# content_sensory

system: Lymphatic
main_group: Spinal cord
memorix_page: 399
latin: medulla spinalis
en: Spinal cord
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  The spinal cord is enclosed <b>in the vertebral canal</b> and is<b> covered with the meninges</b>. <b>Its structure is similar to the primitive neural tube with the central canal inside.</b> In early stages of development, the spinal cord fills the vertebral canal completely and segment position corresponds to the respective vertebra. The vertebral column grows quicker than the spinal cord. Hence, <b>the caudal part of the vertebral canal contains just nerve roots</b> (cauda equina) and<b> the caudal end of the spinal cord is situated at the level of L1-L2</b>. The spinal cord consists of <b>31 segments</b> (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal).

general_description:
  <b>Myelos</b> is the Greek term for the spinal cord. <b>

  The length of the spinal cord</b> is 40 to 50 cm and its weight is almost 30 g. 

  <b>The ascent of the spinal cord</b> ( ascensus medullae spinalis) is a term used for non-proportional growth of the vertebral column and spinal cord (see vertebromedullary rule and topography). 

  <b>Segmental stratification</b> is used for describing spinal nerves and nervous plexus (e.g. the brachial plexus is composed of the segments C5 to C8 with connection from the C4 and T1 segment). 

  <b>Segments</b> are not visible macroscopically. 

  <b>The spinal cord is fixed within the vertebral canal by meninges</b>, denticulate ligaments (extensions of pia mater), spinal nerves and the filum terminale.

  <b>The endogenous analgesic system</b> modifies perception of pain. Laminae II and III modulate afferent pain signals. Endogenous opioids and their receptors are essential for this function. The reticular formation is able to increase or decrease pain perception through its projections to the interneurons of laminae II and III of the spinal cord. 

  <b>The cervical spinal cord</b> contains two additional motor nuclei and one sensory nucleus. 

  <b>The nucleus of phrenic nerve</b> (phrenic nucleus; nucleus nervi phrenici) is located between C3 to C5. Its axons innervate the diaphragm. 

  <b>The nucleus of accessory nerve</b> (nucleus nervi accessorii) is located between C2 to C4. Its axons form the spinal root of the accessory nerve (radix spinalis nervi accessorii). 

  <b>The spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve</b> (nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini) extends from the pons to C2. It is a somatosensory nucleus for pain and thermal sensation of the head. Somatosensory information from cranial nerves V, IX and X reach this nucleus. Afferent fibres reach the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve through the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve, which lies alongside and medial to the nucleus. 

  <b>The anterolateral funiculus</b> is a common term for the anterior and lateral funiculi. <b>The anterior horn</b> consists of anterolateral, posterolateral, anteromedial, postermedial and central nuclei. 

  <b>Beta motor neurons</b> innervate both intrafusal and extrafusal muscle spindles. Their existence in humans is disputed.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Conus medullaris syndrome</b> is caused by damage to the conus medullaris (S3-S5). It is manifested by a decrease or loss of sensation in a saddle-shape distribution (perianal, perigenital and inner femoral region), faecal and urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction. The short flexors of the toes are affected, but this does not cause a noticeable loss of function.

  <b>Epiconus syndrome</b> is caused by damage to the epiconus (L5 to S2). It is manifested by palsy and atrophy of the extensors of the foot and muscles of the leg. Extension and flexion of the foot becomes difficult or even impossible. Sensation is impaired in dermatomes L5 to S2. Bowel and bladder dysfunction can also sometimes occur.

  <b>Paraparesis/paraplegia</b> is a symmetrical weakening (partial or complete) of both lower limbs. 

  <b>Quadruparesis/quadruplegia</b> is a symmetrical weakening (partial or complete) of all four limbs.

  <b>Hemiparesis/hemiplegia</b> is a symmetrical weakening (partial or complete) of both limbs on one side of the body.

  <b>Spinal cord stimulation</b> is a procedure used to relive chronic pain. Electrodes are inserted into the epidural space and mild electric currents are used to stimulate the spinal cord.


system: Lymphatic
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Spinal cord
sub_group: Layers and spaces of the vertebral canal
parent: Spaces
latin: spatium epidurale
en: Epidural space
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - is located between the periosteum and spinal dura mater
  - consists of loose and adipose connective tissue and the internal venous vertebral plexus (plexus venosi vertebrales interni)


system: Lymphatic
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Spinal cord
sub_group: Layers and spaces of the vertebral canal
parent: Spaces
latin: spatium subarachnoideum
en: Subarachnoid/leptomeningeal space
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - is located between the arachnoid mater and pia mater
  - is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (liquor cerebrospinalis)


system: Lymphatic
main_group: Spinal cord
sub_group: Spinal cord - macroscopic appearance
parent: medulla spinalis*2
en_description: C8-T2 - for the brachial plexus
memorix_page: 399
latin: intumescentia cervicalis
en: Cervical enlargement
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  medulla spinalis,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!capsula externa,!capsula extrema,!capsula interna,!incisura preoccipitalis,!sulcus calcarinus,!sulcus centralis,!sulcus cinguli,!sulcus collateralis,!sulcus corporis callosi,!sulcus lateralis,!sulcus parietooccipitalis,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!dura mater spinalis,!arachnoidea mater spinalis


system: Lymphatic
main_group: Spinal cord
sub_group: Spinal cord - macroscopic appearance
parent: medulla spinalis*2
en_description: L4-S2 - for the lumbar and sacral plexus
latin: intumescentia lumbosacralis
en: Lumbosacral enlargement
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  medulla spinalis,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!capsula externa,!capsula extrema,!capsula interna,!incisura preoccipitalis,!sulcus calcarinus,!sulcus centralis,!sulcus cinguli,!sulcus collateralis,!sulcus corporis callosi,!sulcus lateralis,!sulcus parietooccipitalis,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!dura mater spinalis,!arachnoidea mater spinalis


system: Lymphatic
main_group: Spinal cord
sub_group: Spinal cord - macroscopic appearance
parent: Fissures and groove
en_description: - a ventrally situated deep fissure
latin: fissura mediana anterior
en: Anterior median fissure
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  medulla spinalis,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!capsula externa,!capsula extrema,!capsula interna,!incisura preoccipitalis,!sulcus calcarinus,!sulcus centralis,!sulcus cinguli,!sulcus collateralis,!sulcus corporis callosi,!sulcus lateralis,!sulcus parietooccipitalis,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!dura mater spinalis,!arachnoidea mater spinalis


system: Lymphatic
main_group: Spinal cord
sub_group: Spinal cord - macroscopic appearance
parent: Fissures and groove
en_description: - for the centrifugal axons of motor and visceromotor neurons (fila radicularia anteriora)
latin: sulcus anterolateralis
en: Anteriolateral (ventrolateral) sulcus
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  medulla spinalis,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!capsula externa,!capsula extrema,!capsula interna,!incisura preoccipitalis,!sulcus calcarinus,!sulcus centralis,!sulcus cinguli,!sulcus collateralis,!sulcus corporis callosi,!sulcus lateralis,!sulcus parietooccipitalis,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!dura mater spinalis,!arachnoidea mater spinalis


system: Lymphatic
main_group: Spinal cord
sub_group: Spinal cord - macroscopic appearance
parent: Fissures and groove
latin: sulcus posterolateralis
en: Posterolateral (dorsolateral) sulcus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - for the centripetal projections of pseudounipolar neurons of spinal ganglia (fila radicularia posteriora)

object_id:
  medulla spinalis,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!capsula externa,!capsula extrema,!capsula interna,!incisura preoccipitalis,!sulcus calcarinus,!sulcus centralis,!sulcus cinguli,!sulcus collateralis,!sulcus corporis callosi,!sulcus lateralis,!sulcus parietooccipitalis,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!dura mater spinalis,!arachnoidea mater spinalis


# content_endocryn

system: Endocrine
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Endocrine glands
latin: glandulae endocrinae
en: Endocrine glands
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The phylogenetically old endocrine system</b> is defined by its ability to secrete</b> hormones </b>which are chemical messengers that regulate the activity of cells by acting on specific receptors. Both the endocrine system and central nervous system are responsible for controlling and coordinating the functions of organs. However, the endocrine system acts through the secretion of hormones and the CNS by action potentials. Hormone signaling is slower than the transmission of impulses in the nervous system. Therefore, hormones act primarily to regulate long-term metabolic changes and maintain <b>homeostasis</b>. The endocrine system consists of <b>endocrine glands</b> and <b>the cells of the diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES)</b>. Endocrine glands are also called ductless glands. They secrete hormones directly into the blood stream, rather than through ducts, which is typical for exocrine glands. The diffuse neuroendocrine system is formed by isolated cells dispersed throughout organs not considered to be endocrine glands. Their products are termed tissue hormones and are transported locally by the extracellular fluid, lymph and blood.


system: Endocrine
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Endocrine glands
sub_group: Hypophysis / pituitary gland
parent: glandulae endocrinae
latin: hypophysis/glandula pituitaria
en: Hypophysis / pituitary gland
cell_type: 1
tags: maingroup_desc
en_description:
  The pituitary gland is a small gland located in the hypophyseal fossa of the sphenoid bone (sella turcica). The pituitary stalk connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus controls the activity of the pituitary gland. The hypophysis and hypothalamus form the hypothalamohypophysial system/axis, which is responsible for the majority of hormonal regulation and is also closely related to the autonomic nervous system. The anterior part of the pituitary gland is called adenohypophysis and is derived from the roof of the stomodeum (ectoderm). The posterior part, termed neurohypophysis, represents a pouch of the diencephalon at the base of the third ventricle (derived from the neuroectoderm).

general_description:
  <b>The hypophysis </b>is attached to a piece of dura mater called the sellar diaphragm (diaphragma sellae) at the hypophysial fossa (sella turcica). The sellar diaphragm contains an opening (the foramen of Pacchioni) for the pituitary stalk. 

  <b>Herring’s bodies (corpuscula neurosecretoria)</b>are synonyms for the secretory granules in the hypothalamohypophysial tract.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Craniopharyngeoma</b> is a tumour derived from the residual embryonic tissue of Rathke’s pouch. It can manifest as a functional lesion of the pituitary gland or as a visual field impairment from compression of the optic chiasm.


system: Endocrine
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.1
main_group: Endocrine glands
sub_group: Hypophysis / pituitary gland
parent: hypophysis/glandula pituitaria
object_id: adenohypophysis
latin: lobus anterior hypophysis
en: Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)
cell_type: 0
master_object: Hypophysis
related_objects:
  os sphenoidale,tuber cinereum 2,tuber cinereum 1,hypothalamus 1,hypothalamus 2,thalamus opticus 2,mesencephalon 2,cerebellum 1,os occipitale,pons 2,pons 1,mesencephalon 1,infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1

general_description:
  <b>The adenohypophysis</b> is derived from Rathke’s pouch, which is a pouch of ectoderm originating from the roof of the stomodeum in the third week of development. Small cavities (Rathke’s follicles) may persist between the distal and intermediate parts as remnants of this pouch. A tumour called a craniopharyngioma can emerge in this area.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Adenohypohyseal tumours</b> can manifest with bitemporal heteronymous hemianopsia as a result of compression of the optic chiasm. Pituitary surgery can be performed through the nasal cavity and sphenoidal sinus. This is termed transsphenoidal surgery. The traditional surgical approach can be replaced by radiotherapy with Leksell´s gamma knife.

syntopy:
  hypothalamus 1,hypothalamus 2,thalamus opticus 1,thalamus opticus 2,medulla oblongata 1,medulla oblongata 2,pons 1,pons 2,mesencephalon 1,mesencephalon 2,chiasma opticum,arteria basilaris,sinus cavernosus,nervus oculomotorius,nervus trochlearis


system: Endocrine
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.2
main_group: Endocrine glands
sub_group: Hypophysis / pituitary gland
parent: hypophysis/glandula pituitaria
object_id: neurohypophysis
latin: lobus posterior hypophysis
en: Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe)
cell_type: 0
master_object: Hypophysis
related_objects:
  os sphenoidale,tuber cinereum 2,tuber cinereum 1,hypothalamus 1,hypothalamus 2,thalamus opticus 2,mesencephalon 2,cerebellum 1,os occipitale,pons 2,pons 1,mesencephalon 1,infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1

syntopy:
  hypothalamus 1,hypothalamus 2,thalamus opticus 1,thalamus opticus 2,medulla oblongata 1,medulla oblongata 2,pons 1,pons 2,mesencephalon 1,mesencephalon 2,chiasma opticum,arteria basilaris,sinus cavernosus,nervus oculomotorius,nervus trochlearis


system: Endocrine
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Endocrine glands
sub_group: Pineal gland / pineal body
parent: glandulae endocrinae
latin: glandula pinealis/corpus pineale
en: Pineal gland / pineal body
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  <b>The pineal gland</b> is an unpaired oval-shaped organ. It is part of epithalamus, which is located the diencephalon. The pineal gland is connected to the habenular commisure by its stalk and is positioned in the quadrigeminal cistern rostral the superior colliculi of the midbrain. <b>Melatonin, the pineal hormone, is secreted primarily in darkness</b> and is involved in<b> the control of circadian rhythm</b>. Information about light from the retina is transmitted to the pineal gland by a branch of the visual pathway that passes through the hypothalamus.

general_description:
  <b> Phylogenetically</b> , the pineal gland represents a remnant of the neuroepiphysis. In some vertebrates, the neuroepiphysis is composed of the pineal gland and the parapineal body situated at the surface of the head and serves as a receptor for light intensity and the day-night cycle. Thus, it is called the parietal eye or pineal eye.

clinical_notes:
  <b> Brain sand </b> (acervulus cerebri) is a term for calcium deposits in the pineal gland. It can be used as an anatomical landmark in radiological </b> studies.

  <b> Pineal gland cysts</b>  can compress the cerebral aqueduct, resulting in hydrocephalus.


system: Endocrine
main_group: Endocrine glands
sub_group: Pineal gland / pineal body
parent: glandula pinealis/corpus pineale
object_id: corpus pineale
latin: glandula pinealis/corpus pineale*2
en: Pineal gland / pineal body*2
cell_type: 0
tags: maingroup_desc
related_objects:
  os sphenoidale,tuber cinereum 2,tuber cinereum 1,hypothalamus 1,hypothalamus 2,thalamus opticus 2,mesencephalon 2,cerebellum 1,os occipitale,pons 2,pons 1,mesencephalon 1,infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1

syntopy:
  corpus callosum 1,corpus callosum 2,corpus callosum 1,corpus callosum 2,vena magna cerebri,ventriculus tertius


system: Endocrine
main_group: Endocrine glands
sub_group: Thyroid gland
parent: glandula thyroidea
object_id: glandula thyroidea
latin: glandula thyroidea*2
en: Thyroid gland*2
clinical_notes: <b> Goitre (struma)</b> is a term for an enlarged thyroid gland.
cell_type: 0
tags: maingroup_desc
en_description:
  <b>The thyroid gland</b> is composed of two lobes connected by an isthmus. The thyroid gland is situated <b>in front of the trachea </b>and the isthmus is located at</b> the level of the second to fourth tracheal rings</b>. However, in some cases, the thyroid can be located behind the manubrium of the sternum.

related_objects:
  ligamenta anularia,cartilagines tracheales,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,paries membranaceus,pars thoracica oseophagi,pars cervicalis oseophagi,pars laryngea pharyngis,cartilago thyroidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum cricothyroideum lateralis,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,cartilago cricoidea,os hyoideum

general_description:
  <b> Thyroid ima artery / thyroid artery of Neubauer </b> (arteria thyroidea ima) is present in 2 % of cases. It commonly extends from the aortic arch and supplies the inferior part of the thyroid gland. There is a risk of injury to this artery during tracheostomy.

blood_supply:
  arteria thyroidea superior,arteria thyroidea inferior,venae thyroidea superior,vena thyroidea media,vena crycothyroideus,rami pharyngeales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,rami oseophageales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,rami tracheales arterieae thyroideae inferioris 1,rami tracheales arterieae thyroideae inferioris 2,ramus glandularis anterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis posterior arteriae thyroideae superioris

innervation:
  nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus superior 1,nervus laryngeus superior 2,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 1,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 2

syntopy:
  musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 2,Trachea,Infrahyoid muscles,arteria carotis interna,vena jugularis interna,Larynx,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2


system: Endocrine
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
main_group: Endocrine glands
sub_group: Parathyroid gland
parent: glandulae endocrinae
latin: glandula parathyroidea
en: Parathyroid gland
cell_type: 1
tags: maingroup_desc
en_description:
  <b>Two parathyroid glands are usually positioned on the medial side of each lobe.</b> Howevever, the location and number of the parathyroid glands can vary. The gland is supported by thickened strips of the surrounding fibrous tissue, especially around the vessels. <b>The thyroid gland secretes the hormones triiodothyronine, thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine), calcitonin and pro-calcitonine. The parathyroid glands produce parathormone.</b>


system: Endocrine
custom_hierarchy: 1.4.1
main_group: Endocrine glands
sub_group: Parathyroid gland
parent: glandula parathyroidea
object_id: glandulae parathyroidae
latin: glandula parathyroidea*2
en: Parathyroid gland*2
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  ligamenta anularia,cartilagines tracheales,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,paries membranaceus,pars thoracica oseophagi,pars cervicalis oseophagi,pars laryngea pharyngis,cartilago thyroidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum cricothyroideum lateralis,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,cartilago cricoidea,os hyoideum,glandula thyroidea


system: Endocrine
custom_hierarchy: 1.5
main_group: Endocrine glands
sub_group: Endocrine part of the pancreas
parent: glandulae endocrinae
en: Endocrine part of the pancreas
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  <b>The endocrine component of the pancreas</b> is composed of clusters of endocrine cells termed islets of Langerhans. <b>The islets of Langerhans are scattered throughout the pancreas </b>with the highest density in the pancreatic tail. The islets of Langerhans are richly vascularised by fenestrated capillaries and are covered by fibrous capsules. <b>The endocrine part of the pancreas is responsible predominantly for insulin and glucagon production and for controlling the concentration of glucose in the blood (glycaemia).</b>


system: Endocrine
custom_hierarchy: 1.6
main_group: Endocrine glands
sub_group: Suprarenal/adrenal glands
parent: glandulae endocrinae
latin: glandulae suprarenales
en: Suprarenal/adrenal glands
cell_type: 1
tags: maingroup_desc
en_description:
  The adrenal gland is a paired organ. The right adrenal gland is triangular in shape and the left adrenal gland is semilunar-shaped. <b>The adrenal glands are positioned on the upper poles of the kidneys (retroperitoneally) at the level of T11-T12. </b>The right adrenal gland is situated more caudally than the left one. <b>Fixation of the adrenal glands is provided by vessels. </b>The adrenal veins leave the glands through the hilum, which is situated on the anterior surface. The adrenal gland is covered by a thin capsule which emits septa into the gland. On cross section, the gland consists of cortex and medulla. <b>The cortex produces mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and androgens. The medulla is responsible for catecholamine secretion.</b>


system: Endocrine
custom_hierarchy: 1.6.1
main_group: Endocrine glands
sub_group: Suprarenal/adrenal glands
parent: glandulae suprarenales
object_id: glandula suprarenalis 1
latin: glandula suprarenalis sinistra
en: Left adremal gland
cell_type: 0
blood_supply: arteria suprarenalis media 1,vena suprarenalis sinistra
innervation: plexus suprarenalis superior 1,plexus suprarenalis medius 1,plexus suprarenalis inferior 1,
syntopy: diaphragm,Kidneys,Liver,Stomach,vena cava inferior,aorta abdominalis
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,ren cap 1,calices minores 1,calices majores 1,pelvis renalis 1,ren 1,ureter pars abdominalis 2,ureter pars abdominalis 1,pyramides renales 1,calices majores 2,calices minores 2,pelvis renalis 2,pyramides renales 2,ren 2,ren cap 2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae thoracales t11,os sacrum


system: Endocrine
custom_hierarchy: 1.6.2
main_group: Endocrine glands
sub_group: Suprarenal/adrenal glands
parent: glandulae suprarenales
object_id: glandula suprarenalis 2
latin: glandula suprarenalis dextra
en: Right adrenal gland
cell_type: 0
blood_supply: arteria suprarenalis media 2,vena suprarenalis dextra
innervation: plexus suprarenalis superior 2,plexus suprarenalis medius 2,plexus suprarenalis inferior 2
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,ren cap 1,calices minores 1,calices majores 1,pelvis renalis 1,ren 1,ureter pars abdominalis 2,ureter pars abdominalis 1,pyramides renales 1,calices majores 2,calices minores 2,pelvis renalis 2,pyramides renales 2,ren 2,ren cap 2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae thoracales t11,os sacrum


system: Endocrine
main_group: Endocrine glands
sub_group: Gonads
parent: Gonads
latin: Ovarium
en: Ovary
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  The ovary is the female genital gland (gonad). It is a paired intraperitoneal organ located in the pelvis. The ovary contains oocytes within follicles, undergoing the process of maturation. The ovary produces various steroids and polypeptide hormones.


system: Endocrine
main_group: Endocrine glands
sub_group: Gonads
parent: Gonads
latin: Testis
en: Testis
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The testes are a pair of genital glands </b>located outside the abdominopelvic cavity in the scrotum. During prenatal development, they originate in the lumbar region and descend through the retroperitoneal space and inguinal canal to reach the scrotum. The layers of the abdominal wall form the layers of scrotum as the testes passes through them. The testicular vessels descend with the testes, hence the origin of these arteries in lumbar region of the abdomen. Lymphatic drainage is similarly directed to the lumbar nodes. <b>Testosterone and spermatozoa are produced in the testes.</b>


system: Endocrine
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Diffuse neuroendocrine system
en: Diffuse neuroendocrine system
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The DNES </b>is formed by <b>neuroendocrine cells</b> scattered throughout the epithelium of all organs not considered to be endocrine glands. It is responsible for producing numerous<b> peptides</b> that act both as<b> neurotransmiters and as hormones</b>. They have a wide variety of functions that include the regulation of intestinal movement and the secretion of digestive enzymes in the digestive system and regulation of the development and function of the respiratory system.

general_description:
  <b>The carotid sinus </b>is the enlarged beginning of the internal carotid artery. Baroreceptors that register changes in the blood pressure are located within the wall of the carotid sinus.  

  <b> Tubercle of Zuckerkandl </b> (tuberculum dorsale) is the most dorsal structure of the thyroid lobes.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Carcinoid tumors </b>originate from the cells of the gastrointestinal diffuse neuroendocrine system. They are one of the most common neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Carcinoids often produce serotonin and histamine, the overproduction of which leads to the carcinoid syndrome, which is characterised by flushing, diarrhoea, bronchoconstriction and cardiac changes. 

  <b>Massage of the carotid sinuses</b>can lead to a decrease in heart rate via activation of the vagus nerve. This can be used as the first-line treatment of tachycardia.


system: Endocrine
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Diffuse neuroendocrine system
sub_group: Paraganglia
parent: Diffuse neuroendocrine system
en: Paraganglia
cell_type: 1
tags: maingroup_desc
en_description:
  </b>Paraganglia</b> form a part of the neuroendocrine system. They are formed by clusters of cells originating from the neuroectoderm in the proximity of</b> the large vessels, sympathetic ganglia and autonomic nerves.</b>


system: Endocrine
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.2
main_group: Diffuse neuroendocrine system
sub_group: Paraganglia
parent: Paraganglia
object_id: glomus caroticum
latin: glomus caroticum
en: Carotid body
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - is located at the carotid bifurcation (at level C4)
  - a chemoreceptor
  - contains chromophobe cells

related_objects:
  arteria carotis externa,sinus caroticus,arteria carotis communis sinistra,vena jugularis interna,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,atlas c1


system: Endocrine
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.3
main_group: Diffuse neuroendocrine system
sub_group: Paraganglia
parent: Paraganglia
object_id: paraganglion aorticum abdominale
latin: paraganglion aorticum abdominale
en: Organ of Zuckerkandl
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - is located at the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery
  - consists of chromaffin cells similar to the medulla of the adrenal gland

related_objects:
  arteria mesenterica inferior,aorta abdominalis,vena cava inferior,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11


system: Endocrine
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.4
main_group: Diffuse neuroendocrine system
sub_group: Paraganglia
parent: Paraganglia
en_description: - a chemoreceptor located in the aortic arch
object_id: glomus aorticus
latin: glomus aorticus/supracardiacum
en: Aortic body
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  arcus aortae,truncus brachiocephalicus,arteria carotis communis sinistra,arteria subclavia sinistra,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae cervicales c7,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2


system: Endocrine
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.6
main_group: Diffuse neuroendocrine system
sub_group: Paraganglia
parent: Paraganglia
en_description: - is located in the superior bulb of the internal jugular vein
object_id: glomus jugulare
latin: glomus jugulare
en: Jugular body
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os occipitale,os temporale 1,vena jugularis interna,bulbus superior venae jugularis interane,sinus sigmoideus,os temporale 2


# content_muscular

system: 1
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
latin: Musculi abdominis
en: Muscles of the abdomen
en_description:
   The muscles of the abdomen are organised into <b>three groups </b>(anterior, lateral and posterior) that form the <b>abdominal wall</b>. <b>All the muscles of the abdomen </b>significantly cooperate in their functions. Together with the diaphragm and the muscles of the pelvis, the abdominal muscles produce and <b>maintain intra-abdominal pressure</b>. Intraabdominal pressure is important for stabilisation of the vertebral column, defecation, coughing, vomiting and partuition.

general_description:
  <b>The best exercise for the rectus abdominis </b>is the first 20-30 degrees of sit-ups. After this, the iliopsoas is activated more than the rectus abdominis.


system: 2
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Anterior group of abdominal muscles
parent: Musculi abdominis
en: Anterior group of abdominal muscles
en_description:
  The main muscle of the anterior group is the <b>rectus abdominis. </b>The rectus abdominis is a paired muscle which connects to its contralateral muscle in the midline at <b>the linea alba</b>. <b>The pyramidalis </b>is a small rudimentary triangular muscle located ventrocaudally to the rectus abdominis and inside the rectus sheath. <b>The rectus sheath </b>is created from the <b>aponeuroses of the three muscles of the lateral group</b>.


system: 3
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Anterior group of abdominal muscles
parent: Anterior group of abdominal muscles
en_origin: 5th-7th rib, sternum - xiphoid process
en_innervation: intercostal nerves VII-XI, subcostal nerve
memorix_page: 32/1.1,
object_id: musculus rectus abdominis
latin: musculus rectus abdominis
en: Rectus abdominis
related_objects: cartilago costalis, os costale 6, os costale 7, os costale 5, processus xiphoideus,pelvis
bloodsupply_related: arteria epigastrica inferior,arteria epigastrica superior
syntopy_related: os costale 5,corpus sterni,cartilago costalis,musulus obliquus internus abdominis,linea alba,pelvis
en_insertion:
  pubis - body of pubis between the pubic symphysis and pubic tubercle, tendinous intersections (transverse tendinous strips in the muscle, usually three with the lowest at the height of the umbilicus

en_function:
  ventral flexion of the vertebral column (when the pelvis is fixed),
  tilting of the pelvis (when the trunk is fixed), 
  pulls the ribs caudally (an auxiliary expiration muscle), 
  contributes to intra-abdominal pressure

general_description:
   <b>The rectus abdominis </b>is an important muscle for bipedal locomotion (walking, running and jumping). It is a synergist and stabilisation muscle for the iliopsoas. Important is its eccentric function in deceleration of movement while walking downstairs or downhill. Exercising in the gym is usually focused more on concentric contractions. 

   <b>The best exercise for the rectus abdominis </b>is the first 20-30 degrees of sit-ups. After this, the iliopsoas is activated more than the rectus abdominis.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Trigger points in the rectus abdominis </b>are situated just above the pubic symphysis. The rectus abdominis is typically overloaded in its upper part between the xiphoid process and umbilicus. It is usually weakened from the umbilicus to the pubic symphysis. The linea alba may be split in extremely obese patients and in a pregnancy. This is called diastasis.

innervation_related:
  nervus thoracicus septimus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici septimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici octavi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici noni,ramus anterior nervi thoracici decimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,nervus thoracicus octavus,nervus thoracicus nonus,nervus thoracicus decimus,nervus thoracicus undecimus,nervus thoracicus duodecimus


system: 4
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Anterior group of abdominal muscles
parent: Anterior group of abdominal muscles
en_origin: pubis (body) - ventrally to the rectus abdominis
en_insertion: linea alba - caudal part between the pubic
en_function: strengthens the rectus sheath
en_innervation: subcostal nerve
memorix_page: 32/1.2
object_id: musculus pyramidalis
latin: musculus pyramidalis
en: Pyramidalis
bloodsupply_related: arteria epigastrica inferior
syntopy_related: musulus obliquus internus abdominis,pelvis,musculus rectus abdominis,linea alba
innervation_related:
  ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,nervus thoracicus duodecimus


system: 5
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Lateral group of abdominal muscles
parent: Musculi abdominis
en: Lateral group of abdominal muscles
en_description:
   The lateral group of the abdominal muscles is comprised of <b>three muscles</b>. Going from superficial to deep they are as follows: <b>external oblique, internal oblique </b>and <b>transversus abdominis</b>. The internal oblique and transversus abdominis are partially fused together, particularly at their caudal margin, which forms the <b>inguinal falx</b>. The <b>cremaster </b>is a muscle in males that covers the spermatic cord and scrotum. It originates from the caudal fibres of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis.


system: 6
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Lateral group of abdominal muscles
parent: Lateral group of abdominal muscles
en_insertion: hip bone - iliac crest (outer lip), linea alba via its aponeurosis
en_innervation: intercostal nerves V-XI, subcostal nerve
memorix_page: 32/2.1, 33
object_id: musculus obliquus externus abdominis
latin: musculus obliquus externus abdominis
en: External oblique
en_origin:
  from the 5th-12th rib as eight slips (the cranial 5 slips interdigitate with the serratus anterior)
  <b>Course of fibres:</b> run in a ventrocaudal direction

en_function:
  ventral flexion of the trunk (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion of the vertebral column to the side of the contracted muscle and rotation to the opposite side (unilateral contraction), contributes to intra-abdominal pressure, an auxiliary muscle of inspiration

related_objects:
  os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,pelvis, linea alba

general_description:
   <b>The inguinal ligament </b>is the strengthened caudal margin of the aponeurosis of the external oblique. It is stretched between the superior anterior iliac spine and pubic tubercle. 

   <b>The direction of the course of the fibres of the external oblique </b>can be remembered as being the same as the direction of the fingers placed into the front trouser pockets.

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior quintae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior sextae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior septimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior octavae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior nonae 1,arteria intercostalis posterior decima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior undecima 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria subcostalis 1,arteria circumflexa ilium profunda,arteria subcostalis 1

innervation_related:
  ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus anterior nervi thoracici quinti,nervus thoracicus quintus,nervus thoracicus sextus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici sexti,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti,nervus thoracicus septimus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici septimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici octavi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici noni,ramus anterior nervi thoracici decimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,nervus thoracicus octavus,nervus thoracicus nonus,nervus thoracicus decimus,nervus thoracicus undecimus,nervus thoracicus duodecimus

syntopy_related:
  os costale 5,os costale 6,os costale 7,costae spuriae 8,clavicula,platysma,musculus latissimus dorsi,musculus serratus posterior inferior,corpus sterni,linea alba,costae spuriae 9,costae spuriae 10,pelvis,musculus serratus anterior,musculus pectoralis major,musculus obliquus externus abdominis,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,cartilago costalis,os costale 5


system: 7
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Lateral group of abdominal muscles
parent: Lateral group of abdominal muscles
en_insertion: 10th-12th rib, linea alba via its aponeurosis, inguinal falx
en_innervation: intercostal nerves VIII-XI, subcostal nerve, iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve
memorix_page: 32/2.2, 33
object_id: musulus obliquus internus abdominis
latin: musculus obliquus internus abdominis
en: Internal oblique
en_origin:
  thoracolumbar fascia (anterior layer), hip bone - iliac crest (intermediate zone), inguinal ligament (lateral half)
  <b>Course of fibres:</b> run in a ventrocranial direction

en_function:
  ventral flexion of the vertebral column when the pelvis is fixed (bilateral contraction), tilting of the pelvis when the trunk is fixed (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion and rotation of the vertebral column to the side of the contracted muscle (unilateral contraction),contributes to intra-abdominal pressure, an auxiliary muscle of expiration

related_objects:
  ligamentum inguinale, pelvis,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae spuriae 10,linea alba,cartilago costalis

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior quintae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior sextae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior septimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior octavae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior nonae 1,arteria intercostalis posterior decima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior undecima 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria subcostalis 1,arteria circumflexa ilium profunda,arteria subcostalis 1,arteria epigastrica inferior,arteria epigastrica superior

innervation_related:
  ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici octavi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici noni,ramus anterior nervi thoracici decimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,nervus thoracicus octavus,nervus thoracicus nonus,nervus thoracicus decimus,nervus thoracicus undecimus,nervus thoracicus duodecimus

syntopy_related:
  costae spuriae 10,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,cartilago costalis,processus xiphoideus,corpus sterni,pelvis,musculus obliquus externus abdominis,linea alba,musculus latissimus dorsi,musculus rectus abdominis


system: 8
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Lateral group of abdominal muscles
parent: Lateral group of abdominal muscles
en_insertion: linea alba via its aponeurosis, inguinal falx
en_innervation: intercostal nerves VII-XI, subcostal nerve, iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve
memorix_page: 32/2.3, 33
object_id: musculus transversus abdominis
latin: musculus transversus abdominis
en: Transversus abdominis / transverse abdominal
en_origin:
  7th-12th rib - internal surface (origins alternate with the origins of the diaphragm), thoracolumbar fascia - anterior layer, hip bone - iliac crest (inner lip), inguinal ligament - lateral part

en_function:
  rotation of the trunk to the side of the contracted muscle (unilateral contraction), stabilises the ribs for optimal function of the diaphragm, contributes to intra-abdominal pressure, an auxiliary muscle of expiration (flattens the abdominal wall)

related_objects:
  costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae spuriae 10, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 8, os costale 7, os costale 6, cartilago costalis,pelvis,linea alba, ligamentum inguinale

general_description:
  <b>The inguinal falx </b>or conjoint tendon (falx inguinalis, tendo conjuncti vus) is formed by an adhesion between the internal oblique and transversus abdominis. 

