis 2,Large Intestine,fundus vesicae,fascia penis superficialis 1


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2.4
main_group: Prostate
sub_group: External structure of prostate
parent: External structure of prostate
memorix_page: 245
object_id: prostata 1,prostata 2,!detrusor apron
latin: facies anterior
en: Anterior surface
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: 4e6cd9
hit_position: -0.07054,1.08715,0.10888
hit_normal: -0.51242,9.35507,9.89275
body_rotation: 43.10491,355.02190,356.59360
tags: genital
en_description:
  - faces the pubic symphysis, is attached to the pubic symphysis by the puboprostaticus muscle and puboprostatic ligaments


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4.2.2
main_group: Prostate
sub_group: Internal structure of prostate*3
parent: Division of the prostate
memorix_page: 245
object_id: prostata 1,!prostata 2,!detrusor apron,!ligamentum puboprostaticum 1
latin: zona superomedialis/centralis
en: Central/superomedial zone
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: bd386f
hit_position: -0.00238,0.76840,-0.00461
hit_normal: 9.85657,-0.32563,-1.73917
body_rotation: 0.48587,258.30130,2.34510
tags: genital
en_description:
  - the internal wedge-shaped area around the openings of the ejaculatory ducts and the prostatic utricle


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Prostate
sub_group: Internal structure of prostate*3
parent: Internal structure of prostate*3
en_description: - an elevated crest on the posterior surface of the urethra
memorix_page: 245
latin: crista urethralis
en: Urethral crest
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: dc60d3
hit_position: -0.00379,0.76122,-0.07199
hit_normal: 7.34644,-0.48189,-0.39086
body_rotation: 0.32666,266.08980,4.76807
tags: genital
object_id:
  prostata 1,!prostata 2,!pars prostatica urethrae 1,!pars prostatica urethrae 2,!detrusor apron,!ligamentum puboprostaticum 1


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 5.1
main_group: Prostate
sub_group: Internal structure of prostate*3
parent: crista urethralis
en_description: - an elevated area on the urethral crest
memorix_page: 245
latin: colliculus seminalis
en: Seminal colliculus
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: f1d452
hit_position: -0.00414,0.80230,-0.09322
hit_normal: 7.67143,0.46884,2.88698
body_rotation: 0.77457,288.88900,357.73750
tags: genital
object_id:
  prostata 1,!prostata 2,!pars prostatica urethrae 1,!pars prostatica urethrae 2,!detrusor apron,!ligamentum puboprostaticum 1


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 5.1.1
main_group: Prostate
sub_group: Internal structure of prostate*3
parent: colliculus seminalis
en_description: - on both sides of the seminal colliculus
memorix_page: 245
en: Openings of the ejaculatory ducts
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: 271d9f
hit_position: -0.00440,0.80773,-0.13585
hit_normal: 5.75804,0.84126,4.34206
body_rotation: 3.21849,304.37530,355.30820
tags: genital
object_id:
  prostata 1,!prostata 2,!pars prostatica urethrae 1,!pars prostatica urethrae 2,!detrusor apron,!ligamentum puboprostaticum 1


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 5.1.2
main_group: Prostate
sub_group: Internal structure of prostate*3
parent: colliculus seminalis
en_description: - an unpaired blind remnant of the paramesonephric duct
memorix_page: 245
latin: utriculus prostaticus
en: Prostatic utricle
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: cb3434
hit_position: -0.00440,0.75707,-0.11783
hit_normal: 6.53226,0.96648,5.31125
body_rotation: 3.11847,307.69240,355.97270
tags: genital
object_id:
  prostata 1,!prostata 2,!pars prostatica urethrae 1,!pars prostatica urethrae 2,!detrusor apron,!ligamentum puboprostaticum 1


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Prostate
sub_group: Internal structure of prostate*3
parent: Internal structure of prostate*3
memorix_page: 245
latin: sinus prostaticus
en: Prostatic sinus
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: 34cbab
hit_position: -0.00276,0.75441,-0.02307
hit_normal: 8.10013,-0.67735,-1.07964
body_rotation: 0.84278,261.94180,5.93131
tags: genital
en_description:
  - a pair of pits on both sides of the urethral crest where the prostatic ductules (ducts of prostatic glands) open

object_id:
  prostata 1,!prostata 2,!pars prostatica urethrae 1,!pars prostatica urethrae 2,!detrusor apron,!ligamentum puboprostaticum 1


system: urogenital
main_group: Scrotum
memorix_page: 246
latin: Scrotum
en: Scrotum
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  The scrotum is a sac <b>located on the outside of the body</b>, which contains the testis and epididymis. The temperature inside the scrotum is <b>2-4 degrees lower than core body temperature</b>. This ensures optimal spermatogenesis. <b>Contraction of the cremaster muscle pulls the scrotum upwards, towards the perineum</b>.

general_description:
  <b>The cremasteric reflex </b>is triggered by tactile stimulation of the internal surface of the thigh, which leads to contraction of the cremaster. The afferent limb is formed by the somatosensory fibres of the femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve. The efferent limb is formed by the motor fibres of the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve.

  <b>Cavum serosum scroti </b>is an obsolete term for the vaginal cavity of the testis.

clinical_notes:
  <b>A hydrocele </b>is an enlargement of the scrotum caused by accumulation of fluid inside the vaginal cavity of the testis. <b>A congenital hydrocele </b>results from a persistent communication between the peritoneal cavity and the layers of the scrotum via a patent vaginal process of peritoneum. <b>An acquired hydrocele </b>can occur as result of inflammation of the testis or epididymis or from a tumour. However, in the majority of cases, its origin remains unknown.

  <b>A scrotal hernia </b>arises due to a persistent communication between the peritoneal cavity and vaginal cavity of the testis (or the vaginal process of the peritoneum). An intestinal loop enter the scrotum.


system: urogenital
main_group: Scrotum
sub_group: External structure
parent: External structure
memorix_page: 246
latin: septum scroti
en: Septum of scrotum
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - a septum composed of connective tissue that separates the scrotum into two independent cavities, each containing one testis


system: urogenital
main_group: Scrotum
sub_group: External structure
parent: External structure
memorix_page: 246
latin: raphe scroti
en: Raphe of scrotum
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - a seam-like line in the place where the genital (labioscrotal) swellings merged during development, right over the septum of the scrotum,
  - continues ventrally as the raphe of the penis and dorsally as the perineal raphe


system: urogenital
main_group: Scrotum
sub_group: External structure
parent: External structure
memorix_page: 246
object_id: ligamentum scrotale
latin: ligamentum scrotale
en: Scrotal ligament
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - a remnant of the gubernaculum, a cord of connective tissue attaching the lower pole of the testis and tail of the epididymis to the floor of the scrotum

blood_supply:
  rami scrotales,arteria pudenda externa profunda,vena pudenda externa,venae scrotae sposteriores,ramis scrotales anteriores arteriae pudendae externae profundae,venae scrotales anteriores

innervation:
  nervus ilioinguinalis,nervi scrotales posteriores,ramus genitalis nervi genitofemoralis,nervus genitofemoralis


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Scrotum
sub_group: Layers of the scrotum
parent: Layers of the scrotum
en_description: Membranous layer of superficial fascia
memorix_page: 246
object_id: fascia spermatica externa 1
latin: fascia spermatica externa
en: External spermatic fascia
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
blood_supply:
  rami scrotales,arteria pudenda externa profunda,vena pudenda externa,venae scrotae sposteriores,ramis scrotales anteriores arteriae pudendae externae profundae,venae scrotales anteriores

innervation:
  nervus ilioinguinalis,nervi scrotales posteriores,ramus genitalis nervi genitofemoralis,nervus genitofemoralis


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Scrotum
sub_group: Layers of the scrotum
parent: Layers of the scrotum
en_description: Transversalis fascia
memorix_page: 246
object_id: fascia spermatica interna 1
latin: fascia spermatica interna
en: Internal spermatic fascia
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
blood_supply:
  rami scrotales,arteria pudenda externa profunda,vena pudenda externa,venae scrotae sposteriores,ramis scrotales anteriores arteriae pudendae externae profundae,venae scrotales anteriores

innervation:
  nervus ilioinguinalis,nervi scrotales posteriores,ramus genitalis nervi genitofemoralis,nervus genitofemoralis


system: urogenital
main_group: Scrotum
sub_group: Vascular supply
parent: Vascular supply
memorix_page: 246
en: Venous drainage
cell_type: 5
tags: genital
en_description:
  - the anterior scrotal veins, which drain into the great saphenous vein
  - the posterior scrotal veins, which drain into the internal pudendal vein


system: urogenital
main_group: Penis
memorix_page: 247
latin: Penis
en: Penis
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  <b>The penis </b>is an external genital male organ with <b>both excretory and copulative functions</b>. It is formed from 3 erectile bodies and the urethra, which courses throughout its entire length.

general_description:
  <b>The helicine arteries </b>(<i>arteriae helicinae</i>) are convoluted in a flaccid penis and straighten during erection.

  <b>The tunica albuginea </b>of the corpora cavernosa is denser than the tunica albuginea of the corpus spongiosum.

  <b>The bulbospongiosus </b>is attached to the corpus spongiosum in the area of the bulb of the penis. It aids in emptying of the urethra and its rhythmical contractions contribute to the process of ejaculation.

  <b>Balanos </b>is the Greek term for the bulb of penis. <b>Posthe </b>is the Greek term for foreskin

clinical_notes:
  <b>Cabanas lymph node </b>(<i>nodus lymphoideus inguinalis superﬁcialis superomedialis</i>) is the sentinel node of the skin of the penis.

  <b>In a suspected testicular tumor,</b> a diagnostic biopsy is contraindicated due to the risk of dissemination of tumour cells in the layers of the scrotum.

