# region

name: region back
neighbours:
  0:region neck,region spine,region thorax,region shoulder_0,region shoulder_1,region abdomen,region pelvis_0,region pelvis_1


name: region pelvis
neighbours:
  0:region spine,region back,region thigh_0,region abdomen,region pelvis_1;1:region spine,region back,region thigh_1,region abdomen,region pelvis_0


name: region shoulder
neighbours:
  0:region neck,region back,region thorax,region arm_0;1:region neck,region back,region thorax,region arm_1


# content_cns

system: CNS
main_group: Spinal cord
memorix_page: 399
latin: medulla spinalis
en: Spinal cord
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  The spinal cord is enclosed <b>in the vertebral canal</b> and is<b> covered with the meninges</b>. <b>Its structure is similar to the primitive neural tube with the central canal inside.</b> In early stages of development, the spinal cord fills the vertebral canal completely and segment position corresponds to the respective vertebra. The vertebral column grows quicker than the spinal cord. Hence, <b>the caudal part of the vertebral canal contains just nerve roots</b> (cauda equina) and<b> the caudal end of the spinal cord is situated at the level of L1-L2</b>. The spinal cord consists of <b>31 segments</b> (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal).

general_description:
  <b>Myelos</b> is the Greek term for the spinal cord. <b>

  The length of the spinal cord</b> is 40 to 50 cm and its weight is almost 30 g. 

  <b>The ascent of the spinal cord</b> ( ascensus medullae spinalis) is a term used for non-proportional growth of the vertebral column and spinal cord (see vertebromedullary rule and topography). 

  <b>Segmental stratification</b> is used for describing spinal nerves and nervous plexus (e.g. the brachial plexus is composed of the segments C5 to C8 with connection from the C4 and T1 segment). 

  <b>Segments</b> are not visible macroscopically. 

  <b>The spinal cord is fixed within the vertebral canal by meninges</b>, denticulate ligaments (extensions of pia mater), spinal nerves and the filum terminale.

  <b>The endogenous analgesic system</b> modifies perception of pain. Laminae II and III modulate afferent pain signals. Endogenous opioids and their receptors are essential for this function. The reticular formation is able to increase or decrease pain perception through its projections to the interneurons of laminae II and III of the spinal cord. 

  <b>The cervical spinal cord</b> contains two additional motor nuclei and one sensory nucleus. 

  <b>The nucleus of phrenic nerve</b> (phrenic nucleus; nucleus nervi phrenici) is located between C3 to C5. Its axons innervate the diaphragm. 

  <b>The nucleus of accessory nerve</b> (nucleus nervi accessorii) is located between C2 to C4. Its axons form the spinal root of the accessory nerve (radix spinalis nervi accessorii). 

  <b>The spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve</b> (nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini) extends from the pons to C2. It is a somatosensory nucleus for pain and thermal sensation of the head. Somatosensory information from cranial nerves V, IX and X reach this nucleus. Afferent fibres reach the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve through the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve, which lies alongside and medial to the nucleus. 

  <b>The anterolateral funiculus</b> is a common term for the anterior and lateral funiculi. <b>The anterior horn</b> consists of anterolateral, posterolateral, anteromedial, postermedial and central nuclei. 

  <b>Beta motor neurons</b> innervate both intrafusal and extrafusal muscle spindles. Their existence in humans is disputed.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Conus medullaris syndrome</b> is caused by damage to the conus medullaris (S3-S5). It is manifested by a decrease or loss of sensation in a saddle-shape distribution (perianal, perigenital and inner femoral region), faecal and urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction. The short flexors of the toes are affected, but this does not cause a noticeable loss of function.

  <b>Epiconus syndrome</b> is caused by damage to the epiconus (L5 to S2). It is manifested by palsy and atrophy of the extensors of the foot and muscles of the leg. Extension and flexion of the foot becomes difficult or even impossible. Sensation is impaired in dermatomes L5 to S2. Bowel and bladder dysfunction can also sometimes occur.