   <b>The transversus abdominis </b>supports peristalsis and defecation.

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior quintae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior sextae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior septimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior octavae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior nonae 1,arteria intercostalis posterior decima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior undecima 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria subcostalis 1,arteria circumflexa ilium profunda,arteria subcostalis 1,arteria epigastrica inferior,arteria epigastrica superior

innervation_related:
  nervus thoracicus septimus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici septimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici octavi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici noni,ramus anterior nervi thoracici decimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,nervus thoracicus octavus,nervus thoracicus nonus,nervus thoracicus decimus,nervus thoracicus undecimus,nervus thoracicus duodecimus

syntopy_related:
  corpus sterni,processus xiphoideus,cartilago costalis,costae spuriae 10,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,pelvis,musulus obliquus internus abdominis,musculus iliocostalis lumborum,musculus rectus abdominis


system: 9
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Posterior group of abdominal muscles
parent: Musculi abdominis
en: Posterior group of abdominal muscles
en_description:
  <b>The quadratus lumborum </b>is the only muscle of the posterior group of the abdominal muscles. According to its function, it can be divided into a lateral and a medial part. <b>The lateral part </b>is a tonic muscle that has a <b>tendency to shorten</b>, and <b>the medial part </b>is part of <b>the deep stabilising system of the lumbar vertebral column</b>.


system: 10
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Posterior group of abdominal muscles
parent: Posterior group of abdominal muscles
en_origin: 12th rib, vertebrae L1-L4 - costal processes
en_insertion: hip bone - iliac crest, iliolumbar ligament
en_innervation: subcostal nerve, anterior rami of L1-L3 (variably L4)
memorix_page: 32/3.1, 34
object_id: musculus quadratus lumborum
latin: musculus quadratus lumborum
en: Quadratus lumborum
en_function:
  extension of the vertebral column (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion of the vertebral column when the pelvis is fixed elevation of the iliac crest when the vertebral column is fixed (unilateral contraction), stabilisation of the 12th rib and interaction with movements of the diaphragm (speech, singing), strong expiration (coughing)

related_objects:
  costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1,,pelvis,vertebrae thoracales t12

general_description:
   <b>Both quadratus lumborum </b>form a functional unit. They may work in a synergic or antagonist manner based on the particular movements. 

   <b>The quadratus lumborum </b>works as an extensor from the neutral position but it is not able to generate extension power from anteflexion to the neutral position.

clinical_notes:
   <b>The quadratus lumborum </b>may be overloaded by carrying or lifting of heavy luggage. 

   <b>Trigger point of the quadratus lumborum </b>is very painful and may imitate the pain of disc herniation or pyelonephritis.

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus lumbalis arteriae iliolumbalis,arteria subcostalis 1,ramus sutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae subcostalis 2,arteria lumbalis prima 2,arteria lumbalis secunda 2,arteria lumbalis tertia 2,arteria lumbalis quarta 2

innervation_related:
  ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,nervus thoracicus duodecimus

syntopy_related:
  pelvis,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,musculus longissimus thoracis,musculus iliocostalis lumborum,musculus psoas major,musculus transversus abdominis


system: 11
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Anterior group of abdominal muscles
parent: Anterior group of abdominal muscles
en_description: The white line is a fibrous structure that is located in the midline of the abdomen.
object_id: linea alba
latin: linea alba
en: Linea alba
related_objects: pelvis,processus xiphoideus, corpus sterni
syntopy_related:
  musculus obliquus externus abdominis,musculus rectus abdominis,musulus obliquus internus abdominis,musculus pyramidalis,musculus transversus abdominis


system: 12
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Fasciae of the abdomen
parent: Musculi abdominis
en: Fasciae of the abdomen
en_description:
   The fasciae of the abdomen <b>cover the muscles of the abdomen from both the external and internal side</b>. <b>The fascia of Scarpa </b>is also considered a fascia of the abdomen, although it is thickened subcutaneous connective tissue and not a true fascia.

general_description:
   <b>The femoral septum </b>(septum femorale) is a subdivision of the transversalis fascia in caudal direction from the inguinal ligament. It encloses the vascular space. The transversalis fascia is strengthened in the area of the inguinal ligament and it is fixed to this ligament as the iliopubic tract of Thomson (tractus iliopubicus).


system: 13
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Fasciae of the abdomen
parent: Fasciae of the abdomen
memorix_page: 34/1
latin: fascia abdominis subcutanea scarpae
en: Subcutaneous abdominal fascia / fascia of Scarpa
en_description:
  - a layer of thickened subcutaneous connective tissue (a membranous layer of the subcutaneous tissue of the abdomen)
  - comprises 2/3 of the width of the subcutaneous tissue,
  - separates the superficial and deep fatty layer
  - more distinct in slim individuals
  - fades away cranially at the level of the umbilicus
  - continues caudally in the lower limbs, perineum and scrotum
  - to the lower limb as the saphenous fascia
  - to the perineum as the superficial perineal fascia (of Colles)
  - to the scrotum as the dartos fascia


system: 14
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Fasciae of the abdomen
parent: Fasciae of the abdomen
memorix_page: 34/2
latin: fascia abdominis superficialis / fascia investiens abdominis superficialis
en: Superficial abdominal fascia / superficial investing abdominal fascia
en_description:
  - the fascia of the external oblique
  - no particular attachments to bones
  - continuous with the pectoral fascia on the thorax
  - continuous with the fascia lata on the femur
  - continuous with the superficial fascia of the back
  - continuous with the perineal fascia (of Gallaudet)
  - continuous with the deep fascia of the penis (of Buck)
  - continuous with the external spermatic fascia of the scrotum


system: 15
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Fasciae of the abdomen
parent: Fasciae of the abdomen
memorix_page: 34/3
latin: fascia abdominis parietalis / fascia endoabdominalis
en: Parietal abdominal fascia / endo-abdominal fascia
en_description:
  - covers all muscles of the abdominal cavity (including the diaphragm)
  - continuous with the anterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia on the quadratus lumborum
  - continuous with the parietal pelvic fascia


system: 18
main_group: Muscles of the back
latin: Musculi dorsi
en: Muscles of the back
en_description:
  The muscles of the back can be <b>organised into four layers</b>. <b>The muscles of the 1st layer</b> insert on <b>the upper limb</b> and are therefore known as the <b>spinohumeral muscles</b>. The muscles of the <b>2nd layer</b> insert on the <b>scapula</b>, these muscles are thus known as <b>the spinoscapular muscles</b>. The <b>3rd layer</b> of the back muscles inserts on the <b>ribs</b>, thus they are known as <b>the spinocostal muscles</b>. The <b>fourth layer</b> of the back muscles are <b>epaxial muscles</b> and are innervated by the posterior rami of spinal nerves.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The nuchal muscles </b>are some of the most susceptible muscles to become hypertonic. This can be caused by a head posture characterised by chin protraction and head retroflexion. Hypertonia in the nuchal muscles can lead to a disturbance in proprioception of the entire locomotor system. It can also reduce perfusion of the brain, increase the lumbar kyphosis and is one of the main parts of the cervicocranial syndrome. It causes pain during sleep and is often associated with dysfunction of vision and a decrease in the effectiveness of lenses and glasses on visual acuity. 

  <b>When the nuchal muscles are overloaded</b>, the patient complains of pain in the occipital region. The patients report that they can eliminate this pain by themselves using finger pressure or a specific message. Correction of head posture and improvement of the working environment is fundamental to bringing permanent relief.


system: 19
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: 1st layer - Spinohumeral muscles
parent: Musculi dorsi
en: 1st layer - Spinohumeral muscles
en_description:
  <b>The 1st group of back muscles</b> are the most superficial muscles of the back. They insert on the upper limb and are thus known as <b>the spinohumeral muscles.</b> This group of muscles consists of two muscles: <b>the trapezius and latissimus dorsi.</b><br>Together these two muscles cover almost the entire surface of the back.

general_description:
  <b>The scapula </b>is fixed mainly by the surrounding muscles. The muscles of the scapula affect the position of the head, arms and cervical part of the vertebral column. The position of the scapula depends on the equilibrium between the superior and inferior scapula fixators and the serratus anterior.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The speculum rhomboideum </b>is an aponeurotic field of the trapezius at the level of the vertebra C7.


system: 20
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
brief_parent: musculus trapezius
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: 1st layer - Spinohumeral muscles
parent: 1st layer - Spinohumeral muscles
en_innervation:
  accessory nerve (n. XI),
  anterior rami of the spinal nerves C3-C4

memorix_page: 20/1.1
object_id: musculus trapezius pars descendens
latin: musculus trapezius
en: Trapezius
en_function:
  external rotation of the scapula during simultaneous contraction of the ascending and the descending part (inferior angle rotates laterally), which produces elevation of the arm above the horizontal line (synergist of the Serratus anterior)

clinical_notes:
  <b>The ascending part of the trapezius </b>is typically weakened concurrently with the serratus anterior. 

  <b>The descending part of the trapezius </b>may be overloaded by carrying heavy luggage. 

  <b>The descending part of the trapezius </b>contains the so-called “key latent trigger point”, which has a potential for chaining and pain accenting. This weak point of the trapezius is termed the key perpetuating factor and therapy must be targeted to the primary trigger point, otherwise it is not successful. 

  <b>The transverse part of the trapezius </b>usually contains so-called “hypertonic fibres”, which are typically present when the antagonist (pectoralis major) shortens and serratus anterior weakens.


system: 21
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.1
brief_parent: musculus trapezius
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: 1st layer - Spinohumeral muscles
parent: musculus trapezius
en_insertion:
  clavicle - acromial end,
  scapula - acromion

memorix_page: 21/1
object_id: musculus trapezius pars descendens
latin: musculus trapezius pars descendens
en: Trapezius Descending / superior part
bloodsupply_related: arteria occipitalis,ramus descendens arteriae occipitais,arteria dorsalis scapulae
en_origin:
  occipital bone - superior nuchal line,
  occipital bone - external occipital protuberance,
  vertebrae C1-C6 - spinous processes (via the nuchal ligament)

en_function:
  elevation of the scapula, 
  dorsal flexion of the head (when the scapula is fixed, bilateral contraction), 
  a lateral exam of the head (when the scapula is fixed, unilateral contraction), 
  fixates the scapula to the vertebral column

related_objects:
  atlas c1, os occipitale, axis c2, vertebrae cervicales c3, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c6,clavicula

innervation_related:
  ramus anterior nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis terti,ramus externus nervi accessoriiq,nervus accessorius

syntopy_related:
  atlas c1,os occipitale,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,clavicula,scapula,musculus splenius capitis,musculus sternocleidomastoideus,platysma,musculus deltoideus pars clavicularis,musculus deltoideus pars acromialis,musculus deltoideus pars spinalis,musculus infraspinatus,musculus rhomboideus major,musculus latissimus dorsi


system: 22
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.2
brief_parent: musculus trapezius
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: 1st layer - Spinohumeral muscles
parent: musculus trapezius
en_origin: vertebrae C7-T3 - spinous processes
en_insertion:
  scapula - spine of scapula (lateral part - superior margin),
  scapula - acromion

en_function: retraction of the scapula and its fixation to the vertebral column
memorix_page: 21/2
object_id: musculus trapezius pars transversa
latin: musculus trapezius pars transversa
en: Trapezius Transverse / middle part
bloodsupply_related: arteria occipitalis,ramus descendens arteriae occipitais,arteria dorsalis scapulae
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t4,scapula

innervation_related:
  ramus anterior nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis terti,ramus externus nervi accessoriiq,nervus accessorius

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae cervicales c7,scapula,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,musculus splenius capitis,musculus sternocleidomastoideus,platysma,musculus deltoideus pars clavicularis,musculus deltoideus pars acromialis,musculus deltoideus pars spinalis,musculus infraspinatus,musculus rhomboideus major,musculus latissimus dorsi


system: 23
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.3
brief_parent: musculus trapezius
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: 1st layer - Spinohumeral muscles
parent: musculus trapezius
en_origin: vertebrae T4-T12 - spinous processes
en_insertion: scapula - spine of scapula (medial part to the deltoid tubercle)
en_function: depression of the scapula and its fixation to the vertebral column
memorix_page: 21/3
object_id: musculus trapezius pars ascendens
latin: musculus trapezius pars ascendens
en: Trapezius Ascending / inferior part
bloodsupply_related: arteria occipitalis,ramus descendens arteriae occipitais,arteria dorsalis scapulae
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t12,scapula

innervation_related:
  ramus anterior nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis terti,ramus externus nervi accessoriiq,nervus accessorius

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,scapula,musculus splenius capitis,musculus sternocleidomastoideus,platysma,musculus deltoideus pars clavicularis,musculus deltoideus pars acromialis,musculus deltoideus pars spinalis,musculus infraspinatus,musculus rhomboideus major,musculus latissimus dorsi


system: 24
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: 1st layer - Spinohumeral muscles
parent: 1st layer - Spinohumeral muscles
en_insertion: humerus - crest of lesser tubercle
en_innervation: thoracodorsal nerve
memorix_page: 21
object_id: musculus latissimus dorsi
latin: musculus latissimus dorsi
en: Latissimus dorsi
clinical_notes: <b>Chronic cough </b>leads to overloading of the lateral portion of the latissimus dorsi.
innervation_related: nervus thoracodorsalis
en_origin:
  vertebrae T7-S5 - spinous processes and median sacral crest,
  thoracolumbar fascia - posterior layer, 
  hip bone - posterior superior iliac spine and iliac crest (outer lip), 
  10th-12th rib,
  inferior angle of scapula

en_function:
  internal rotation, adduction and dorsal flexion of the arm, auxiliary inspiration muscle when the upper limb is fixed (elevates the ribs), auxiliary expiration muscle
  - during strong expiration (cough) intensifies the curvature of the thoracic vertebral column and therefore reduces the volume of the thorax

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l5, os sacrum,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12, pelvis, scapula,  costae spuriae 9,humerus

general_description:
  <b>The tendon of the latissimus dorsi </b>is able to rotate through an angle of 180 deg. The more caudal fibres insert on the proximal portion of the crest of the lesser tubercle and the cranial fi bres insert to the distal portion of the crest of the lesser tubercle. 

  <b>The posterior axillary fold </b> (plica axillaris posterior) is formed by the fused tendons of the latissimus dorsi and teres major. 

  <b>The latissimus dorsi </b>is innervated and supplied by the thoracodorsal nerve and vessels entering the muscle in its insertion. Thus, it is possible to cut this muscle at its origin, shift it and use in reconstructive surgery.

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria thoracodorsalis,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior nonae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1,arteria intercostalis posterior decima 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior decimae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1,arteria lumbalis prima 1,arteria lumbalis tertia 1,arteria lumbalis secunda 1

syntopy_related:
  scapula,humerus,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,os sacrum,pelvis,musculus serratus anterior,musculus serratus posterior inferior,musculus obliquus externus abdominis,musculus infraspinatus,musculus teres major,caput longum musculi tricipitis brachii,musculus trapezius pars descendens,musculus trapezius pars transversa,musculus trapezius pars ascendens


system: 25
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: 2nd layer - Spinoscapular muscles
parent: Musculi dorsi
en: 2nd layer - Spinoscapular muscles
en_description:
  <b>The muscles of the second layer insert on the scapula </b>(spinoscapular muscles). The rhomboids belong to the lower scapula fixators, and the levator scapulae belongs to the upper scapula fixators.

general_description:
  <b>The scapula </b>is fixed mainly by the surrounding muscles. The muscles of the scapula affect the position of the head, arms and cervical part of the vertebral column. The position of the scapula depends on the equilibrium between the superior and inferior scapula fixators and the serratus anterior.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The speculum rhomboideum </b>is an aponeurotic field of the trapezius at the level of the vertebra C7.


system: 26
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: 2nd layer - Spinoscapular muscles
parent: 2nd layer - Spinoscapular muscles
en_origin: vertebrae T2-T5 - spinous processes
en_insertion: scapula - caudal 2/3 of the medial border
en_function: elevation and retraction of the scapula, backdraw of elevated arm (180°)
en_innervation: dorsal scapular nerve
memorix_page: 22
object_id: musculus rhomboideus major
latin: musculus rhomboideus major
en: Rhomboid major
innervation_related: nervus dorsalis scapulae
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2,scapula

general_description:
  <b>The rhomboid major and minor </b>are responsible for stabilisation of the cervicothoracic transition. These muscles tend to weaken and it is important to stretch and exercise them together with the pectoral muscles. However, the weak rhomboid muscles often contain painful trigger points.

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria transversa colli,arteria dorsalis scapulae,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae thoracales t2,scapula,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,musculus rhomboideus minor,musculus splenius cervicis,musculus longissimus thoracis,musculus trapezius pars descendens,musculus trapezius pars transversa,musculus trapezius pars ascendens


system: 27
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: 2nd layer - Spinoscapular muscles
parent: 2nd layer - Spinoscapular muscles
en_origin: vertebrae C6-C7 - spinous processes
en_insertion: scapula - cranial 1/3 of the medial border (cranially to the rhomboid major)
en_function: elevation and retraction of the scapula
en_innervation: dorsal scapular nerve
memorix_page: 22
object_id: musculus rhomboideus minor
latin: musculus rhomboideus minor
en: Rhomboid minor
related_objects: vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae thoracales t2,scapula
innervation_related: nervus dorsalis scapulae
bloodsupply_related:
  arteria transversa colli,arteria dorsalis scapulae,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1

syntopy_related:
  scapula,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,musculus iliocostalis cervicis,musculus longissimus thoracis,musculus splenius cervicis,musculus serratus posterius superior,musculus rhomboideus major


system: 28
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: 2nd layer - Spinoscapular muscles
parent: 2nd layer - Spinoscapular muscles
en_origin: vertebrae C1-C4 - transverse processes (posterior tubercle)
en_insertion: scapula - superior angle, upper margin of medial border of scapula
en_innervation: anterior rami of the spinal nerves C3-C4, dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
memorix_page: 22
object_id: musculus levator scapulae
latin: musculus levator scapulae
en: Levator scapulae
related_objects: atlas c1, axis c2, vertebrae cervicales c3, vertebrae cervicales c4,scapula
en_function:
  elevation of the scapula, lateroflexion of the vertebral column (when the scapula is fixed), internal rotation of the scapula (lateral rotation of the inferior angle), antagonist of the trapezius and serratus anterior

clinical_notes:
  <b>Upper crossed syndrome </b>is caused by a muscular imbalance with the accentuated thoracic kyphosis and cervical lordosis (descending part of the trapezius, levator scapulae and sternocleidomastoid, and inferior part of the major pectoralis are shortened; the nuchal muscles, rhomboids and superior part of the major pectoralis are weakened). 

  <b>The levator scapulae </b>is typically overloaded by carrying of heavy luggage or by a constant arm elevation (computer working and long lasting use of a mouse). Similarly to the trapezius, this muscle is very sensitive to cold air conditions (leading to painful spasms).

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria dorsalis scapulae,arteria cervicalis ascendens,arteria transversa colli,truncus thyrocervicalis

innervation_related:
  ramus anterior nervi cervicalis terti,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis quarti,nervus dorsalis scapulae

syntopy_related:
  scapula,atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,musculus sternocleidomastoideus,musculus splenius capitis,musculus splenius cervicis,musculus scalenus posterior,musculus serratus posterius superior,musculus trapezius pars transversa,musculus trapezius pars ascendens,musculus trapezius pars descendens


system: 29
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: 3rd layer - Spinocostal muscles
parent: Musculi dorsi
en: 3rd layer - Spinocostal muscles
en_description:
  The muscles of the <b>3rd layer insert of the ribs </b>and are known as the spinocostal muscles.They are structurally <b>weak muscles</b> and function as <b>auxiliary respiratory muscles</b>.


system: 30
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: 3rd layer - Spinocostal muscles
parent: 3rd layer - Spinocostal muscles
en_origin: vertebrae C6-T2 - spinous processes
en_insertion: 2nd-5th rib - angle of rib
en_function: elevation of the ribs - auxiliary inspiration muscle
en_innervation: intercostal nerves I-IV
memorix_page: 22
object_id: musculus serratus posterius superior
latin: musculus serratus posterior superior
en: Serratus posterior superior
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5

clinical_notes:
  <b>The posterior superior serratus </b>is palpable in the depth of the back in a maximal scapular abduction. This muscle is typically overloaded in constant forward position of the head and in paradoxical breathing. It's trigger point irradiation typically emits under the scapula, to the posterior part of the arm, into the triceps, elbow, ulnar part of the forearm, to the 5th finger. It is important to note this disorder and differentiate it from radicular syndromes of C8 and T1.

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 1

innervation_related:
  nervus thoracicus tertius,ramus anterior nervi thoracici tertii,ramus collateralis nervus intercostali primus,nervus intercostalis primus,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici secundi,nervus thoracicus secundus

syntopy_related:
  os costale 4,os costale 5,os costale 3,costa secunda 2,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,scapula,musculus iliocostalis thoracis,musculus iliocostalis cervicis,musculus longissimus cervicis,musculus splenius cervicis,musculus splenius capitis,musculus levator scapulae,musculus rhomboideus minor


system: 31
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: 3rd layer - Spinocostal muscles
parent: 3rd layer - Spinocostal muscles
en_origin: vertebrae T11-L2 - spinous processes
en_insertion: 9th-12th rib
en_innervation: intercostal nerves IX-XI, subcostal nerve
memorix_page: 22
object_id: musculus serratus posterior inferior
latin: musculus serratus posterior inferior
en: Serratus posterior inferior
en_function:
  auxiliary inspiration muscle (fixates the caudal ribs and therefore aids the function of the diaphragm)

related_objects:
  vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae thoracales t11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae spuriae 10, costae spuriae 9

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria subcostalis 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1,arteria intercostalis posterior undecima 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae subcostalis 1,arteria subcostalis 1

innervation_related:
  nervus thoracicus decimus,nervus thoracicus undecimus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici undecimi,nervus thoracicus duodecimus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici noni,ramus anterior nervi thoracici decimi

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t10,costae spuriae 9,costae spuriae 10,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,musculus obliquus externus abdominis,musculus intercostales interni,musculus iliocostalis lumborum,musculus longissimus thoracis,musculus latissimus dorsi


system: 32
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: Musculi dorsi
latin: Musculi dorsi proprii
en: Deep muscles of the back
en_description:
  <b>The deepest layer of back muscles</b>, <b>the fourth layer</b>, differs from the other layers in both its structure and development. These muscles are known as  <b>epaxial muscles</b>, a term which reflects their embryological origin from the dorsal part of the myotomes. They are innervated by the <b>posterior rami of spinal nerves</b>. Almost all the deep back muscles insert and originate on the vertebrae (hence their other name, the intrinsic back muscles). The deep back muscles are further divided into <b>5 muscle systems</b>. However, they all share a common function of <b>extension of the vertebral column</b>. The more superficial subgroups of the deep back muscles, which include the spinotransverse and spinospinous systems, have <b>sectional organisation</b>. They act over several vertebral levels, providing stability for particular sections of the vertebral column. The deeper muscles of the deep back muscles have  b>segmental organisation</b>. This means that they connect and provide stability to adjacent vertebrae.

general_description:
  <b>The rhombus of Michaelis </b>is a rhombus-shaped area in the lumbar region. Its superior corner is formed by the spinous process of vertebra L4, the lateral corners are formed by the superior posterior iliac spines and the inferior corner is located in the region of the sacrococcygeal transition (at the superior margin of the intergluteal cleft). If symmetrical, it indicates physiological development of the pelvis.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The deep back muscles </b>tend to weaken and atrophy. This is common for many people of modern society. The superficial muscles are hyperactive and the deep and stabilisation muscles become weakened. 

  <b>The erector spinae </b>is typically overloaded and hypertonic in the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral regions.


system: 33
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: Musculi dorsi proprii
en: Spinotransverse system
en_description:
  The spinotransverse system is a group of muscles whose <b>fibers course from the spinous processes of the caudal vertebrae to the transverse processes of the cranial vertebrae</b>.
  These muscles have the shape of the letter V.

general_description:
  <b>The erector spinae </b>is a muscular complex alongside the vertebral column which is formed by (in a lateromedial direction): iliocostalis, longissimus and spinalis. 

  <b>The sacrospinal system </b>is another term for the longissimus and iliocostalis regarding the origin and course of these muscles.


system: 35
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus splenius
en_origin:
  nuchal ligament (caudal part),
  vertebrae C7-T4 - spinous processes

en_innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves (inferior cervical segments)
memorix_page: 23/1.1
object_id: musculus splenius capitis
latin: musculus splenius capitis
en: Splenius capitis
clinical_notes: <b>The splenius capitis and sternocleidomastoid </b>may cause transferred pain in the vertex.
bloodsupply_related: arteria occipitalis,ramus descendens arteriae occipitais
en_insertion:
  temporal bone - mastoid process,
  occipital bone - occipital plane
  (below the lateral third of the superior nuchal line)

en_function:
  dorsal flexion of the head (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion and rotation of the head to the side of the contracted muscle (unilateral contraction)

related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c3, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t3,os temporale 1, os occipitale,axis c2

innervation_related:
  ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis terti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis secundi

syntopy_related:
  atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,os temporale 1,os occipitale,musculus splenius capitis,


system: 36
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus splenius
en_origin: vertebrae T3-T6 - spinous processes
en_insertion: vertebrae C1-C3 - transverse processes
en_innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves (caudal cervical and cranial thoracic segments)
memorix_page: 23/1.2
object_id: musculus splenius cervicis
latin: musculus splenius cervicis
en: Splenius cervicis
en_function:
  dorsal flexion of the head (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion and rotation of the head to the side of the contracted muscle (unilateral contraction)
  - these are common functions for both parts of the splenius

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t6,atlas c1, axis c2, vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria cervicalis profunda,arteria dorsalis scapulae,arteria cervicalis profunda,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1

innervation_related:
  ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici primi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis terti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis septimi,musculus splenius cervicis

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,axis c2,atlas c1,musculus splenius cervicis,


system: 37
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: Spinotransverse system
en_description: - forms the middle part of the erector spinae
en_innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves
memorix_page: 24/2
latin: musculus longissimus
en: Longissimus
en_function:
  dorsal flexion of the vertebral column and head (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion and rotation of the vertebral column and head to the side of the contracted muscle (unilateral contraction)


system: 38
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus longissimus
memorix_page: 24/2.1
object_id: musculus longissimus thoracis
latin: musculus longissimus thoracis
en: Longissimus thoracis
en_origin:
  erector spinae aponeurosis (large common tendon), spinous processes T11-L5,
  sacrum - median sacral crest

en_insertion:
  vertebrae L1-L5 - costal processes,
  vertebrae T1-T12 - transverse processes,
  3rd-12th rib,
  thoracolumbar fascia - middle layer

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l5, os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, pelvis, vertebrae lumbales l1, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae spuriae 10, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 8, os costale 7, os costale 6, os costale 5, os costale 4, os costale 3, costa secunda 2,vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l5, os sacrum,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1,ramus sutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae subcostalis 2,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 1,arteria sacralis mediana,arteriae sacrales laterales

innervation_related:
  ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis terti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis secundi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici primi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,os costale 3,os costale 4,os costale 5,os costale 6,os costale 7,costae spuriae 8,costae spuriae 9,costae spuriae 10,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,costa secunda 2,costa prima 1,musculus iliocostalis lumborum,musculus serratus posterior inferior,musculus spinalis thoracis,musculus longissimus cervicis,musculus serratus posterius superior,musculus iliocostalis cervicis,musculus iliocostalis thoracis


system: 39
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus longissimus
en_origin: vertebrae T1-T5 - transverse processes
en_insertion: vertebrae C2-C6 - transverse processes
memorix_page: 24/2.2
object_id: musculus longissimus cervicis
latin: musculus longissimus cervicis
en: Longissimus cervicis
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,axis c2, vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,,vertebrae cervicales c7

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria occipitalis,ramus descendens arteriae occipitais,arteria vertebralis 1,arteria cervicalis profunda,arteria dorsalis scapulae

innervation_related:
  ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis terti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis secundi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici primi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2,musculi levatores costarum longi,musculus splenius cervicis,musculus serratus posterius superior,musculus longissimus thoracis


system: 40
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.3
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus longissimus
en_origin:
  vertebrae T1-T5 - transverse processes,
  vertebrae C2-C6 - articular processes

en_insertion: occipital bone - mastoid process
memorix_page: 24/2.3
object_id: musculus longissimus capitis
latin: musculus longissimus capitis
en: Longissimus capitis
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6, atlas c1, axis c2,os temporale 1

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria occipitalis,ramus descendens arteriae occipitais,arteria vertebralis 1,arteria cervicalis profunda,arteria dorsalis scapulae

innervation_related:
  ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis terti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis secundi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici primi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi

syntopy_related:
  atlas c1,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2,os temporale 1,musculus longissimus cervicis,musculus splenius cervicis


system: 41
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: Spinotransverse system
en_description: - forms the lateral part of the erector spinae
en_innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves
memorix_page: 24/3
latin: musculus iliocostalis
en: Iliocostalis
en_function:
  <b>Function of the whole muscle:</b>
  dorsal flexion of the vertebral column (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion and rotation of the vertebral column to the side of the contracted muscle (unilateral contraction)


system: 42
custom_hierarchy: 1.3.1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus iliocostalis
memorix_page: 24/3.1
latin: musculus iliocostalis lumborum
en: Iliocostalis lumborus
innervation_related:
  ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis terti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis secundi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici primi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi


system: 43
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus iliocostalis lumborum
en_insertion: 6th-12th rib - angle of rib
memorix_page: 24/3.1.1
object_id: musculus iliocostalis lumborum
latin: iliocostalis lumborum pars lumbalis
en: Iliocostal muscle lumbar part
en_origin:
  erector spinae aponeurosis (large common tendon),
  sacrum - lateral sacral crest,
  hip bone - outer lip of iliac crest

related_objects:
  pelvis, os sacrum,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12, costae spuriae 10, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 8, os costale 7, os costale 6,vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1,

bloodsupply_related:
  arteriae sacrales laterales,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 1,ramus sutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae subcostalis 2,arteria lumbalis tertia 2,arteria lumbalis quarta 2

innervation_related:
  ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis terti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis secundi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici primi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi

syntopy_related:
  pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae spuriae 10,costae spuriae 9,os costale 7,costae spuriae 8,os costale 6,musculus iliocostalis cervicis,musculus serratus posterius superior,musculus serratus anterior,musculus serratus posterior inferior


system: 44
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus iliocostalis lumborum
en_origin: 6th-12th rib - angle of rib (mediocranially to the insertion of the lumbar part)
en_insertion:
  1st-6th rib - angle of rib,
  vertebra C7 - transverse process

memorix_page: 24/3.1.2
object_id: musculus iliocostalis thoracis
latin: iliocostalis lumborum pars thoracica
en: Iliocostal muscle thoracic part
related_objects:
  costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae spuriae 10, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 8, os costale 7, os costale 6,os costale 6, os costale 5, os costale 4, os costale 3, costa secunda 2, costa prima 1