  <b>Balanoposthitis </b>is inflammation of the mucosa of the bulb of the penis and the internal layer of the foreskin.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Penis
sub_group: External structure of penis
parent: External structure of penis
memorix_page: 247
latin: crura penis
en: Crura of penis
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: 4b95b1
hit_position: -0.44142,-0.01091,0.61745
hit_normal: -16.76451,-13.85815,6.47046
body_rotation: 348.34160,73.48783,325.71890
tags: genital
en_description:
  - a paired internal part of the corpora cavernosa
  - attaches to the phallic crest of the inferior pubic ramus and to the pubic symphysis

object_id:
  tunica albuginea 1,tunica albuginea 2,septum penis,!fascia penis superficialis 1,!fascia penis superficialis 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Penis
sub_group: External structure of penis
parent: External structure of penis
en_description: - an unpaired dilated part of the corpus spongiosum underneath the perineum
memorix_page: 247
latin: bulbus penis
en: Bulb of penis
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: 8acd71
hit_position: -0.23127,-0.31790,0.08399
hit_normal: -15.41290,-13.38767,-17.20250
body_rotation: 19.73257,132.70550,339.90660
tags: genital
object_id:
  tunica albuginea spongiosi 1,tunica albuginea spongiosi 2,!fascia penis superficialis 1,!fascia penis superficialis 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Penis
sub_group: External structure of penis
parent: External structure of penis
en_description: - the external part of the penis, composed of three erectile bodies
memorix_page: 247
latin: corpus penis
en: Body of penis
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: 71c7cd
hit_position: -0.43967,-0.88562,3.34926
hit_normal: -32.53537,0.63928,-5.23406
body_rotation: 359.94840,93.30162,0.89462
tags: genital
object_id:
  tunica albuginea 1,tunica albuginea 2,septum penis,!fascia penis superficialis 1,!fascia penis superficialis 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
main_group: Penis
sub_group: External structure of penis
parent: corpus penis
memorix_page: 247
latin: dorsum penis, facies dorsalis
en: Dorsum of penis
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: d7a01f
hit_position: -0.10398,-1.10091,3.47174
hit_normal: -1.84703,0.34160,30.89547
body_rotation: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
tags: genital
en_description:
  - the "anterior” surface in a flaccid penis in the anatomical position, the upper to posterior surface in an erect penis

object_id:
  tunica albuginea 1,tunica albuginea 2,septum penis,!fascia penis superficialis 1,!fascia penis superficialis 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
main_group: Penis
sub_group: External structure of penis
parent: corpus penis
memorix_page: 247
latin: facies urethralis
en: Urethral surface
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: e858d0
hit_position: -0.08006,-0.49995,2.63085
hit_normal: 0.70162,-7.89733,-28.35856
body_rotation: 15.30401,178.73610,359.66640
tags: genital
en_description:
  - the "posterior“ surface in a flaccid penis facing the scrotum
  - the urethra courses the penis right beneath the urethral surface

object_id:
  tunica albuginea spongiosi 1,tunica albuginea spongiosi 2,!fascia penis superficialis 1,!fascia penis superficialis 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4.3
main_group: Penis
sub_group: External structure of penis
parent: corpus penis
memorix_page: 247
latin: raphe penis
en: Raphe of penis
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: 0cdd9a
hit_position: -0.03688,-1.97373,2.73104
hit_normal: -0.05685,-16.86147,-27.23824
body_rotation: 35.67965,178.13980,358.91480
tags: genital
en_description:
  - a longitudinal seam-like line on the urethral surface
  - a developmental remnant of the genital/labioscrotal swellings

object_id:
  tunica albuginea spongiosi 1,tunica albuginea spongiosi 2,!fascia penis superficialis 1,!fascia penis superficialis 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 5.1
main_group: Penis
sub_group: External structure of penis
parent: Glans penis
en_description: - the most distal segment of the corpus spongiosum, the location of the external urethral orifice
memorix_page: 247
object_id: glans penis 1
latin: Glans penis 1
en: Left section of the penis head
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
blood_supply:
  vena dorsalis profunda penis,venae dorsale superficiales penis,arteria urethralis,arteria profunda penis,arteria dorsalis penis,arteria bulbi penis

innervation:
  nervus dorsalis penis_l,nervi cavernosi penis 2,nervi cavernosi penis 1,nervus dorsalis penis_r,nervus ilioinguinalis_l,nervus ilioinguinalis_r


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 5.2
main_group: Penis
sub_group: External structure of penis
parent: Glans penis
en_description: - the most distal segment of the corpus spongiosum, the location of the external urethral orifice
memorix_page: 247
object_id: glans penis 2
latin: Glans penis 2
en: Right section of the penis head
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
blood_supply:
  vena dorsalis profunda penis,venae dorsale superficiales penis,arteria urethralis,arteria profunda penis,arteria dorsalis penis,arteria bulbi penis

innervation:
  nervus dorsalis penis_l,nervi cavernosi penis 2,nervi cavernosi penis 1,nervus dorsalis penis_r,nervus ilioinguinalis_l,nervus ilioinguinalis_r


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 5.4
main_group: Penis
sub_group: External structure of penis
parent: Glans penis
en_description: - a groove separating the glans from the body of the penis
memorix_page: 247
latin: collum glandis
en: Neck of glans
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: 752077
tags: genital
object_id:
  tunica albuginea 1,tunica albuginea 2,septum penis,tunica albuginea spongiosi 1,tunica albuginea spongiosi 2,!fascia penis superficialis 1,!fascia penis superficialis 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 5.7
main_group: Penis
sub_group: External structure of penis
parent: Glans penis
memorix_page: 247
latin: frenulum preputii
en: Frenulum
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - a ventrally located skin crease
  - a transition between the skin of the glans and the skin of the prepuce


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Penis
sub_group: Internal structure of penis
parent: Internal structure of penis
memorix_page: 247
latin: Corpora cavernosa penis
en: Corpora cavernosa
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - erectile bodies that erect the penis when engorged with blood
  - the ischiocavernosus attaches to them, contributing to the process of ejaculation


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 5.3
main_group: Penis
sub_group: Internal structure of penis
parent: Corpora cavernosa penis
memorix_page: 247
en: Cavernous spaces and trabeculae of corpora cavernosa
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - spaces that fill with venous blood during erection
  - little cavities inside the erectile bodies lined with endothelium, fenestrated by trabeculae


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Penis
sub_group: Internal structure of penis
parent: Internal structure of penis
latin: Corpus spongiosum penis
en: Corpus spongiosum penis
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - the unpaired erectile body beneath the urethral surface encompassing the spongy part of the male urethra; it constitutes the bulb and glans of the penis, and the body of the penis along with the corpora cavernosa


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 12
main_group: Penis
sub_group: Vascular supply
parent: Venous drainage
memorix_page: 247
latin: Vena dorsalis profunda penis
en: Deep dorsal vein of penis
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - an unpaired vein that bifurcates into the pudendal plexus of Santorini (and further to the prostatic venous plexus), and into the internal pudendal vein which converges into the internal iliac vein


system: urogenital
main_group: Penis
sub_group: Vascular supply
parent: Vascular supply
memorix_page: 247
en: Lymphatic drainage
cell_type: 5
tags: genital
en_description:
  the superficial inguinal nodes; glans of penis: the deep inguinal nodes, external iliac nodes; corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum, urethra: the internal iliac nodes


system: urogenital
main_group: Penis
sub_group: Innervation
parent: Innervation
memorix_page: 247
en: Somatosensory system
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  the ilioinguinal nerve (the skin of the root of the penis), dorsal nerve of the penis from the pudendal nerve


system: urogenital
main_group: Penis
sub_group: Innervation
parent: Innervation
memorix_page: 247
en: Parasympathetic system
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  the cavernous nerves of the penis from the sacral splanchnic nerves via the inferior hypogastric plexus


system: urogenital
main_group: Male urethra
memorix_page: 248
latin: Urethra masculina
en: Male urethra
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  The male urethra is <b>the final segment of the male excretory and reproductive systems</b>. The sphincter vesicae prevents <b>retrograde flow of semen into the urinary bladder </b>and prevents the release of urine during ejaculation. Along its course, the male urethra contains <b>constrictions and dilations </b>and <b>two curvatures</b>.

general_description:
  <b>The 20 cm long male urethra </b>is about 5 times longer than the 4 cm long female urethra. However, it is narrower and curved.

  <b>The epithelium of the male urethra</b> varies along it course:
  <b>The intramural part and prostatic urethra </b>above the opening for the ejaculatory ducts are lined with transitional epithelium.
  <b>The caudal part of the prostatic urethra </b>and membranous and spongy urethrae are lined with stratified columnar epithelium.
  <b>The navicular fossa </b>is lined with non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium.
  <b>The external urethral orifice </b>is lined with keratinised stratified squamous epithelium.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Clinically, the urethra </b>can be divided in two parts: the anterior and posterior parts. From the anatomical point of view, the posterior urethra consists of the intramural part, prostatic urethra and membranous urethra. The anterior urethra consists of the spongy urethra.

  <b>Compared to the female urethra</b>, the male urethra is longer and narrower and therefore less prone to infections. However, due to its course, these infections tend to have a worse clinical manifestation.

  <b>After transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) </b>for benign hyperplasia of the prostate, the neck of the urinary bladder remains open during ejaculation. This results in retrograde flow of semen into the urinary bladder, causing the so called &ldquo;dry ejaculation&rdquo;.

  <b>Epispadias </b>is a rare atypical location of the external urethral orifice on the dorsum of the penis (1:30 000)

  <b>Hypospadias </b>is a more common atypical location of the external urethral orifice on the ventral (urethral) surface of the penis (1:300).