  <b>Paraparesis/paraplegia</b> is a symmetrical weakening (partial or complete) of both lower limbs. 

  <b>Quadruparesis/quadruplegia</b> is a symmetrical weakening (partial or complete) of all four limbs.

  <b>Hemiparesis/hemiplegia</b> is a symmetrical weakening (partial or complete) of both limbs on one side of the body.

  <b>Spinal cord stimulation</b> is a procedure used to relive chronic pain. Electrodes are inserted into the epidural space and mild electric currents are used to stimulate the spinal cord.


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Spinal cord
sub_group: Layers and spaces of the vertebral canal
parent: Spaces
latin: spatium epidurale
en: Epidural space
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - is located between the periosteum and spinal dura mater
  - consists of loose and adipose connective tissue and the internal venous vertebral plexus (plexus venosi vertebrales interni)


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Spinal cord
sub_group: Layers and spaces of the vertebral canal
parent: Spaces
latin: spatium subarachnoideum
en: Subarachnoid/leptomeningeal space
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - is located between the arachnoid mater and pia mater
  - is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (liquor cerebrospinalis)


system: CNS
main_group: Spinal cord
sub_group: Spinal cord - macroscopic appearance
parent: medulla spinalis*2
en_description: C8-T2 - for the brachial plexus
memorix_page: 399
latin: intumescentia cervicalis
en: Cervical enlargement
cell_type: 0
color: c38a32
hit_position: -0.02114,21.68869,-2.02895
hit_normal: -0.92570,-1.07184,20.70990
body_rotation: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
object_id:
  medulla spinalis,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!capsula externa,!capsula extrema,!capsula interna,!incisura preoccipitalis,!sulcus calcarinus,!sulcus centralis,!sulcus cinguli,!sulcus collateralis,!sulcus corporis callosi,!sulcus lateralis,!sulcus parietooccipitalis,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!dura mater spinalis,!arachnoidea mater spinalis


system: CNS
main_group: Spinal cord
sub_group: Spinal cord - macroscopic appearance
parent: Fissures and groove
latin: sulcus posterolateralis
en: Posterolateral (dorsolateral) sulcus
cell_type: 0
color: 8360a9
hit_position: 0.04614,19.42099,-3.06312
hit_normal: 1.61852,4.06735,-14.64021
body_rotation: 345.34460,183.85030,359.02450
en_description:
  - for the centripetal projections of pseudounipolar neurons of spinal ganglia (fila radicularia posteriora)

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 872 characters]


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Spinal cord
sub_group: Spinal cord – white and grey matter
parent: medulla spinalis
en: Spinal cord – white and grey matter
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  <b>The grey matter</b> of the spinal cord surrounds the central canal in a butterfly shape. It can be divided into a system of layers <b>(Rexed’s laminae)</b> or into <b>individual nuclei</b>. <b>The white matter</b> of the spinal cord forms a system of <b>ascending, descending and associative tracts</b>, which enable communication between the spinal cord and higher levels of the CNS. The white matter is organised into <b>three funiculi</b> (anterior, lateral and posterior), which contain neuronal tracts (also known as fasciculi). The proportion of white to grey matter is different at different levels of the spinal cord. This is visible in crosssections of the spinal cord.

general_description:
  <b>The grey matter</b> of the spinal cord is divided into three columns. The term “horn” is used to describe the two dimensional representation of a column.


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.1
main_group: Spinal cord
sub_group: Spinal cord – white and grey matter
parent: substantia grisea
en_description: - contains somatomotor neurones and interneurones
latin: cornu anterius
en: Anterior horn
cell_type: 0
color: c2007f
hit_position: -0.05700,24.60626,-1.57962
hit_normal: -2.32606,2.09872,3.74291
body_rotation: 23.04849,31.83231,13.66098
object_id:
  substantia alba,substantia grisea,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!capsula externa,!capsula extrema,!capsula interna,!incisura preoccipitalis,!sulcus calcarinus,!sulcus centralis,!sulcus cinguli,!sulcus collateralis,!sulcus corporis callosi,!sulcus lateralis,!sulcus parietooccipitalis,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!dura mater spinalis,!arachnoidea mater spinalis