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1

innervation_related:
  ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis terti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis secundi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici primi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi

syntopy_related:
  costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae spuriae 10,costae spuriae 9,costae spuriae 8,os costale 7,os costale 6,os costale 5,os costale 4,os costale 3,costa prima 1,costa secunda 2,musculus serratus anterior,musculus levator scapulae,musculus iliocostalis cervicis,musculus longissimus thoracis,musculus intercostales interni,musculus iliocostalis lumborum


system: 45
custom_hierarchy: 1.3.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus iliocostalis
en_origin:
  3rd-6th rib - angle of rib
  (medial to the insertion of the thoracic part)

en_insertion: vertebrae C4-C6 - transverse processes
memorix_page: 24/3.2
object_id: musculus iliocostalis cervicis
latin: musculus iliocostalis cervicis
en: Iliocostalis cervicis
bloodsupply_related: arteria occipitalis, arteria cervicalis profunda,arteria vertebralis 1
related_objects:
  os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 3,vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4,os costale 7,vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1,

innervation_related:
  ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti

syntopy_related:
  os costale 7,musculus iliocostalis cervicis,os costale 6,os costale 5,os costale 4,os costale 3,costa secunda 2,costa prima 1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c4,musculus longissimus cervicis,musculus scalenus posterior,musculus serratus posterius superior,musculus longissimus thoracis,musculus iliocostalis thoracis,musculus rhomboideus minor,musculus rhomboideus major


system: 46
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: Musculi dorsi proprii
en: Spinospinal system
en_description:
  The spinospinal system is characterized by the course of its fibres that run from the<b> spinous processes of the caudal vertebrae to the spinous processes of the cranial vertebrae.</b>


system: 47
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: Spinospinal system
en_innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves
memorix_page: 25/1
latin: musculus spinalis
en: Spinalis
en_function:
  <b>Function of the whole muscle</b>: dorsal flexion of the vertebral column and head (bilateral contraction), 
  lateroflexion of the vertebral column to the side of the contracted muscle (unilateral contraction)


system: 48
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus spinalis
en_description: - fuses with the longissimus thoracis (they are very difficult to differentiate)
en_origin: vertebrae T11-L2 - spinous processes
en_insertion: 4-8 cranial thoracic vertebrae - spinous processes
memorix_page: 25/1.1
object_id: musculus spinalis thoracis
latin: musculus spinalis thoracis
en: Spinalis thoracis
related_objects:
  vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2

innervation_related:
  nervus occipitalis tertius,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t2,musculus semispinalis thoracis,musculus longissimus thoracis,musculus splenius capitis,musculus splenius cervicis


system: 49
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus spinalis
en_description: - a variable muscle
en_origin: nuchal ligament, vertebrae C7-T2 - spinous processes
en_insertion: axis (C2) - spinous process, vertebrae C3 and C4 - spinous processes (variable insertion))
memorix_page: 25/1.2
object_id: musculus spinalis cervicis
latin: musculus spinalis cervicis
en: Spinalis cervicis
bloodsupply_related: arteria cervicalis profunda
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5,axis c2, vertebrae cervicales c3, vertebrae cervicales c4

innervation_related:
  ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi

syntopy_related:
  axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,musculus spinalis thoracis,musculus semispinalis capitis,musculus semispinalis thoracis,musculus semispinalis cervicis


system: 51
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: Musculi dorsi proprii
en: Transversospinal system
en_description:
  The course of the fibres of the transversospinal system runs from the transverse processes of the caudal vertebrae to the spinous processes of the cranial vertebrae.
  These muscles are shaped like the letter A.


system: 52
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: Transversospinal system
en_innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves
latin: musculus semispinalis
en: Semispinalis
en_function:
  <b>Function of the whole muscle:</b>
  dorsal flexion of the vertebral column and head (bilateral contraction),
  lateroflexion of the vertebral column and head to the side of the contracted muscle and rotation of the vertebral column and head to the opposite side (unilateral contraction)


system: 53
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus semispinalis
en_origin: vertebrae T1-T6 - transverse processes
en_insertion: vertebrae C2-C6 - spinous processes
memorix_page: 25/1.2
object_id: musculus semispinalis cervicis
latin: musculus semispinalis cervicis
en: Semispinalis cervicis
related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t6,axis c2, vertebrae cervicales c3, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c6

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria cervicalis profunda,arteria vertebralis 1,,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1

innervation_related:
  ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae cervicales c5,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,musculus spinalis thoracis,musculus spinalis cervicis,musculus semispinalis capitis,musculus multifidus


system: 54
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.3
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus semispinalis
en_insertion: occipital bone - the inferior nuchal line
memorix_page: 25/1.3
object_id: musculus semispinalis capitis
latin: musculus semispinalis capitis
en: Semispinalis capitis
en_origin:
  vertebrae T6-C7 - transverse processes
  vertebrae C4-C6 - articular processes
  vertebrae C7-T1 - spinous processes (variably)

related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c3, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t6,os occipitale

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria cervicalis profunda,arteria vertebralis 1,,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 2

innervation_related:
  ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2,atlas c1,os occipitale,musculus splenius capitis,musculus splenius cervicis,musculus obliquus capitis superior,musculus rectus capitis posterior minor,musculus longissimus capitis,musculus spinalis cervicis,musculus semispinalis cervicis


system: 55
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus semispinalis
en_origin: vertebrae T6-T10 - transverse processes
en_insertion: vertebrae C6-T4 - spinous processes
memorix_page: 25/1.1
object_id: musculus semispinalis thoracis
latin: musculus semispinalis thoracis
en: Semispinalis thoracis
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t4,,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria cervicalis profunda,arteria vertebralis 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1

innervation_related:
  ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,musculus spinalis cervicis,musculus spinalis thoracis,musculus multifidus,musculus splenius capitis


system: 56
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: Transversospinal system
en_innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves
memorix_page: 26/2
object_id: musculus multifidus
latin: musculi multifidi
en: Multifidi
en_description:
  - short muscles located very deeply in the back
  - fill the space lateral to the spinous processes of the vertebrae
  - are most distinct at the level of the lumbar vertebral column

en_origin:
  sacrum - dorsal surface, posterior sacroiliac ligament, hip bone - posterior superior iliac spine,
  vertebrae L1-L5 - mammillary processes (costal processes)
  vertebrae T1-T12 - transverse processes
  vertebrae C4-C7 - articular processes

en_insertion:
  spinous processes of vertebrae
  - superficial multifidi 3-4 vertebrae above their origin,
  the deepest multifidi to the adjacent vertebra of their origin

en_function:
  dorsal flexion of the vertebral column (bilateral contraction),
  rotation of the vertebral column to the opposite side
  of the contracted muscles (unilateral contraction)

related_objects:
  pelvis, os sacrum, vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4,pelvis, os sacrum, vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c3, axis c2

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria cervicalis profunda,arteria vertebralis 1,arteriae sacrales laterales,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1

innervation_related:
  ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni

syntopy_related:
  axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,os sacrum,musculus spinalis thoracis,musculus longissimus thoracis,musculus spinalis cervicis,musculus semispinalis cervicis


system: 57
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
brief_parent: musculi rotatores
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: Transversospinal system
en_innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves
memorix_page: 26/3
latin: musculi rotatores
en: Rotatores
en_description:
  The deepest layer of muscles, are always present in the thoracic part of the vertebral column (rotatores thoracis).
  Variably present in the cervical and lumbar vertebral column.

en_function:
  dorsal flexion of the spine - neighbouring vertebrae (bilateral contraction),
  rotation of the vertebral column to the opposite side
  of the contracted muscles (unilateral contraction)


system: 58
custom_hierarchy: 3.3.1
brief_parent: musculi rotatores
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi rotatores
en_origin: vertebrae - transverse processes
en_insertion: vertebrae - vertebral arches (next to spinous process)
object_id: musculi rotatores brevis
latin: musculi rotatores breves
en: Rotatores breves muscle
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t12

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 1

innervation_related:
  ramus posterior nervi thoracici primi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11


system: 59
custom_hierarchy: 3.3.2
brief_parent: musculi rotatores
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi rotatores
en_origin: vertebrae - transverse processes
en_insertion: vertebrae - vertebrae above
object_id: musculi rotatores longi
latin: musculi rotatores longi
en: Rotatores longi muscle
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t12

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 1

innervation_related:
  ramus posterior nervi thoracici primi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11


system: 61
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
brief_parent: musculi interspinales
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: System of short muscles
en_innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves
memorix_page: 26/1
latin: musculi interspinales
en: Interspinales
en_description:
  - a paired system of muscles that are located between spinous processes of neighbouring vertebrae
  - are most developed in the cervical part of the vertebral column
  - there are 7 pairs of interspinales cervicis (T1-C2)

en_function:
  dorsal flexion of the vertebral column,
  maintain stability of the vertebral column (postural muscles)


system: 62
custom_hierarchy: 4.1.1
brief_parent: musculi interspinales
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi interspinales
object_id: musculi interspinales cervicis
latin: musculi interspinales cervicis
en: Interspinales muscles of cervical spine
bloodsupply_related: arteria cervicalis profunda,arteria vertebralis 1,arteria occipitalis
related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c3, axis c2, atlas c1,vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c3, axis c2, atlas c1

innervation_related:
  nervus occpitalis major,nervus occipitalis tertius,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti,musculi interspinales cervicis

syntopy_related:
  atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7


system: 63
custom_hierarchy: 4.1.2
brief_parent: musculi interspinales
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi interspinales
object_id: musculi interspinale lumborum
latin: musculi interspinales lumborum
en: Interspinales muscles of lumbar spine
related_objects:
  vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l5

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus lumbalis arteriae iliolumbalis,arteria lumbalis quarta 2,arteria lumbalis tertia 2,arteria lumbalis secunda 2,arteria lumbalis prima 2

innervation_related:
  ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,musculi interspinale lumborum

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5


system: 64
custom_hierarchy: 4.1.3
brief_parent: musculi interspinales
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi interspinales
object_id: musculi interspinale thoracis
latin: musculi interspinales thoracis
en: Interspinales muscles of thoracic spine
related_objects:
  vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1

innervation_related:
  ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae lumbales l1


system: 65
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
brief_parent: musculi intertransversarii
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: System of short muscles
en_function: lateroflexion of the vertebral column
en_innervation: anterior and posterior rami of spinal nerves
memorix_page: 26/2
latin: musculi intertransversarii
en: Intertransversarii
en_description:
  - a system of muscles that are located between transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae 
  - are most developed in the cervical part of the vertebral column 
  - in other parts of the vertebral column they are poorly developed


system: 66
custom_hierarchy: 4.2.1
brief_parent: musculi intertransversarii
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi intertransversarii
object_id: musculi intertransversarii anteriores cervicis
latin: musculi intertransversarii anteriores cervicis
en: Anterior Intertransversarii of cervical spine
related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c3, axis c2, atlas c1,vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c3, axis c2, atlas c1

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1

innervation_related:
  ramus anterior nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis terti,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis secundi,musculi intertransversarii anteriores cervicis

syntopy_related:
  atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7


system: 67
custom_hierarchy: 4.2.2
brief_parent: musculi intertransversarii
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi intertransversarii
object_id: musculi intertransversarii posteriores cervicis
latin: musculi intertransversarii posteriores cervicis
en: Posterior Intertransversarii of cervical spine
related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c3, axis c2, atlas c1,vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c3, axis c2, atlas c1

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1

innervation_related:
  ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis secundi,ramus posterior nervi cervicalis secundi,ramus posterior nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus posterior nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus posterior nervi cervicalis terti,ramus posterior nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus posterior nervi cervicalis quinti

syntopy_related:
  atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7


system: 68
custom_hierarchy: 4.2.3
brief_parent: musculi intertransversarii
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi intertransversarii
object_id: musculi intertransversarii laterales lumborum
latin: musculi intertransversarii laterales lumborum
en: Lateral Intertransversarii of lumbar spine
related_objects:
  vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t12,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t12,os sacrum

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus lumbalis arteriae iliolumbalis,arteria lumbalis quarta 2,arteria lumbalis tertia 2,arteria lumbalis secunda 2,arteria lumbalis prima 2

innervation_related:
  radix anterior nervi lumbalis quinti,radix anterior nervi lumbalis quarti,radix anterior nervi lumbalis tertii,radix anterior nervi lumbalis secundi,radix anterior nervi lumbalis primi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici duodecimi

syntopy_related:
  os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12


system: 69
custom_hierarchy: 4.2.4
brief_parent: musculi intertransversarii
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi intertransversarii
object_id: musculi intertransversarii mediales lumborum
latin: musculi intertransversarii mediales lumborum
en: Medial Intertransversarii of lumbar spine
related_objects:
  vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t12,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t12,os sacrum

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus lumbalis arteriae iliolumbalis,arteria lumbalis quarta 2,arteria lumbalis tertia 2,arteria lumbalis secunda 2,arteria lumbalis prima 2

innervation_related:
  radix anterior nervi lumbalis quinti,radix anterior nervi lumbalis quarti,radix anterior nervi lumbalis tertii,radix anterior nervi lumbalis secundi,radix anterior nervi lumbalis primi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici duodecimi

syntopy_related:
  os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12


system: 70
custom_hierarchy: 4.2.5
brief_parent: musculi intertransversarii
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi intertransversarii
object_id: musculi intertransversarii thoracis
latin: musculi intertransversarii thoracis
en: Intertransversarii of thoracic spine
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7

innervation_related:
  ramus posterior nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici decimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici noni,ramus posterior nervi thoracici octavi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici septimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici sexti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici quinti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici quarti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici tertii,ramus posterior nervi thoracici secundi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici primi,ramus posterior nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis octavi

syntopy_related:
  atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12


system: 71
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: Musculi dorsi proprii
latin: musculi suboccipitales
en: Suboccipital muscles
en_description:
  - suboccipital muscles are a system of deep muscles of the neck located between the first two vertebrae and the occipital bone 
  - these muscles form the suboccipital triangle


system: 72
custom_hierarchy: 5.1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi suboccipitales
en_origin: axis (C2) - spinous process
en_insertion: occipital bone - occipital plane, inferior nuchal line
en_innervation: suboccipital nerve (posterior ramus of the spinal nerve C1)
memorix_page: 27/1
object_id: musculus rectus capitis posterior major
latin: musculus rectus capitis posterior major
en: Rectus capitis posterior major
related_objects: axis c2,os occipitale
bloodsupply_related: arteria vertebralis 1,arteria occipitalis,ramus descendens arteriae occipitais
innervation_related: nervus suboccipitalis
syntopy_related: atlas c1,os occipitale,axis c2
en_function:
  dorsal flexion of the head (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion and rotation of the head to the side of the contracted muscle (unilateral contraction)


system: 73
custom_hierarchy: 5.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi suboccipitales
en_origin: atlas (C1) - posterior tubercle
en_innervation: suboccipital nerve (posterior ramus of the spinal nerve C1)
memorix_page: 27/2
object_id: musculus rectus capitis posterior minor
latin: musculus rectus capitis posterior minor
en: Rectus capitis posterior minor
related_objects: atlas c1,os occipitale
bloodsupply_related: arteria vertebralis 1,arteria occipitalis,ramus descendens arteriae occipitais
innervation_related: nervus suboccipitalis
syntopy_related: atlas c1,os occipitale
en_insertion:
  occipital bone - occipital plane, inferior nuchal line (medially to the rectus capitis posterior major)

en_function:
  dorsal flexion of the head (bilateral contraction),
  lateroflexion and rotation of the head to the side of the contracted muscle (unilateral contraction)


system: 74
custom_hierarchy: 5.3
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi suboccipitales
en_origin: atlas (C1) - transverse process
en_insertion: occipital bone - occipital plane, lateral part of inferior nuchal line
en_innervation: suboccipital nerve (posterior ramus of the spinal nerve C1)
memorix_page: 27/3
object_id: musculus obliquus capitis superior
latin: musculus obliquus capitis superior
en: Obliquus capitis superior
related_objects: atlas c1,os occipitale
bloodsupply_related: arteria vertebralis 1,arteria occipitalis,ramus descendens arteriae occipitais
innervation_related: nervus suboccipitalis
syntopy_related: atlas c1,os occipitale
en_function:
  dorsal flexion of the head (bilateral contraction), rotation of the head to the opposite side of the contracted muscle (unilateral contraction)


system: 76
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Fasciae of the back
parent: Musculi dorsi
en: Fasciae of the back
en_description:
  The superficial back muscles are covered by <b>the superficial fascia of the back</b>. <b>The thoracolumbar fascia </b>is located deeply in the caudal part of the back and forms the aponeurotic origin of the latissimus dorsi from which the lateral muscles of the abdominal wall originate. <b>The middle layer of the thoracolumbar fascia </b>develops from the horizontal myoseptum and forms the <b>borderline between the epaxial and hypaxial muscles</b>.

general_description:
  <b>The nuchal fascia </b>separates the trapezius and rhomboids from the deep back muscles. Laterally it continues to the superficial lamina of the cervical fascia and in the midline it is strengthened by the nuchal ligament. The nuchal fascia covers the trapezius. Its superficial part attaches to the highest nuchal line and is called the superficial fascia of the back (fascia dorsi superficialis).


system: 77
main_group: Muscles of the head
memorix_page: 112
latin: musculi cranii
en: Muscles of the head
en_description:
  According to their origin and function, <b>the muscles of the head </b>can be divided into the <b>facial muscles </b>and the <b>masticatory muscles</b>. 

  <b>Facial muscles</b> (musculi faciei)
  - insert into the skin of the head
  - are innervated by the facial nerve (n. VII)
  - are not covered by fascia
  (except for the buccinator)

  <b>Masticatory muscles </b> (musculi masticatorii)
  - insert on the mandible
  - are innervated by the trigeminal nerve (n. V)
  - are covered by fascia


system: 78
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Fasciae of the back
parent: Fasciae of the back
latin: fascia dorsi superficialis
en: Superficial fascia of back
en_description:
  - covers the surface of the back
  - is formed by fusion of the fasciae of the muscles of the superficial layer (tenuo

general_description:
  <b>The dorsal fasciae </b>(both the superficial and deep fasciae) must be freely movable in all directions. Increased mobility by means of the melting phenomenon (or heating) <b>can be a potential method of treatment. </b>


system: 79
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Fasciae of the back
parent: Fasciae of the back
memorix_page: 27/2
latin: fascia thoracolumbalis
en: Thoracolumbar fascia
general_description:
  <b>Lumbosacral fascia </b>is an obsolete term for the thoracolumbar fascia. 

  <b>A disorder of extensibility of the thoracolumbar fascia </b>is one of the most frequent reflexive changes accompanying disorders of the lumbar part of the vertebral column.


system: 81
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Fasciae of the back
parent: fascia thoracolumbalis
memorix_page: 27/2.2
latin: lamina media
en: Middle layer
en_description:
  - a firm aponeurotic membrane
  - separates the deep back muscles from the quadratus lumborum
  - develops from the horizontal myoseptum (which forms the border between the epaxial and hypaxial muscles)


system: 84
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: musculi cranii
latin: musculi faciei
en: Facial muscles
en_description:
  The facial muscles are derived from the second pharyngeal arch. They are <b>inserted into the skin of the head </b>and therefore form wrinkles and <b>control facial expression</b>. All facial muscles are <b>innervated by branches of the facial nerve (n. VII)</b>.

general_description:
  <b>SMAS </b>is an abbreviation for the superficial muscular-aponeurotic system. It is a fibromuscular layer found on the head that covers the facial muscles. It is more developed over the calvaria is the epicranial aponeurosis (galea aponeurotica) and on the face.

  <b>The thin subgaleal connective tissue</b> a low-resistance area that facilitates scalping (removing the scalp from the bone).


system: 86
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.1
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: musculus epicranius
en_origin: occipital and frontal bellies
memorix_page: 7/1
object_id: aponeurosis epicranialis
latin: galea aponeurotica
en: Epicranial aponeurosis
en_description:
  - forms the largest middle part of the muscle
  - an aponeurotic tendinous structure
  - is connected to the periosteum of the cranial vault by
  tenuous fibrous tissue, thus is freely movable over the skull

related_objects:
  os parietale 1, os frontale, venter frontalis musculus occipitofrontalis, venter occipitalis musculus occipitofrontalis


system: 87
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.2
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: musculus epicranius
en_function: draw back the scalp of frontal and the occipital belly, forming a wrinkle over the forehead
memorix_page: 7/2
latin: musculus occipitofrontalis
en: Occipitofrontalis
related_objects:
  os parietale 1, os frontale, venter frontalis musculus occipitofrontalis, venter occipitalis musculus occipitofrontalis

general_description:
  <b>The frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis may</b> contain very painful myofascial trigger points. It is typically caused by overloading of the ipsilateral sternocleidomastoid. This Trigger point may be released by traction of the occipitofrontalis.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The auxiliary muscle fibres of the frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis insert</b> into the orbicularis oculi and contribute to the elevation of the upper eyelid. These fibres may helping eye opening in palsy of the oculomotor nerve (n. III).


system: 88
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.2.1
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: musculus occipitofrontalis
en_origin: epicranial aponeurosis - ventral margin
en_insertion: skin of the eyebrows and glabella
en_innervation: facial nerve - temporal branches
memorix_page: 7/2.1.
object_id: venter frontalis musculus occipitofrontalis
latin: venter frontalis musculi occipitofrontalis
en: Frontal belly (Occipitofrontalis)
bloodsupply_related: ramus frontalis arteriae temporalis superficialis,arteria supraorbitalis,arteria supratrochlearis
innervation_related: rami temporales nervi facialis,nervus facialis
en_function:
  elevates the skin of the forehead, forms horizontal wrinkles of the forehead, contributes to elevation of the upper eyelid and creates expressions of attention and astonishment

related_objects:
  os parietale 1, os frontale, ,venter frontalis musculus occipitofrontalis, venter occipitalis musculus occipitofrontalis,aponeurosis epicranialis

syntopy_related:
  musculus orbicularis oculi,musculus procerus,musculus depressor supercilii,aponeurosis epicranialis,musculus temporalis,os frontale


system: 89
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.2.2
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: musculus occipitofrontalis
en_origin: occipital bone - highest nuchal line (lateral 2/3)
en_insertion: epicranial aponeurosis - dorsal margin
en_innervation: facial nerve - occipital branch of the posterior auricular nerve
memorix_page: 7/2.2
object_id: venter occipitalis musculus occipitofrontalis
latin: venter occipitalis musculi occipitofrontalis
en: Occipital belly (Occipitofrontalis)
innervation_related: ramus occipitalis nervi auricularis posterioris,nervus facialis
syntopy_related: musculus trapezius pars descendens,aponeurosis epicranialis,os parietale 1,os occipitale
en_function:
  pulls the epicranial aponeurosis dorsally, stabilises the epicranial aponeurosis and assists the frontal belly in the elevation of the upper eyelids

related_objects:
  os parietale 1, os frontale, venter frontalis musculus occipitofrontalis, venter occipitalis musculus occipitofrontalis,aponeurosis epicranialis,os occipitale


system: 90
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.3
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: musculus epicranius
en_origin: auricle - internal aspect
en_insertion: epicranial aponeurosis - at the height of the superior temporal line
en_function: movements of the auricle - cranially, ventrally and dorsally
en_innervation: facial nerve - occipital branch of the posterior auricular nerve
memorix_page: 6/1.1.2
object_id: musculus temporoparietalis
latin: musculus temporoparietalis
en: Temporoparietalis
related_objects: auricula,aponeurosis epicranialis,os temporale 1, os parietale 1, os frontale, os sphenoidale
innervation_related: ramus occipitalis nervi auricularis posterioris
clinical_notes:
  <b>Trigger points in the temporoparietalis may</b> be activated by disorders of the temporomandibular joint and can occur in the cervicocranial syndrome.

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus parietalis arteriae temporalis superficialis,arteria auricularis posterior,arteria occipitalis

syntopy_related:
  musculus auricularis anterior,musculus auricularis superior,musculus temporalis,os frontale,os sphenoidale,os parietale 1,os temporale 1,musculus temporoparietalis


system: 91
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: musculi faciei
en: Auricular muscle group
en_description:
  <b>The intrinsic muscles of the external ear </b>are <b>rudimentary muscles </b>that originate and insert on the lateral surface of the auricle. <b>The extrinsic muscles of the external ear </b>insert on <b>the root of the auricle</b>. The extrinsic muscles consist of the anterior, superior and posterior auricularis as well as the temporoparietalis. Their common function is <b>movement of the auricle</b>. They have no practical importance in humans.


system: 92
custom_hierarchy: 4.1.1
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Extrinsic muscles of external ear
en_origin: temporal fascia
en_insertion: auricle - spine of helix
en_function: cranial and ventral movements of the auricle
en_innervation: facial nerve - temporal branches
memorix_page: 6/4.1
object_id: musculus auricularis anterior
latin: musculus auricularis anterior
en: Auricularis anterior
related_objects: auricula
innervation_related: rami temporales nervi facialis,nervus facialis
syntopy_related: musculus temporoparietalis,musculus temporalis,os temporale 1
bloodsupply_related:
  arteria zygomaticoorbitalis,rami auriculares anteriores arteriae temporalis superficialis,arteria temporalis superficialis


system: 93
custom_hierarchy: 4.1.2
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Extrinsic muscles of external ear
en_origin: epicranial aponeurosis
en_insertion: auricle - eminence of triangular fossa
en_function: cranial movement of the auricle
en_innervation: facial nerve - temporal branches
memorix_page: 6/4.2
object_id: musculus auricularis superior
latin: musculus auricularis superior
en: Auricularis superior
related_objects: aponeurosis epicranialis,auricula,os temporale 1, os parietale 1, os frontale, os sphenoidale
innervation_related: rami temporales nervi facialis,nervus facialis
syntopy_related: os frontale,musculus auricularis superior,musculus temporalis,os parietale 1
bloodsupply_related:
  ramus frontalis arteriae temporalis superficialis,ramus parietalis arteriae temporalis superficialis,arteria temporalis media,rami auriculares anteriores arteriae temporalis superficialis


system: 95
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: musculi faciei
en: Nasal muscle group
en_description:
  <b>The nasal muscle group </b>consists of three muscles that insert and act on the nose. <b>The nasalis </b>has two parts according to the course of its fibers: the transverse part (compressor naris) and the alar part (dilatator naris). The transverse part <b>constricts the nostrils </b>and the alar part <b>dilates </b>them.


system: 96
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Nasal muscle group
en_function: is responsible for "flaring" of the nostrils
latin: musculus nasalis
en: Nasalis
general_description:
  <b>Compressor naris </b>is an obsolete term for the transverse part of the nasalis.

  <b>Dilatator nasi </b>is an obsolete term for the alar part of the nasalis.


system: 97
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.1
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: musculus nasalis
en_origin: maxilla - anterior surface
en_insertion: dorsal aponeurosis of the nose
en_function: constricts the nostrils
en_innervation: facial nerve - buccal branches
memorix_page: 6/3.1
object_id: musculus nasalis pars transversa
latin: musculus nasalis pars transversa
en: Nasalis transverse part
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,os nasale 1
innervation_related: rami buccalis nervi facialis,nervus facialis
bloodsupply_related:
  arteria infraorbitalis,arteria dorsalis nasi,arteriae nasales posteriores laterales,ramus septi nasi arteriae facialis,ramus lateralis nasi

syntopy_related:
  concha nasi inferior 2,concha nasi inferior 1,vomer,musculus nasalis pars transversa,musculus levator labii superioris alaeque nasi,musculus nasalis pars alaris,musculus procerus,musculus depressor septi nasi,corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1


system: 98
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.2
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: musculus nasalis
en_origin: maxilla - anterior surface
en_insertion: skin of the nasal wing,
en_function: dilates the nostrils
en_innervation: facial nerve - buccal branches
object_id: musculus nasalis pars alaris
latin: musculus nasalis pars alaris
en: Nasalis alar part
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,os nasale 1
innervation_related: rami buccalis nervi facialis,nervus facialis
bloodsupply_related:
  arteria infraorbitalis,arteriae nasales posteriores laterales,ramus septi nasi arteriae facialis,ramus lateralis nasi

syntopy_related:
  concha nasi inferior 2,concha nasi inferior 1,vomer,musculus nasalis pars transversa,musculus levator labii superioris alaeque nasi,musculus nasalis pars alaris,musculus procerus,musculus depressor septi nasi,corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1


system: 99
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Nasal muscle group
en_origin: maxilla - frontal process
en_insertion:
  skin of the nasal wing (major alar cartilage),
  lateral part of the upper lip

en_innervation: facial nerve - buccal branches
memorix_page: 6/3.2
object_id: musculus levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
latin: musculus levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
en: Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,os nasale 1
innervation_related: rami buccalis nervi facialis,nervus facialis
syntopy_related: musculus levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
en_function:
  dilates the nostrils, elevates the upper lip, elevates and smooths out the nasolabial sulcus produces an expression of discontent

general_description:
  <b>The muscle of Elvis </b>is a laic term used for the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi. Its contraction produces facial expression famously associated with Elvis Presley.

  <b>The levator labii superioris alaeque nasi </b>has the longest name of any muscle of the human body.

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria dorsalis nasi,arteriae nasales posteriores laterales,ramus septi nasi arteriae facialis,arteria infraorbitalis,arteria angularis,ramus lateralis nasi


system: 100
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Nasal muscle group
en_origin: incisive fossa on the anterior surface of the maxilla
en_insertion:
  nasal septum - mobile part
  nasalis - alar part (dorsal aspect)

en_innervation: facial nerve - buccal branch and zygomatic branch
memorix_page: 6/3.3
object_id: musculus depressor septi nasi
latin: musculus depressor septi nasi
en: Depressor septi nasi
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 1,os nasale 2,os nasale 1
innervation_related: rami zygomatici nervi facialis,rami buccalis nervi facialis,nervus facialis
syntopy_related: Depressor septi nasi
en_function:
  depresses the nasal septum, dilates the nares, moves the apex of the nose during movements of the upper lip (e.g. during speech)

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria labialis superior,arteria dorsalis nasi,arteriae nasales posteriores laterales,ramus septi nasi arteriae facialis,arteria angularis,ramus lateralis nasi


system: 101
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: musculi faciei
en: Circumorbital and palpebral muscle groups
en_description:
  <b>The orbicularis oculi </b>is an annular muscle located around the orbital opening. It is composed of two main parts: the orbital part and the palpebral part. <b>The orbital part </b>forms the peripheral part of the muscle and is located around the orbital opening. <b>The palpebral part </b>covers the eyelids. The main function of orbicularis oculi is to <b>close the eyelids and thus to narrow the palpebral fissure.</b>


system: 102
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
brief_parent: musculus orbicularis oculi
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Circumorbital and palpebral muscle groups
en_innervation: facial nerve - temporal and zygomatic branches
memorix_page: 6/2.1
object_id: musculus orbicularis oculi
latin: musculus orbicularis oculi
en: Orbicularis oculi
related_objects: os lacrimale 1, os frontale, corpus maxillae 1,os zygomaticum 1
innervation_related: nervus facialis,rami temporales nervi facialis,rami zygomatici nervi facialis
en_function:
  firm closure of the eyelids, creates wrinkles extending outwards from the lateral angle of the eye (crow's feet)

clinical_notes:
  <b>The auxiliary muscle fibres of the frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis insert</b> into the orbicularis oculi and contribute to the elevation of the upper eyelid. These fibres may helping eye opening in palsy of the oculomotor nerve (n. III).