  <b>Nitric oxide </b>(NO) relaxes vascular smooth muscle. Drugs for erectile dysfunction, such as sildenafil-Viagra, increase the concentration of NO in the vascular beds of the erectile bodies.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Male urethra
sub_group: External structure of male urethra
parent: Segments of male urethra
memorix_page: 248
latin: pars intramuralis
en: Intramural part
cell_type: 0
master_object: Urethra masculina
tags: genital
en_description:
  - a constricted part in the wall of the urinary bladder encircled by the smooth sphincter vesicae (musculus sphincter vesicae), which continues caudally as the smaller internal urethral sphincter


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Male urethra
sub_group: External structure of male urethra
parent: Segments of male urethra
memorix_page: 248
latin: pars prostatica urethrae
en: Prostatic urethra
cell_type: 0
master_object: Urethra masculina
tags: genital
en_description:
  - a dilated part inside the prostate
  - two ejaculatory ducts open at the seminal collicle, transporting semen into the urethra


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Male urethra
sub_group: External structure of male urethra
parent: Segments of male urethra
memorix_page: 248
latin: pars intermedia/membranacea
en: Membranous urethra / intermediate part of urethra
cell_type: 0
master_object: Urethra masculina
tags: genital
en_description:
  - a constricted part passing through the pelvic floor
  - is surrounded by the striated external urethral sphincter


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 7
main_group: Male urethra
sub_group: External structure of male urethra
parent: Curvatures
memorix_page: 248
en: Subpubic curvature
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - a superior-facing concavity at the transition of the membranous and spongy urethra, impossible to straighten


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 10
main_group: Male urethra
sub_group: External structure of male urethra
parent: Sphincters
memorix_page: 248
latin: Musculus sphincter urethrae externus
en: External urethral sphincter
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - a strong striated muscle innervated by somatomotor nerve fibres originating in the S2-S4 spinal cord segments


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Male urethra
sub_group: Mechanism of erection and ejaculation
parent: Mechanism of erection and ejaculation
memorix_page: 248
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en:
  The stimuliare transferred to spinal cord segment S3, where the parasympathetic sacral splanchnic nerves originate and, as the cavernous nerves of the penis, innervate erectile bodies.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Male urethra
sub_group: Mechanism of erection and ejaculation
parent: Mechanism of erection and ejaculation
memorix_page: 248
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en:
  Under the influence of the parasympathetic system, the intimal thickenings within the helicine arteries diminish, which increases blood flow to the cavernous spaces.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Male urethra
sub_group: Mechanism of erection and ejaculation
parent: Mechanism of erection and ejaculation
memorix_page: 248
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en:
  Stimulation of sensory nerve endings in the penis leads to activation of the ejaculation center in the spinal cord segments T11–L2 under the influence of the sympathetic system.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 7
main_group: Male urethra
sub_group: Mechanism of erection and ejaculation
parent: Mechanism of erection and ejaculation
memorix_page: 248
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en:
  The sympathetic system contracts the ductus deferens, which transports spermatozoa from the epididymis to the prostatic urethra, where they mix with fluid from prostate and seminal glands.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 8
main_group: Male urethra
sub_group: Mechanism of erection and ejaculation
parent: Mechanism of erection and ejaculation
memorix_page: 248
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en:
  Concurrently, under the influence of the sympathetic system, the spincter vesicae and internal urethral sphincter contract, preventi ng retrodrade flow of semen into the urinary bladder.


system: urogenital
main_group: Female urethra
latin: urethra feminina
en: Female urethra
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
en_description:
  The female urethra is a 4 cm long, 6-8 cm wide muscular tube connecting the bladder to the external environment, this forming the terminal portion of the urinary tract in the female. Voluntary contraction of the external urethral sphincter prevents urine from leaking out during reflex contraction of the detrusor muscle.

general_description:
  <b>Urinary continence </b>is the ability to keep urine in the bladder and excrete it in a controlled fashion. Urinary incontinence is the lack of this ability. The two main aspects of urinary continence are the position of the urethra and neck of the bladder and the proper function of the urethral sphincters. In females, the sphincter compresses the urethra against the vagina and thus closes it. Stress incontinence is defined as involuntary leakage of urine when the pressure inside the peritoneal
  cavity rises (e.g. during coughing or laughing). Increased intra-abdominal pressure is able to push the urethra and the adjacent neck of the bladder downwards (a condition termed urethral hypermobility). Pressure is thus distributed unevenly; it is higher inside the urinary bladder than in the urethra, which results in urine leakage. A different kind of stress incontinence occurs when the urethra and neck of the bladder are permanently descended into the lesser pelvis, evenat rest. Consequently, the internal urethral sphincter becomes unable to keep urine from escaping the urinary bladder.

  Urinary continence in female is provided by:
  - urethral mucosa and submucosa
  - smooth and striated muscle of the urethra
  - external urethral sphincter, compressor urethrae
  - sphincter urethrovaginalis, levator ani (pubovaginalis)


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
main_group: Female urethra
sub_group: Parts of female urethra
parent: Parts of female urethra
object_id: urethra feminina externa f 2,!urethra feminina externa f 1
latin: pars perinealis urethrae femininae
en: Perineal part of female urethra
cell_type: 0
color: 5D27BF
hit_position: 0.02199,-0.65815,0.80415
hit_normal: -5.66962,4.67569,2.00301
body_rotation: 350.56080,-126.88230,-12.32915
tags: urinary
en_description:
  - passes through the perineal muscles and the urogenital hiatus (hiatus urogenitalis) of the levator ani


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.5
main_group: Female urethra
sub_group: Parts of female urethra
parent: Parts of female urethra
en_description: - protrudes as the urethral papilla (papilla urethralis) in the vestibule (vestibulum vaginae)
object_id: ostium urethrae externum f
latin: ostium urethrae externum
en: External urethral orifice
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
blood_supply: arteria pudenda interna,venae pudendae internae f
innervation: ,plexus vesicalis f 1,plexus vesicalis f 2
syntopy:
  vagina anterior f,ostium urethrae externum f,clitoris f,musculus sphincter uretrae f,urethra feminina externa f 1,urethra feminina externa f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Female urethra
sub_group: Internal female urethra
parent: musculus sphincter urethrae internus
object_id: urethra feminina f 1
latin: musculus sphincter urethrae internus pars sinister
en: Left section of internal female urethra
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
innervation: plexus vesicalis f 1,plexus vesicalis f 2
blood_supply:
  arteria vesicalis inferior f,arteria urethralis f,arteria pudenda interna f,arteria vaginalis f,plexus venosus vesicalis f 1,plexus venosus vaginalis f 1,plexus venosus vaginalis f 2,plexus venosus vesicalis f 2,venae pudendae internae f

syntopy:
  vagina anterior f,ostium urethrae externum f,clitoris f,fundus vesicae f,musculus sphincter uretrae f,compressor urethrae f 1,compressor urethrae f 2,sphincter urethrovaginalis f,musculus pubococcygeus,urethra feminina externa f 1,urethra feminina externa f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Female urethra
sub_group: Internal female urethra
parent: musculus sphincter urethrae internus
object_id: urethra feminina f 2
latin: musculus sphincter urethrae internus pars dexter
en: Right section of internal female urethra
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
innervation: plexus vesicalis f 1,plexus vesicalis f 2
blood_supply:
  arteria vesicalis inferior f,arteria urethralis f,arteria pudenda interna f,arteria vaginalis f,plexus venosus vesicalis f 1,plexus venosus vaginalis f 1,plexus venosus vaginalis f 2,plexus venosus vesicalis f 2,venae pudendae internae f

syntopy:
  vagina anterior f,ostium urethrae externum f,clitoris f,fundus vesicae f,musculus sphincter uretrae f,compressor urethrae f 1,compressor urethrae f 2,sphincter urethrovaginalis f,musculus pubococcygeus


system: urogenital
main_group: Female internal genital system
latin: Organa genitalia feminina interna
en: Female internal genital system
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  The internal female genital organs include the genital glands (ovaries), uterine tubes, uterus and vagina. The vestibule, labia, female erectile bodies (clitoris and bulb of the vestibule) and mons pubis constitute the external female genital organs.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Ovary
parent: Ovarium
en: Longitudal sections of ovary
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  The ovary is the female genital gland (gonad). It is a paired intraperitoneal organ located in the pelvis. The ovary contains oocytes within follicles, undergoing the process of maturation. The ovary produces various steroids and polypeptide hormones.

general_description:
  Oophoron is the Greek term for ovary.

   The adnexa of the uterus is a collective term for the ovary, uterine tube and their peritoneal folds.

clinical_notes:
  Oophorectomy is the surgical removal of the ovary. Salpingectomy is the surgical removal of the uterine tube.

  Salpingo-oophorectomy / adnexectomy is the surgical removal of both the ovary and the uterine tube.

  Adnexitis / pelvic inflammatory disease is inflammation of both the uterine tube and ovary. It may be caused by spread of infection from the appendix.

   An ovarian cyst is a collection of fluid covered by a thin membrane located in the ovary. In majority of cases, they are of no clinical significance.  However, sometimes they can lead to infertility. In diagnostic ultrasound, small cysts less than 40mm may cause diagnostic confusion due to their resemblance of normal follicles.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Ovary
parent: Longitudal sections of ovary
en_description: - an intraperitoneally located pair of glands that contain maturing oocytes
object_id: ovarium f 1,ovarium f 2
latin: Pars inferior ovarii
en: Inferior section of ovary
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
innervation: plexus ovaricus f 1,plexus ovaricus f 2
blood_supply:
  vena ovarica dextra f,vena ovarica sinistra f,rami tubarii arteriae ovaricae f,arteria ovarica f 1,arteria ovarica f 2

syntopy:
  tuba uterina f 1,tuba uterina f 2,ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1, ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2,myometrium superior f,myometrium inferior f,ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.2
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Ovary
parent: Longitudal sections of ovary
en_description: - an intraperitoneally located pair of glands that contain maturing oocytes
object_id: ovarium superior f 1,ovarium superior f 2
latin: Pars superior ovarii
en: Superior section of ovary
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
innervation: plexus ovaricus f 1,plexus ovaricus f 2
blood_supply:
  vena ovarica dextra f,vena ovarica sinistra f,rami tubarii arteriae ovaricae f,arteria ovarica f 1,arteria ovarica f 2