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria infraorbitalis,arteria facialis,arteria angularis,arteria ophthalmica,arteria supraorbitalis,arcus palpebralis superior

syntopy_related:
  musculus zigomaticus major,musculus levator labii superioris alaeque nasi,musculus levator labii superioris,musculus zigomaticus minor,musculus temporalis,musculus depressor supercilii,os lacrimale 1,corpus maxillae 1,os nasale 1,os frontale,os zygomaticum 1


system: 103
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1
brief_parent: musculus orbicularis oculi
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: musculus orbicularis oculi
en_description: - the peripheral part of the muscle
latin: pars orbitalis musculi orbicularis oculi
en: Orbital part (Orbicularis oculi)
innervation_related: nervus facialis,rami temporales nervi facialis,rami zygomatici nervi facialis
en_origin:
  frontal bone - nasal part
  maxilla - frontal process
  medial palpebral ligament (a ligament that connects the medial angle of the eyelids to the frontal process of the maxilla)


system: 106
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Circumorbital and palpebral muscle groups
en_origin: fascia of the dorsum of the nose
en_insertion: skin of the inferior part of the forehead
en_function: forms a horizontal wrinkle on the root of the nose, located over the glabella
en_innervation: facial nerve - buccal branches
memorix_page: 9
object_id: musculus procerus
latin: musculus procerus
en: Procerus
related_objects: os frontale,os nasale 1, os nasale 2
innervation_related: rami buccalis nervi facialis,nervus facialis
syntopy_related:
  os nasale 2,os nasale 1,musculus nasalis pars transversa,musculus levator labii superioris alaeque nasi,musculus orbicularis oculi,venter frontalis musculus occipitofrontalis,musculus depressor supercilii,os frontale


system: 107
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Circumorbital and palpebral muscle groups
en_insertion: skin of the middle part of the eyebrows
en_innervation: facial nerve - temporal branches
memorix_page: 9
object_id: musculus corrugator supercilii
latin: musculus corrugator supercilii
en: Corrugator supercilii
related_objects: os frontale
innervation_related: nervus facialis,rami temporales nervi facialis
en_origin:
  frontal bone - above the frontonasal suture and on the medial end of the superciliary arch of the frontal bone

en_function:
  pulls the eyebrows mediocaudally and forms vertical wrinkles above the root of the nose, forming facial expressions of frowning and pain


system: 109
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: musculi faciei
en: Buccolabial muscle group
en_description:
  <b>The orbicularis oris </b>is a complex annular muscle located around the oral opening on <b>the upper and lower lips</b>. It consists of two parts: the marginal part and the labial part. <b>The marginal part </b>consists of the outer fibers and lies closer to the bone. The <b>labial part </b>lies within the lips. <b>The buccinator </b>is the deepest of the facial muscles and is located in <b>the cheek</b>.


system: 110
custom_hierarchy: 5.1
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Buccolabial muscle group
en_insertion: labial part: fuses with the contralateral part, in the skin of the lips
en_innervation: facial nerve - buccal branches
memorix_page: 6/5.1
object_id: musculus orbicularis oris
latin: musculus orbicularis oris
en: Orbicularis oris
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,mandibula
innervation_related: rami buccalis nervi facialis,nervus facialis
en_origin:
  the fibres are arranged in a circle around the lips and can be divided into four segments corresponding to the four quadrants of the lips

en_function:
  closes the lips, presses the lips against the teeth, with stronger contraction of the marginal part it protrudes the lips (puckers the lips)

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria labialis inferior,arteria labialis superior,arteria transversa faciei,ramus mentalis arteriae alveolaris inferioris,arteria infraorbitalis

syntopy_related:
  corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,musculus depressor anguli oris,musculus risorius,musculus zigomaticus major,musculus zigomaticus minor,musculus levator labii superioris,musculus levator labii superioris alaeque nasi,musculus nasalis pars alaris,musculus depressor septi nasi,musculus depressor labii inferioris,musculus mentalis,mandibula


system: 114
custom_hierarchy: 5.2
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Buccolabial muscle group
en_origin: maxilla - under the caudal border of the orbit, but above the infraorbital foramen
en_insertion: upper lip and skin of the nasolabial sulcus
en_function: elevates the nasolabial sulcus, expressing happiness
en_innervation: facial nerve - buccal branches
memorix_page: 6/5.2
object_id: musculus levator labii superioris
latin: musculus levator labii superioris
en: Levator labii superioris
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1
bloodsupply_related: arteria facialis,arteria infraorbitalis,arteria maxillaris
innervation_related: rami buccalis nervi facialis,nervus facialis
syntopy_related: musculus levator labii superioris
general_description:
  <b>The levator labii superioris </b>is divided according to its origins into:
  1 <b>angular part </b>(pars angularis) - originates on the frontal process of the maxilla
  2 <b>infraorbital part</b>( pars infraorbitalis) - originates above the infraorbital foramen
  3 <b>zygomatic part </b>(pars zygomatica) - originates on the zygomatic bone, behind the zygomaticomaxillary suture


system: 115
custom_hierarchy: 5.3
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Buccolabial muscle group
en_origin: zygomatic bone - medial to the zygomaticus major
en_insertion: upper lip
en_innervation: facial nerve - zygomatic branches
memorix_page: 6/5.3
object_id: musculus zigomaticus minor
latin: musculus zygomaticus minor
en: Zygomaticus minor
related_objects: os zygomaticum 1,musculus orbicularis oris,corpus maxillae 1
bloodsupply_related: arteria facialis,arteria infraorbitalis,arteria maxillaris
innervation_related: rami zygomatici nervi facialis,nervus facialis
en_function:
  elevates the lateral third of the nasolabial sulcus, producing a smile and an expression of compassion

syntopy_related:
  musculus orbicularis oculi,musculus levator labii superioris,musculus orbicularis oris,os zygomaticum 1,musculus zigomaticus major


system: 116
custom_hierarchy: 5.4
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Buccolabial muscle group
en_origin: zygomatic bone - temporal process (laterally to the zygomaticus minor)
en_insertion: modiolus
en_function: pulls the angle of the mouth laterocranially, producing an expression of an ironic smile
en_innervation: facial nerve - zygomatic branches
memorix_page: 6/5.4
object_id: musculus zigomaticus major
latin: musculus zygomaticus major
en: Zygomaticus major
related_objects: os zygomaticum 1,musculus orbicularis oris,corpus maxillae 1
bloodsupply_related: arteria facialis,arteria infraorbitalis,arteria maxillaris
innervation_related: rami zygomatici nervi facialis,nervus facialis
syntopy_related:
  corpus maxillae 1,musculus buccinator,musculus orbicularis oris,os zygomaticum 1,musculus orbicularis oculi,musculus zigomaticus minor,pars superfacialis musculi masseteris


system: 119
custom_hierarchy: 5.7
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Buccolabial muscle group
en_origin: mandible - inferior border
en_insertion: modiolus
en_function: depresses the angle of the mouth, producing an expression of sadness
en_innervation: facial nerve - marginal mandibular branch
memorix_page: 6/5.7
object_id: musculus depressor anguli oris
latin: musculus depressor anguli oris
en: Depressor anguli oris
related_objects: mandibula,musculus orbicularis oris
bloodsupply_related: arteria facialis,arteria labialis inferior,arteria submentalis
innervation_related: ramus marginalis mandibulae nervi facialis,nervus facialis
syntopy_related:
  pars superfacialis musculi masseteris,musculus risorius,musculus orbicularis oris,musculus depressor labii inferioris,mandibula


system: 120
custom_hierarchy: 5.8
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Buccolabial muscle group
en_origin: mandible - inferior border (under the depressor anguli oris)
en_insertion: skin of the lower lip
en_function: depresses the lower lip and pulls the lower lip laterally, producing an expression of contempt
en_innervation: facial nerve - marginal mandibular branch
memorix_page: 6/5.8
object_id: musculus depressor labii inferioris
latin: musculus depressor labii inferioris
en: Depressor labii inferioris
related_objects: mandibula,musculus orbicularis oris
innervation_related: ramus marginalis mandibulae nervi facialis,nervus facialis
syntopy_related: musculus depressor anguli oris,mandibula,musculus orbicularis oris,musculus mentalis
bloodsupply_related:
  arteria facialis,arteria labialis inferior,arteria submentalis,ramus mentalis arteriae alveolaris inferioris


system: 121
custom_hierarchy: 5.9
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Buccolabial muscle group
en_origin: mandible - alveolar yoke of the second incisor
en_insertion: skin of the chin (fibres run mediocaudally)
en_function: pulls the lower lip upwards and forward, producing an expression of scorn
en_innervation: facial nerve - marginal mandibular branch
memorix_page: 6/5.9
object_id: musculus mentalis
latin: musculus mentalis
en: Mentalis
related_objects: mandibula
innervation_related: ramus marginalis mandibulae nervi facialis,nervus facialis
general_description:
  <b> The mentalis </b>is also known as the muscle of pride. Its contraction creates an expression of scorn.

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria facialis,arteria labialis inferior,arteria submentalis,ramus mentalis arteriae alveolaris inferioris

syntopy_related:
  musculus depressor anguli oris,musculus orbicularis oris,musculus depressor labii inferioris,mandibula


system: 122
custom_hierarchy: 5.10
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Buccolabial muscle group
en_insertion: modiolus, fibres of the orbicularis oris of both the upper and lower lips
en_innervation: facial nerve - buccal branches
memorix_page: 6/5.10
object_id: musculus buccinator
latin: musculus buccinator
en: Buccinator
related_objects: mandibula,corpus maxillae 1,Orbicularis oris
general_description: <b>The buccinator </b>is also known as the trumpeters muscle.
bloodsupply_related: arteria buccalis,arteria facialis
innervation_related: rami buccalis nervi facialis,nervus facialis
en_origin:
  maxilla and mandible - alveolar yokes of the molars, pterygomandibular raphe (fibres running from the pterygoid hamulus to the medial surface of the border between the body and ramus of the mandible)

en_function:
  presses the cheeks against the teeth and gums (moves food between the molars), squeezes air out of the oral cavity when the mouth is open, prevents compression of the cheeks during mastication (chewing)

clinical_notes:
  <b>Both central and peripheral palsies of the facial nerve </b>(n. VII) cause impairment and weakness of the buccinator.This leads to an inability to puff out the cheeks and whistle.

syntopy_related:
  corpus maxillae 1,pars superfacialis musculi masseteris,os zygomaticum 1,musculus zigomaticus minor,musculus zigomaticus major,musculus orbicularis oris,musculus depressor anguli oris,mandibula


system: 123
custom_hierarchy: 6.1
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: musculus modiulus
en_description: - the "motor center of the face"
en_function: helps in chewing, swallowing, speaking and with various facial expression
en_innervation: facial nerve
memorix_page: 6/6
latin: modiulus anguli oris
en: Modiulus
general_description:
  <b>The modiolus </b>(modiolus anguli oris “corner spindle”) is a centre for the insertion of several facial muscles.It is known as the “motor centre of the human face”. Muscle fibres of the buccinator, depressor anguli oris, levator anguli oris and zygomaticus major insert into the marginal part of the orbicularis oris at the modiolus.


system: 124
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Masticatory muscles
parent: musculi cranii
latin: Musculi masticatorii
en: Masticatory muscles
en_description:
  <b>The masticatory muscles </b>are derived from the first pharyngeal arch. They insert on the mandible and perform <b>masticatory (chewing) movements</b>. All masticatory muscles are innervated<b> by the mandibular nerve (n. V3)</b>.

general_description:
  <b>The angular tract </b>/ mandibular stylohyoid ligament (tractus angularis) is a strengthened band of the parotidomasseteric fascia. It runs from the angle of the mandible to the stylohyoid ligament and hyoid bone and separates the parotideomasseteric region from the submandibular triangle (i.e. separates the parotid and submandibular glands).


system: 125
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Masticatory muscles
parent: Musculi masticatorii
en_origin: temporal fossa, parietal bone - inferior temporal line
en_insertion: mandible - coronoid process and temporal crest
en_innervation: mandibular nerve (n. V3) - deep temporal nerves
memorix_page: 12/1
object_id: musculus temporalis
latin: musculus temporalis
en: Temporalis / temporal muscle
related_objects: os parietale 1,os sphenoidale,mandibula,os frontale
bloodsupply_related: arteria temporalis profundis posterior,arteria temporalis media
en_function:
  elevates the mandible (anterior fibers), retracts the mandible (posterior fibers), maintains the static position of the mandible (closed mouth), generates static tension in the masticatory muscles

general_description:
  <b>The temporalis </b>maintains a degree of muscle tone during mastication. Thus, it typically atrophies in people without teeth.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The temporalis </b>is a wide muscle that has a predilection to develop trigger points. Pain from its anterior part typically radiates above the orbit and into the superior canines.Trigger points located in front of the auricle radiate into the superior molars.

innervation_related:
  nervus temporalis profunda posterior,divisio anterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus temporalis profunda anterior

syntopy_related:
  os temporale 1,musculus auricularis superior,musculus temporoparietalis,musculus auricularis anterior,venter frontalis musculus occipitofrontalis,aponeurosis epicranialis,os parietale 1,os frontale


system: 126
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Masticatory muscles
parent: Musculi masticatorii
en_description: <b>Parts:</b> superficial part and deep part
en_innervation: mandibular nerve (n. V3) - masseteric nerve
memorix_page: 12/2
latin: musculus masseter
en: Masseter
general_description:
  <b>Newborns and suckling infants </b>activate the deep part of the masseter, which protracts and retracts the mandible during breastfeeding.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Extensive chewing </b>of a chewing gum in chronic stress conditions in predisposed persons can cause overloading<b> of the masseter</b>. Pain is not situated inside the muscle, contrary the typical complaint is pain radiating into the superior and inferior molars, ear or above the orbit.


system: 127
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Masticatory muscles
parent: musculus masseter
en_origin: zygomatic process of maxilla, zygomatic arch (anterior part)
en_insertion:
  <b>Course of fibres:</b> dorsocaudal
  mandible - masseteric tuberosity

en_function: elevates the mandible, protracts the mandible (only the superficial part)
memorix_page: 12/1
object_id: pars superfacialis musculi masseteris
latin: pars superficialis musculi masseteris
en: Masseter superficial part
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,os zygomaticum 1,mandibula
bloodsupply_related: arteria masseterica
innervation_related: divisio anterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus massetericus
syntopy_related:
  os temporale 1,pars profunda musculi masseteris,os zygomaticum 1,musculus zigomaticus major,musculus risorius,musculus depressor anguli oris,mandibula


system: 128
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Masticatory muscles
parent: musculus masseter
en_origin: zygomatic arch (posterior part)
en_function: elevates the mandible
memorix_page: 12/2
object_id: pars profunda musculi masseteris
latin: pars profunda musculi masseteris
en: Masseter deep part
related_objects: os zygomaticum 1,os temporale 1,mandibula
bloodsupply_related: arteria masseterica
innervation_related: divisio anterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus massetericus
syntopy_related: os zygomaticum 1,os temporale 1,pars superfacialis musculi masseteris,mandibula
en_insertion:
  <b>Course of fibers:</b> caudal (ventrocaudal in newborns)
  mandible - ramus of mandible (deep part) and coronoid process


system: 129
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Masticatory muscles
parent: Musculi masticatorii
en_insertion: mandible - pterygoid tuberosity
en_innervation: mandibular nerve (n. V3) - nerve to medial pterygoid
memorix_page: 12/3
object_id: musculus pterygoideus medialis
latin: musculus pterygoideus medialis
en: Medial pterygoid
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1, os sphenoidale,mandibula
bloodsupply_related: rami pterygoidei arteriae maxillaris
innervation_related: nervus mandibularis,nervus pterygoideus medialis
syntopy_related: mandibula,corpus maxillae 1,os sphenoidale
en_origin:
  1 <b>Superficial part</b> (pars superficialis): maxilla - maxillary tuberosity
  2 <b>Deep part </b>(pars profunda): sphenoid bone (pterygoid process) - pterygoid fossa

en_function:
  elevation of the mandible (bilateral contraction), lateropulsion of the mandible (unilateral contraction) - frictional masticatory movements

clinical_notes:
  <b>Trigger points in the medial and lateral pterygoids </b>may lead to ear pain. Thus, it is important to consider this disorder when diagnosing patient with ear pain. Trigger Points may be released by the post isometric relaxation method described above. Both muscles and trigger points are palpable through the mouth.


system: 130
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Masticatory muscles
parent: Musculi masticatorii
en_innervation: mandibular nerve (n. V3) - nerve to lateral pterygoid
memorix_page: 12/4
object_id: musculus pterygoideus lateralis
latin: musculus pterygoideus lateralis
en: Lateral pterygoid
related_objects: os sphenoidale,mandibula
bloodsupply_related: rami pterygoidei arteriae maxillaris
innervation_related: nervus mandibularis,divisio anterior nervi mandibularis,nervus pterygoideus lateralis
syntopy_related: mandibula,os sphenoidale
en_origin:
  1<b> Upper/superior head </b>(caput superius): sphenoidal bone (greater wing)
  - infratemporal surface and crest
  2<b> Lower/inferior head </b>(caput inferius): sphenoidal bone (pterygoid process)
  - lateral plate

en_insertion:
  mandible (condylar process) - pterygoid fovea, temporomandibular joint (articular capsule and its disc)

en_function:
  protraction of the mandible (bilateral contraction), lateropulsion of the mandible (unilateral contraction) - frictional masticatory movements, contributes to the opening of the oral fissure by pulling the condylar process and articular disc of the temporomandibular joint ventrally


system: 131
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Fasciae of the head
parent: musculi cranii
en: Fasciae of the head
en_description:
  As the facial muscles insert into the skin they do not have a continuous fascial covering. Fasciae cover <b>the parotid gland, masticatory muscles and some of the buccinator</b>.


system: 132
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Fasciae of the head
parent: Fasciae of the head
memorix_page: 13/1
latin: fascia temporalis
en: Temporal fascia
en_description:
  - 2 layers: a superficial layer and a deep layer
  - cranial attachment and border: superior temporal line
  - caudal attachment and border: zygomatic arch


system: 133
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Fasciae of the head
parent: Fasciae of the head
memorix_page: 13/2
latin: fascia parotidea
en: Parotid fascia
en_description:
  - covers the parotid gland
  - partially fuses with the masseteric fascia forming the parotideomasseteric fascia


system: 134
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Fasciae of the head
parent: Fasciae of the head
memorix_page: 13/3
latin: fascia masseterica
en: Masseteric fascia
en_description:
  - covers the masseter
  - cranial attachment and border: zygomatic arch
  - ventral attachment and border: ramus of mandible (ventral margin)
  - dorsal attachment and border: partially fuses with the parotid fascia forming the parotideomasseteric fascia
  - caudal attachment and border: continuous with the superficial layer of the cervical fascia


system: 135
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Fasciae of the head
parent: Fasciae of the head
memorix_page: 13/4
latin: fascia buccopharyngea
en: Buccopharyngeal fascia
en_description:
  - covers the buccinator
  - dorsal attachment and border: connects to the pterygomandibular raphe, continues into the fibrous tissue of the pharynx


system: 136
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Fasciae of the head
parent: Fasciae of the head
memorix_page: 13/5
latin: lamina interpterygoidea
en: Interpterygoid plate
en_description:
  - a fibrous plate between the pterygoid muscles
  - cranial attachment and border: base of the skull
  - caudal attachment and border: mandible


system: 137
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Fasciae of the head
parent: Fasciae of the head
memorix_page: 13/6
latin: corpus adiposum buccae
en: Buccal fat pad/ Bichat's fat pad
en_description:
  - is located in the infratemporal fossa
  - is divided into 3 lobes (anterior, intermediate and posterior lobes)
  - extends to four processes (buccal, temporal, pterygoid and pterygopalatine processes)


system: 139
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: musculi faciei
en: Epicranial muscle group
en_description:
  <b>The epicranius </b>is a <b>flat muscle of the cranial vault</b>. It consists of two main parts connected by a flat tendon called the <b>epicranial aponeurosis</b>.


system: 141
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
latin: Musculi membri inferioris
en: Muscles of the lower limb
en_description:
  The muscles of the lower limb can be divided into <b>four groups, </b>according to their location: <b>the muscles of hip joint, the muscles of thigh, the muscles of leg and the muscles of foot</b>. The muscles of the lower limb enable <b>standing and walking</b>.


system: 142
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: Musculi membri inferioris
en: Muscles of the hip joint
en_description:
  <b>The muscles of the hip joint </b>can be divided into two groups: <b>anterior and posterior</b>. The posterior group is further divided into two layers: <b>superficial layer and deep or pelvitrochanteric layer</b>.

clinical_notes:
   <b>Trigger points in muscles of the pelvic girdle </b>never cause referred pain distal to the knee joint. Muscles of the pectoral girdle, however, often cause pain distal to the elbow joint.


system: 143
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
brief_parent: musculus iliopsoas
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: Anterior Group of hip joint
memorix_page: 52/1.1
object_id: musculus iliopsoas
latin: musculus iliopsoas
en: Iliopsoas
related_objects: musculus psoas major, musculus iliacus,os femoris
innervation_related: nervus femoralis,nervus ilioinguinalis,nervus cutaneus femoris lateralis
syntopy_related: musculus sartorius,musculus pectineus,os femoris,pelvis,musculus psoas major,musculus iliacus
en_innervation:
  Innervation (T12-L4): femoral nerve (iliacus), lumbar plexus - branches of the spinal nerves L1-L3 (psoas major and psoas minor)

general_description:
   <b>The iliopsoas </b>is necessary for walking. The muscle also fixes the supporting limb. In a standing position the muscle prevents the torso from falling backwards and increases the lumbar lordosis. Permanent asymmetry can cause deviation of the vertebral column. 

clinical_notes:
   <b>If a patient wants to indicate the location of pain caused by a trigger point in the iliopsoas</b>, he will move his hand alongside the vertebral column in the vertical direction from the level of the vertebra T11 to the sacrum. Contrarily, if the patient moves his hand in the horizontal direction, it is probably the result of trigger points in the rectus abdominis. 

   <b>The iliopsoas </b>courses very close to the internal organs. Thus pathology of the iliopsoas may mimic a disease in the internal organs. When the right iliopsoas is injured, pain is felt in the right lower quadrant which can mimic appendicitis. Hypertrophy of the iliopsoas can make passage through the colon difficult. 

   <b>Hypertrophy of the iliopsoas </b>can compress the femoral nerve and lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh at the muscular space (lacuna musculorum) and the genitofemoral nerve at the vascular space (lacuna vasculorum) under the inguinal ligament. 

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus iliacus arteriae iliolumbalis,arteria circumflexa ilium profunda,arteria iliaca externa,arteria femoralis


system: 144
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.1
brief_parent: musculus iliopsoas
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: musculus iliopsoas
en_insertion: femur - lesser trochanter
object_id: musculus psoas major
latin: musculus psoas major
en: Psoas major
innervation_related: nervus femoralis,nervus ilioinguinalis,nervus cutaneus femoris lateralis
en_origin:
  vertebral bodies of T12-L5,
  intervertebral discs (as 5 digitations),
  vertebrae L1-L5 - coastal processes

en_function:
  - flexion and external rotation of the thigh
  - ventral flexion of the lumbar vertebral column
  - lateral exion of the trunk to the side of the contracted muscle
  - rotation to the opposite side (unilateral contraction)

related_objects:
  vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae lumbales l5,os femoris,vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l5, os sacrum, musculus iliopsoas,musculus iliacus, pelvis

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus iliacus arteriae iliolumbalis,arteria circumflexa ilium profunda,arteria iliaca externa,arteria femoralis

syntopy_related:
  musculus quadratus lumborum,pelvis,musculus iliacus,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,musculus psoas minor,musculus iliopsoas


system: 145
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.2
brief_parent: musculus iliopsoas
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: musculus iliopsoas
en_origin:
  vertebral bodies of T12 and L1 and
  the intervertebral discs between them

en_insertion: iliopubic ramus
en_function: ventral flexion of the lumbar vertebral column
object_id: musculus psoas minor
latin: musculus psoas minor
en: Psoas minor
bloodsupply_related: arteria circumflexa ilium profunda,arteria iliaca externa,arteria femoralis
innervation_related: nervus femoralis,nervus ilioinguinalis,nervus cutaneus femoris lateralis
syntopy_related: pelvis,musculus psoas major,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae lumbales l1,pelvis,vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l5,

general_description:
   <b>The psoas minor </b>is a variable muscle which is bilaterally present in 40-50 % of the population.


system: 147
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: Posterior group *1
en: Superficial layer *1
en_description:
   The superficial layer of the posterior group of muscles of the hip joint consists of <b>the gluteal muscles </b>and <b>the tensor fasciae latae</b>. These muscles facilitate <b>standing up from a sitting position and climbing stairs</b>, <b>keep the pelvis in retroversion </b>and <b>prevent the hip from deviating to one side</b>.


system: 148
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: Superficial layer *1
en_insertion:
  femur - gluteal tuberosity,
  tibia - lateral condyle (via the iliotibial tract)

en_innervation: inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S1, variably L4-S2)
memorix_page: 52/2.1
object_id: musculus gluteus maximus
latin: musculus gluteus maximus
en: Gluteus maximus
related_objects: os sacrum, os coccygis, pelvis,os femoris,tibia,musculus tensor fasciae lateae,tractus iliotibialis
clinical_notes: <b>Walking uphill, upstairs or jumping </b>is not possible when the gluteus maximus is injured.
bloodsupply_related: arteria glutea superior,arteria glutea inferior
innervation_related: nervus gluteus inferior
en_origin:
  gluteal surface of the ilium - dorsal to the posterior gluteal line, iliac crest - outer lip, thoracolumbar fascia - posterior layer, sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament, gluteal aponeurosis

en_function:
  abduction of the thigh (cranial fibers), extension, external rotation and adduction of the thigh (caudal fibers), maintains extension of the knee joint (by stretching the iliotibial tract), keeps the pelvis in retroversion, maintains the erect standing position and provides lateral stability to the trunk (most important function)

general_description:
  <b>The gluteus maximus </b>is one of the biggest muscles in the human body. The muscle has role in maintaining an upright posture. In the stance phase of the gait, the muscle prevents flexion at the hip joint. 

  <b>The gluteal aponeurosis </b>(aponeurosis glutea) is a thick fibrous membrane, located in the superior gluteal region between the iliac crest and the superolateral border of the gluteus maximus. It is part of the gluteal fascia and forms part of the origin of the gluteus maximus and medius. 

syntopy_related:
  musculus latissimus dorsi,musculus piriformis,musculus gluteus medius,tractus iliotobialis,musculus vastus lateralis,caput longum musculi biceps femoris,pelvis,os femoris


system: 149
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: Superficial layer *1
en_insertion: femur - greater trochanter
en_innervation: superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
memorix_page: 52/2.2
object_id: musculus gluteus medius
latin: musculus gluteus medius
en: Gluteus medius
related_objects: pelvis,os femoris
bloodsupply_related: arteria glutea superior
innervation_related: nervus gluteus inferior
en_origin:
  gluteal surface of the ilium - between the posterior and anterior gluteal lines, iliac crest - outer lip

en_function:
  abduction of the thigh and tilting of the pelvis (middle fibers), flexion and internal rotation of the thigh (anterior fibers), extension and external rotation of the thigh (posterior fibers)

general_description:
  <b>Sleeping on the side</b>, in the long term, can cause excessive stretching of the gluteus medius. Putting a pillow between the thighs is a suitable prevention. This is especially important for women with a wide pelvis.

syntopy_related:
  musculus tensor fasciae lateae,tractus iliotobialis,pelvis,musculus gluteus minimus,musculus gluteus maximus,os femoris


system: 150
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: Superficial layer *1
en_insertion: femur - greater trochanter
en_innervation: superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
memorix_page: 52/2.3
object_id: musculus gluteus minimus
latin: musculus gluteus minimus
en: Gluteus minimus
related_objects: pelvis,os femoris
bloodsupply_related: arteria glutea superior
innervation_related: nervus gluteus inferior
syntopy_related: os femoris,musculus tensor fasciae lateae,tractus iliotobialis,pelvis,musculus gluteus medius
en_origin:
  gluteal surface of the ilium - between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines, iliac crest - outer lip

en_function:
  abduction of the thigh and tilting of the pelvis (middle fibers), flexion and internal rotation of the thigh (anterior fibers), extension and external rotation of the thigh (posterior fibers)


system: 151
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.4
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: Superficial layer *1
en_origin: ilium - anterior superior iliac spine
en_innervation: superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
memorix_page: 52/2.4
object_id: musculus tensor fasciae lateae
latin: musculus tensor fasciae latae
en: Tensor fasciae latae / tensor of fascia lata
related_objects: pelvis,tractus iliotibialis, tibia,musculus gluteus maximus,tractus iliotibialis, os femoris
innervation_related: nervus gluteus inferior
syntopy_related: musculus sartorius,musculus rectus femoris,pelvis,tractus iliotobialis
en_insertion:
  tibia - tuberosity for the iliotibial (on the lateral condyle) tract of Gerdy (via the iliotibial tract)

en_function:
  extension of the knee joint (“locking of the knee joint”), abduction, flexion and internal rotation of the thigh, stabilisation of both knee joints and the hip joint during walking


system: 152
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: Posterior group *1
en: Deep layer - pelvitrochanteric muscles
en_description:
  The muscles of the deep layer are called <b>the pelvic trochanter muscles</b>. They are short muscles with <b>insertions around the greater trochanter</b>. They maintain <b>stability of the hip joint </b>and have important <b>postural functions</b>.


system: 153
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: Deep layer - pelvitrochanteric muscles
en_origin: sacrum (S2-S4) - pelvic surface
en_insertion: femur - greater trochanter
en_function: external rotation of the extended thigh, abduction of the flexed thigh
en_innervation: nerve to the piriformis and direct branches from the sacral plexus (L4-S2)
memorix_page: 52/2.5
object_id: musculus piriformis
latin: musculus piriformis
en: Piriformis
related_objects: os sacrum,os femoris,pelvis
bloodsupply_related: arteria pudenda interna,arteria glutea inferior,arteria glutea superior
innervation_related: nervus musculi piriformis,truncus lumbosacralis,nervus sacralis secundus,nervus sacralis primus
general_description:
   <b>The piriformis </b>divides the greater sciatic foramen into the suprapiriform foramen and the infrapiriform foramen .

clinical_notes:
   <b>The piriformis </b>has a tendency to become hypertonic and the gluteus maximus has a tendency to become hypotonic. As a result, internal rotation of the thigh is limited and the muscles are painful on palpation. 

   <b>The piriformis </b>may cause entrapment syndromes of all the blood vessels and nerves passing through the suprapiriform and infrapiriform foramina. The piriformis may cause symptoms of sciatica, a condition known as the piriformis syndrome. The piriformis syndrome is also referred to as “wallet sciatica“ or “fat wallet syndrome“since this condition can be caused or aggravated by sitting with a large wallet in the back pocket on 
  the affected side.


system: 154
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: Deep layer - pelvitrochanteric muscles
en_origin: ischial spine
en_insertion: femur - greater trochanter (on a small facet above the trochanteric fossa)
en_function: external rotation of the extended thigh, abduction of the flexed thigh
en_innervation: nerve to the obturator internus and direct branches from the sacral plexus (L4-S2)
memorix_page: 52/2.6
object_id: musculus gemellus superior
latin: musculus gemellus superior
en: Gemellus superior
related_objects: pelvis,os femoris
bloodsupply_related: arteria pudenda interna,arteria glutea inferior
syntopy_related: musculus piriformis,tractus iliotobialis,pelvis,musculus gluteus maximus
general_description:
  <b>The triceps coxae </b>is an obsolete term for the superior gemellus, obturator internus and inferior gemellus, which insert via a common tendon on a small facet on the greater trochanter of the femur, located above the trochanteric fossa.

innervation_related:
  nervus lumbalis quartus,nervus lumbalis quintus,nervus sacralis secundus,nervus sacralis primus,truncus lumbosacralis,nervus musculi obturatorii interni


system: 155
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: Deep layer - pelvitrochanteric muscles
en_insertion: femur - greater trochanter (small facet above the trochanteric fossa)
en_function: external rotation of the extended thigh, abduction of the flexed thigh
en_innervation: nerve to the obturator internus and direct branches from the sacral plexus (L4-S2)
memorix_page: 52/2.7
object_id: musculus obturatorius internus
latin: musculus obturatorius internus
en: Obturator internus
related_objects: pelvis,os femoris
bloodsupply_related: arteria obturatoria,arteria pudenda interna
syntopy_related: musculus gemellus superior,musculus iliococcygeus,pelvis,os femoris
en_origin:
  internal surface of the obturator membrane, hip bone - obturator foramen (bony margins)
  <b>Course of fibres: </b>passes through the lesser sciatic foramen

innervation_related:
  nervus lumbalis quartus,nervus lumbalis quintus,nervus sacralis secundus,nervus sacralis primus,truncus lumbosacralis,nervus musculi obturatorii interni


system: 156
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.4
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: Deep layer - pelvitrochanteric muscles
en_origin: ischial tuberosity
en_insertion: femur - greater trochanter (on a small facet above the trochanteric fossa)
en_function: external rotation of the extended thigh, abduction of the flexed thigh
en_innervation: nerve to the quadratus femoris and direct branches from the sacral plexus (L4-S2)
memorix_page: 52/2.8
object_id: musculus gemellus inferior
latin: Musculus gemellus inferior
en: Gemellus inferior
related_objects: pelvis,os femoris
bloodsupply_related: arteria circumflexa femoris medialis,arteria circumflexa femoris medialis ramus descendens
syntopy_related: os femoris,pelvis,musculus obturatorius internus
innervation_related:
  nervus lumbalis quartus,nervus lumbalis quintus,nervus sacralis secundus,nervus sacralis primus,truncus lumbosacralis,nervus musculi obturatorii interni


system: 157
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.5
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: Deep layer - pelvitrochanteric muscles
en_origin: ischial tuberosity
en_insertion: femur - intertrochanteric crest (including the quadrate tubercle)
en_function: external rotation of the thigh
en_innervation: nerve to the quadratus femoris and direct branches from the sacral plexus (L4-S2)
memorix_page: 52/2.9
object_id: musculus quadratus femoris
latin: musculus quadratus femoris
en: Quadratus femoris
related_objects: pelvis,os femoris
bloodsupply_related: arteria glutea inferior
innervation_related:
  nervus lumbalis quartus,nervus lumbalis quintus,nervus sacralis secundus,nervus sacralis primus,truncus lumbosacralis,nervus musculi obturatorii interni

syntopy_related:
  musculus obturatorius externus,musculus gemellus inferior,pelvis,musculus semimembranosus,os femoris


system: 158
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Musculi femoris
en: Anterior group *2
en_description:
  <b>The anterior group of the thigh muscles</b> covers the entire anterior surface of the thigh and have a common innerva on from<b> the femoral nerve. The quadriceps femoris</b> is comprised of <b>four heads:</b> rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and vastus medialis. <b>The rectus femoris </b>can be further divided into two heads:<b> straight head and reflected head. </b>The rectus femoris is the only head of the quadriceps femoris that acts not only at the<b> knee joint,</b> but also at the<b> hip joint.</b>


system: 159
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Anterior group *2
en_origin: ilium - anterior superior iliac spine
en_insertion:
  tibia - medial condyle
  (via the pes anserinus major)

en_innervation: femoral nerve (L2-L3)
memorix_page: 56/1.1
object_id: musculus sartorius
latin: musculus sartorius
en: Sartorius
related_objects: pelvis,tibia
innervation_related: nervus femoralis,rami musculares nervi femoralis
en_function:
  flexion, abduction and external rotation of the thigh,
  flexion of the leg,
  internal rotation of the flexed leg

clinical_notes:
   <b>The sartorius </b>can compress the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh below the anterior superior iliac spine. 

   <b>Pain in the sartorius </b>is usually not located as deeply as pain in most muscles. It is described as a sharp or tingling pain.