syntopy:
  tuba uterina f 1,tuba uterina f 2,ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1, ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2,myometrium superior f,myometrium inferior f,ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Ovary
parent: External structure of ovary
en_description: - faces the pelvic viscera
latin: facies medialis ovarii
en: Medial surface
cell_type: 0
color: 72A42D
hit_position: 1.04736,0.12449,3.25089
hit_normal: -4.12312,-14.47940,12.73246
body_rotation: 39.27293,-16.08413,-10.34379
tags: genital
object_id:
  ovarium f 1,ovarium superior f 1,ovarium f 2,ovarium superior f 2,!tuba uterina f 1,!tuba uterina f 2,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.2
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Ovary
parent: External structure of ovary
en_description: - lies on the lateral wall of the lesser pelvis
latin: facies lateralis ovarii
en: Lateral surface
cell_type: 0
color: 72A42D
hit_position: 1.18353,0.23967,3.04842
hit_normal: 15.31114,-0.02368,-12.47825
body_rotation: 2.24912,-267.24180,-39.16713
tags: genital
object_id:
  ovarium f 1,ovarium superior f 1,ovarium f 2,ovarium superior f 2,!tuba uterina f 1,!tuba uterina f 2,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.3
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Ovary
parent: External structure of ovary
en_description: - the anterior margin facing the peritoneal fold of the ovary
latin: margo mesovaricus ovarii
en: Mesovarian border
cell_type: 0
color: A4852D
hit_position: 1.11895,0.37490,3.28080
hit_normal: -1.28877,15.88586,11.36088
body_rotation: 324.77180,-170.44050,-5.54859
tags: genital
object_id:
  ovarium f 1,ovarium superior f 1,ovarium f 2,ovarium superior f 2,!tuba uterina f 1,!tuba uterina f 2,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.4
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Ovary
parent: External structure of ovary
en_description: - the posterior free margin
latin: margo liber ovarii
en: Free border
cell_type: 0
color: 8C2DA4
hit_position: 1.14302,0.08007,3.11543
hit_normal: 14.27489,-13.04844,-3.48183
body_rotation: 353.50060,-309.37030,-7.85428
tags: genital
object_id:
  ovarium f 1,ovarium superior f 1,ovarium f 2,ovarium superior f 2,!tuba uterina f 1,!tuba uterina f 2,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.5
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Ovary
parent: External structure of ovary
en_description: - the upper pole facing the abdominal opening of the uterine tube
latin: extremitas tubaria
en: Tubal extremity
cell_type: 0
color: 2D51A4
hit_position: 1.26687,0.19644,3.27921
hit_normal: 14.16999,-10.89576,8.38877
body_rotation: 13.94901,-301.55590,-338.56950
tags: genital
object_id:
  ovarium f 1,ovarium superior f 1,ovarium f 2,ovarium superior f 2,!tuba uterina f 1,!tuba uterina f 2,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.6
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Ovary
parent: External structure of ovary
en_description: - the lower pole facing the uterine horn
latin: extremitas uterina
en: Uterine extremity
cell_type: 0
color: 2D95A4
hit_position: 0.91067,0.18584,3.07833
hit_normal: -11.87093,14.40150,6.56150
body_rotation: 346.05990,-135.56200,-13.29117
tags: genital
object_id:
  ovarium f 1,ovarium superior f 1,ovarium f 2,ovarium superior f 2,!tuba uterina f 1,!tuba uterina f 2,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.3.1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Ovary
parent: Peritoneal folds and their corresponding arterial supply
latin: mesovarium
en: Mesovarium
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - a peritoneal fold of the ovary
  - attaches to the posterior aspect of the broad ligament of the uterus


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.3.2
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Ovary
parent: Peritoneal folds and their corresponding arterial supply
object_id: ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2
latin: ligamentum suspensorium ovarii
en: Suspensory ligament of ovary
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
innervation: plexus ovaricus f 1,plexus ovaricus f 2
en_description:
  - attaches the tubal extremity of the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall
  - contains the ovarian artery and veins, ovarian nervous plexus and lymphatic vessels

general_description:
  Ligamentum uteroovaricum and  chorda uteroovarica are obsolete terms for the ligament of the ovary.

   Ligamentum infundibulopelvicum is an obsolete term for the suspensory ligament of the ovary.

blood_supply:
  vena ovarica dextra f,vena ovarica sinistra f,rami tubarii arteriae ovaricae f,arteria ovarica f 1,arteria ovarica f 2

syntopy:
  tuba uterina f 1,tuba uterina f 2,ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1, ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2,myometrium superior f,myometrium inferior f,ovarium f 1,ovarium f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.3.3
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Ovary
parent: Peritoneal folds and their corresponding arterial supply
object_id: ligamentum ovarii proprium f 1,ligamentum ovarii proprium f 2
latin: ligamentum ovarii proprium
en: Ligament of ovary
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
innervation: plexus ovaricus f 1,plexus ovaricus f 2
en_description:
  - attaches the uterine extremity of the ovary to the uterine horns
  - contains the ovarian branch of the uterine artery and its corresponding veins and lymphatic vessels

blood_supply:
  vena ovarica dextra f,vena ovarica sinistra f,rami tubarii arteriae ovaricae f,arteria ovarica f 1,arteria ovarica f 2

syntopy:
  tuba uterina f 1,tuba uterina f 2,ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1, ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2,myometrium superior f,myometrium inferior f,ovarium f 1,ovarium f 2


system: urogenital
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Ovary
parent: Innervation of ovary
en: Innervation of ovary - Parasympathetic system
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  ovarian plexus (from the vagus nerve with accesory fibres from the superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses)


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterine tube
parent: Tuba uterina
object_id: tuba uterina f 1,tuba uterina f 2
latin: Tuba uterina*2
en: Uterine tube/Fallopian tube
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
general_description: Salpinx is the Greek term for uterine tube.
cell_type: 1
tags: genital
syntopy: ovarium f 1,ovarium f 2,ovarium superior f 1,ovarium superior f 2,ductus mesonephricus
en_description:
  <b>The uterine tube (Fallopian tube) is a paired muscular tube uniting the uterine horn with the ovary. </b>Its abdominal ostium is <b>reely open to the peritoneal cavity</b>, where it captures released oocytes, which are transported along the tube by peristaltic contractions to the uterine cavity. <b>Fertilisations of an oocyte by a spermatozoon</b> usually happens within the uterine tube.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Salpingitis is inflammation</b> of the uterine tube. It can spread to the peritoneum via the abdominal ostium and thus cause peritonitis.

  <b>Tubal obstruction</b> may result from recurrent inflammation of the uterine tube mucosa and consequent  scarring, causing adhesions and subsequent loss of tubal patency.  This is a common cause of female infertility and ectopic pregnancy.

  <b>Ectopic pregnancy (graviditas extrauterina / GEU)</b> occurs when a zygote  (a fertilised ovum) implants in a different location than its normal implantation site within the uterus.  This occurs most commonly within the uterine tube. However, other locations, such as the cervical canal, ovary or peritoneal cavity are possible.  In the majority of cases the  embryo does not survive. However sometimes its development may  continue and rupture the uterine tube causing life threatening bleeding and sepsis.

blood_supply:
  rami tubarii arteriae ovaricae f,ramus tubarius arteriae uterinae f,vena ovarica sinistra f,vena ovarica dextra f,plexus venosus uterinus f

innervation:
  plexus ovaricus f 1,plexus ovaricus f 2,plexus hypogastricus inferior f 1,plexus hypogastricus inferior f 2,plexus uterovaginalis f 1,plexus uterovaginalis f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterine tube
parent: External strucure of uterine tube
latin: ostium abdominale
en: Abdominal ostium
cell_type: 0
color: D55F38
hit_position: -1.33027,0.27167,3.19383
hit_normal: 9.42088,-19.27817,1.87848
body_rotation: 4.31909,331.21650,357.63080
tags: genital
en_description:
  - faces the ovary
  - directly communicates with the peritoneal cavity
  - the inlet of the uterine tube

object_id:
  tuba uterina f 1,tuba uterina f 2,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!ovarium f 1,!ovarium superior f 1,!ovarium f 2,!ovarium superior f 2,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.2
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterine tube
parent: External strucure of uterine tube
en_description:
  - a dilated part adjacent to the abdominal ostium
  - contains the fimbriae

latin: infundibulum tubae uterinae
en: Infundibulum of uterine tube
cell_type: 0
color: ACD538
hit_position: -1.26452,0.41649,3.29591
hit_normal: -5.16247,8.11639,-1.41391
body_rotation: 6.32387,144.87580,355.56940
tags: genital
object_id:
  tuba uterina f 1,tuba uterina f 2,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.3
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterine tube
parent: External strucure of uterine tube
en_description: the wider lateral 2/3 of the uterine tube, decorated by many mucosal folds
latin: ampulla tubae uterinae
en: Ampulla
cell_type: 0
color: D53838
hit_position: -1.48607,-0.07365,3.26481
hit_normal: -17.31838,3.98768,-11.24981
body_rotation: 4.67912,97.55456,328.40440
tags: genital
object_id:
  tuba uterina f 1,tuba uterina f 2,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.4
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterine tube
parent: External strucure of uterine tube
en_description: the narrower medial 1/3 of the uterine tube, contains scant mucosal folds
latin: isthmus tubae uterinae
en: Isthmus
cell_type: 0
color: CFD538
hit_position: -0.94029,-0.21647,3.08554
hit_normal: -7.59840,-2.15677,-4.36788
body_rotation: 350.55380,72.93741,331.86540
tags: genital
object_id:
  tuba uterina f 1,tuba uterina f 2,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.5
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterine tube
parent: External strucure of uterine tube
en_description: the intramural segment of the uterine tube, located inside the wall of the uterus
latin: pars uterina
en: Uterine par
cell_type: 0
color: 9738D5
hit_position: -0.77333,-0.28575,3.02303
hit_normal: -3.30100,-8.19963,3.79475
body_rotation: 21.12588,19.46234,7.25834
tags: genital
object_id:
  tuba uterina f 1,tuba uterina f 2,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.6
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterine tube
parent: External strucure of uterine tube
en_description: is located within the uterine horn
latin: ostium uterinum
en: Uterine ostium
cell_type: 0
color: D538A8
hit_position: -0.72435,-0.29595,3.00381
hit_normal: -5.68870,-10.96824,4.35102
body_rotation: 17.18289,24.02728,7.50262
tags: genital
object_id:
  tuba uterina f 1,tuba uterina f 2,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterine tube
parent: mesosalpinx*1
en: Arterial anastomosis between the ovarian artery
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  contains an arterial anastomosis between the ovarian artery and the ovarian branch of the uterine artery (called the ovarian arcade) and its branches