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria femoralis,arteria circumflexa ilium superficialis,ramus articularis arteria genus descendens,arteria genus descendens,arteria profunda femoris

syntopy_related:
  musculus rectus femoris,pelvis,musculus adductor longus,musculus gracilis,musculus vastus medialis,tibia


system: 160
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Anterior group *2
en_insertion: tibial tuberosity - via the patellar ligament
en_innervation: femoral nerve (L2-L4)
memorix_page: 56/1.2
latin: musculus quadriceps femoris
en: Quadriceps femoris
en_function:
  extension of the leg,control of flexion of the leg (the muscle often works in a state of eccentric contraction),flexion of the thigh (rectus femoris only)

clinical_notes:
   <b>Trigger points in any part of the quadriceps femoris </b>can cause a displacement in the position of the patella.

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria femoralis,arteria circumflexa ilium superficialis,arteriae perforantes,arteria profunda femoris,arteria genus descendens


system: 162
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.1
brief_parent: musculus rectus femoris
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: musculus quadriceps femoris
en_insertion: tibial tuberosity - via the patellar ligament
en_innervation: femoral nerve (L2-L4)
object_id: musculus rectus femoris
latin: musculus rectus femoris
en: Rectus femoris
related_objects: pelvis,tibia, tendon quadriceps femoris,ligamentum patellae,os femoris
bloodsupply_related: arteria femoralis,arteria circumflexa ilium superficialis,arteria circumflexa femoris lateralis
en_function:
  extension of the leg,
  control of flexion of the leg
  (the muscle often works in a state
  of eccentric contraction),
  flexion of the thigh (rectus femoris only)

innervation_related:
  ramus infrapatellaris nervi sapheni,rami musculares nervi femoralis,rami cutanei cruris mediales,nervus saphenus,nervus femoralis

syntopy_related:
  musculus sartorius,patella,ligamentum patellae,pelvis,musculus vastus intermedius,musculus vastus lateralis,musculus vastus medialis


system: 163
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.1.1
brief_parent: musculus rectus femoris
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: musculus rectus femoris
en_origin: ilium - anterior inferior iliac spine
latin: caput rectum
en: Straight head of rectus femoris
related_objects: pelvis,os femoris
bloodsupply_related:
  arteria femoralis,arteria circumflexa ilium superficialis,arteriae perforantes,arteria profunda femoris,arteria genus descendens


system: 165
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.2
brief_parent: musculus rectus femoris
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: musculus quadriceps femoris
en_origin: femur - anterior and lateral surfaces
object_id: musculus vastus intermedius
latin: musculus vastus intermedius
en: Vastus intermedius
related_objects: os femoris,tibia,ligamentum patellae,pelvis
bloodsupply_related: arteria profunda femoris
innervation_related:
  ramus infrapatellaris nervi sapheni,rami musculares nervi femoralis,rami cutanei cruris mediales,nervus saphenus,nervus femoralis

syntopy_related:
  patella,musculus vastus medialis,musculus rectus femoris,musculus vastus lateralis,pelvis,os femoris


system: 166
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.3
brief_parent: musculus rectus femoris
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: musculus quadriceps femoris
object_id: musculus vastus lateralis
latin: musculus vastus lateralis
en: Vastus lateralis
related_objects: os femoris,tibia,ligamentum patellae,pelvis
en_origin:
  femur - linea aspera (proximal half of the lateral lip),
  femur - intertrochanteric line (proximal part)

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria femoralis,arteria circumflexa ilium superficialis,arteriae perforantes,arteria profunda femoris

innervation_related:
  ramus infrapatellaris nervi sapheni,rami musculares nervi femoralis,rami cutanei cruris mediales,nervus saphenus,nervus femoralis

syntopy_related:
  caput longum musculi biceps femoris,caput breve musculi biceps femoris,pelvis,musculus tensor fasciae lateae,tractus iliotobialis,os femoris,patella,ligamentum patellae,musculus rectus femoris


system: 167
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.4
brief_parent: musculus rectus femoris
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: musculus quadriceps femoris
en_origin:
  femur - linea aspera (medial lip),
  femur - intertrochanteric line (distal part)

object_id: musculus vastus medialis
latin: musculus vastus medialis
en: Vastus medialis
related_objects: os femoris,tibia,ligamentum patellae,pelvis
bloodsupply_related: arteria femoralis,arteria profunda femoris,arteria genus descendens
clinical_notes:
   <b>Pain in the ventral part of the knee </b>can be caused by a variety of disorders or an imbalance in the rectus femoris or vastus medialis. 

   <b>Presence of even a small amount of fluid </b>(less than 10 ml is enough) in the cavity of the knee joint significantly weakens the vastus medialis. 20 ml of the fluid significantly weakens the vastus lateralis. 

innervation_related:
  ramus infrapatellaris nervi sapheni,rami musculares nervi femoralis,rami cutanei cruris mediales,nervus saphenus,nervus femoralis

syntopy_related:
  musculus vastus intermedius,musculus pectineus,pelvis,os femoris,musculus sartorius,musculus rectus femoris,ligamentum patellae,patella


system: 168
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.3.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: musculus vastus intermedius
en_origin: femur
en_insertion: articular capsule
en_innervation: femoral nerve (L2-L4)
object_id: musculus articularis genus
latin: musculus articularis genus
en: Articularis genus
related_objects: os femoris,capsula articulationis genus,bursa suprapatellaris
syntopy_related: musculus rectus femoris,musculus vastus lateralis,os femoris
en_description:
  - The articularis genus is a deep, cleaved portion of the vastus intermedius. The muscle tightens capsule of the knee joint.

general_description:
   <b>The articularis genus </b>is a deep, cleaved portion of the vastus intermedius. The muscle tightens capsule of the knee joint.

innervation_related:
  ramus infrapatellaris nervi sapheni,rami musculares nervi femoralis,rami cutanei cruris mediales,nervus saphenus,nervus femoralis


system: 169
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Musculi femoris
en: Medial group
en_description:
   The muscles in the medial group are <b>adductors</b>. The common innervation of the medial group is from the <b>obturator nerve</b>. However, two diplo neural muscles belong to this group: the pectineus and adductor magnus. The adductor magnus can be divided into two unnamed parts (adductor part and extensor part), each with its own innervation.

clinical_notes:
   <b>The medial group of the thigh muscles </b>are often acutely overloaded when a patient slips or keeps balance in situations close to falling. The adductors hypertonus is often related to the pelvic floor muscles dysfunction or the hip joint pathologies.


system: 170
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Medial group
en_origin: pubis - pecten pubis
en_insertion: femur - pectineal line
en_function: adduction, flexion and external rotation of the thigh
en_innervation: femoral nerve (L2-L3), obturator nerve (L2-L3)
memorix_page: 56/2.1
object_id: musculus pectineus
latin: musculus pectineus
en: Pectineus
related_objects: pelvis,os femoris
innervation_related: nervus femoralis,nervus obturatorius
clinical_notes:
   <b>Trigger points in the pectineus </b>cause a persistent pain under the inguinal ligament, deep in the groin and in the area of the hip joint. Overload of this muscle is very common after total hip replacement.

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria circumflexa femoris medialis,arteria obturatoria,arteria circumflexa femoris medialis ramus descendens

syntopy_related:
  musculus vastus medialis,musculus aductor brevis,musculus psoas major,musculus iliopsoas,musculus adductor longus,pelvis,os femoris


system: 171
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Medial group
en_origin: pubis - in between the pubic tubercle and pubic symphysis
en_insertion: femur - linea aspera (middle 1/3 of the medial lip)
en_function: adduction, flexion and external rotation of the thigh
en_innervation: obturator nerve (L2-L3)
memorix_page: 56/2.2
object_id: musculus adductor longus
latin: musculus adductor longus
en: Adductor longus
related_objects: pelvis,os femoris
bloodsupply_related: arteria profunda femoris,arteria obturatoria
innervation_related: nervus obturatorius
general_description:
   <b>Adductor overload </b>may occur in women from sexual intercourse by pressing their partners tightly with their thighs. Treatment involves changing the position of sexual intercourse or a combined program of relaxing and fitness exercises for the adductors. Hypertonic adductors significantly limit the range of movements of abduction, often less than half that of physiological range, however patients are not usually aware of this limitation.

syntopy_related:
  musculus adductor magnus,patella,pelvis,musculus gracilis,musculus pectineus,musculus vastus medialis,os femoris


system: 172
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Medial group
en_origin: pubis - body and inferior pubic ramus
en_insertion: tibia - medial condyle (via the pes anserinus major)
en_function: adduction of the thigh, flexion of the leg, internal rotation of the flexed leg
en_innervation: obturator nerve (L2-L4)
memorix_page: 56/2.3
object_id: musculus gracilis,musculus gracilis f
latin: musculus gracilis
en: Gracilis
related_objects: pelvis,tibia,os femoris
bloodsupply_related: arteria profunda femoris,arteria obturatoria
innervation_related: nervus obturatorius
clinical_notes:
   <b>Trigger points in the gracilis </b>cause superficial burning and pungent pain, which does not decrease at rest in any position. On the contrary, walking causes pain release.

syntopy_related:
  musculus semimembranosus,musculus adductor magnus,musculus adductor longus,musculus sartorius,musculus semitendinosus,os femoris,tibia,pelvis


system: 173
custom_hierarchy: 2.4
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Medial group
en_origin: pubis - inferior pubic ramus
en_insertion: femur - linea aspera (proximal 1/3 of the medial lip)
en_function: adduction, flexion and external rotation of the thigh
en_innervation: obturator nerve (L2-L4)
memorix_page: 56/2.4
object_id: musculus aductor brevis
latin: musculus adductor brevis
en: Adductor brevis
related_objects: pelvis,os femoris
bloodsupply_related: arteria profunda femoris
innervation_related: nervus obturatorius
syntopy_related:
  musculus adductor magnus,musculus aductor minimus,musculus pectineus,musculus gracilis,musculus adductor longus,os femoris,pelvis


system: 174
custom_hierarchy: 2.5
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Medial group
memorix_page: 56/2.5
object_id: musculus adductor magnus
latin: musculus adductor magnus
en: Adductor magnus
related_objects: pelvis,os femoris
clinical_notes:
   <b>Trigger points in the proximal part of the adductor magnus </b>cause pain, which is perceived in the area of the pubic symphysis or even in the vagina, rectum or urinary bladder.

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria profunda femoris,arteria superior medialis genus,arteria genus descendens,ramus articularis arteria genus descendens,ramus saphenous arteria genus descendens

syntopy_related:
  musculus aductor brevis,musculus adductor longus,musculus gracilis,musculus semimembranosus,caput longum musculi biceps femoris,os femoris,pelvis


system: 175
custom_hierarchy: 2.5.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: musculus adductor magnus
en_origin: pubis - inferior pubic ramus
en_insertion: femur - linea aspera (medial lip)
en_function: adduction and flexion of the thigh
en_innervation: obturator nerve (L2-L4)
latin: musculus adductor magnus (pars adductoria)
en: Adductor magnus - adductor part
related_objects: pelvis,os femoris
general_description:
  <b>The adductor minimus </b>is a lateroproximal part of the adductor magnus. The passage of the first perforating artery (branch of the deep femoral artery) separates these two muscles. Its fibres cross the fibres of the adductor magnus.


system: 176
custom_hierarchy: 2.6
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Medial group
en_insertion: femur - trochanteric fossa
en_function: external rotation of the thigh, accessory flexion of the thigh
en_innervation: obturator nerve (L3-L4)
memorix_page: 56/5.6
object_id: musculus obturatorius externus
latin: musculus obturatorius externus
en: Obturator externus
related_objects: membrana obturatoria,pelvis,os femoris
innervation_related: nervus obturatorius
syntopy_related: musculus gemellus inferior,musculus aductor minimus,musculus quadratus femoris,pelvis,os femoris
en_origin:
  external surface of the obturator membrane, obturator foramen (bony margins)
  <b>Course of fibers:</b> run dorsally to the neck of the femur

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria obturatoria,arteria circumflexa femoris medialis,arteria circumflexa femoris medialis ramus descendens


system: 177
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Musculi femoris
en: Posterior group *2
en_description:
  The posterior group of the thigh muscles are <b>extensors of the hip joint and flexors of the knee joint</b>. This group consists of <b>three muscles that have a common innervation from the sciatic nerve</b>. <b>The biceps femoris </b>has a long and short head. If the sciatic nerve divides proximally (<b>a high division of the sciatic nerve</b>), the biceps femoris is a <b>diploneural muscle</b>, innervated by both the tibial and fibular nerves.


system: 178
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Posterior group *2
en_insertion: fibula - head of fibula
en_innervation: sciatic nerve (L5-S1, variably L4-S2), tibial nerve
memorix_page: 56/3.1
latin: musculus biceps femoris
en: Biceps femoris
en_function:
  flexion of the leg, external rotation of the flexed leg, extension and accessory external rotation of the thigh (the long head only)

general_description:
   <b>Hamstrings </b>is a common term for the semitendinosus, semimembranosus and the long head of the biceps femoris. 

   <b>The hamstrings and the gluteus maximus </b>work together to prevent flexion strength (gravitation) and by eccentric contraction end the swing phase of gait. 

clinical_notes:
   <b>The biceps femoris </b>is often injured (stretched or torn) during sprinting disciplines and sports games.


system: 179
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: musculus biceps femoris
en_origin: ischial tuberosity
object_id: caput longum musculi biceps femoris
latin: caput longum musculi bicipitis femoris
en: Long head of biceps femoris
related_objects: pelvis,corpus fibula,os femoris, tibia
innervation_related: nervus ischiadicus,nervus tibialis
bloodsupply_related:
  arteria glutea inferior,arteriae perforantes,arteria inferior lateralis genus,arteriae surales,arteria superior lateralis genus

syntopy_related:
  musculus adductor magnus,musculus semimembranosus,corpus fibula,os femoris,musculus semitendinosus,pelvis


system: 180
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: musculus biceps femoris
en_origin: femur - linea aspera (middle 1/3 of the lateral lip)
object_id: caput breve musculi biceps femoris
latin: caput breve musculi bicipitis femoris
en: Short head of biceps femoris
related_objects: os femoris,corpus fibula,os femoris,tibia
innervation_related: nervus ischiadicus,nervus tibialis
syntopy_related: musculus vastus lateralis,caput longum musculi biceps femoris,os femoris,corpus fibula
bloodsupply_related:
  arteria glutea inferior,arteriae perforantes,arteria inferior lateralis genus,arteriae surales,arteria superior lateralis genus


system: 181
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Posterior group *2
en_origin: ischial tuberosity
en_insertion: tibia - medial condyle (via the pes anserinus major)
en_innervation: sciatic nerve - tibial nerve (L4-S1)
memorix_page: 56/3.2
object_id: musculus semitendinosus
latin: musculus semitendinosus
en: Semitendinosus
related_objects: pelvis,tibia,os femoris
innervation_related: nervus ischiadicus,nervus tibialis
en_function:
  flexion of the leg,internal rotation of the flexed leg,
  extension and internal rotation of the thigh,

bloodsupply_related:
  arteriae perforantes,arteria circumflexa femoris medialis ramus descendens,arteria circumflexa femoris medialis,arteria glutea inferior,arteria inferior medialis genus

syntopy_related:
  musculus adductor magnus,musculus gracilis,pelvis,caput longum musculi biceps femoris,os femoris,tibia,musculus semimembranosus


system: 182
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Posterior group *2
en_origin: ischial tuberosity
en_insertion: tibia - medial condyle (2 insertions), femur - lateral condyle (via the oblique popliteal ligament)
en_innervation: sciatic nerve - tibial nerve (L4-S1)
memorix_page: 56/3.3
object_id: musculus semimembranosus
latin: musculus semimembranosus
en: Semimembranosus
related_objects: pelvis,tibia, os femoris
bloodsupply_related: arteria superior medialis genus,arteriae perforantes
innervation_related: nervus ischiadicus,nervus tibialis
syntopy_related: tibia,os femoris,pelvis,musculus adductor magnus,musculus semitendinosus,musculus gracilis
en_function:
  flexion of the leg, internal rotation of the flexed leg, extension and internal rotation of the thigh

general_description:
   <b>The major pes anserinus </b>”goosefoot”, pes anserinus major) is the insertion of the conjoined tendons of the sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus on the medial condyle of the tibia. 

   <b>The deep pes anserinus </b>(pes anserinus profundus) consists of three insertions of the semimembranosus. Two insertions are on the medial condyle of the tibia and the third attaches to the lateral condyle of the femur via the oblique popliteal ligament.


system: 183
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Musculi membri inferioris
latin: Musculi cruris
en: Muscles of the leg
en_description:
  The muscles of the leg are organised into <b>three groups</b>: the anterior, lateral and posterior groups. The anterior group is innervated by the <b>deep fibular nerve</b>, the lateral group is innervated by the <b>superficial fibular nerve</b>, and the posterior group is innervated by the <b>tibial nerve</b>.

general_description:
   <b>The dorsal aponeurosis </b>(aponeurosis dorsalis) is a fibrous structure on the back of the toes which attaches to the middle and distal phalanges. The extensor digitorum longus and brevis, lumbricals and interossei are attached to the phalanges by means of the dorsal aponeurosis. 

   <b>The achilles tendon </b>is a term for the calcaneal tendon.


system: 184
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Musculi cruris
en: Anterior group *3
en_description:
  <b>The anterior group of the leg muscles consists of three muscles that are located ventrally to the interosseous membrane of the leg. </b>They have a common innervation from the <b>deep fibular nerve </b>and are <b>extensors of the leg</b>. Tendons of these muscles pass under the <b>superior and inferior extensor retinaculum</b>. The tibialis anterior helps to maintain both <b>the longitudinal and transverse arches of the foot</b>.


system: 185
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Anterior group *3
en_insertion:
  base of the 1st metatarsal,
  medial cuneiform (plantar surface)

en_innervation: deep fibular nerve (L4)
memorix_page: 60/1.1
object_id: musculus tibialis anterior
latin: musculus tibialis anterior
en: Tibialis anterior
innervation_related: nervus fibularis profundus
en_origin:
  tibia - lateral condyle,
  tibia - body (lateral surface - proximal 2/3), interosseous membrane of leg

en_function:
  dorsal flexion and supination of the foot,
  maintains the longitudinal and transverse arches of the foot

related_objects:
  membrana interossea cruris,tibia,os metatarsale hallucis 1,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os cuboideum, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os metatarsale 3, os metatarsale 2, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os cuneiforme mediale, os cuneiforme intermedium, os cuneiforme laterale, os naviculare, os calcis, os talus, tibia, corpus fibula

general_description:
   <b>The tibialis anterior </b>prevents plantar flexion of the foot at the beginning of the stance phase of gait. In addition, it helps prevent the toes from coming into contact with the ground during the swing phase of gait.

clinical_notes:
   <b>Trigger points in the tibialis anterior </b>cause pain on the ventromedial surface of the ankle and on the dorsal and medial surfaces of the big toe. The trigger points are usually situated in the proximal third of the muscle and they are very painful. They can be caused by driving for long periods of time with high positioned pedals.

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria tibialis anterior,arteria recurrens tibialis anterior,arteria dorsalis pedis,arteria malleolaris anterior medialis,arteria malleolaris anterior medialis

syntopy_related:
  vagina tendinis musculi tibialis anterioris,musculus extensor digitorum longus,musculus extensor hallucis longus,retinaculum musculorum extensorum inferius pedis,retinaculum musculorum extensorum superius,tibia,os talus,os cuneiforme mediale,os metatarsale hallucis 1


system: 186
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Anterior group *3
en_function: extension of the 2nd-5th toe, dorsal flexion and accessory pronation of the foot
en_innervation: deep fibular nerve (L4-S1)
memorix_page: 60/1.2
object_id: musculus extensor digitorum longus
latin: musculus extensor digitorum longus
en: Extensor digitorum longus
innervation_related: nervus fibularis profundus
en_origin:
  tibia - lateral condyle,
  fibula - body (medial surface - proximal 3/4),interosseous membrane of leg, anterior intermuscular septum of leg

en_insertion:
  four tendons to the 2nd-5th toes (into the dorsal aponeurosis of the toes), distal phalanges of the toes

related_objects:
  tibia, corpus fibula,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os cuboideum, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os metatarsale 3, os metatarsale 2, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os cuneiforme mediale, os cuneiforme intermedium, os cuneiforme laterale, os naviculare, os calcis, os talus, tibia, corpus fibula

general_description:
   <b>The fibularis tertius </b>is part of the extensor digitorum longus, which inserts on the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone by a slim and often doubled tendon. The muscle is present in 92 % of cases and is innervated by the deep fibular nerve. It helps the extensor digitorum longus in extension of the toes and pronation of the foot.

clinical_notes:
   <b>The extensor digitorum longus is called the "mallet toe muscle".</b>The muscle is more effective during walking as a dorsal flexor of the foot when the metatarsophalangeal joints are fully extended. If the muscle is used for dorsiflexion of the foot instead of the tibialis anterior, a deformity called mallet toe may develop.

   <b>A hypertonic extensor digitorum longus </b>can compress the deep fibular nerve against the fibula.

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria tibialis anterior,arteria recurrens tibialis anterior,arteria dorsalis pedis,arteria malleolaris anterior medialis,arteria malleolaris anterior medialis,arteriae digitales plantares propriae,arteriae digitales plantares propriae,arteriae digitales dorsales

syntopy_related:
  musculus extensor hallucis brevis,musculus extensor digitorum brevis,musculus fibularis longus,musculus extensor hallucis longus,corpus fibula,tibia,musculus fibularis tertius,retinaculum musculorum extensorum superius,vagina tendinum musculi extensoris digitorum longi,phalanx distalis pedis 4,phalanx distalis pedis 5,phalanx distalis pedis 3,phalanx distalis pedis 2


system: 187
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Anterior group *3
en_origin: fibula - medial surface (middle 2/4),interosseous membrane of leg
en_insertion: dorsal aponeurosis of the big toe, distal phalanx of the big toe
en_function: extension of the big toe, accessory dorsiflexion of the foot
en_innervation: deep fibular nerve (L4-L5, variably S1)
memorix_page: 60/1.3
object_id: musculus extensor hallucis longus
latin: musculus extensor hallucis longus
en: Extensor hallucis longus
innervation_related: nervus fibularis profundus
related_objects:
  corpus fibula,phalanx distalis hallucis 1,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

bloodsupply_related:
  arteriae digitales dorsales,arteriae metatarsales dorsales,arteria tibialis anterior,arteria dorsalis pedis,arteriaa tarsales mediales

syntopy_related:
  retinaculum musculorum extensorum superius,vagina tendinis musculi extensor hallucis longi,phalanx distalis hallucis 1,musculus extensor digitorum longus,musculus tibialis anterior,tibia


system: 188
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Anterior group *3
en_origin: distal anterior surface of the fibula also the interosseous membrane
en_insertion: dorsal surface of metatarsal 5
en_function: dorsiflexion and eversion of the foot
en_innervation: deep fibular nerve
object_id: musculus fibularis tertius
latin: musculus fibularis tertius
en: Peroneus tertius
innervation_related: nervus fibularis profundus
related_objects:
  corpus fibula,os metatarsale 5,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria malleolaris anterior lateralis,arteria tarsalis lateralis,arteriae metatarsales dorsales,arteria arcuata,arteriae metatarsales dorsales

syntopy_related:
  os metatarsale 5,vagina tendinum muscularis fibularis tertii,retinaculum musculorum extensorum superius,musculus extensor digitorum longus,corpus fibula,musculus fibularis tertius


system: 189
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Musculi cruris
en: Lateral group *1
en_description:
  The lateral group of the leg muscles consists of two fibular muscles that originate on the <b>lateral surface of the fibula</b>. Both muscles run <b>behind the lateral malleolus in a common tendinous sheath under the superior and inferior fibular retinaculum</b>. Muscles of the lateral group are innervated by the <b>superficial fibular nerve </b>and their common function is <b>eversion of the foot</b>. The fibularis longus maintains the longitudinal and transverse arches of the foot.

clinical_notes:
  <b>A hypertonic extensor digitorum longus </b>can compress the deep fibular nerve against the fibula.


system: 190
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Lateral group *1
en_insertion: base of the 1st metatarsal, medial cuneiform (plantar surface)
en_innervation: superficial fibular nerve (L5-S1)
memorix_page: 60/2.1
object_id: musculus fibularis longus
latin: musculus fibularis longus
en: Fibularis longus
bloodsupply_related: arteria fibularis
innervation_related: nervus fibularis superficialis
en_origin:
  fibula - head of fibula,
  fibula - body (lateral surface - proximal 1/2)
  <b>Course of fibers:</b> through the malleolar groove of the fibula (in the common tendinous sheath with the fibularis brevis), through a groove for the tendon on the plantar surface of the cuboid (in the tendinous sheath)

en_function:
  plantar flexion, pronation and abduction of the foot (eversion of the foot), holds both the longitudinal and transverse arch of the foot

related_objects:
  corpus fibula,os metatarsale hallucis 2,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

clinical_notes:
   <b>Weakening of the fibular muscles </b>predisposes to ankle instability syndrome and sprained ankles. A trigger point in the fibular muscles causes pain in the area of the lateral malleolus. 

   <b>A hypertonic fibularis longus </b>can compress the common fibular nerve against the fibula.

syntopy_related:
  vagina communis tendinum musculorum fibularium,musculus extensor digitorum brevis,musculus abductor digiti minimi,os cuboideum,retinaculum musculorum extensorum inferius pedis,retinaculum musculorum fibularium superius,corpus fibula,musculus fibularis brevis,musculus extensor digitorum longus,musculus soleus


system: 191
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Lateral group *1
en_origin: fibula - body (lateral surface - distal 1/2)
en_insertion: base of the 5th metatarsal - tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal
en_function: plantar flexion, pronation and abduction of the foot (eversion of the foot)
en_innervation: superficial fibular nerve (L5-S1)
memorix_page: 60/2.2
object_id: musculus fibularis brevis
latin: musculus fibularis brevis
en: Fibularis brevis
bloodsupply_related: arteria tibialis anterior
innervation_related: nervus fibularis superficialis
related_objects:
  corpus fibula,os metatarsale 5,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

clinical_notes:
   <b>The fibularis brevis </b>often develops trigger points following ankle sprains or immobilisation in plaster.

syntopy_related:
  os metatarsale 5,retinaculum musculorum extensorum inferius pedis,retinaculum musculorum fibularium superius,vagina communis tendinum musculorum fibularium,musculus fibularis longus,musculus fibularis tertius,corpus fibula


system: 192
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Musculi cruris
en: Posterior group *3
en_description:
  <b>The posterior group of the muscles of the leg </b>can be divided into <b>two layers</b>. The superficial layer consists of one muscle, <b>the triceps surae, </b>which is made up of <b>the soleus </b>and the two-headed <b>gastrocnemius</b>. Variably, a rudimentary muscle, <b>the plantaris</b>, can also be found in the superficial layer.


system: 194
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.1
brief_parent: musculus triceps surae
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Superficial layer *2
en_insertion: calcaneus - calcaneal tuberosity (via the Achilles/calcaneal tendon)
en_function: plantar flexion of the foot, flexion of the leg (only gastrocnemius), stabilizes the knee joint
en_innervation: tibial nerve (L5-S3)
memorix_page: 60/3.1
latin: musculus triceps surae
en: Triceps surae
clinical_notes:
   <b>Trigger points in the gastrocnemius </b>can cause pain from the distal dorsal part of the thigh to the midpoint of the sole (but omitting the heel). They often cause muscle spasms in the night and can cause pain during walking (intermittent claudication).


system: 195
brief_parent: musculus triceps surae
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: musculus triceps surae
en_origin:
  femur - lateral epicondyle
  (external supracondylar tubercle)

object_id: musculus gastrocnemius caput laterale
latin: caput laterale musculi gastrocnemii
en: Lateral h. of gastrocnemius
related_objects: os femoris,tendon achillis,tibia, corpus fibula, os talus, os calcis
bloodsupply_related: arteria tibialis posterior,rami musculares arteriae tibialis posterioris
innervation_related: nervus tibialis
syntopy_related: tendon achillis,musculus soleus,musculus gastrocnemius caput mediale,musculus plantaris,os femoris
general_description:
   <b>The fabella </b>is a sesamoid bone present in 25 % of cases. The word flabella means “green bean”. This bone can be found at the origin of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius at the level of the lateral condyle of the femur. It can cause pain during flexion of the leg.


system: 197
brief_parent: musculus triceps surae
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: musculus triceps surae
object_id: musculus soleus
latin: musculus soleus
en: Soleus
related_objects: corpus fibula, tibia,os calcis,tibia, corpus fibula, os talus, os calcis
general_description: <b>The gastrocnemius and soleus </b>are sometimes described as being separate individual muscles.
bloodsupply_related: arteria tibialis posterior,rami musculares arteriae tibialis posterioris
innervation_related: nervus tibialis
en_origin:
  fibula - head of fibula,
  tibia - soleal line,
  tibia - posterior surface (proximal 1/4),
  tendinous arch of soleus

clinical_notes:
   <b>Pain from the soleus </b>is located in the whole area of the heel, the Achilles tendon and the ipsilateral sacroiliac joint. Such pain is quite common for recreational runners.

syntopy_related:
  os calcis,tendon achillis,musculus gastrocnemius caput mediale,musculus gastrocnemius caput laterale,corpus fibula


system: 198
brief_parent: musculus triceps surae
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: musculus triceps surae
en_insertion: calcaneus - calcaneal tuberosity
object_id: tendon achillis
latin: tendo calcaneus Achillis
en: Tendo calcaneus
innervation_related: nervus tibialis
en_description:
  The Achilles tendon is a tendon situated on the back of the leg, and the thickest in the human body.

related_objects:
  musculus gastrocnemius caput laterale,musculus gastrocnemius caput mediale,os calcis,tibia, corpus fibula, os talus, os calcis

syntopy_related:
  os calcis,musculus soleus,musculus gastrocnemius caput laterale,musculus gastrocnemius caput mediale


system: 200
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Posterior group *3
en: Deep layer
en_description:
  The deep layer of the leg muscles consists of <b>four muscles</b>. The tendons of these muscles (except the popliteus) <b>run behind the medial malleolus through the malleolar canal under the flexor retinaculum in three separate tendon sheaths</b>. The muscles of the deep layer act as <b>flexors of the foot and toes </b>and have a common innervation from <b>the tibial nerve</b>.


system: 201
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Deep layer
en_origin: femur - lateral condyle (groove for the popliteus)
en_insertion: tibia - posterior surface (above the soleal line)
en_innervation: tibial nerve (L4-S1)
memorix_page: 60/3.3
object_id: musculus popliteus
latin: musculus popliteus
en: Popliteus
related_objects: os femoris,tibia,tibia, corpus fibula, os talus, os calcis
innervation_related: nervus tibialis
en_function:
  flexion of the leg (“unlocks” the knee joint), internal rotation of the flexed leg, influences the movements of the lateral meniscus of the knee joint

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria reccurens tibiali sposterior,arteria inferior medialis genus,arteria inferior lateralis genus,arteria tibialis posterior,

syntopy_related:
  musculus gastrocnemius caput mediale,caput longum musculi biceps femoris,caput breve musculi biceps femoris,os femoris,tibia


system: 202
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Deep layer
en_origin: tibia and fibula - posterior surface (proximal 2/3),interosseous membrane of leg
en_innervation: tibial nerve (L5-S1, variably S2)
memorix_page: 60/3.4
object_id: musculus tibialis posterior
latin: musculus tibialis posterior
en: Tibialis posterior
bloodsupply_related: rami musculares arteriae tibialis posterioris,arteria tibialis posterior
innervation_related: nervus tibialis
en_insertion:
  navicular - tuberosity of the navicular, medial cuneiform - plantar surface (medial part of the tendon)

en_function:
  plantar flexion, supination and adduction of the foot (inversion of the foot), holds the longitudinal arch of the foot

related_objects:
  tibia, corpus fibula,os naviculare, os cuneiforme mediale, os metatarsale 4, os metatarsale 3, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme intermedium, os metatarsale 2,tibia, corpus fibula, os talus, os calcis

syntopy_related:
  musculus soleus,tibia,corpus fibula,musculus flexor digitorum longus,os metatarsale 4,os metatarsale 3,os metatarsale 2,retinaculum musculorum extensorum inferius pedis,vagina tendinis musculi tibialis posterioris


system: 203
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Deep layer
en_origin: tibia - posterior surface (middle 2/4), interosseous membrane of leg
en_insertion: four tendons for the 2nd-5th toes (insertion on the bases of the distal phalanges)
en_innervation: tibial nerve (L5-S2)
memorix_page: 60/3.5
object_id: musculus flexor digitorum longus
latin: musculus flexor digitorum longus
en: Flexor digitorum longus
bloodsupply_related: rami musculares arteriae tibialis posterioris,arteria tibialis posterior
innervation_related: nervus tibialis
en_function:
  flexion of the toes at the metatarsophalangeal joint and proximal and distal interphalangeal joints, plantar flexion, supination and adduction of the foot (inversion of the foot), helps to hold the longitudinal arch of the foot

related_objects:
  tibia,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2,tibia, corpus fibula, os talus, os calcis

general_description:
   <b>The bursa of the calcaneal tendon </b>is located near the insertion of the calcaneal tendon on the calcaneal tuberosity at the triangle of Kager. <b>The quadratus plantae </b>stabilises the oblique course of the flexor digitorum longus tendons on the sole. It is sometimes called the accessory flexor of the foot. <b>For proper function of the gastrocnemius </b>it is important to avoid positions in which the muscle is passively shortened such as occurs by wearing high-heeled footwear and sitting with support for only the distal part of the sole.

syntopy_related:
  vaginae tendinum digitorum pedis,phalanx distalis pedis 2,phalanx distalis pedis 3,phalanx distalis pedis 4,phalanx distalis pedis 5,vagina tendinum musculi flexor digitorum longus,musculus soleus,tibia


system: 204
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.4
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Deep layer
en_origin: fibula - posterior surface (distal 2/3), interosseous membrane of leg
en_insertion: base of the distal phalanx of the big toe
en_innervation: tibial nerve (L5-S2)
memorix_page: 60/3.6
object_id: musculus flexor hallucis longus
latin: musculus flexor hallucis longus
en: Flexor hallucis longus
bloodsupply_related: rami musculares arteriae tibialis posterioris,arteria tibialis posterior,arteria fibularis
innervation_related: nervus tibialis
en_function:
  flexion of the big toe at metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints, plantar flexion, supination and adduction of the foot (inversion of the foot),helps to hold the longitudinal arch of the foot

related_objects:
  corpus fibula,phalanx distalis hallucis 1,tibia, corpus fibula, os talus, os calcis, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale, os naviculare,os cuneiforme intermedium

clinical_notes:
   <b>The flexor hallucis longus </b>plays a significant role in the development of hallux valgus. Shoes which force the great toe inwards to the valgus deformity are not recommended, especially in puberty and in young adults.

syntopy_related:
  musculus abductor hallucis,vaginae tendinum digitorum pedis,phalanx distalis hallucis 1,vagina tendinum musculi flexor hallucis longus,corpus fibula


system: 205
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Musculi membri inferioris
latin: Musculi pedis
en: Muscles of the foot
en_description:
  The muscles of the foot are organised into six groups: <b>dorsal, medial </b>(group of the big toe), <b>lateral </b>(group of the little toe), <b>middle</b>, <b>interossei </b>and <b>lumbricals</b>.

general_description:
  <b>A mnemonic </b>for the muscle groups of the great and little toe is as follows:

  <b>HAFA MAFO</b>
  <b>H </b>- Hallux (big toe)
  <b>A </b>- Abductor hallucis
  <b>F </b>- Flexor hallucis brevis
  <b>A </b>- Adductor hallucis
  <b>M </b>- Digitus Minimus (little toe)
  <b>A </b>- Abductor digiti minimi
  <b>F </b>- Flexor digiti minimi
  <b>O </b>- Opponens digiti minimi

  <b>During walking, the muscles of the foot </b>enable flexibility for shock absorption. They are also tough when compressive strength is working in rebounding. They are physiologically inactive when standing on both lower limbs.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Trigger points in the abductor hallucis, abductor digiti minimi and flexor digitorum brevis </b>cause intense pain that is present at rest and limits walking. The pain forced the patient to seek medical help.


system: 206
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Musculi pedis
en: Dorsal group
en_description:
  <b>The dorsal group of the foot muscles consists of two short muscles on the dorsum of the foot</b>. These muscles are <b>extensors of the toes </b>and have a common innervation from the <b>deep fibular nerve</b>.


system: 207
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Dorsal group
en_origin: calcaneus - dorsal surface
en_function: extension of the2nd-4th toe (variably the 5th toe)
en_innervation: deep fibular nerve (L4-S1)
memorix_page: 64/1.1
object_id: musculus extensor digitorum brevis
latin: musculus extensor digitorum brevis
en: Extensor digitorum brevis
bloodsupply_related: arteria fibularis,arteria tibialis anterior,arteria dorsalis pedis
innervation_related: nervus fibularis profundus
en_insertion:
  3-4 tendons for the 2nd-4th toe (variably the 5th toe), insertion into the dorsal aponeurosis of the toes

related_objects:
  os calcis,phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 2,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

clinical_notes:
  <b>The extensor digitorum brevis </b>and extensor hallucis brevis are often shortened and overloaded. One of the causes of this is wearing heavy shoes (e.g. medical shoes).

syntopy_related:
  retinaculum musculorum extensorum inferius pedis,phalanx media pedis 2,phalanx media pedis 3,phalanx media pedis 4,os calcis


system: 208
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Dorsal group
en_origin: calcaneus - dorsal surface
en_insertion: dorsal aponeurosis of the big toe
en_function: extension of the big toe (only in the metatarsophalangeal joint)
en_innervation: deep fibular nerve (L4-S1)
memorix_page: 64/1.2
object_id: musculus extensor hallucis brevis
latin: musculus extensor hallucis brevis
en: Extensor hallucis brevis
bloodsupply_related: arteria dorsalis pedis
innervation_related: nervus fibularis profundus
related_objects:
  os calcis,phalanx proximalis hallucis 1,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

clinical_notes:
  <b>Traction of the lateral head of the flexor hallucis brevis </b>and the abductor hallucis is the main cause of hallux valgus development.

syntopy_related:
  musculus extensor digitorum longus,vagina tendinum musculi extensoris digitorum longi,phalanx proximalis hallucis 1,os calcis


system: 209
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Musculi pedis
en: Medial group (group of the great toe)
en_description:
  The medial group (of the great toe) comprises of <b>three muscles</b>. Two of these muscles (flexor hallucis brevis and adductor hallucis) have two heads. All muscles of the medial group are innervated by the <b>tibial nerve </b>(via the medial and lateral plantar nerve).


system: 210
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Medial group (group of the great toe)
en_origin: calcaneus - calcaneal tuberosity (medial process)
en_insertion: base of the proximal phalanx of the big toe,medial sesamoid bone of the big toe
en_innervation: tibial nerve - medial plantar nerve (L5-S1)
memorix_page: 64/2.1
object_id: musculus abductor hallucis
latin: musculus abductor hallucis
en: Abductor hallucis
bloodsupply_related: arteria plantaris medialis,ramus superficialis arteriae plantaris medialis
innervation_related: nervus tibialis,nervus plantaris medialis
syntopy_related: musculus abductor hallucis
en_function:
  abduction and flexion of the big toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint, helps to hold the longitudinal arch of the foot

related_objects:
  os calcis,phalanx proximalis hallucis 1,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

general_description:
  <b>Despite its name, the main function of the abductor hallucis </b>is flexion of the big toe. The muscle is able to produce abduction in only about 20 % of the population.

  <b>The adductor hallucis </b>is responsible for stabilisation of the metatarsal bones in the transverse plane. It Also participates in maintenance of the transverse foot arch.

  <b>The abductor hallucis </b>is an important muscle for stabilisation of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot.

  <b>When hallux valgus deformity is significantly developed</b>, the abductor hallucis loses its ability to pull the great toe away and its traction can even enlarge the deformity.

  <b>Trigger point in the transverse head of the adductor hallucis </b>causes numbness and swelling in the area of the heads of the metatarsal bones.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The abductor hallucis </b>can compress the tibial nerve and its branches(medial and lateral plantar nerves)as they leave the malleolar canal.

  <b>Trigger points in the abductor hallucis </b>cause pain on the medial edge of the sole that is maximal on the heel which differs from trigger points in the soleus, where the heel pain is diffuse. The muscle is often overloaded in people with flat feet.


system: 211
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Medial group (group of the great toe)
en_function: flexion of the big toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint
en_innervation: tibial nerve - medial plantar nerve (S1-S2)
memorix_page: 64/2.2
object_id: Musculus flexor hallucis brevis
latin: musculus flexor hallucis brevis
en: Flexor hallucis brevis
bloodsupply_related: ramus superficialis arteriae plantaris medialis,ramus superficialis arteriae plantaris medialis
innervation_related: nervus tibialis,nervus plantaris medialis
en_origin:
  1 <b>Medial head </b> (caput mediale): intermediate cuneiform bone and base of the 2nd-4th metatarsals
  2  <b>Lateral head  </b>(caput laterale): cuboid and lateral cuneiform - plantar surface

en_insertion:
  base of the proximal phalanx of the big toe, sesamoid bones of the big toe (both medial and lateral)

related_objects:
  os cuboideum,phalanx proximalis hallucis 1,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

syntopy_related:
  retinaculum musculorum extensorum inferius pedis,phalanx proximalis hallucis 1,os calcis,vagina tendinum musculi flexor digitorum longus,os talus


system: 212
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Medial group (group of the great toe)
en_insertion: base of the proximal phalanx of the big toe (plantar surface), lateral sesamoid bone of the big toe
en_function: adduction of the big toe accessory flexion of the toes at the metatarsophalangeal joints
en_innervation: tibial nerve - lateral plantar nerve (S1-S2)
memorix_page: 64/2.3
latin: musculus adductor hallucis
en: Adductor hallucis
innervation_related: nervus tibialis,nervus plantaris medialis
bloodsupply_related:
  arteria plantaris medialis,arteria plantaris lateralis,arcus plantaris profundus,arteriae metatarsales plantares


system: 213
custom_hierarchy: 2.3.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculus adductor hallucis
en_origin: 3rd-5th metatarsophalangeal joints
object_id: caput transversum musculi adductoris hallucis
latin: caput transversum musculi adductoris hallucis
en: Adductor hallucis Transverse head
related_objects:
  os metatarsale 3, os metatarsale 4, os metatarsale 5,phalanx proximalis hallucis 1,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

syntopy_related:
  musculus lumbricales primus,musculus lumbricales secundus,musculus lumbricales tertius,musculus lumbricales quartius,os metatarsale 5,os metatarsale 4,os metatarsale 3,phalanx proximalis hallucis 1,caput transversum musculi adductoris hallucis


system: 214
custom_hierarchy: 2.3.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculus adductor hallucis
en_origin:
  base of the 2nd-4th metatarsal,
  cuboid - plantar surface,
  cuneiforms - plantar surface

object_id: caput obliquum musculus abductor hallucis
latin: caput obliquum musculi adductoris hallucis
en: Adductor hallucis Oblique head
related_objects:
  os metatarsale 3, os metatarsale 4, os metatarsale 5,phalanx proximalis hallucis 1,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

syntopy_related:
  caput transversum musculi adductoris hallucis,musculus flexor digitorum longus,phalanx proximalis hallucis 1,musculus lumbricales primus,musculus lumbricales secundus,musculus lumbricales tertius,os cuboideum


system: 215
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Musculi pedis
en: Lateral group *2
en_description:
  The lateral group of the foot muscles consists of <b>three small muscles </b>that share <b>flexion of the little toe </b>as their main function. Their common innervation is from <b>the lateral plantar nerve </b>(a branch of the tibial nerve).


system: 216
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Lateral group *2
en_origin: calcaneus - calcaneal tuberosity, plantar aponeurosis
en_insertion: base of the proximal phalanx of the little toe, tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal
en_function: abduction and flexion of the little toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint
en_innervation: tibial nerve - lateral plantar nerve (S1-S2)
memorix_page: 64/3.1
object_id: musculus abductor digiti minimi
latin: musculus abductor digiti minimi
en: Abductor digiti minimi
bloodsupply_related: arteria plantaris lateralis
innervation_related: nervus plantaris lateralis,nervus tibialis
related_objects:
  os calcis,phalanx proximalis pedis 5,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

general_description:
  <b>The abductor digiti minimi </b>is an important muscle for stabilisation of the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Trigger points in the abductor digiti minimi </b>cause pain under the fifth metatarsophalangeal joint.

syntopy_related:
  os metatarsale 5,musculus fibularis brevis,musculus fibularis longus,musculus quadratus plantae,phalanx proximalis pedis 5,os calcis


system: 217
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Lateral group *2
en_origin: base of the 5th metatarsal
en_insertion: base of the proximal phalanx of the little toe
en_function: flexion of the little toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint
en_innervation: tibial nerve - lateral plantar nerve (S1-S2)
memorix_page: 64/3.2
object_id: musculus flexor digiti minimi brevis pedis
latin: musculus flexor digiti minimi brevis
en: Flexor digiti minimi brevis
bloodsupply_related: arteria arcuata,arteria plantaris lateralis,arteria tarsalis lateralis
innervation_related: nervus plantaris lateralis,nervus tibialis
related_objects:
  os metatarsale 5,phalanx proximalis pedis 5,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

general_description:
  <b>The flexor digiti minimi brevis </b>is developed from the opponens digiti minimi as we know it in monkeys. It corresponds to the opponens digiti minimi of the hand.

syntopy_related:
  musculus abductor digiti minimi,vaginae tendinum digitorum pedis,phalanx proximalis pedis 5,os metatarsale 5


system: 218
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Lateral group *2
en_origin: base of the 5th metatarsal, long plantar ligament
en_insertion: metatarsophalangeal joint of the little toe
en_function: accessory adductor and flexor of the 5th metatarsal
en_innervation: tibial nerve - lateral plantar nerve (S1-S2)
memorix_page: 64/3.3
object_id: musculus opponens digi minimi
latin: musculus opponens digiti minimi
en: Opponens digiti minimi
bloodsupply_related: arteria arcuata,arteria plantaris lateralis,arteria tarsalis lateralis
innervation_related: nervus plantaris lateralis,nervus tibialis
syntopy_related: musculus opponens digiti minimi
related_objects:
  os metatarsale 5,os cuboideum,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

general_description:
  <b>The opponens digiti minimi </b>is an inconstant muscle. It often merge with the flexor digiti minimi brevis.


system: 219
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Musculi pedis
en: Middle group
en_description:
  The middle group of the foot muscles consists of <b>2 muscles </b>which <b>maintain the longitudinal arch of the foot</b>. Their common innervation is from the <b>lateral and medial plantar nerves</b>, which are branches of the tibial nerve.


system: 220
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Middle group
en_origin: calcaneus - calcaneal tuberosity (medial process)
en_insertion: four tendons to the 2nd-5th toes (with bifurcated insertion on the bases of the middle phalanges)
en_function: flexion of the 2nd-5th toes at the metatarsophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints
en_innervation: tibial nerve - medial plantar nerve (L5-S1)
memorix_page: 64/4.1
object_id: musculus flexor digitorum brevis
latin: musculus flexor digitorum brevis
en: Flexor digitorum brevis
innervation_related: nervus tibialis,nervus plantaris medialis
related_objects:
  os calcis,phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 2,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

general_description:
  <b>Tendinous chiasm </b>(chiasma tendinum)is a crossing of tendons. The Bifurcated tendons of the flexor digitorum brevis are crossed and insert on the middle phalanges.The tendons of the flexor digitorum longus pass through these bifurcations to insert on the distal phalanx.This is an example of a tendinous chiasm.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Trigger points in the flexor digitorum brevis </b>cause pain under the second, third and fourth metatarsophalangeal joint. The pain never spreads distally to the toes or proximally to the sole. Trigger point in the extensor digitorum brevis causes pain on the lateral part of the foot dorsum (instep).

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria plantaris medialis,arteria plantaris lateralis,arcus plantaris profundus,arteriae metatarsales plantares,arteriae digitales plantares propriae

syntopy_related:
  musculus abductor hallucis,musculus abductor digiti minimi,musculus lumbricales primus,musculus lumbricales secundus,musculus lumbricales tertius,musculus lumbricales quartius,phalanx media pedis 2,phalanx media pedis 3,phalanx media pedis 4,phalanx media pedis 5,vaginae tendinum digitorum pedis,os calcis


system: 221
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Middle group
en_origin: calcaneus - plantar surface, long plantar ligament
en_innervation: tibial nerve - lateral plantar nerve (S1-S2)
memorix_page: 64/4.2
object_id: musculus quadratus plantae
latin: musculus quadratus plantae
en: Quadratus plantae
bloodsupply_related: arteria plantaris medialis,arteria plantaris lateralis,arcus plantaris profundus
innervation_related: nervus tibialis,nervus plantaris medialis
en_insertion:
  into the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus (before it divides into tendons for the individual toes)

en_function:
  straightens the oblique traction of the flexor digitorum longus (participates in flexion of the toes)

related_objects:
  os calcis,musculus flexor digitorum longus,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale, os fibula, tibia

syntopy_related:
  musculus abductor hallucis,musculus abductor digiti minimi,musculus flexor digitorum brevis,os calcis,musculus flexor digitorum longus


system: 222
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Musculi pedis
latin: musculi interossei
en: Interossei
en_description:
  The organisation of the <b>interossei muscles of the foot </b>differs from the organisation of the interossei muscles of the hand. They act on a virtual <b>axis that runs through the 2nd toe </b>(on the hand this axis runs through the 3rd finger). The interossei muscles maintain the <b>transverse arch of the foot</b>. <b>The lumbricals </b>are <b>4 small muscles originating from the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus</b>. The common innervation of the interossei and lumbricals is from the <b>lateral plantar nerve</b>, with the exception of the 2 medial lumbricals, which are innervated by <b>medial plantar nerve</b>.

general_description:
  <b>The biggest interossei </b>are at the fourth toe (2nd plantar and 4th dorsal)and their origins also cover the largest area.


system: 223
custom_hierarchy: 5.1
brief_parent: musculi interossei plantares
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculi interossei
en_innervation: tibial nerve - lateral plantar nerve (S1-S2)
memorix_page: 64/5.1
latin: musculi interossei plantares
en: Plantar interossei
en_description:
  - the plantar interossei are three muscles located in the 2nd-4th interosseous space of the metatarsals

en_origin:
  3rd-5th metatarsal (tibial side), epimysium of the surrounding muscles, tendon of fibularis longus, long plantar ligament, articular capsules of the tarsometatarsal joints

en_insertion:
  dorsal aponeurosis of the 3rd-5th toes, base of the proximal phalanges of the 3rd-5th toes (medial side)

en_function:
  flexion of the toes at the metatarsophalangeal joints, extension of the toes at the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints (by pulling the dorsal aponeurosis), adduction of the toes (towards the axis that runs through the 2nd toe)


system: 224
custom_hierarchy: 5.1.1
brief_parent: musculi interossei plantares
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculi interossei plantares
object_id: musculi interossei plantares primus
latin: musculus interosseus plantaris primus
en: 1st Plantar interossei
innervation_related: ramus profundus nervi plantaris lateralis,nervus tibialis,nervus plantaris lateralis
related_objects:
  os metatarsale 3,phalanx proximalis pedis 3,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

bloodsupply_related:
  arteriae metatarsales plantares,arcus plantaris profundus,arteria plantaris lateralis,musculi interossei plantares primus


system: 225
custom_hierarchy: 5.1.2
brief_parent: musculi interossei plantares
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculi interossei plantares
object_id: musculi interossei plantares secundus
latin: musculus interosseus plantaris secundus
en: 2nd Plantar interossei
innervation_related: ramus profundus nervi plantaris lateralis,nervus tibialis,nervus plantaris lateralis
related_objects:
  os metatarsale 4,phalanx proximalis pedis 4,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

bloodsupply_related:
  arteriae metatarsales plantares,arcus plantaris profundus,arteria plantaris lateralis,musculi interossei plantares primus


system: 226
custom_hierarchy: 5.1.3
brief_parent: musculi interossei plantares
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculi interossei plantares
object_id: musculi interossei plantares tertius
latin: musculus interosseus plantaris tertius
en: 3rd Plantar interossei
innervation_related: ramus profundus nervi plantaris lateralis,nervus tibialis,nervus plantaris lateralis
related_objects:
  os metatarsale 5,phalanx proximalis pedis 5,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

bloodsupply_related:
  arteriae metatarsales plantares,arcus plantaris profundus,arteria plantaris lateralis,musculi interossei plantares primus


system: 227
custom_hierarchy: 5.2
brief_parent: musculi interossei dorsales
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculi interossei
en_insertion: the dorsal aponeurosis and the bases of the proximal phalanges
en_innervation: tibial nerve - lateral plantar nerve
memorix_page: 64/5.2
latin: musculi interossei dorsales
en: Dorsal interossei
en_description:
  - the dorsal interossei (DI) are 4 muscles located
  in the 1st-4th interosseous spaces of the metatarsals

en_origin:
  each dorsal interosseous muscle originates as two heads on neighbouring surfaces of the metatarsals that join in the interosseous space, forming the shape of a tree

en_function:
  flexion of the toes at the metatarsophalangeal joints extension of the toes at the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints (by pulling the dorsal aponeurosis),abduction of the toes away from the axis running through the 2nd toe


system: 228
custom_hierarchy: 5.2.1
brief_parent: musculi interossei dorsales
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculi interossei dorsales
en_insertion: 2nd digit, proximal phalanx - on the medial surface (1st DI)
object_id: musculus interosseus dorsalis pedis primus
latin: musculus interosseus dorsalis pedis primus
en: 1st Dorsal interossei
bloodsupply_related: arteria arcuata,arteriae metatarsales plantares,arteriae metatarsales dorsales
innervation_related: ramus profundus nervi plantaris lateralis,nervus tibialis,nervus plantaris lateralis
related_objects:
  os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 2,phalanx proximalis pedis 2,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale


system: 229
custom_hierarchy: 5.2.2
brief_parent: musculi interossei dorsales
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculi interossei dorsales
en_insertion: 2nd digit, proximal phalanx - on the lateral surface (2nd DI)
object_id: musculus interosseus dorsalis pedis quartius
latin: musculus interosseus dorsalis pedis quartius
en: 2nd Dorsal interossei
bloodsupply_related: arteria arcuata,arteriae metatarsales plantares,arteriae metatarsales dorsales
innervation_related: ramus profundus nervi plantaris lateralis,nervus tibialis,nervus plantaris lateralis
related_objects:
  os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale 3,phalanx proximalis pedis 2,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale


system: 230
custom_hierarchy: 5.2.3
brief_parent: musculi interossei dorsales
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculi interossei dorsales
en_insertion: 3rd digit, proximal phalanx - on the lateral surface (3rd DI)
object_id: musculus interosseus dorsalis pedis secundus
latin: musculus interosseus dorsalis pedis secundus
en: 3rd Dorsal interossei
bloodsupply_related: arteria arcuata,arteriae metatarsales plantares,arteriae metatarsales dorsales
innervation_related: ramus profundus nervi plantaris lateralis,nervus tibialis,nervus plantaris lateralis
related_objects:
  os metatarsale 3, os metatarsale 4,phalanx proximalis pedis 3,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale


system: 231
custom_hierarchy: 5.2.4
brief_parent: musculi interossei dorsales
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculi interossei dorsales
en_insertion: 4th digit, proximal phalanx - on the lateral surface (4th DI)
object_id: musculus interosseus dorsalis pedis tercius
latin: musculus interosseus dorsalis pedis tercius
en: 4th Dorsal interossei
bloodsupply_related: arteria arcuata,arteriae metatarsales plantares,arteriae metatarsales dorsales
innervation_related: ramus profundus nervi plantaris lateralis,nervus tibialis,nervus plantaris lateralis
related_objects:
  os metatarsale 4, os metatarsale 5,phalanx proximalis pedis 4,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale


system: 233
custom_hierarchy: 6.1.1
brief_parent: musculi lumbricales
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculi lumbricales
memorix_page: 64/6.1
object_id: musculus lumbricales primus
latin: musculus lumbricales primus
en: 1st Lumbricals
related_objects:
  fl exor digitorum longus,phalanx proximalis pedis 2,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria plantaris lateralis,arteriae metatarsales plantares,arteriae metatarsales dorsales,arteriae digitales dorsales

innervation_related:
  nervus digitalis plantaris proprius hallucis,nervi digitalis plantaris proprii nervi plantaris medialis,pami digitales plantares proprii nervi plantaris lateralis,nervi digitales plantares communes,nervus plantaris medialis,nervus tibialis


system: 234
custom_hierarchy: 6.1.2
brief_parent: musculi lumbricales
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculi lumbricales
object_id: musculus lumbricales quartius
latin: musculus lumbricales quartius
en: 2nd Lumbricals
related_objects:
  fl exor digitorum longus,phalanx proximalis pedis 3,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria plantaris lateralis,arteriae metatarsales plantares,arteriae metatarsales dorsales,arteriae digitales dorsales

innervation_related:
  nervus digitalis plantaris proprius hallucis,nervi digitalis plantaris proprii nervi plantaris medialis,pami digitales plantares proprii nervi plantaris lateralis,nervi digitales plantares communes,nervus plantaris medialis,nervus tibialis


system: 235
custom_hierarchy: 6.1.3
brief_parent: musculi lumbricales
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculi lumbricales
object_id: musculus lumbricales secundus
latin: musculus lumbricales secundus
en: 3rd Lumbricals
related_objects:
  fl exor digitorum longus,phalanx proximalis pedis 4,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria plantaris lateralis,arteriae metatarsales plantares,arteriae metatarsales dorsales,arteriae digitales dorsales

innervation_related:
  nervus digitalis plantaris proprius hallucis,nervi digitalis plantaris proprii nervi plantaris medialis,pami digitales plantares proprii nervi plantaris lateralis,nervi digitales plantares communes,nervus plantaris medialis,nervus tibialis


system: 236
custom_hierarchy: 6.1.4
brief_parent: musculi lumbricales
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculi lumbricales
object_id: musculus lumbricales tertius
latin: musculus lumbricales tertius
en: 4th Lumbricals
related_objects:
  fl exor digitorum longus,phalanx proximalis pedis 5,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria plantaris lateralis,arteriae metatarsales plantares,arteriae metatarsales dorsales,arteriae digitales dorsales

innervation_related:
  nervus digitalis plantaris proprius hallucis,nervi digitalis plantaris proprii nervi plantaris medialis,pami digitales plantares proprii nervi plantaris lateralis,nervi digitales plantares communes,nervus plantaris medialis,nervus tibialis


system: 238
custom_hierarchy: 2.5.3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: musculus adductor magnus
en_description: - is a lateroproximal part of the adductor magnus.
en_origin: Inferior ramus
en_insertion: Linea aspera of the femur
en_function: Adduction and lateral rotation of thigh
en_innervation: Obturator and tibial nerves
object_id: musculus aductor minimus
latin: musculus adductor minimus
en: Adductor minimus
related_objects: pelvis,os femoris
bloodsupply_related: arteria femoralis,arteria obturatoria
innervation_related: ramus posterior nervi obturatorii,nervus obturatorius
general_description:
  <b>The adductor minimus </b>is a lateroproximal part of the adductor magnus. The passage of the first perforating artery (branch of the deep femoral artery) separates these two muscles. Its fibres cross the fibres of the adductor magnus.


system: 239
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the lower limb
parent: Muscles of the lower limb
en: Fasciae of the lower limb
en_description:
  <b>The fasciae of the lower limb cover the muscles and create the osteofascial spaces of the lower limb</b>. Thickened fasciae in the tarsal region, where tendons run from the leg to the foot, from the <b>flexor retinaculum, superior and inferior extensor retinaculum </b>and <b>superior and inferior fibular retinaculum</b>.

clinical_notes:
  <b>During lateral fasciotomy </b>it is possible to open all four compartments of the leg from one incision.

  <b>Patients with plantar fasciitis </b>complains of acute pain over the middle of the sole and/or on the heel. The Pain is worse in the morning and when walking. During examination,the pain gets worse when the big toe is passively extended.


system: 240
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the lower limb
parent: Fasciae of the lower limb
latin: fascia glutea
en: Gluteal fascia
en_description:
  - covers the gluteus maximus and gluteus medius
  - attaches proximally to the iliac crest and medially to the sacrum, distally continues as the fascia lata


system: 241
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the lower limb
parent: Fasciae of the lower limb
latin: fascia lata femoris
en: Fascia lata
en_description:
  - attaches proximally to the iliac crest and inguinal ligament, continues dorsally as the gluteal fascia
  - attaches distally to the epicondyles of the femur, base of the patella and head of the fibula


system: 242
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the lower limb
parent: fascia lata femoris
object_id: tractus iliotobialis
latin: tractus iliotibialis
en: Iliotibial tract
related_objects: pelvis,musculus gluteus maximus,tibia,os femoris
en_description:
  - a thickened lateral band of the fascia lata
  - attaches to the tuberosity for the iliotibial tract (tubercle of Gerdy)


system: 245
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the lower limb
parent: Fasciae of the lower limb
latin: fascia cruris
en: Deep fascia of leg
en_description:
  - the continuation of the fascia lata
  - attaches into the periosteum of the anterior border and medial surface of the tibia and to the medial and lateral malleolus
  - forms four compartments (osteofascial spaces)


system: 250
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the lower limb
parent: Fasciae of the lower limb
object_id: retinaculum musculorum flexorum pedis
latin: retinaculum musculorum flexorum
en: Flexor retinaculum
en_description:
  - a thickened fascia of the leg, stretched from the medial malleolus to the calcaneal tuberosity
  - covers the tendons of the deep layer of the posterior group of muscles of the leg
  - borders the malleolar canal medially

related_objects:
  phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale,tibia,corpus fibula


system: 251
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the lower limb
parent: Fasciae of the lower limb
object_id: retinaculum musculorum fibularium superius
latin: retinaculum musculorum fibularium superius et inferius
en: Superior and inferior fibular retinaculum
en_description:
  - a thickening of the fascia of the leg
  - stretches from the calcaneal tuberosity and lateral malleolus to the foot
  - covers the tendons of the fibular muscles as they pass from the leg to the foot

related_objects:
  phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale,tibia,corpus fibula


system: 252
custom_hierarchy: 7
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the lower limb
parent: Fasciae of the lower limb
object_id: retinaculum musculorum extensorum superius
latin: retinaculum musculorum extensorum superius
en: Superior extensor retinaculum
en_description:
  - a thickened ventral part of the fascia of the leg
  - covers the tendons of the extensors where they pass from the leg to the foot

related_objects:
  phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale,tibia,corpus fibula


system: 256
custom_hierarchy: 8.3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the lower limb
parent: fascia pedis
latin: fascia plantaris superficialis
en: Superficial plantar fascia
en_description:
  - covers the lateral and medial group of the foot muscles
  - fuses with the plantar aponeurosis
  - communicates with the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the leg
  - is separated from the interosseous plantar fascia by the medial and lateral osteofascial septa


system: 261
custom_hierarchy: 9
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the lower limb
parent: Fasciae of the lower limb
latin: aponeurosis plantaris
en: Plantar aponeurosis
en_description:
  - fuses with the surface of the flexor digitorum brevis and covers it
  - originates on the calcaneal tuberosity, disappears distally as bands on the toes


system: 263
custom_hierarchy: 11
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the lower limb
parent: Fasciae of the lower limb
object_id: retinaculum musculorum extensorum inferius pedis
latin: retinaculum musculorum extensorum inferius
en: Inferior extensor retinaculum
en_description:
  - a thickened ventral part of the fascia of the leg
  - covers the tendons of the extensors where they pass from the leg to the foot

related_objects:
  phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale,tibia,corpus fibula


system: 264
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the lower limb
parent: Muscles of the lower limb
latin: Vaginae tendinum membri inferioris
en: Tendinous sheaths of the lower limb
en_description:
  <b>Tendinous sheaths </b>are filled with viscous fluid. <b>They coat tendons in places of high vulnerability during movement</b>. This occurs where tendons pass under the flexor retinaculum, the superior and inferior extensor retinaculum, the superior and inferior fibular retinaculum and on the toes. Tendinous sheaths make <b>smooth sliding movements of tendons </b>possible.

general_description:
  <b>Vincula tendinum </b>are fibrous connections of the flexor digitorum longus and brevis tendons inside the tendon sheaths. Their function is to provide nutrition of the tendons.Vincula tendinum always occur in pairs in each tendon sheath.Vinculum breve is triangular and is located at the tendon insertion. Vinculum Longum has a longer thread like appearance (serving as adaptation for tendon movement during contraction). It is located proximally to the vinculum breve of the sametendon.

  <b>The cribriform fascia </b>(fascia cribrosa)is part of the fascia lata in the area of the saphenous opening,containing openings for the passage of small blood and lymph vessels.