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterine tube
parent: Internal structure of uterine tube
latin: tunica mucosa
en: Mucosa
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - simple columnar ciliated epithelium
  - is organised in multiple folds, which decrease in number and thickness from the ampulla to the isthmus
  - the epithelium contains ciliated cells, peg cells and basal cells
  - the mucosal folds form the “mucosal labyrinth”, which is formed by primary, secondary and tertiary folds


system: urogenital
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterine tube
parent: Venous drainageof uterine tube
en: Venous drainageof uterine tube*2
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - theleft ovarian artery (to the left renal vein)
  - the right ovarian artery (to the inferior vena cava)
  - the uterine venous plexus (to the uterine vein, internal iliac vein)


system: urogenital
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterine tube
parent: Lymphatic drainage of uterine tube
en: Lymphatic drainage of uterine tube*2
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - the major part of the uterine tube: the lumbar nodes
  - the isthmus: the superficial inguinal nodes


system: urogenital
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterine tube
parent: Innervation of uterine tube
en: Innervation of uterine tube - Parasympathetic system
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - the lateral 1/3 of the uterine tube from the ovarian plexus (from vagus nerve)
  - the medial 2/3 of the uterine tube from the inferior hypogastric plexus (from the sacral splanchnic nerves)


system: urogenital
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: Organa genitalia feminina interna
latin: Uterus*1
en: Uterus
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  The uterus is a <b> pear-shaped organ</b> located in the lesser pelvis between the urinary bladder and rectum. Its mucosa undergoes cyclic transformation, synchronised with the ovarian cycle. This ensures that the uterus is ready for implantation and the subsequent development of the fertilised ovum. It is positioned in <b>anteversion and anteflexion </b>and is almost completely covered by peritoneum. Due to its position, spermatozoa can easily reach the uterine cavity and it provides sufficient space for a growing embryo/foetus.

general_description:
  <b>Metra and hystera  </b>are Greek terms for uterus.

    <b>Menstruation </b> is the phase of uterine bleeding that occurs at the  end of the menstrual cycle. After menstruation, the uterine mucosa regenerates during the proliferative phase while an oocyte matures  in the ovary. After the proliferative phase, the oocyte is released from a Graafian follicle into the uterine tube. This is followed by the secretory phase, which prepares the mucosa for implantation of a fertilized ovum. If fertilisation doesn’t occur, menstruation occurs and the cycle repeats.

    <b>Ectocervix (exocervix)  </b>is a clinical term for the vaginal part of the cervix of uterus. Endocervix is a clinical term for its supravaginal part.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Metrorrhagia </b> is uterine bleeding that differs in timing or intensity to normal menstrual bleeding.

   <b> Metralgia </b> is the Latin term for “pain of the uterus”.

    <b>Hysterectomy </b> is the surgical removal of the uterus.

    <b>The epithelium </b> of the cervix changes during puberty. The epithelium  becomes more vulnerable to infection with HPV (human papilloma  virus) during this transformation.  Infection with HPV can cause cervical carcinoma.

    <b>The vesicouterine fold (plica vesicouterina) </b> is located at the bottom  of the vesicouterine pouch. It is an important structure for surgeries such as hysterectomies and caesarean sections. An incision has to  be made in the fold to release and descend the urinary bladder preventing possible surgical injury.

    <b>A myoma / leiomyoma is a benign tumor </b> of the myometrium. It is the most common tumour of the body of the uterus. Its symptoms include long heavy bleeding that occurs independently from menstrual bleeding.

  <b>Metra and hystera  </b>are Greek terms for uterus.

    <b>Menstruation  </b>is the phase of uterine bleeding that occurs at the  end of the menstrual cycle. After menstruation, the uterine mucosa regenerates during the proliferative phase while an oocyte matures  in the ovary. After the proliferative phase, the oocyte is released from a Graafian follicle into the uterine tube. This is followed by the secretory phase, which prepares the mucosa for implantation of a fertilized ovum. If fertilisation doesn’t occur, menstruation occurs and the cycle repeats."


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: Uterus*1
object_id: myometrium superior f
latin: Uterus pars superior
en: Superior part of uterus
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
innervation: plexus uterovaginalis f 1,plexus uterovaginalis f 2
blood_supply:
  arteria uterina f,plexus venosus uterinus f,arteriae arcuatae uteri f,ramus ascendens arteria uterinae f,

syntopy:
  rectum,corpus vesicae f,apex vesicae f,fundus vesicae f,ileum,ligamentum ovarii proprium f 1,ligamentum ovarii proprium f 2,tuba uterina f 1,tuba uterina f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: Uterus*1
object_id: myometrium inferior f
latin: Uterus pars inferior
en: Inferior part of uterus
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
innervation: plexus uterovaginalis f 1,plexus uterovaginalis f 2
blood_supply:
  arteria uterina f,plexus venosus uterinus f,arteriae arcuatae uteri f,ramus ascendens arteria uterinae f,

syntopy:
  rectum,corpus vesicae f,apex vesicae f,fundus vesicae f,ileum,ligamentum ovarii proprium f 1,ligamentum ovarii proprium f 2,tuba uterina f 1,tuba uterina f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: External structure of uterus
en_description: the middle and largest part of the uterus
latin: corpus uteri
en: Body of uterus
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
object_id:
  myometrium superior f,myometrium inferior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: corpus uteri
en_description: the ventro-cranial part of the body of the uterus
latin: fundus uteri
en: Fundus of uterus
cell_type: 0
color: DA378C
hit_position: -0.14613,-0.26153,3.33863
hit_normal: -12.14762,-12.69709,11.16063
body_rotation: 25.31037,44.59652,22.85747
tags: genital
object_id:
  myometrium inferior f,myometrium superior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.2
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: corpus uteri
en_description: a paired structure through which the uterine tubes enter the uterus
latin: cornu uteri
en: Uterine horn
cell_type: 0
color: 29DC8B
hit_position: -0.42851,-0.35694,3.13594
hit_normal: -0.07522,-20.60861,11.81377
body_rotation: 30.35544,357.46190,358.71670
tags: genital
object_id:
  myometrium inferior f,myometrium superior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.4
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: corpus uteri
en_description: houses the developing embryo and foetus
latin: cavitas uteri
en: Uterine cavity
cell_type: 0
color: FFB922
hit_position: -0.24813,0.20062,2.65137
hit_normal: -5.03622,19.13077,9.07494
body_rotation: 336.63450,159.42900,8.46584
tags: genital
object_id:
  myometrium inferior f,!myometrium superior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: External structure of uterus
en_description: the narrow transitional area between the body and cervix
latin: isthmus uteri
en: Isthmus of uterus
cell_type: 0
color: 78AD11
hit_position: -0.26063,0.60185,2.44429
hit_normal: -22.04447,4.62728,3.58971
body_rotation: 358.56150,99.54099,8.49468
tags: genital
object_id:
  myometrium superior f,myometrium inferior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: isthmus uteri
en_description: the cavity of the isthmus, its upper border forms the internal os
latin: canalis isthmi
en: Canalis isthmi
cell_type: 0
color: DCD529
hit_position: -0.25319,0.62640,2.41667
hit_normal: -0.59592,15.58428,15.06224
body_rotation: 317.47280,170.15710,6.68889
tags: genital
object_id:
  myometrium inferior f,!myometrium superior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.2
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: isthmus uteri
en_description: the internal os
latin: ostium anatomicum uteri internum
en: Anatomical os
cell_type: 0
color: 2D52B6
hit_position: -0.19025,0.63520,2.39388
hit_normal: -1.73019,12.22696,6.96167
body_rotation: 331.85400,166.82770,6.29994
tags: genital
object_id:
  myometrium inferior f,!myometrium superior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: External structure of uterus
latin: cervix uteri
en: Cervix of uterus
cell_type: 0
color: 39E5A1
hit_position: -0.16230,0.89434,2.39979
hit_normal: -16.65820,15.33033,3.53101
body_rotation: 354.66000,130.27360,6.26835
tags: genital
object_id:
  myometrium inferior f,myometrium superior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.3.1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: cervix uteri
latin: portio supravaginalis cervicis uteri
en: Supravaginal part of uterus
cell_type: 0
color: 1196AD
hit_position: -0.10435,0.66325,2.34037
hit_normal: -6.90889,18.93874,11.85161
body_rotation: 333.21020,153.60890,12.60680
tags: genital
en_description:
  - the cranial part of the cervix above the attachment of the vagina
  - contains mucosal folds called the palmate folds (plicae palmatae)

object_id:
  myometrium inferior f,!myometrium superior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.3.2
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: cervix uteri
en_description: - the caudal part of the cervix protruding into the vagina
latin: portio vaginalis cervicis uteri
en: Vaginal part of uterus
cell_type: 0
color: 962DC7
hit_position: -0.10435,0.66325,2.34037
hit_normal: -6.90889,18.93874,11.85161
body_rotation: 333.21020,153.60890,12.60680
tags: genital
object_id:
  myometrium inferior f,!myometrium superior f,!vagina posterior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.3.3
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: cervix uteri
en_description: - the continuation of the uterine cavity inside the cervix
latin: canalis cervicis uteri
en: Cervical canal of uterus
cell_type: 0
color: C53131
hit_position: -0.10435,0.66325,2.34037
hit_normal: -6.90889,18.93874,11.85161
body_rotation: 333.21020,153.60890,12.60680
tags: genital
object_id:
  myometrium inferior f,!myometrium superior f,!vagina posterior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.3.4
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: cervix uteri
en_description: - the opening of the cervical canal to the vagina
latin: ostium uteri
en: External os of uterus of uterus
cell_type: 0
color: 65F600
hit_position: -0.36205,0.71899,2.34294
hit_normal: -11.50765,16.21155,-10.94957
body_rotation: 21.91172,137.49290,341.11730
tags: genital
object_id:
  myometrium inferior f,myometrium superior f,!vagina posterior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: Internal structure of uterus
latin: Endometrium
en: Endometrium (uterus)
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - the uterine mucosa, consists of simple columnar epithelium, connective tissue and simple tubular glands, contains more goblet cells than ciliated cells