  <b>The plantar aponeurosis </b>helps to maintain the longitudinal arch of the foot."


system: 265
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the lower limb
parent: Vaginae tendinum membri inferioris
en: Tendinous sheaths behind the medial malleolus
general_description:
  <b>The cribriform fascia </b>(fascia cribrosa)is part of the fascia lata in the area of the saphenous opening,containing openings for the passage of small blood and lymph vessels.


system: 267
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the lower limb
parent: vaginae tendinum tarsales tibiales
object_id: vagina tendinis musculi tibialis posterioris
latin: vagina tendinis musculi tibialis posterioris
en: T. sheath of tibialis posterior
general_description: <b>The plantar aponeurosis </b>helps to maintain the longitudinal arch of the foot.
related_objects:
  musculus tibialis posterior,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale,tibia,corpus fibula


system: 268
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the lower limb
parent: vaginae tendinum tarsales tibiales
object_id: vagina tendinum musculi flexor digitorum longus
latin: vagina tendinis musculi flexoris digitorum longi
en: T.sheath of flexor digitorum longus
related_objects:
  musculus flexor digitorum longus,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale,tibia,corpus fibula


system: 269
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the lower limb
parent: vaginae tendinum tarsales tibiales
object_id: vagina tendinum musculi flexor hallucis longus
latin: vagina tendinis musculi flexoris hallucis longi
en: T. sheath of flexor hallucis longus
related_objects:
  musculus flexor hallucis longus,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale,tibia,corpus fibula


system: 272
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the lower limb
parent: vaginae tendinum tarsales anteriores
object_id: vagina tendinis musculi tibialis anterioris
latin: vagina tendinis musculi tibialis anterioris
en: T. sheath of tibialis anterior
related_objects:
  musculus tibialis anterior,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale,tibia,corpus fibula


system: 273
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the lower limb
parent: vaginae tendinum tarsales anteriores
object_id: vagina tendinis musculi extensor hallucis longi
latin: vagina tendinis musculi extensoris hallucis longi
en: T. sheath of extensor hallucis longus
related_objects:
  musculus extensor hallucis longus,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale,tibia,corpus fibula


system: 274
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the lower limb
parent: vaginae tendinum tarsales anteriores
object_id: vagina tendinum musculi extensoris digitorum longi
latin: vagina tendinis musculi extensoris digitorum longi
en: T. sheath of extensor digitorum longus
related_objects:
  musculus extensor digitorum longus,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale,tibia,corpus fibula


system: 277
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the lower limb
parent: vaginae tendinum tarsales fibulares
object_id: vagina communis tendinum musculorum fibularium
latin: vagina communis tendinum musculorum fibularium
en: Common tendinous sheath of fibulares
related_objects:
  musculus fibularis brevis,musculus fibularis longus,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale,tibia,corpus fibula


system: 280
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the lower limb
parent: Tendinous sheaths on the sole of the foot
object_id: vaginae tendinum digitorum pedis
latin: vaginae fibrosae digitorum pedis
en: Fibrous sheaths of toes
en_description:
  - osteofibrous canals made of firm fibrous tissue coating synovial sheaths of the tendons of the toes
  - are connected to the plantar fibrocartilage of the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints

related_objects:
  phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale,tibia,corpus fibula


system: 281
custom_hierarchy: 2.4
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the lower limb
parent: vaginae tendinum tarsales anteriores
object_id: vagina tendinum muscularis fibularis tertii
latin: vagina tendinis musculi extensoris fibularis tertii
en: T. sheath of fibularis tertius
related_objects:
  musculus fibularis tertius,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale,tibia,corpus fibula


system: 282
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Musculi membri inferioris
latin: Musculi femoris
en: Muscles of the thigh
en_description:
  The muscles of the thigh are organised into <b>three groups</b>: anterior, medial and lateral groups. <b>The quadriceps femoris </b>forms the anterior group and is the <b>only extensor of the leg</b>.


system: 283
custom_hierarchy: 6.1
brief_parent: musculi lumbricales
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Lumbricals of the foot
en_origin: the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus of the 2nd-5th toe
latin: musculi lumbricales
en: Lumbricals
en_insertion:
  dorsal aponeurosis of the 2nd-5th toe, the bases of the proximal phalanges of the 2nd-5th toe (on their medial surfaces)

en_function:
  flexion of the toes at the metatarsophalangeal joints, extension of the toes at the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints (by pulling the dorsal aponeurosis), medial duction of the toes towards the big toe

en_innervation:
  <b>Lumbricals I and II:</b> tibial nerve - medial plantar nerve (L5-S2)
  <b>Lumbricals III and IV: </b>tibial nerve - lateral plantar nerve (L5-S2)


system: 284
custom_hierarchy: 2.5.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: musculus adductor magnus
en_origin: ramus and ischial tuberosity
en_insertion: femur (medial condyle)- adductor tubercle
en_function: extension and internal rotation of the thigh
en_innervation: sciatic nerve (L2-L4), obturator nerve (L2-L4)
latin: musculus adductor magnus (pars extensoria)
en: Adductor magnus - extensor part
related_objects: pelvis,os femoris
general_description:
  <b>The adductor minimus </b>is a lateroproximal part of the adductor magnus. The passage of the first perforating artery (branch of the deep femoral artery) separates these two muscles. Its fibres cross the fibres of the adductor magnus.


system: 285
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: Muscles of the hip joint
en: Anterior Group of hip joint
en_description:
  The anterior group of muscles of the hip joint consists of one muscle: <b>iliopsoas</b>. The iliopsoas consists of two parts: <b>iliacus and psoas major</b>. Both parts fuse when passing through <b>the muscular space under the inguinal ligament </b>and they <b>insert on the femur</b>. Occasionally, a third part, the psoas minor, is present. It originates with the psoas major on the lumbar vertebral column.


system: 287
main_group: Muscles of the neck
latin: Musculi colli
en: Muscles of the neck
en_description:
   <b>The muscles of the neck </b>can be divided into <b>5 groups</b>: the superficial muscle group, the suprahyoid muscles, the infrahyoid muscles, the scaleni and the deep muscle group. 


system: 288
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Superficial muscle group of neck
parent: Musculi colli
memorix_page: 14/1
latin: musculi colli superficiales
en: Superficial muscle group of neck
en_description:
  <b>The superficial muscles of the neck </b>consist of two muscles: the platysma and the sternocleidomastoid. <b>The platysma </b>is located above to the cervical fascia and <b>the sternocleidomastoid </b>is embedded with it. These two muscles have a different origins, insertions and innervations. They are united only by their <b>superficial location in the neck</b>. 


system: 289
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Superficial muscle group of neck
parent: musculi colli superficiales
en_origin: pectoral and deltoid fascia (below the clavicle)
en_innervation: facial nerve - cervical branch
memorix_page: 14/1.1, 15
object_id: Platysma
latin: Platysma
en: Platysma
bloodsupply_related: arteria submentalis,arteria suprascapularis
innervation_related: ramus colli nervi facialis,nervus facialis
en_insertion:
  mandibular part: mandible - caudal margin,
  labial part: lower lip - lateral part,
  modiolar part: skin around the angle of the mouth
  (at the modiolus)

en_function:
  controls tension in the skin of the neck, contributes to depression of the angle of the mouth and mandible

clinical_notes:
   <b>Trigger points in the platysma </b>cause pain on the lateral side of the mandible. This pain is commonly described as prickling.

syntopy_related:
  musculus sternocleidomastoideus,scapula,musculus trapezius pars descendens,musculus deltoideus pars acromialis,musculus pectoralis major,musculus deltoideus pars clavicularis,musculus depressor labii inferioris,pars superfacialis musculi masseteris,musculus depressor anguli oris,mandibula


system: 290
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Superficial muscle group of neck
parent: musculi colli superficiales
en_insertion:
  temporal bone - mastoid process,
  occipital bone - superior nuchal line (lateral margin)

en_innervation: accessory nerve (n. XI), additional fibres from the anterior rami of the spinal nerves C2-C4
memorix_page: 14/1.2, 15
object_id: musculus sternocleidomastoideus
latin: musculus sternocleidomastoideus
en: Sternocleidomastoid
related_objects: manubrium sterni, clavicula,os temporale 1, os occipitale
bloodsupply_related: arteria thyroidea superior,ramus sternocleidomasoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris
en_origin:
  - the two origins form the lesser supraclavicular fossa which is located between them
  - the jugular fossa is located between the sternal origins of the sternocleidomastoids of each side

en_function:
  ventral flexion of the head (anterior fibers), dorsal flexion of the head (posterior fibers), protraction of the head (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion of the head to the side of the contracted muscle and rotation of the head to the opposite side (unilateral contraction)

clinical_notes:
  <b>Pain in the sternocleidomastoid </b>can radiate to various parts of the body, such as the forehead, eyes, ears and vertex. 

  <b>Trigger points in the sternocleidomastoid </b>may lead to postural instability and impairment in motion perception. A patient develops difficulties in perception of the initiation and termination of particular movements. This occurs most commonly during traveling in vehicles. 

  <b>Trigger points in the sternocleidomastoid </b>may be activated by the bird watching posture (a forward position of the head with retroflexion at the atlantooccipital joint). 

  <b>Increased tone in the sternocleidomastoid </b>may lead to impairment in swallowing. It has to be differentiated from other disorders leading to problems with swallowing by the following maneuver: the patient is in the supine position, the muscle is gripped by examiners fingers as in pincers and the patient is requested to swallow. If pain does not occur, it is caused by the sternocleidomastoid. 

  <b>Torticollis </b>is a shortening (spasm or dystonia) of the sternocleidomastoid causing the head to tilt to the affected side and rotate towards the unaffected side. 

innervation_related:
  ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis secundi,vertebrae cervicales c6,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis terti,nervus accessorius

syntopy_related:
  musculus sternohyoideus,manubrium sterni,musculus scalenus medius,venter posterior musculi digastrici,os occipitale,clavicula,musculus splenius capitis,platysma,os temporale 1


system: 291
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Suprahyoid muscles
parent: Musculi colli
memorix_page: 14/2,
latin: musculi suprahyoidei
en: Suprahyoid muscles
en_description:
  The suprahyoid muscles are located within the <b>superficial layer of the cervical fascia and cranially to the hyoid bone</b>. The common function of the suprahyoid muscles is <b>movement of the hyoid bone</b>. Additionally, some of the suprahyoid muscles <b>act on the mandible</b>. 


system: 292
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
brief_parent: musculus digastricus
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Suprahyoid muscles
parent: musculi suprahyoidei
memorix_page: 14/2.1, 16
latin: musculus digastricus
en: Digastric
en_description:
  - the digastric has two bellies that are connected in the middle by a tendon that is partially attached to the hyoid bone

general_description:
  <b>The anterior belly of the digastric </b>is one of the most variable muscles in the human body. The anatomical description of this muscle is seen in less than 50 % of dissections. 

clinical_notes:
  <b>Hypertonicity of the digastric </b>leads to a pathological position of the hyoid bone protruding to the unaffected side. 


system: 293
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1
brief_parent: musculus digastricus
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Suprahyoid muscles
parent: musculus digastricus
en_origin:
  continues from the posterior belly
  through the tendon that inserts on the hyoid bone

en_insertion: mandible - digastric fossa
en_function:
  depresses the mandible,
  elevates the hyoid bone

en_innervation: mandibular nerve (n. V3) - nerve to the mylohyoid
object_id: venter anterior musculi digastrici
latin: venter anterior musculi digastrici
en: Anterior part of digastric muscle
related_objects: os hyoideum,mandibula
bloodsupply_related: arteria facialis,ramus suprahyoideus arteriae lingualis
syntopy_related: musculus stylohyoideus,os hyoideum,musculus hyoglossus,os temporale 1
innervation_related:
  nervus alveolaris inferior,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mylohyoideus,nervus mandibularis


system: 294
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.2
brief_parent: musculus digastricus
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Suprahyoid muscles
parent: musculus digastricus
en_origin: temporal bone (mastoid process) - mastoid notch
en_insertion: into the tendon that inserts on the hyoid bone
en_function: elevates the hyoid bone
en_innervation: facial nerve - digastric branch
object_id: venter posterior musculi digastrici
latin: venter posterior musculi digastrici
en: Posterior part of digastric muscle
related_objects: os temporale 1,os hyoideum
bloodsupply_related: arteria occipitalis,ramus suprahyoideus arteriae lingualis
innervation_related: nervus facialis,ramus digastricus nervi facialis
syntopy_related:
  musculus sternocleidomastoideus,musculus stylohyoideus,os hyoideum,musculus hyoglossus,os temporale 1


system: 297
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Suprahyoid muscles
parent: musculi suprahyoidei
en_origin: mandible - mylohyoid line
en_insertion: hyoid bone - body, fuses with the contralateral muscle in the mylohyoid raphe
en_innervation: mandibular nerve (n. V3) - nerve to mylohyoid
memorix_page: 14/2.3, 16
object_id: musculus mylohyoideus
latin: musculus mylohyoideus
en: Mylohyoid
related_objects: mandibula,os hyoideum
bloodsupply_related: arteria sublingualis,arteria alveolaris inferior,arteria submentalis
syntopy_related: musculus hyoglossus,mandibula,venter anterior musculi digastrici,os hyoideum,musculus geniohyoideus
en_function:
  elevates the hyoid bone, depresses the mandible (when the hyoid bone is fixed), bulges the floor of the oral cavity during swallowing

innervation_related:
  nervus alveolaris inferior,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mylohyoideus,nervus mandibularis


system: 298
custom_hierarchy: 2.4
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Suprahyoid muscles
parent: musculi suprahyoidei
en_origin: mandible - inferior mental spine
en_insertion: hyoid bone - body
en_innervation: superior root of deep cervical ansa (anterior ramus of spinal nerve C1 via the hypoglossal nerve)
memorix_page: 14/2.4, 16
object_id: musculus geniohyoideus
latin: musculus geniohyoideus
en: Geniohyoid
related_objects: mandibula,os hyoideum
bloodsupply_related: arteria sublingualis
innervation_related: nervus hypoglossus,radix superior ansae cervicalis
syntopy_related: Geniohyoid
en_function:
  elevation of the body of the hyoid, depression of the mandible (when the hyoid bone is fixed), bulges the floor of the oral cavity during swallowing


system: 299
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Infrahyoid muscles
parent: Musculi colli
memorix_page: 14/3
latin: musculi infrahyoidei
en: Infrahyoid muscles
en_description:
  The infrahyoid muscles are located <b>caudally to the hyoid bone</b>. Their <b>common innervation </b>comes from <b>the deep cervical ansa</b>. The infrahyoid muscles are located within the <b>pretracheal layer of the cervical fascia. The omohyoideus form the lateral border of this fascia. </b>The infrahyoid muscles <b>help maintain the position of the hyoid bone</b>. Without this, depression of the mandible would not be possible. The infrahyoid muscles also <b>change the height of the larynx </b>and therefore change the frequency of produced tones in voice production.


system: 300
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Infrahyoid muscles
parent: musculi infrahyoidei
en_insertion: hyoid bone - body (caudal margin)
en_function: depression of the hyoid bone, stretches the pretracheal layer of the cervical fascia
en_innervation: deep cervical ansa (branches of the spinal nerves C1-C3)
memorix_page: 14/3.1, 17
object_id: musculus sternohyoideus
latin: musculus sternohyoideus
en: Sternohyoid
related_objects: clavicula, manubrium sterni,os hyoideum
general_description: <b>The sternohyoid </b>tightens the pretracheal lamina of the cervical fascia.
bloodsupply_related: arteria thyroidea superior
innervation_related: radix inferior ansae cervicalis,ansa cervicalis profunda,radix superior ansae cervicalis
syntopy_related: manubrium sterni,clavicula,os hyoideum,musculus thyrohyoideus,musculus sternothyroideus
en_origin:
  clavicle - sternal end,
  sternum - manubrium of sternum,
  dorsal part of the sternoclavicular joint (posterior sternoclavicular ligament)
  <b>Course of fibers:</b> the paired muscles diverge caudally


system: 301
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Infrahyoid muscles
parent: musculi infrahyoidei
en_insertion: thyroid cartilage - oblique line
en_function: depression of the larynx and thyroid cartilage
en_innervation: deep cervical ansa (branches of the spinal nerves C1-C3)
memorix_page: 14/3.2, 17
object_id: musculus sternothyroideus
latin: musculus sternothyroideus
en: Sternothyroid
related_objects: manubrium sterni,cartilago thyroidea
bloodsupply_related: arteria thyroidea superior,ramus glandularis anterior arteriae thyroideae superioris
innervation_related: radix inferior ansae cervicalis,ansa cervicalis profunda,radix superior ansae cervicalis
en_origin:
  manubrium of sternum - posterior surface, cartilage of the 1st rib (posterior margin)
  <b>Course of fibers:</b>: the paired muscles diverge cranially

syntopy_related:
  clavicula,manubrium sterni,musculus sternohyoideus,musculus thyrohyoideus,musculus omohydeus venter superior


system: 302
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Infrahyoid muscles
parent: musculi infrahyoidei
en_origin: thyroid cartilage - oblique line
en_insertion: hyoid bone - greater horn
en_function: depression of the hyoid bone, elevation of the larynx and thyroid cartilage
en_innervation: superior root of deep cervical ansa (anterior ramus of spinal nerve C1 via the hypoglossal nerve)
memorix_page: 14/3.3, 17
object_id: musculus thyrohyoideus
latin: musculus thyrohyoideus
en: Thyrohyoid
related_objects: cartilago thyroidea,os hyoideum
innervation_related: ansa cervicalis profunda,radix superior ansae cervicalis
bloodsupply_related:
  arteria thyroidea superior,ramus glandularis anterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus suprahyoideus arteriae lingualis


system: 303
custom_hierarchy: 3.4
brief_parent: musculus omohyoideus
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Infrahyoid muscles
parent: musculi infrahyoidei
en_insertion: hyoid bone - body (superior belly)
en_innervation: deep cervical ansa (branches of spinal nerves C1-C3)
memorix_page: 14/3.4, 17
latin: musculus omohyoideus
en: Omohyoid
en_description:
  - a muscle that has two bellies, which are connected by a tendinous intersection
  - this intermediate tendon is fused to the carotid sheath

en_function:
  depresses the hyoid bone, stretches the pretracheal layer of the cervical fascia and pulls the carotid sheath, which dilates the internal jugular vein and increases the blood flow within it


system: 307
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Scaleni
parent: Musculi colli
memorix_page: 14/4
latin: musculi scaleni
en: Scaleni
en_description:
  <b>The scaleni </b>are a group of muscles that run from the vertebral column to the 1st and 2nd ribs. Their fibres course in a <b>lateral caudal direction</b>. They are <b>accessory muscles of inspiration </b>and are located within the <b>prevertebral layer of the cervical fascia</b>.

general_description:
  <b>The main function of the scalene muscles </b>is stabilisation of the cervical part of the vertebral column. The auxiliary inspiration function is activated only during deep breathing. 

  <b>The scalene fissure </b>( fissura scalenorum) is a slit between the anterior and middle scalene that contains the brachial plexus and subclavian artery . 

  <b>The scalenes and upper scapula fixators </b>are often found to be simultaneously hypertonic on clinical examination. This leads to impairment in the moving the head backwards.

clinical_notes:
   <b>Some people activate the scalene muscles </b>during respiration, which typically leads to overloading of these muscles. This causes cervical pain and even atypical pain that radiates to the upper extremity. This pain is different from the cervical radicular syndromes, in which pain follows a radicular distribution (for details see the peripheral nervous system chapter). Overload of the scalene muscles may cause the finger flexion test to be positive, as the patient is not able to touch his metacarpophalangeal joints with his fingertips due to the pain. 

   <b>Some people activate the scalene muscles </b>during respiration, which typically leads to overloading of these muscles. This causes cervical pain and even atypical pain that radiates to the upper extremity. This pain is different from the cervical radicular syndromes, in which pain follows a radicular distribution (for details see the peripheral nervous system chapter). Overload of the scalene muscles may cause the finger flexion test to be positive, as the patient is not able to touch his metacarpophalangeal joints with his fingertips due to the pain.


system: 308
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Scaleni
parent: musculi scaleni
en_origin: vertebrae C3-C6 - transverse processes
en_insertion: 1st rib - scalene tubercle
en_innervation: anterior rami of the spinal nerves C5-C7
memorix_page: 14/4.1, 18
object_id: musculus scalenus anterior
latin: musculus scalenus anterior
en: Scalenus anterior / anterior scalene
bloodsupply_related: arteria cervicalis ascendens
en_function:
  ventral flexion of the cervical vertebral column (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion of the cervical vertebral column to the side of the contracted muscle and rotation to the opposite side (unilateral contraction), elevation of the 1st rib (acts as an accessory muscle of inspiration when the vertebral column is fixed)

related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c3,costa prima 1

innervation_related:
  ramus anterior nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis quinti

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,musculus lonngus colii,vertebrae cervicales c6,costa prima 1


system: 309
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Scaleni
parent: musculi scaleni
en_origin: vertebrae C2-C7 - transverse processes
en_insertion: 1st rib - dorsal to the subclavian artery
en_innervation: anterior rami of the spinal nerves C3-C8
memorix_page: 14/4.2, 18
object_id: musculus scalenus medius
latin: musculus scalenus medius
en: Scalenus medius / middle scalene
bloodsupply_related: arteria cervicalis ascendens
en_function:
  ventral flexion of the cervical vertebral column (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion of the cervical vertebral column to the side of the contracted muscle and rotation to the opposite side (unilateral contraction), elevation of the 1st rib (acts as an accessory muscle of inspiration when the vertebral column is fixed)

related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c3, axis c2, atlas c1,costa prima 1

innervation_related:
  ramus anterior nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis terti,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis quinti

syntopy_related:
  musculus levator scapulae,musculus scalenus posterior,costa prima 1,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2


system: 310
custom_hierarchy: 4.3
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Scaleni
parent: musculi scaleni
en_origin: vertebrae C5-C7 - transverse processes
en_insertion: 2nd rib - dorsal to the tuberosity for the serratus anterior
en_innervation: anterior rami of the spinal nerves C6-C8
memorix_page: 14/4.3, 18
object_id: musculus scalenus posterior
latin: musculus scalenus posterior
en: Scalenus posterior / posterior scalene
related_objects: vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4,costa secunda 2
bloodsupply_related: arteria cervicalis ascendens
en_function:
  ventral flexion of the cervical vertebral column (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion of the cervical vertebral column to the side of the contracted muscle and rotation to the opposite side (unilateral contraction), elevation of the 2nd rib (acts as an accessory muscle of inspiration when the vertebral column is fixed)

innervation_related:
  ramus anterior nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis sexti

syntopy_related:
  musculus levator scapulae,musculus scalenus medius,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,costa secunda 2


system: 311
custom_hierarchy: 4.4
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Scaleni
parent: musculi scaleni
en_description: - a variable muscle present in 50% of cases
en_insertion: 1st rib (internal surface), cupula of pleura
en_function: stretches the cupula of the pleura
en_innervation: anterior ramus of the spinal nerve C7
memorix_page: 14/4.4, 18
latin: musculus scalenus minimus
en: Scalenus minimus
en_origin:
  vertebra C7 - transverse process
  Course of fibers: in the scalene fissure (fissura scalenorum) and on part of the scalenopleural membrane


system: 312
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Deep muscle group of neck
parent: Musculi colli
memorix_page: 14/5
latin: musculi colli profundi
en: Deep muscle group of neck
en_description:
   <b>The deep group of the cervical muscles </b>are located ventrally to the cervical vertebral column and are covered by the <b>prevertebral layer of the cervical fascia</b>. The common function of these muscles is <b>movement of the cervical vertebral column</b>. 


system: 314
custom_hierarchy: 5.2
brief_parent: musculus longus colli
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Deep muscle group of neck
parent: musculi colli profundi
en_description: - longus colli is subdivided into three parts
memorix_page: 14/5.2, 19
object_id: musculus lonngus colii
latin: musculus longus colli
en: Longus colli
bloodsupply_related: arteria vertebralis 1,arteria pharyngea ascendens,arteria thyroidea inferior
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c3, axis c2, atlas c1

innervation_related:
  ramus anterior nervi cervicalis secundi,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis terti,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis quinti

syntopy_related:
  musculus constrictor pharyngis inferior,atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4


system: 318
custom_hierarchy: 5.3
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Deep muscle group of neck
parent: musculi colli profundi
en_origin: atlas (C1) - lateral mass and transverse process (anterior surface)
en_insertion: occipital bone (dorsocranially to the pharyngeal tubercle)
en_innervation: anterior rami of the spinal nerves C1-C2
memorix_page: 14/5.3, 19
object_id: musculus rectus capitis anterior
latin: musculus rectus capitis anterior
en: Rectus capitis anterior
related_objects: atlas c1,os occipitale,axis c2
bloodsupply_related: arteria vertebralis 1,arteria pharyngea ascendens
innervation_related: ramus anterior nervi cervicalis primi,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis secundi
syntopy_related: atlas c1,os occipitale
en_function:
  ventral flexion of the head (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion of the head (unilateral contraction), fine balancing movements of the head

general_description:
   <b>The rectus capitis anterior and lateralis </b>are sometimes classified as nuchal muscles (according to TA 1998). From the developmental point of view, these muscles are derived from the hypaxial myotomes and thus their innervation differs from the nuchal muscles. On the other hand, their functional activity may be considered to be similar to the nuchal muscles.


system: 319
custom_hierarchy: 5.4
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Deep muscle group of neck
parent: musculi colli profundi
en_origin: atlas (C1) - transverse process (cranial surface)
en_insertion: occipital bone - jugular process
en_function: lateroflexion of the head
en_innervation: anterior rami of the spinal nerves C1-C2
memorix_page: 14/5.4, 19
object_id: musculus rectus capitis lateralis
latin: musculus rectus capitis lateralis
en: Rectus capitis lateralis
related_objects: atlas c1,os occipitale,axis c2
innervation_related: ramus anterior nervi cervicalis primi,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis secundi
syntopy_related: os occipitale,musculus rectus capitis anterior,atlas c1
bloodsupply_related:
  arteria vertebralis 1,arteria pharyngea ascendens,arteria occipitalis,musculus rectus capitis lateralis


system: 320
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Cervical fascia
parent: Musculi colli
latin: fascia cervicalis
en: Cervical fascia
en_description:
   <b>The cervical fascia has three layers </b>that embed and cover the cervical muscles. The fascia forms spaces, which contain organs nerves and vessels.


system: 321
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Cervical fascia
parent: fascia cervicalis
memorix_page: 20/1
latin: lamina superficialis fasciae cervicalis
en: Superficial layer
en_description:
  - covers the surface of the neck
  - the platysma is superficial to the fascia
  - envelops the trapezius (as the nuchal fascia) and the sternocleidomastoid


system: 325
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Cervical fascia
parent: lamina prevertebralis fasciae cervicalis
memorix_page: 20/3.1
latin: fascia scalenorum
en: Scalene fascia
en_description:
  - part of the prevertebral layer that covers the scaleni
  - on the pleural cupula it continues into the suprapleural membrane and axillary fascia


system: 328
main_group: Muscles of the pelvic floor
latin: musculi diaphragmatis pelvis
en: Muscles of the pelvic floor
general_description:
   <b>The pelvic floor muscles </b>work as a one complex unit. They support and protect organs against herniation and work as antagonists of the diaphragm.

clinical_notes:
   <b>Exercise of the pelvic floor muscles </b>is recommended before and after delivery as well as for elderly women. Proper exercise helps to minimize the risk of prolapse of organs (urinary bladder, vagina, uterus or rectum) and urine incontinence.


system: 329
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the pelvic floor
muscle_group: Pelvic diaphragm / pelvic floor
parent: Diaphragma pelvis
en_innervation: pudendal nerve, anterior rami of the spinal nerves S2-S4
memorix_page: 35
latin: musculus levator ani
en: Levator ani
en_function:
  - compresses the organs of the pelvic outlet
  - elevates the pelvic floor and anus
  - contributes to the support of the uterus
  - contributes to anorectal and urine continence (an accessory sphincter of the anus)
  - contributes to intra-abdominal pressure
  - belongs to the deep stabilising system (together with the deep back muscles, diaphragm and muscles of the abdomen maintains the stability of the vertebral column)


system: 330
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Muscles of the pelvic floor
muscle_group: Pelvic diaphragm / pelvic floor
parent: musculus levator ani
en_insertion: coccyx - lateral side, iliococcygeal raphe (connects to the anococcygeal ligament)
en_innervation: fourth sacral nerve
memorix_page: 35/1
object_id: musculus iliococcygeus
latin: musculus iliococcygeus
en: Iliococcygeus
related_objects: pelvis,pelvis_CLONED,os coccygis
bloodsupply_related: arteria glutea inferior,arteria vesicalis inferior,arteria pudenda interna
innervation_related: nervus musculi levator ani,nervus sacralis quartus
en_origin:
  hip bone - ischial spine, tendinous arch of the levator ani (ligamentous band on the obturator fascia)

syntopy_related:
  pelvis,musculus ischiococcygeus,musculus obturatorius internus,musculi sphincteris ani externus pars profunda,os coccygis,musculus pubococcygeus


system: 331
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Muscles of the pelvic floor
muscle_group: Pelvic diaphragm / pelvic floor
parent: musculus levator ani
en_innervation: pudendal nerve (S2- S4)
memorix_page: 35/2
object_id: musculus pubococcygeus
latin: musculus pubococcygeus
en: Pubococcygeus
related_objects: os sacrum, pelvis,pelvis_CLONED
bloodsupply_related: arteria glutea inferior,arteria vesicalis inferior,arteria pudenda interna
innervation_related: nervus pudendus
en_description:
  - muscular bands between the coccyx and pubis
  - encircles the organs of the lesser pelvis
  - is divided into parts that are not macroscopically visible (puboperineal, puboprostatic, pubovaginal and puboanal parts)

syntopy_related:
  musculi sphincteris ani externus pars profunda,os sacrum,musculus puborectalis,musculus iliococcygeus,pelvis


system: 332
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Muscles of the pelvic floor
muscle_group: Pelvic diaphragm / pelvic floor
parent: musculus levator ani
en_description: - muscular bands below the pubococcygeus
en_origin: pubis - superior ramus
en_insertion: encircles the rectum - connects to the contralateral muscle
en_innervation: perineal branches of the S3 and S4 nerve roots
memorix_page: 35/3
object_id: musculus puborectalis
latin: musculus puborectalis
en: Puborectal
related_objects: pelvis, pelvis_CLONED
bloodsupply_related: arteria glutea inferior,arteria vesicalis inferior,arteria pudenda interna
innervation_related: plexus rectalis medius 1,plexus rectalis inferior 1
syntopy_related:
  musculus pubococcygeus,musculi sphincteris ani externus pars subcutanea,pelvis,musculi sphincteris ani externus pars profunda


system: 334
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
brief_parent: musculus sphincter ani externus
main_group: Muscles of the pelvic floor
muscle_group: Pelvic diaphragm / pelvic floor
parent: musculus sphincter ani externus
object_id: musculi sphincteris ani externus pars profunda
latin: musculi sphincteris ani externus pars profunda
en: External anal sphincter Deep part
bloodsupply_related: arteria rectalis inferior
innervation_related: nervus pudendus
en_description:
  - encircles the cranial part of the internal anal sphincter
  - partially merges with the puborectalis


system: 337
main_group: Muscles of the pelvic floor
muscle_group: Fasciae of the pelvis
parent: Muscles of the pelvic floor
en: Fasciae of the pelvis
related_objects: pelvis, pelvis_CLONED,os coccygis
en_description:
  The inner wall of the lesser pelvis is covered by <b>the parietal pelvic fascia</b>. The pelvic fascia can be divided into <b>the fasciae of the pelvic floor muscles </b>and <b>the perineal fascia</b>. <b>The superficial perineal fascia </b>is not a true fascia, but rather a thickening of subcutaneous connective tissue. It transits into the fascia of Scarpa on the abdomen and into the saphenous fascia on the thigh.

general_description:
  <b>The perineal muscles </b>are a specific group of muscles and they do not belong to the group of the pelvic floor muscles.


system: 338
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the pelvic floor
muscle_group: Fasciae of the pelvis
parent: Fasciae of the pelvis
memorix_page: 36/1
latin: fascia pelvis parietalis / fascia endopelvina
en: Parietal pelvic fascia / endopelvic fascia
en_description:
  - covers the internal surface of all muscles of the pelvic cavity and pelvic floor
  - continues into the parietal abdominal fascia on the abdomen


system: 339
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Muscles of the pelvic floor
muscle_group: Fasciae of the pelvis
parent: fascia pelvis parietalis / fascia endopelvina
memorix_page: 36/1.1
latin: fascia obturatoria
en: Obturator fascia
general_description:
  <b>The obturator fascia </b>represents continuation of the inferior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm onto the obturator internus.


system: 344
custom_hierarchy: 1.5
main_group: Muscles of the pelvic floor
muscle_group: Fasciae of the pelvis
parent: fascia pelvis parietalis / fascia endopelvina
en_description: - covers the mediocranial surface of the levator ani
memorix_page: 36/1.5
latin: fascia superior diaphragmatis pelvis
en: Superior fascia of pelvic diaphragm
general_description:
  <b>The superior and inferior fasciae of the urogenital diaphragm </b> (fascia diaphragmatis urogenitalis superior et inferior) are obsolete terms for the deep and superficial investing fascia of the perineum (fascia investiens perinei profunda et superficialis).


system: 346
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the pelvic floor
muscle_group: Fasciae of the pelvis
parent: Fasciae of the pelvis
memorix_page: 36/3
latin: fascia perinei Gallaudeti / fascia investiens perinei superficialis
en: Perineal fascia of Gallaudet
en_description:
  - covers the caudal surface of the urogenital floor (perineal membrane / deep transverses perineal muscle, ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus)
  - separates the erectile bodies from the subcutaneous tissue of the perineum
  - continues into the superficial abdominal fascia
  - continues into the deep fascia of the penis (of Buck)
  - continues into the external spermatic fascia of the scrotum
  - continues into the fascia lata on the femur
  - continues into the gluteal fascia


system: 347
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Muscles of the pelvic floor
muscle_group: Fasciae of the pelvis
parent: Fasciae of the pelvis
memorix_page: 36/4
latin: fascia perinei superficialis Collesi
en: Superficial perineal fascia of Colles
en_description:
  - a thickened layer of subcutaneous tissue (the membranous layer of the subcutaneous tissue of the abdomen)
  - continues into the subcutaneous abdominal fascia (of Scarpa)
  - continues into the saphenous fascia on the femur
  - continues into the superficial fascia of the penis
  - continues into the dartos fascia on the scrotum


system: 349
main_group: Muscles of the pelvic floor
muscle_group: Pelvic diaphragm / pelvic floor
parent: Muscles of the pelvic floor
latin: Diaphragma pelvis
en: Pelvic diaphragm / pelvic floor
en_description:
  <b>The muscles of the pelvic floor </b>are organised into the <b>shape of a funnel</b>. They attach to <b>the walls of the lesser pelvis and contain passages for the rectum, vagina and urethra</b>. They contribute to the creation of intra-abdominal pressure andand are part of the deep stabilising system.


system: 352
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
latin: Musculi thoracis
en: Muscles of the thorax
en_description:
  The muscles of the thorax are organised into three groups: <b>the thoracohumeral muscles, </b>which insert on the upper limb, <b>the proper muscles of the thorax, </b>which are the main muscles of respiration, and <b>the diaphragm</b>.


system: 353
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Thoracohumeral muscles
parent: Musculi thoracis
en: Thoracohumeral muscles
en_description:
  The thoracohumeral muscles are a group of the thoracic muscles with diverse functions. The thoracohumeral muscles <b>originate on the thorax and insert on the bones of the upper limb </b>(clavicle, scapula and humerus).


system: 354
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Thoracohumeral muscles
parent: Thoracohumeral muscles
en_innervation: pectoral nerves (medial and lateral)
memorix_page: 28/1.1, 29
object_id: musculus pectoralis major
latin: musculus pectoralis major
en: Pectoralis major
related_objects: clavicula, corpus sterni, manubrium sterni,humerus
bloodsupply_related: arteria thoracoacromialis ramus pectoralis,rami perforantes arteriae thoracicae internae
innervation_related: nervus pectoralis medialis,nervus pectoralis lateralis
en_description:
  According to its origin the pectoralis major can be divided into three parts, which are capable of contracting independently.

en_origin:
  <b>Clavicular part</b> (pars clavicularis) - clavicle - medial part
  <b>Sternocostal part</b> (pars sternocostalis) - sternum to the attachment of the 7th rib, cartilage of the 1st-7th rib (1st and 7th rib variably)
  <b>Abdominal part </b> (pars abdominalis) - aponeuroses of the lateral muscles of the abdomen

en_insertion:
  humerus - crest of greater tubercle (caudal part of the muscle inserts most cranially as the tendon makes a turn of 180°)

en_function:
  adduction, flexion and internal rotation of the arm at the shoulder joint, an accessory muscle of inspiration (when the upper limb is fixed)

general_description:
  <b>The anterior axillary fold </b>(plica axillaris anterior) is formed by the tendon of the pectoralis major.

clinical_notes:
  <b>All three parts of the pectoralis major </b>tend to shorten and must be evaluated and exercised separately.

  <b>Trigger points in the sternocostal part of the pectoralis major </b>may cause hypersensitivity of the nipple and areola. <b>The trigger point of cardiac arrhythmia </b>is a trigger point situated in the sternocostal part of the pectoralis major under the 5th rib 3nd;4 cm laterally from the midline. It may cause a sense of palpitations, but there is no underlying cardiac pathology.

syntopy_related:
  musculus serratus anterior,clavicula,corpus sterni,musculus obliquus externus abdominis,musculus subscapularis2,humerus,musculus pectoralis minor


system: 355
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Thoracohumeral muscles
parent: Thoracohumeral muscles
en_origin: 3rd-5th rib (lateral to the cartilage)
en_insertion: scapula - coracoid process
en_innervation: medial pectoral nerve (and variably by the lateral pectoral nerve)
memorix_page: 28/1.2, 29
object_id: musculus pectoralis minor
latin: musculus pectoralis minor
en: Pectoralis minor
related_objects: os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5,scapula
bloodsupply_related: arteria thoracoacromialis ramus pectoralis,arteria thoracis superior,arteria thoracica lateralis
innervation_related: nervus pectoralis medialis,nervus pectoralis lateralis
en_function:
  protraction and depression of the scapula,
  an accessory muscle of inspiration (when the upper limb is fixed)

general_description:
  <b>The pectoralis minor </b>may compress some branches of the axillary artery and distal parts of the brachial plexus. This muscle is usually examined in abduction and lateral rotation of the shoulder. 

  <b>Shortening of the pectoralis minor </b>leads to protraction of the arms. A hypertonic pectoralis minor is associated with pain in the infraclavicular region.

syntopy_related:
  scapula,musculus deltoideus pars clavicularis,musculus serratus anterior,os costale 3,os costale 4,os costale 5,musculus pectoralis major


system: 356
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Thoracohumeral muscles
parent: Thoracohumeral muscles
en_insertion: scapula - medial border
en_innervation: long thoracic nerve
memorix_page: 28/1.3, 29
object_id: musculus serratus anterior
latin: musculus serratus anterior
en: Serratus anterior
bloodsupply_related: arteria thoracodorsalis,arteria thoracis superior,arteria thoracica lateralis
innervation_related: nervus thoracicus longus
en_origin:
  as muscular slips on the 1st-9th rib (the 5 caudal slips interdigitate with the origins of the external oblique)

en_function:
  protraction of the scapula, holds the scapula on the thoracic wall, external rotation of the scapula (rotates the inferior angle laterally and elevates the arm above the horizontal plane, a synergist of the trapezius, an auxiliary inspiration muscle (when the upper limb is fixed)

related_objects:
  scapula,costa prima 1, costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9

general_description:
  <b>Trigger points in the serratus anterior </b>may lead to problems with breathing. Such patient may suffer from a lack of air and may even complain of painful inspiration. The pain may radiate to the ulnar part of the arm, forearm and hand.

syntopy_related:
  musculus serratus posterior inferior,musculus subscapularis2,musculus pectoralis major,musculus obliquus externus abdominis,scapula,os costale 3,costa prima 1,costa secunda 2,os costale 4,os costale 5,os costale 6,os costale 7,costae spuriae 8,costae spuriae 9


system: 357
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Thoracohumeral muscles
parent: Thoracohumeral muscles
en_origin: 1st rib
en_insertion: clavicle - subclavian groove
en_function:
  depression of the clavicle,
  elevation of the 1st rib - fixation of the sternoclavicular joint

en_innervation: subclavian nerve
memorix_page: 28/1.4, 29
object_id: musculus subclavius
latin: musculus subclavius
en: Subclavius
related_objects: costa prima 1,clavicula
general_description: <b>The subclavius </b>is functionally considered to be part of the pectoralis major.
bloodsupply_related: arteria thoracoacromialis ramus clavicularis,arteria suprascapularis
innervation_related: subclavian nerve
syntopy_related: clavicula,musculus sternocleidomastoideus,costa prima 1,musculus intercostales externi
clinical_notes:
  <b>The subclavius </b>protects the vessels and nerves that run under the clavicle. This is important in fractures of the clavicle.


system: 358
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Proper muscles of the thorax
parent: Musculi thoracis
en: Proper muscles of the thorax
en_description:
  The proper muscles of the thorax <b> insert on the ribs</b>. They move the ribs, change the volume of the thoracic cavity and thus belong to <b>the main muscles of respiration.</b>

clinical_notes:
  <b>The rhomboid major and minor</b> are responsible for stabilisa on of the cervicothoracic transi on. These muscles tend to weaken and it is important to stretch and exercise them together with the pectoral muscles. However, the weak rhom- boid muscles o en contain painful trigger points.
  Upper crossed syndrome is caused by a muscular imbalance with the accentuated thoracic kyphosis and cervical lordosis (descending part of the trapezius, levator scapulae and sternocleidomastoid, and in- ferior part of the major pectoralis are shortened; the nuchal muscles, rhomboids and superior part of the major pectoralis are weakened).

  <b>The levator scapulae</b> is typically overloaded by carrying of heavy lug- gage or by a constant arm eleva on (computer working and long las ng use of a mouse). Similarly to the trapezius, this muscle is very sensi-  ve to cold air condi ons (leading to painful spasms).
  The posterior superior serratus is palpable in the depth of the back in a maximal scapular abduc on. This muscle is typically overloaded in constant forward posi on of the head and in paradoxical breathing. Its trigger point irradia on typically emits under the scapula, to the pos- terior part of the arm, into the tri- ceps, elbow, ulnar part of the fore- arm, to the 5th  nger. It is important to note this disorder and di eren - ate it from radicular syndromes of C8 and T1.

  <b>The splenius capi s and sternocleidomastoid</b> may cause transferred pain in the vertex.


system: 359
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Proper muscles of the thorax
parent: Proper muscles of the thorax
memorix_page: 28/2.1, 30
latin: musculi intercostales
en: Intercostal muscles
general_description:
   <b>The sternalis </b>is an inconstant muscle (present in 1 % of the population) close to the sternocostal part of the pectoralis major. It runs near to the margin of the sternum.


system: 360
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Proper muscles of the thorax
parent: musculi intercostales
en_insertion: ribs - cranial margin of the rib below the origin
en_function: elevation of the ribs (main inspiration muscles)
memorix_page: 28/2.1.1, 30
object_id: musculus intercostales interni
latin: musculi intercostales externi
en: External intercostal muscles
en_description:
  -the superficial layer of the intercostal muscles
  -are located in the dorsal two thirds of the intercostal space, extending from the vertebral column to the transition between the bony rib and rib cartilage
  -are absent in the region of the costal cartilages where they are substituted by the external intercostal membrane

en_origin:
  ribs - caudal margin of the rib
  <b>Course of fibres:</b> the fibres run in an oblique ventrocaudal direction

related_objects:
  costa prima 1, costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,costa prima 1, costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior secundae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior quartae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior quintae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior sextae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior septimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior octavae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior nonae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior decimae 1

innervation_related:
  ramus anterior nervi thoracici undecimi,nervus intercostalis primus,nervus thoracicus primus,ramus anterior nervi thoracicus primi,radix anterior nervi thoracicus primi,radix posterior nervi thoracicus primi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici primi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus cutaneous anterior nervi intercostalis primus,ramus collateralis nervus intercostali primus,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici primi,nervus thoracicus secundus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici secundi,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici secundi,radix anterior nervi thoracici secundi,radix posterior nervi thoracici secundi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici secundi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,nervus thoracicus tertius,ramus anterior nervi thoracici tertii,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici tertii,radix anterior nervi thoracici tertii,radix posterior nervi thoracici tertii,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus posterior nervi thoracici tertii,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,nervus thoracicus quartius,ramus anterior nervi thoracici quarti,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici quarti,radix anterior nervi thoracici quarti,radix posterior nervi thoracici quarti,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,nervus thoracicus quintus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici quinti,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici quinti,radix anterior nervi thoracici quinti,radix posterior nervi thoracici quinti,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,nervus thoracicus sextus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici sexti,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici sexti,radix anterior nervi thoracici sexti,radix posterior nervi thoracici sexti,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,nervus thoracicus septimus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici septimi,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici septimi,radix anterior nervi thoracici septimi,radix posterior nervi thoracici septimi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,nervus thoracicus octavus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici octavi,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici octavi,radix anterior nervi thoracici octavi,radix posterior nervi thoracici octavi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici octavi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,nervus thoracicus nonus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici noni,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici noni,radix anterior nervi thoracici noni,radix posterior nervi thoracici noni,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus posterior nervi thoracici noni,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,nervus thoracicus decimus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici decimi,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici decimi,radix anterior nervi thoracici decimi,radix posterior nervi thoracici decimi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici decimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi,nervus thoracicus undecimus,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici undecimi,radix anterior nervi thoracici undecimi,radix posterior nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,nervus thoracicus duodecimus,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici duodecimi,radix anterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,radix posterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi

syntopy_related:
  costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,costa prima 1,cartilago costalis,costa secunda 2,os costale 3,os costale 4,os costale 5,os costale 6,os costale 7,costae spuriae 8,costae spuriae 9,costae spuriae 10,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11


system: 361
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.2
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Proper muscles of the thorax
parent: musculi intercostales
en_origin:
  ribs - caudal margin of the rib
  <b>Course of fibers:</b> oblique dorsocaudal

en_insertion: ribs - cranial margin on the rib below the origin
en_function: depression of the ribs (muscles of expiration), stabilisation of the ribs (aid the diaphragm)
memorix_page: 28/2.1.2, 30
object_id: musculus intercostales externi
latin: musculi intercostales interni
en: Internal intercostal muscles
en_description:
  - the middle layer of the intercostal muscles
  - are located in the ventral two thirds of the intercostal space, extending from the angle of the rib to the sternum
  - are absent from the vertebral column to the angle of the rib where they are substituted by the internal intercostal membrane

related_objects:
  costa prima 1, costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,costa prima 1, costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior secundae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior quartae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior quintae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior sextae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior septimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior octavae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior nonae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior decimae 2

innervation_related:
  ramus anterior nervi thoracici undecimi,nervus intercostalis primus,nervus thoracicus primus,ramus anterior nervi thoracicus primi,radix anterior nervi thoracicus primi,radix posterior nervi thoracicus primi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici primi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus cutaneous anterior nervi intercostalis primus,ramus collateralis nervus intercostali primus,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici primi,nervus thoracicus secundus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici secundi,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici secundi,radix anterior nervi thoracici secundi,radix posterior nervi thoracici secundi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici secundi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,nervus thoracicus tertius,ramus anterior nervi thoracici tertii,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici tertii,radix anterior nervi thoracici tertii,radix posterior nervi thoracici tertii,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus posterior nervi thoracici tertii,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,nervus thoracicus quartius,ramus anterior nervi thoracici quarti,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici quarti,radix anterior nervi thoracici quarti,radix posterior nervi thoracici quarti,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,nervus thoracicus quintus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici quinti,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici quinti,radix anterior nervi thoracici quinti,radix posterior nervi thoracici quinti,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,nervus thoracicus sextus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici sexti,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici sexti,radix anterior nervi thoracici sexti,radix posterior nervi thoracici sexti,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,nervus thoracicus septimus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici septimi,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici septimi,radix anterior nervi thoracici septimi,radix posterior nervi thoracici septimi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,nervus thoracicus octavus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici octavi,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici octavi,radix anterior nervi thoracici octavi,radix posterior nervi thoracici octavi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici octavi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,nervus thoracicus nonus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici noni,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici noni,radix anterior nervi thoracici noni,radix posterior nervi thoracici noni,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus posterior nervi thoracici noni,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,nervus thoracicus decimus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici decimi,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici decimi,radix anterior nervi thoracici decimi,radix posterior nervi thoracici decimi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici decimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi,nervus thoracicus undecimus,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici undecimi,radix anterior nervi thoracici undecimi,radix posterior nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,nervus thoracicus duodecimus,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici duodecimi,radix anterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,radix posterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi

syntopy_related:
  costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,costa prima 1,cartilago costalis,costa secunda 2,os costale 3,os costale 4,os costale 5,os costale 6,os costale 7,costae spuriae 8,costae spuriae 9,costae spuriae 10,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11


system: 362
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.3
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Proper muscles of the thorax
parent: musculi intercostales
en_origin:
  ribs - caudal margin
  <b>Course of fibers:</b> oblique dorsocaudal

en_insertion: ribs - cranial margin of the rib below the origin
en_function: depression of the ribs (muscles of expiration), stabilisation of the ribs (aid the diaphragm)
en_innervation: intercostal nerves I-XI
memorix_page: 28/2.1.3, 30
object_id: musculus intercostales intimi
latin: musculi intercostales intimi
en: Innermost intercostal muscles
en_description:
  - the internal layer of the intercostal muscles
  - follow the course of the internal intercostal muscles
  - weak and often with missing parts
  - only in the ventral two thirds of the intercostal space extending from the angle of the rib to the sternum

related_objects:
  costa prima 1, costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,costa prima 1, costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior secundae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior quartae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior quintae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior sextae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior septimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior octavae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior nonae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior decimae 3

innervation_related:
  ramus anterior nervi thoracici undecimi,nervus intercostalis primus,nervus thoracicus primus,ramus anterior nervi thoracicus primi,radix anterior nervi thoracicus primi,radix posterior nervi thoracicus primi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici primi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus cutaneous anterior nervi intercostalis primus,ramus collateralis nervus intercostali primus,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici primi,nervus thoracicus secundus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici secundi,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici secundi,radix anterior nervi thoracici secundi,radix posterior nervi thoracici secundi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici secundi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,nervus thoracicus tertius,ramus anterior nervi thoracici tertii,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici tertii,radix anterior nervi thoracici tertii,radix posterior nervi thoracici tertii,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus posterior nervi thoracici tertii,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,nervus thoracicus quartius,ramus anterior nervi thoracici quarti,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici quarti,radix anterior nervi thoracici quarti,radix posterior nervi thoracici quarti,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,nervus thoracicus quintus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici quinti,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici quinti,radix anterior nervi thoracici quinti,radix posterior nervi thoracici quinti,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,nervus thoracicus sextus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici sexti,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici sexti,radix anterior nervi thoracici sexti,radix posterior nervi thoracici sexti,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,nervus thoracicus septimus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici septimi,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici septimi,radix anterior nervi thoracici septimi,radix posterior nervi thoracici septimi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,nervus thoracicus octavus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici octavi,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici octavi,radix anterior nervi thoracici octavi,radix posterior nervi thoracici octavi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici octavi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,nervus thoracicus nonus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici noni,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici noni,radix anterior nervi thoracici noni,radix posterior nervi thoracici noni,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus posterior nervi thoracici noni,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,nervus thoracicus decimus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici decimi,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici decimi,radix anterior nervi thoracici decimi,radix posterior nervi thoracici decimi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici decimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi,nervus thoracicus undecimus,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici undecimi,radix anterior nervi thoracici undecimi,radix posterior nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,nervus thoracicus duodecimus,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici duodecimi,radix anterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,radix posterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi

syntopy_related:
  costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,costa prima 1,cartilago costalis,costa secunda 2,os costale 3,os costale 4,os costale 5,os costale 6,os costale 7,costae spuriae 8,costae spuriae 9,costae spuriae 10,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11


system: 363
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Proper muscles of the thorax
parent: Proper muscles of the thorax
en_origin: sternum (caudal third of the internal surface), cartilage of the 4th-7th rib
en_insertion: cartilage of the 2nd-6th ribs
en_function: depression of the ribs (an auxiliary muscle of expiration)
en_innervation: intercostal nerves I-VI
memorix_page: 28/2.2, 30
object_id: musculus transversus thoracis
latin: musculus transversus thoracis
en: Transverse thoracis
bloodsupply_related: arteria thoracica interna
syntopy_related: musculus transversus thoracis
en_description:
  - the transverse thoracis is a muscle whose fibres radiate outwards on the internal surface of the sternum

related_objects:
  corpus sterni,cartilago costalis,costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, processus xiphoideus

innervation_related:
  ramus anterior nervi thoracici sexti,nervus intercostalis primus,nervus thoracicus primus,ramus anterior nervi thoracicus primi,radix anterior nervi thoracicus primi,radix posterior nervi thoracicus primi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici primi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus cutaneous anterior nervi intercostalis primus,ramus collateralis nervus intercostali primus,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici primi,nervus thoracicus secundus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici secundi,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici secundi,radix anterior nervi thoracici secundi,radix posterior nervi thoracici secundi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici secundi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,nervus thoracicus tertius,ramus anterior nervi thoracici tertii,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici tertii,radix anterior nervi thoracici tertii,radix posterior nervi thoracici tertii,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus posterior nervi thoracici tertii,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,nervus thoracicus quartius,ramus anterior nervi thoracici quarti,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici quarti,radix anterior nervi thoracici quarti,radix posterior nervi thoracici quarti,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,nervus thoracicus quintus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici quinti,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici quinti,radix anterior nervi thoracici quinti,radix posterior nervi thoracici quinti,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,nervus thoracicus sextus,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici sexti,radix anterior nervi thoracici sexti,radix posterior nervi thoracici sexti,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,nervus thoracicus septimus,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici septimi,radix anterior nervi thoracici septimi,radix posterior nervi thoracici septimi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,nervus thoracicus octavus,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici octavi,radix anterior nervi thoracici octavi,radix posterior nervi thoracici octavi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici octavi


system: 364
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Proper muscles of the thorax
parent: Proper muscles of the thorax
en_function: elevation of the ribs
en_innervation: Innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves
memorix_page: 28/2.3, 30
latin: musculi levatores costarum
en: Levatores costarum
general_description:
   <b>The levatores costarum</b>, from the developmental point of view, are epaxial muscles and, together with the diaphragm, they have a phasic activity in inspiration.


system: 365
custom_hierarchy: 2.3.1
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Proper muscles of the thorax
parent: musculi levatores costarum
en_origin: vertebrae C7-T11 - transverse processes
en_insertion: rib - between the tubercle and angle of the rib (one rib caudally)
memorix_page: 30/1
object_id: musculi levatores costarum breves
latin: musculi levatores costarum breves
en: Levatores costarum breves
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c8,costa prima 1, costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12, vertebrae cervicales c7,

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1

innervation_related:
  ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici decimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus posterior nervi thoracici noni,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici octavi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici primi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici secundi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus posterior nervi thoracici tertii,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti


system: 366
custom_hierarchy: 2.3.2
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Proper muscles of the thorax
parent: musculi levatores costarum
en_origin: vertebrae T8-T11 - transverse processes
en_insertion: rib - in between the tubercle and angle of the rib (two ribs caudally)
memorix_page: 30/2
object_id: musculi levatores costarum longi
latin: musculi levatores costarum longi
en: Levatores costarum longi
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7,costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 1

innervation_related:
  ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici decimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus posterior nervi thoracici noni,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici octavi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici primi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici secundi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus posterior nervi thoracici tertii,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti


system: 367
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Proper muscles of the thorax
parent: Proper muscles of the thorax
en_description: - The musculi subcostales are skeletal muscles belonging to the intercostal musculature
en_origin: inner surface of one rib
en_insertion: inner surface of the second or third rib below, near its angle
en_function: depresses ribs
en_innervation: intercostal nerves
object_id: musculi subcostalis
latin: musculi subcostales
en: The Subcostales
related_objects:
  costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11

general_description:
   <b>The subcostal muscles are rudimentary muscles </b>underneath the innermost intercostal muscles. Their origins are situated on the inner surface of the ribs close to the angle of the rib and their attachments are situated caudally, usually skipping one or two ribs and again to the angle of the rib. Their function is mainly fixation of the ribs in cooperation with the internal intercostal muscles.

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,arteria intercostalis posterior decima 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1

innervation_related:
  ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici decimi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus anterior nervi thoracici noni


system: 368
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Diaphragm Muscle
parent: Musculi thoracis
en_innervation: phrenic nerve (C4 and small connections from C3-C5)
memorix_page: 31
latin: diaphragma
en: Diaphragm Muscle
en_origin:
  1- Lumbar part (pars lumbalis)
  1.1 Right crus (crus dextrum): bodies of the vertebrae L1-L4
  1.2 Left crus (crus sinistrum): bodies of the vertebrae L1-L3
  1.3 Median arcuate ligament (ligamentum arcuatum medianum)
  - the aortic arcade
  - intersection of the right and left crus
  - encloses the aortic hiatus
  1.4 Medial arcuate ligament (ligamentum arcuatum mediale)
  - the psoatic arcade
  - from the body of the vertebrae L1-L2 to the costal process of L1
  1.5 Lateral arcuate ligament (ligamentum arcuatum laterale)
  - the quadratic arcade
  - from the costal process of L1 to the 12th rib
  2 Costal part (pars costalis)
  2.1 7th-12th rib - alternate with the origins of the transversus abdominis
  3 Sternal part (pars sternalis)
  3.1 Sternum - xiphoid process
  3.2 Rectus sheath (vagina musculi recti abdominis)

en_insertion:
  4 Central tendon (centrum tendineum)
  - is located in the middle of the diaphragm
  - the tendinous insertion of all three parts of the diaphragm

en_function:
  - the main muscle of inspiration and an important postural muscle
  - contributes to stabilisation of the thoracolumbar transition of the vertebral column
  - separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
  - organs, nerves and vessels run through openings in the diaphragm
  - contributes to closure of the oesophagus at the cardia
  (the phrenoesophageal membrane of Leimer)
  - fixates and stabilises the caudal ribs

related_objects:
  vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae spuriae 10, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 8, os costale 7, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12_CLONED, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11_CLONED, costae spuriae 10_CLONED, costae spuriae 9_CLONED, costae spuriae 8_CLONED, os costale 7_CLONED, corpus sterni, processus xiphoideus

general_description:
   <b>The muscular fibres of the diaphragm </b>may intermingle with the fibres of the psoas major. 

   <b>The diaphragm </b>has three different functions: respiratory, stabilization and (esophageal) sfincter function. Equilibrium is important for its proper functions.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Hiccups </b>( singultus) are caused by reflexive contractions of the diaphragm. They can be stopped by post-isometric relaxation of the diaphragm. This can be achieved by elevating the arm while holding the breath in inspiration.

  <b>The thoracic fasciae </b>are contracted in majority of the population. This is associated with hypertonic and even painful pectoral muscles.


system: 371
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Fasciae of the thorax
parent: Fasciae of the thorax
memorix_page: 31/2
latin: fascia clavipectoralis
en: Clavipectoral fascia
en_description:
  - is located under the pectoralis major
  - is stretched between the clavicle, coracoid process, cartilaginous ends of the ribs and the caudal origin of the pectoralis minor
  - contains the infraclavicular oval fossa
  - covers the subclavius and pectoralis minor


system: 376
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Diaphragm Muscle
parent: diaphragma
object_id: diaphragm
latin: diaphragma*2
en: Diaphragma*3
bloodsupply_related:
  arteria phrenica inferior 1,arteria phrenica inferior 2,arteriae phrenicae superiores 1,arteriae phrenicae superiores 2,arteria subcostalis 2,arteria subcostalis 1

innervation_related:
  ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici decimi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus anterior nervi thoracici noni

syntopy_related:
  cartilago costalis,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l3


system: 377
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
latin: Musculi membri superioris
en: Muscles of the upper limb
en_description:
  In addition to the muscles of the upper limb proper, <b>the thoracohumeral and spinohumeral muscles functionally belong to the group of muscles of the upper limb</b>. The muscles of the upper limb proper include: muscles of the shoulder joint, muscles of the arm, muscles of the forearm and hand muscles. <b>The hand muscles </b>allow precise and delicate movements of the hand and fingers.</b>


system: 378
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the shoulder joint
parent: Musculi membri superioris
en: Muscles of the shoulder joint
en_description:
  <b>The muscles of the shoulder joint </b>surround the shoulder joint. The supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis form <b>the rotator cuff </b>, which allows <b>rotation of the humerus </b>at the shoulder joint, provides <b>stability </b>to the shoulder and <b>prevents dislocation</b>.


system: 379
custom_hierarchy: 1
brief_parent: musculus deltoideus
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the shoulder joint
parent: Muscles of the shoulder joint
en_description: - multipennate muscle
en_insertion: humerus - deltoid tuberosity
en_innervation: axillary nerve (C5 and C6)
memorix_page: 37
latin: musculus deltoideus
en: Deltoid
en_function:
  the muscle working as whole presses the head of the humerus into the articular fossa of the shoulder joint and therefore increases stability of the shoulder joint

general_description:
  <b>Particular parts of the deltoid have</b> different functions: the spinal part and clavicular part are phasic muscles, in comparison to the acromial part which is more tonic. The Acromial part of the deltoid and supraspinatus fix the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Triggers point in the deltoid </b>may be caused by injuries or may originate in other muscles (infraspinatus, pectoralis major and trapezius).

  <b>Pain from the deltoid </b>is typically located in the area of the deltoid tuberosity. Weakening of the deltoid leads to disequilibrium of the deltoid and trapezius with a typical position of the arm in elevation and abduction.


system: 380
brief_parent: musculus deltoideus
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the shoulder joint
parent: musculus deltoideus
en_origin: scapula - acromion
en_function: abduction of the arm
object_id: musculus deltoideus pars acromialis
latin: pars acromialis musculi deltoidei
en: Acromial part (Deltoid)
related_objects: scapula,humerus
innervation_related: ramus musculi deltoidei nervi axillaris,nervus axillaris
bloodsupply_related:
  ramus deltoideus,arteria thoracoacromialis ramus deltoideus,arteria subscapularis,arteria circumflexa humeri posterior,arteria circumflexa humeri anterior

syntopy_related:
  clavicula,scapula,musculus infraspinatus,musculus teres minor,caput longum musculi tricipitis brachii,caput laterale musculi tricipitis brachii,musculus brachialis,humerus,musculus pectoralis major


system: 381
brief_parent: musculus deltoideus
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the shoulder joint
parent: musculus deltoideus
en_origin: clavicle - lateral 1/3
en_function: ventral flexion, abduction and internal rotation of the arm
object_id: musculus deltoideus pars clavicularis
latin: pars clavicularis musculi deltoidei
en: Clavicular part (Deltoid)
related_objects: clavicula,humerus
innervation_related: ramus musculi deltoidei nervi axillaris,nervus axillaris
bloodsupply_related:
  ramus deltoideus,arteria thoracoacromialis ramus deltoideus,arteria subscapularis,arteria circumflexa humeri posterior,arteria circumflexa humeri anterior

syntopy_related:
  clavicula,scapula,musculus infraspinatus,musculus teres minor,caput longum musculi tricipitis brachii,caput laterale musculi tricipitis brachii,musculus brachialis,humerus,musculus pectoralis major


system: 382
brief_parent: musculus deltoideus
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the shoulder joint
parent: musculus deltoideus
en_origin: scapula - lateral 2/3 of the spine of the scapula
en_function: dorsal flexion and external rotation of the arm
object_id: musculus deltoideus pars spinalis
latin: pars spinalis musculi deltoidei
en: Spinal part (Deltoid)
related_objects: scapula,humerus
innervation_related: ramus musculi deltoidei nervi axillaris,nervus axillaris
bloodsupply_related:
  ramus deltoideus,arteria thoracoacromialis ramus deltoideus,arteria subscapularis,arteria circumflexa humeri posterior,arteria circumflexa humeri anterior

syntopy_related:
  clavicula,scapula,musculus infraspinatus,musculus teres minor,caput longum musculi tricipitis brachii,caput laterale musculi tricipitis brachii,musculus brachialis,humerus,musculus pectoralis major


system: 383
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the shoulder joint
parent: Muscles of the shoulder joint
en_origin: scapula - supraspinous fossa
en_insertion: humerus - greater tubercle
en_innervation: suprascapular nerve (C5)
memorix_page: 37
object_id: musculus supraspinatus
latin: musculus supraspinatus
en: Supraspinatus
related_objects: scapula,humerus
bloodsupply_related: arteria suprascapularis
innervation_related: nervus suprascapularis
en_function:
  initial abduction and external rotation of the arm, stabilisation of the head of the humerus in the articular fossa of the shoulder joint

clinical_notes:
  <b>The most commonly injured tendon of</b> the external arm rotators is the tendon of the supraspinatus. Pain Typically radiates to the acromial region and lateral humeral epicondyle.

syntopy_related:
  musculus deltoideus pars spinalis,musculus deltoideus pars clavicularis,musculus deltoideus pars acromialis,humerus,scapula,musculus infraspinatus


system: 384
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the shoulder joint
parent: Muscles of the shoulder joint
en_origin: scapula - infraspinous fossa
en_insertion: humerus - greater tubercle
en_function: adduction and external rotation of the arm
en_innervation: suprascapular nerve (C5 and C6)
memorix_page: 37
object_id: musculus infraspinatus
latin: musculus infraspinatus
en: Infraspinatus
related_objects: scapula,humerus
bloodsupply_related: arteria suprascapularis,arteria circumflexa scapulae
innervation_related: nervus suprascapularis
clinical_notes:
  <b>The infraspinatus and supraspinatus are</b> the most common triggers of pain in the region of the arm. Pain originating in the infraspinatus radiates to the lateral side of the arm and forearm and the ventral shoulder region. Trigger points of this muscle may lead to sleep disturbances that predominantly occur when sleeping in the supine position.

syntopy_related:
  musculus deltoideus pars acromialis,musculus deltoideus pars clavicularis,humerus,musculus deltoideus pars spinalis,musculus teres minor,musculus teres major,scapula


system: 385
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the shoulder joint
parent: Muscles of the shoulder joint
en_origin: scapula - caudal 1/3 of the lateral border
en_insertion: humerus - crest of the lesser tubercle
en_function: adduction, dorsal flexion and internal rotation of the arm
en_innervation: subscapular nerve (C6)
memorix_page: 37/4
object_id: musculus teres major
latin: musculus teres major
en: Teres major
related_objects: scapula,humerus
bloodsupply_related: arteria thoracodorsalis,arteria circumflexa humeri posterior
innervation_related: nervus suprascapularis
clinical_notes:
  <b>When performing chin-ups, </b>an acute overload injury of the teres major may occur. This results in slight reduction in ventral flexion.

syntopy_related:
  caput longum musculi tricipitis brachii,musculus teres minor,scapula,musculus subscapularis2,humerus