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4.1.1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: Endometrium
latin: stratum basale
en: Basal layer of endometrium
cell_type: 0
color: BF03D3
hit_position: -0.31878,0.33727,2.65722
hit_normal: -5.46215,9.82265,6.41483
body_rotation: 335.57560,144.40300,16.48868
tags: genital
en_description:
  - the deepest layer of the endometrium
  - doesnt change during the menstrual cycle,
  - contains the basal parts of the endometrial glands

object_id:
  myometrium inferior f,!myometrium superior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4.1.2
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: Endometrium
en_description:
  - the widest layer
  - undergoes cyclic changes
  - is composed mainly of uterine glands

latin: stratum functionale
en: Functional layer of endometrium
cell_type: 0
color: 03BFD3
hit_position: -0.19133,0.50078,2.51596
hit_normal: -2.05175,9.56620,7.37186
body_rotation: 325.52500,159.93420,11.68190
tags: genital
object_id:
  myometrium inferior f,!myometrium superior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: Internal structure of uterus
en_description: smooth muscle of the uterus arranged in four layers
latin: Myometrium
en: Myometrium (uterus)
cell_type: 0
color: CCA31F
hit_position: -0.07596,0.38200,2.52017
hit_normal: -1.50250,8.50822,7.98276
body_rotation: 318.81200,162.57660,11.67673
tags: genital
object_id:
  myometrium inferior f,!myometrium superior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4.4
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: Internal structure of uterus
latin: Parametrium
en: Parametrium (uterus)
cell_type: 0
color: EC1313
hit_position: -0.23862,0.70938,2.31762
hit_normal: -0.89094,4.47695,3.17276
body_rotation: 327.35180,164.74750,8.36846
tags: genital
en_description:
  - loose connective tissue surrounding the caudal part of the uterus
  - extends between two layers of the broad ligament of the uterus and
  - below the broad ligament condenses to form the parametrial ligaments

object_id:
  myometrium inferior f,!myometrium superior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 5.1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: Peritoneal folds
latin: ligamentum latum uteri
en: Broad ligament of uterus
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - is a double peritoneal fold located in the frontal plane of the lesser pelvis, consists of the three parts 
  - it is attached to the uterine border medially and is laterally continuous with the parietal peritoneum of the pelvic wall


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 6.2
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: Parametrial ligaments
object_id: ligamentum cardinale f
latin: ligamentum cardinale Mackenrodti
en: Cardinal ligament / Mackenrodt’s ligament
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - a paired fibrous band extending laterally from the cervix and isthmus to the pelvic wall
  - enables antero-posterior movements of the uterus


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 6.6
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: Parametrial ligaments
object_id: ligamenta sacrouterina f 1,ligamenta sacrouterina f 2
latin: ligamenta sacrouterina
en: Uterosacral ligaments
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
master_object: ligamentum rectouterinum
tags: genital
en_description:
  - the continuation of the recto-uterine ligament to the sacrum, contain the inferior hypogastric plexus


system: urogenital
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: Lymphatic drainage of uterus
en: Lymphatic drainage of uterus*1
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - Body of uterus: the internal iliac nodes
  - Fundus of uterus: the lumbar nodes
  -  Border of uterus: the superficial inguinal nodes along the round ligament of the uterus
  -  Ventral aspect of cervix: the internal iliac nodes
  - Dorsal aspect of cervix: the sacral nodes


system: urogenital
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Vagina
parent: Organa genitalia feminina interna
latin: Vagina*1
en: Vagina
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  The vagina is a <b> hollow muscular tube</b>  that serves as the<b>  terminal part of the female genital tract</b> . It facilitates <b> copulation and partuition.</b>

general_description:
  <b>Introitus</b> is an obsolete term for the vaginal orifice.

  <b>The hymen</b> is a mucous membrane separating the vestibule from the cavity of the vagina.

  <b>Mons pubis / mons Venus</b> is a fat pad located above the pubic symphysis. It is covered with pubic hair, which grows under the influence of the female sex hormones.

  <b>The urethral carina</b> of the vagina (carina urethralis vaginae) is a ridge on the anterior wall of the vagina formed by the underlying urethra.

  <b>The pubovaginalis </b>(part of the levator ani) circles the vagina at the urogenital hiatus and creates the promontorium vaginae of Thomas.

  <b>Receptaculum seminis</b> is an obsolete term for the posterior part of the vaginal fornix that serves to collect semen after coitus.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Colpitis </b>is inflammation of the vagina.

    <b>The recto-uterine pouch/pouch of Douglas</b> is a clinically important place for palpation and evacuation of fluid that has accumulated inside the peritoneal cavity.

    <b>Colposcopy</b> is an endoscopic examination of the cervix through the vagina.

    <b>Culdoscopy</b> is an endoscopic examination of the recto-uterine pouch. The endoscope is inserted through the posterior fornix of the vagina.

    <b>Vaginal (exfoliative) </b>cytology is a repeated cytological examination of the vaginal epithelium over the course of the menstrual cycle.

   <b> A recto-vaginal fistula</b> is a pathological communication betweenthe vagina and rectum that carries a very high risk of infection.

   <b>Local anesthetics</b> can be applied in the area of the pudendal nerve during or shortly before labour.

    <b>The greater vestibular gland/Bartholin’s gland </b>can be a site of a painful abscess.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Vagina
parent: Vagina*1
object_id: vagina posterior f
latin: paries posterior vaginae
en: Posterior wall of vagina
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
innervation: plexus uterovaginalis f 1,plexus uterovaginalis f 2,nervi vaginales f
blood_supply:
  arteria vaginalis f,rami vaginales arteriae uterinae f,arteria pudenda interna f,plexus venosus vaginalis f 1,plexus venosus vaginalis f 2,venae pudendae internae f

syntopy:
  labia minora pudendi f,bulbus vestibuli f 1,bulbus vestibuli f 2,urethra feminina f 1,urethra feminina f 2,ostium urethrae externum f,rectum,musculus pubococcygeus,sphincter urethrovaginalis f,musculus puborectalis,musculus sphincter uretrae f


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Vagina
parent: Vagina*1
object_id: vagina anterior f
latin: paries anterior vaginae
en: Anterior wall of vagina
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
innervation: plexus uterovaginalis f 1,plexus uterovaginalis f 2,nervi vaginales f
blood_supply:
  arteria vaginalis f,rami vaginales arteriae uterinae f,arteria pudenda interna f,plexus venosus vaginalis f 1,plexus venosus vaginalis f 2,venae pudendae internae f

syntopy:
  labia minora pudendi f,bulbus vestibuli f 1,bulbus vestibuli f 2,urethra feminina f 1,urethra feminina f 2,ostium urethrae externum f,rectum,musculus pubococcygeus,sphincter urethrovaginalis f,musculus puborectalis,musculus sphincter uretrae f


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Vagina
parent: External structure of vagina
en_description: - the external opening of the vagina in the vestibule
latin: ostium vaginae
en: Vaginal orifice
cell_type: 0
color: A632EA
hit_position: 0.00969,-0.42428,0.44110
hit_normal: -0.40383,-2.12476,-7.21491
body_rotation: 288.49610,348.78410,10.65015
tags: genital
object_id:
  vagina anterior f,vagina posterior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Vagina
parent: External structure of vagina
latin: vestibulum vaginae
en: Vestibule of vagina
cell_type: 0
color: F6D830
hit_position: 0.02495,-0.42351,0.44752
hit_normal: -0.13071,-3.45202,-6.57262
body_rotation: 298.89590,355.04460,4.34094
tags: genital
object_id:
  vagina anterior f,vagina posterior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.3.1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Vagina
parent: canalis vaginalis
latin: paries anterior canalis vaginalis
en: Anterior wall of vaginal canal
cell_type: 0
color: 68B829
hit_position: -0.03303,0.66698,1.51209
hit_normal: 1.98011,22.96737,-4.64188
body_rotation: 10.56970,181.62270,0.29772
tags: genital
object_id:
  vagina anterior f,!vagina posterior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Vagina
parent: paries anterior canalis vaginalis
en_description: an area on the anterior wall absent in rugae under the overlying trigone of the bladder
latin: area trigonalis vaginae
en: Pawlik’s triangle
cell_type: 0
color: A95FEC
hit_position: 0.07733,0.72804,1.62453
hit_normal: 0.87735,21.39746,-7.75961
body_rotation: 18.59265,179.18530,359.74020
tags: genital
object_id:
  vagina anterior f,!vagina posterior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.3.2
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Vagina
parent: canalis vaginalis
latin: paries posterior canalis vaginalis
en: Posterior wall of vaginal canal
cell_type: 0
color: 29A2B8
hit_position: 0.05935,0.56658,1.05205
hit_normal: -17.50705,-15.41128,-0.10019
body_rotation: 359.43060,45.42771,359.42210
tags: genital
object_id:
  vagina posterior f,!vagina anterior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.3.3
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Vagina
parent: canalis vaginalis
en_description:
  - transverse mucosal folds on the vaginal walls
  - disappear during labour

latin: rugae vaginales
en: Vaginal rugae
cell_type: 0
color: 81DE38
hit_position: 0.00567,0.60381,1.34606
hit_normal: 0.04019,20.41977,-6.38833
body_rotation: 16.78820,176.69200,359.04350
tags: genital
object_id:
  vagina anterior f,!vagina posterior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.5
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Vagina
parent: External structure of vagina
en_description: - encloses the vaginal part of the cervix uteri
latin: fornix vaginae
en: Vaginal fornix
cell_type: 0
color: E56118
hit_position: 0.06529,0.96566,2.12611
hit_normal: -2.88814,-10.61530,9.28241
body_rotation: 41.92808,16.77268,11.38662
tags: genital
object_id:
  vagina anterior f,vagina posterior f,!myometrium superior f,!myometrium inferior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.5.1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Vagina
parent: fornix vaginae
en_description: - the shallow anterior part of the fornix
latin: anterior pars fornicis vaginae
en: Anterior part of vaginal fornix
cell_type: 0
color: DE3333
hit_position: 0.03982,0.76503,2.01069
hit_normal: 0.78757,23.40711,11.83415
body_rotation: 332.42330,178.63860,0.63035
tags: genital
object_id:
  vagina anterior f,!vagina posterior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.5.2
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Vagina
parent: fornix vaginae
en_description: - the deeper posterior part of the fornix
latin: posterior pars fornicis vaginae
en: Posterior part of vaginal fornix
cell_type: 0
color: E14A84
hit_position: 0.03897,0.93304,2.22143
hit_normal: -18.09433,-16.75057,7.05515
body_rotation: 12.79593,46.25771,13.03014
tags: genital
object_id:
  vagina posterior f,!vagina anterior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.5.3
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Vagina
parent: fornix vaginae
en_description: - lateral parts of the fornix
latin: lateralis pars fornicis vaginae
en: Lateral parts of vaginal fornix
cell_type: 0
color: 23C990
hit_position: -0.07204,0.95272,1.86205
hit_normal: -4.53167,-16.61309,19.31468
body_rotation: 49.13295,18.22413,13.98170
tags: genital
object_id:
  vagina anterior f,vagina posterior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Vagina
parent: Regional anatomy of vagina
latin: septum rectovaginale
en: Rectovaginal septum
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - a plate of connective tissue between the vagina and rectum
  - the cranial extention of the perineal body (corpus perineale)


system: urogenital
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Vagina
parent: Arterial supply of vagina
en: Arterial supply of vagina*1
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - the vaginal artery, which arises either directly from the internal iliac or from the uterine artery
  - vaginal branches from the uterine artery, middle rectal artery and internal pudendal artery


system: urogenital
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Vagina
parent: Venous drainage of vagina
en: Venous drainage of vagina*1
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  the internal iliac vein via the uterine venous plexus (into the uterine and vaginal veins), middle rectal and internal pudendal veins


system: urogenital
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Vagina
parent: Lymphatic drainage of vagina
en: Lymphatic drainage of vagina*1
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  internal and external iliac nodes, sacral nodes
  - caudally below the hymen: the superficial inguinal nodes


system: urogenital
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Vagina
parent: Innervation of vagina
en: Innervation of vagina - Viscerosensory and somatosensory system
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - the vaginal nerves
  - caudally below the hymen: the pudendal nerve and its branches, inferior rectal nerves, perineal nerves, posterior labial nerves


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Female external genital system
sub_group: Vulva
parent: Organa genitalia feminina externa
en: Vulva
cell_type: 1
tags: genital
en_description:
  <b>The vulva</b> is a term for the female external genitalia. It includes the<b> labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, erectile bodies and the vestibule (with it’s associated glands)</b>. The vestibule is an area bordered by the labia minora. The labia majora are covered with skin and pubic hair. The round ligament of the uterus inserts into the fat tissue of the labia majora. The labia minora do not contain fat tissue and are lined with mucosa on their medial surfaces. They divide ventrally into two folds, forming the prepuce and frenulum of the clitoris. The clitoris is an erectile organ connected to the two erectile bodies of the bulb of the vestibule.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.2
main_group: Female external genital system
sub_group: Vulva
parent: vestibulum vaginae
object_id: bartholini f 1,bartholini f 2
latin: glandula vestibularis major Bartholini
en: Greater vestibular gland / Bartholin’s gland
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - a paired mucous gland embedded in the perineal membrane
  - opens into the posterior part of the vestibule


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Female external genital system
sub_group: Vulva
parent: Vulva
object_id: f labia major f
latin: labia majora pudendi
en: Labia majora
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
blood_supply:
  arteriae labiales posteriores f,arteriae labiales anteriores f,venae labiales anteriores f,venae labiales anteriores f,arteria bulbi vestibuli f,vena bulbi vestibuli f

innervation:
  nervi perineales f,nervus perinealis superficialis f,nervus ilioinguinalis f,nervus genitofemoralis f,

syntopy:
  vagina anterior f,vagina posterior f,clitoris f,labia minora pudendi f,musculus bulbospongiosus f,ostium urethrae externum f


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.1
main_group: Female external genital system
sub_group: Vulva
parent: labia majora pudendi
object_id: f labia major f
latin: commissura labiorum anterior
en: Anterior commissure
cell_type: 0
color: 6C1090
hit_position: 0.05853,-1.57483,1.04680
hit_normal: -0.76532,-17.05582,-12.06566
body_rotation: 327.22450,358.34360,0.89686
tags: genital
en_description:
  - the anterior connection of the two labia majora
  - is located ventral to the prepuce of the clitoris


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Female external genital system
sub_group: Vulva
parent: Vulva
object_id: labia minora pudendi f
latin: labia minora pudendi
en: Labia minora
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
blood_supply:
  arteriae labiales posteriores f,arteriae labiales anteriores f,venae labiales anteriores f,venae labiales anteriores f,arteria bulbi vestibuli f,vena bulbi vestibuli f,

innervation:
  nervi perineales f,nervus perinealis superficialis f,nervus ilioinguinalis f,nervus genitofemoralis f,

syntopy:
  vagina anterior f,vagina posterior f,clitoris f,f labia major f,musculus bulbospongiosus f,ostium urethrae externum f


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
main_group: Female external genital system
sub_group: Vulva
parent: Vulva
en_description: - the female erectile organ
object_id: clitoris f,!f labia major f
latin: clitoridis
en: Clitoris
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
innervation: nervus dorsalis clitoridis f,nervi cavernosi clitoridis f 1
general_description:
  The fascia of the clitoris (fascia clitoridis) covers the clitoris and attaches it to the anterior surface of the pubic symphysis.

blood_supply:
  arteria dorsalis clitoris f,venae dorsales superficiales clitoridis f,venae profundae clitoridis,vena dorsalis profunda clitoridis f,arteria bulbi vestibuli f,vena bulbi vestibuli f

syntopy:
  vagina anterior f,vagina posterior f,labia minora pudendi f,f labia major f,musculus ischiocavernosus f,musculus bulbospongiosus f,ostium urethrae externum f


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.4.1
main_group: Female external genital system
sub_group: Vulva
parent: clitoridis
object_id: clitoris f,!f labia major f
latin: crura clitoridis
en: Crura of clitoris
cell_type: 0
color: 17A9C2
hit_position: -0.23813,-0.93227,1.00408
hit_normal: -12.35592,-4.57913,11.88125
body_rotation: 15.73789,71.61485,39.21698
tags: genital
en_description:
  - paired bodies of erectile tissue attached to the phallic crest of the inferior pubic ramus
  - meet in the midline at the body of the clitoris


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.5
main_group: Female external genital system
sub_group: Vulva
parent: Vulva
object_id: bulbus vestibuli f 1,bulbus vestibuli f 2
latin: bulbus vestibuli
en: Bulb of vestibule
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
blood_supply: arteria bulbi vestibuli f,vena bulbi vestibuli f,
innervation: nervi perineales f
en_description:
  - a pair of erectile bodies encircling the vestibule
  - ventrally connected at the commissure of the bulbs commissura bulborum


system: urogenital
main_group: Female external genital system
sub_group: Arterial supply of vulva
parent: Arterial supply of vulva
en: Arterial supply of vulva*1
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - the anterior labial branches (from external pudendal artery, which is from the femoral artery)
  - the posterior labial branches (from internal pudendal artery, which is from the from internal iliac artery)
  - the deep artery of clitoris, dorsal artery of clitoris and artery of bulb of vestibule (from are from the internal pudendal artery, which is from the internal iliac artery)


system: urogenital
main_group: Female external genital system
sub_group: Venous drainage of vulva
parent: Venous drainage of vulva
en: Venous drainage of vulva*1
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - the superficial dorsal vein of the clitoris and anterior labial veins (drain into the external pudendal veins, which drain into the common femoral vein)
  - the deep dorsal vein of the clitoris (drains into the pudendal and vesical venous plexuses, which drain into the internal iliac vein)
  - the posterior labial veins and vein of the bulb of the vestibule (drain into the internal pudendal vein, which drains into the internal iliac vein)


system: urogenital
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Mesonephric duct (Wolffian duct)
parent: ductus mesonephricus
object_id: paroophoron f 1,paroophoron f 2
latin: paroophoron
en: Paroophora
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
master_object: ductus mesonephricus
tags: genital
en_description:
  It consists of scattered tubular remnants located in a broad ligament, closer to the uterus than the parovarium.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Female urethra
sub_group: External female urethra
parent: musculus sphincter urethrae externus
object_id: urethra feminina externa f 1
latin: musculus sphincter urethrae externus pars sinister
en: Left section of external female urethra
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
innervation: plexus vesicalis f 1,plexus vesicalis f 2
blood_supply:
  arteria vesicalis inferior f,arteria urethralis f,arteria pudenda interna f,arteria vaginalis f,plexus venosus vesicalis f 1,plexus venosus vaginalis f 1,plexus venosus vaginalis f 2,plexus venosus vesicalis f 2,venae pudendae internae f

syntopy:
  vagina anterior f,ostium urethrae externum f,clitoris f,fundus vesicae f,musculus sphincter uretrae f,compressor urethrae f 1,compressor urethrae f 2,sphincter urethrovaginalis f,musculus pubococcygeus,urethra feminina f 1,urethra feminina f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Female urethra
sub_group: External female urethra
parent: musculus sphincter urethrae externus
object_id: urethra feminina externa f 2
latin: musculus sphincter urethrae externus pars dexter
en: Right section of external female urethra
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
innervation: plexus vesicalis f 1,plexus vesicalis f 3
blood_supply:
  arteria vesicalis inferior f,arteria urethralis f,arteria pudenda interna f,arteria vaginalis f,plexus venosus vesicalis f 1,plexus venosus vaginalis f 1,plexus venosus vaginalis f 2,plexus venosus vesicalis f 2,venae pudendae internae f

syntopy:
  vagina anterior f,ostium urethrae externum f,clitoris f,fundus vesicae f,musculus sphincter uretrae f,compressor urethrae f 1,compressor urethrae f 2,sphincter urethrovaginalis f,musculus pubococcygeus


system: urogenital
main_group: Breast and mammary gland
sub_group: Structure of mammary gland
parent: Mamma et glandula mammaria
en: Structure of mammary gland
clinical_notes: <b>Mastos</b> is the Greek term for breast.
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  <b>The breast</b> is a paired organ located on the thorax. <b>The areola</b> is a pigmented area of skin located at the apex of the breast. <b>The nipple is located in the centre of the areola</b> and serves as a opening of the lactiferous ducts. The mammary gland and fat tissue are located inside the breast. The mammary gland is the<b> largest skin gland </b>and<b> produces milk for the newborn</b>. The mammary gland is derived from the mammary crest in both sexes and is located between the 3rd and 6th intercostal spaces. The weight of the breast increases during puberty and lactation. The usual of the breast is 150 g but can increase to up to 300-800 g during lactation .

general_description:
  <b>It is necessary to remove the axillary lymph nodes</b> when performing mastectomy for advanced breast tumours. Only level 1 and level 2 nodes (according to Berg’s classification) are dissected. Level 3 nodes are left as they lie close to the axillary neurovascular bundle and so carry a high risk of complications such as lymphoedema of the upper extremity.

  <b>The insertion of the suspensory ligaments (retinaculum) of the breast</b> to the skin gives an explanation as to why skin sometimes retracts over breast tumours.

  <b>Accessory breast tissue</b> can be found at any point along the course of the mammary crest. This condition is known as polymastia. The most common form accessory breast tissue takes is a supernumery nipple (polythelia).

  <b>The areolomammilar complex</b> is a term for the areola and nipple. Sensory nerves approach from above, which is why surgical incisions are performed below the lower border of the areola.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Breast and mammary gland
sub_group: Structure of mammary gland
parent: Structure of mammary gland
en_description: a circular pigmented area around the nipple
object_id: areola mammae f
latin: areola mammae
en: Areola
cell_type: 1
master_object: Skin of breast
tags: genital
syntopy: musculus obliquus externus abdominis,musculus pectoralis major,musculus serratus anterior
related_objects:
  musculus pectoralis major,costa secunda 2,os costale 3,os costale 4,os costale 7,os costale 6,os costale 5,cartilago costalis

blood_supply:
  rami mammarii laterales arteriae thoracicae lateralis f,rami mammarii mediales arteriae thoracicae internae f,rami pectorales arteriae thoracocromialis f,rami mammarii laterales venae thoracicae lateralis f,rami mammarii mediales venae thoracicae internae f,

innervation:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti f,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti f,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti f,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti f,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti f,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti f,nervi supraclaviculares mediales f


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Breast and mammary gland
sub_group: Structure of mammary gland
parent: glandula mammaria
en_description: 15-20 lobes that are subdivided into lobules
object_id: mammary gland lobes f
latin: lobi glandulae mammariae
en: Lobes of mammary gland
cell_type: 0
master_object: glandula mammaria
tags: genital
syntopy: musculus obliquus externus abdominis,musculus pectoralis major,musculus serratus anterior
related_objects:
  musculus pectoralis major,costa secunda 2,os costale 3,os costale 4,os costale 7,os costale 6,os costale 5,cartilago costalis

blood_supply:
  rami mammarii laterales arteriae thoracicae lateralis f,rami mammarii mediales arteriae thoracicae internae f,rami pectorales arteriae thoracocromialis f,rami mammarii laterales venae thoracicae lateralis f,rami mammarii mediales venae thoracicae internae f,

innervation:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti f,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti f,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti f,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti f,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti f,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti f,nervi supraclaviculares mediales f


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Breast and mammary gland
sub_group: Structure of mammary gland
parent: glandula mammaria
en_description: lobules composed of alveoli
object_id: mammary gland lobules f
latin: lobuli glandulae mammariae
en: Lobules of mammary gland
cell_type: 0
master_object: glandula mammaria
tags: genital
syntopy: musculus obliquus externus abdominis,musculus pectoralis major,musculus serratus anterior
related_objects:
  musculus pectoralis major,costa secunda 2,os costale 3,os costale 4,os costale 7,os costale 6,os costale 5,cartilago costalis

blood_supply:
  rami mammarii laterales arteriae thoracicae lateralis f,rami mammarii mediales arteriae thoracicae internae f,rami pectorales arteriae thoracocromialis f,rami mammarii laterales venae thoracicae lateralis f,rami mammarii mediales venae thoracicae internae f,

innervation:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti f,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti f,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti f,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti f,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti f,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti f,nervi supraclaviculares mediales f


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2.4
main_group: Breast and mammary gland
sub_group: Structure of mammary gland
parent: glandula mammaria
en_description: ducts of the mammary gland
object_id: mammary duct f
latin: ductus lactiferi
en: Lactiferous ducts
cell_type: 0
master_object: glandula mammaria
tags: genital
syntopy: musculus obliquus externus abdominis,musculus pectoralis major,musculus serratus anterior
related_objects:
  musculus pectoralis major,costa secunda 2,os costale 3,os costale 4,os costale 7,os costale 6,os costale 5,cartilago costalis

blood_supply:
  rami mammarii laterales arteriae thoracicae lateralis f,rami mammarii mediales arteriae thoracicae internae f,rami pectorales arteriae thoracocromialis f,rami mammarii laterales venae thoracicae lateralis f,rami mammarii mediales venae thoracicae internae f,

innervation:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti f,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti f,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti f,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti f,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti f,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti f,nervi supraclaviculares mediales f


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2.4.1
main_group: Breast and mammary gland
sub_group: Structure of mammary gland
parent: ductus lactiferi
en_description: the widened terminal portions of the lactiferous ducts
object_id: mammary gland sinuses f
latin: sinus lactiferi
en: Lactiferous sinuses
cell_type: 0
master_object: glandula mammaria
tags: genital
syntopy: musculus obliquus externus abdominis,musculus pectoralis major,musculus serratus anterior
related_objects:
  musculus pectoralis major,costa secunda 2,os costale 3,os costale 4,os costale 7,os costale 6,os costale 5,cartilago costalis

blood_supply:
  rami mammarii laterales arteriae thoracicae lateralis f,rami mammarii mediales arteriae thoracicae internae f,rami pectorales arteriae thoracocromialis f,rami mammarii laterales venae thoracicae lateralis f,rami mammarii mediales venae thoracicae internae f,

innervation:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti f,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti f,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti f,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti f,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti f,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti f,nervi supraclaviculares mediales f


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Breast and mammary gland
sub_group: Structure of mammary gland
parent: ligamenta suspensoria mammae
object_id: mammary fat left f
latin: ligamenta suspensoria mammae pars lateralis
en: Suspensory ligaments of breast (lateral part)
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
syntopy: musculus obliquus externus abdominis,musculus pectoralis major,musculus serratus anterior
related_objects:
  musculus pectoralis major,costa secunda 2,os costale 3,os costale 4,os costale 7,os costale 6,os costale 5,cartilago costalis

blood_supply:
  rami mammarii laterales arteriae thoracicae lateralis f,rami mammarii mediales arteriae thoracicae internae f,rami pectorales arteriae thoracocromialis f,rami mammarii laterales venae thoracicae lateralis f,rami mammarii mediales venae thoracicae internae f,

innervation:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti f,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti f,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti f,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti f,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti f,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti f,nervi supraclaviculares mediales f


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Breast and mammary gland
sub_group: Structure of mammary gland
parent: ligamenta suspensoria mammae
object_id: mammary fat right f
latin: ligamenta suspensoria mammae pars medialis
en: Suspensory ligaments of breast (medial part)
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
syntopy: musculus obliquus externus abdominis,musculus pectoralis major,musculus serratus anterior
related_objects:
  musculus pectoralis major,costa secunda 2,os costale 3,os costale 4,os costale 7,os costale 6,os costale 5,cartilago costalis

blood_supply:
  rami mammarii laterales arteriae thoracicae lateralis f,rami mammarii mediales arteriae thoracicae internae f,rami pectorales arteriae thoracocromialis f,rami mammarii laterales venae thoracicae lateralis f,rami mammarii mediales venae thoracicae internae f,

innervation:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti f,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti f,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti f,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti f,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti f,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti f,nervi supraclaviculares mediales f


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Breast and mammary gland
sub_group: Structure of mammary gland
parent: Structure of mammary gland
latin: stratum adiposum mammae
en: Adipose layer / mammary fat pad
cell_type: 1
tags: genital
en_description:
  - is located both in front and behind the gland
  - the volume of fat determines the size of the breast


system: urogenital
main_group: Breast and mammary gland
sub_group: Breast skin
parent: Breast skin
object_id: breast f
en: Skin of breast
cell_type: 0
master_object: Skin of breast
tags: genital
syntopy: musculus obliquus externus abdominis,musculus pectoralis major,musculus serratus anterior
related_objects:
  musculus pectoralis major,costa secunda 2,os costale 3,os costale 4,os costale 7,os costale 6,os costale 5,cartilago costalis

blood_supply:
  rami mammarii laterales arteriae thoracicae lateralis f,rami mammarii mediales arteriae thoracicae internae f,rami pectorales arteriae thoracocromialis f,rami mammarii laterales venae thoracicae lateralis f,rami mammarii mediales venae thoracicae internae f,

innervation:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti f,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti f,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti f,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti f,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti f,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti f,nervi supraclaviculares mediales f