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.4
main_group: Spinal cord
sub_group: Spinal cord – white and grey matter
parent: substantia grisea
latin: columna intermedia
en: Intermediate column
cell_type: 0
color: 6a0ced
hit_position: -0.05441,24.61384,-1.62239
hit_normal: -2.16089,2.67789,3.51816
body_rotation: 29.14998,31.66909,16.72418
en_description:
  - contains viscerosensory neurones and interneurones
  - grey substance between the posterior and anterior horn

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 889 characters]


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.5
main_group: Spinal cord
sub_group: Spinal cord – white and grey matter
parent: substantia grisea
latin: zona centralis
en: Central zone
cell_type: 0
color: 3762ab
hit_position: -0.01750,24.61213,-1.62084
hit_normal: -3.88190,2.60995,1.57641
body_rotation: 14.46722,67.77666,31.44440
en_description:
  - grey substance around the central canal
  - interconnects the right and left parts of the spinal cord

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 889 characters]


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.1
main_group: Spinal cord
sub_group: Spinal cord – white and grey matter
parent: substantia alba
latin: funiculus anterior
en: Anterior (ventral) funiculus
cell_type: 0
color: ba1e24
hit_position: -0.02619,24.57424,-1.56130
hit_normal: -2.04143,2.71704,3.53134
body_rotation: 29.55160,30.13447,15.97634
en_description:
  - is located between the anterior median fissure and anterolateral sulcus
  - contains both motor and sensory tracts

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 889 characters]


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.2
main_group: Spinal cord
sub_group: Spinal cord – white and grey matter
parent: substantia alba
latin: funiculus lateralis
en: Lateral funiculus
cell_type: 0
color: 00a6d9
hit_position: -0.12571,24.58659,-1.63369
hit_normal: -2.86691,1.67997,3.57617
body_rotation: 17.78159,38.91072,13.84799
en_description:
  - situated between the anterolateral and posterolateral sulcus
  - contains both motor and sensory tracts

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 889 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Spinal cord
sub_group: Spinal nuclei
parent: cornu posterius*2
object_id: nucleus proprius
latin: nucleus proprius
en: Nucleus proprius
related_objects: atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3
cell_type: 0
master_object: Spinal cord
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - the location of the first synapse of the neurones of the anterolateral system
  - neurones modulate afferent information as pain, gross skin sensation and thermal information
  - the axons of the 2nd order neurones cross to the contralateral side and ascend to the thalamus (spinothalamic tract), to the reticular formation (spinoreticular tract) and tectum of midbrain (spinotectal tract)


system: CNS
main_group: Spinal cord
sub_group: Spinal nuclei
parent: cornu posterius*2
object_id: nucleus thoracicus posterior
latin: nucleus thoracicus posterior of Stilling-Clarke
en: Posterior thoracic nucleus
related_objects: atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3
cell_type: 0
master_object: Spinal cord
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - the neurons where the first proprioceptive neurons connect with the 2nd neuron, information comes from the lower limb and caudal part of the trunk
  - the nucleus is situated in the segments C8 to L3, the axons of the 2nd neurons ascend to the cerebellum (spinocerebellar tracts)


system: CNS
main_group: Spinal cord
sub_group: Spinal nuclei
parent: zona intermedia*2
object_id: nucleus intermediomedialis
latin: nucleus intermediomedialis
en: Intermediomedial nucleus
related_objects: atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3
cell_type: 0
master_object: Spinal cord
en_description:
  - the neurons where the first viscerosensory neurons connect with the 2nd neuron (visceral wall tension, mechanical, thermal, chemical and pain stimuli from the viscera)


system: CNS
main_group: Spinal cord
sub_group: Spinal nuclei
parent: cornu laterale*2
object_id: nucleus intermediomedialis
latin: nucleus intermediolateralis
en: Intermediolateral nucleus
related_objects: atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3
cell_type: 0
master_object: Spinal cord
en_description:
  - preganglionic sympathetic fibers in the C8 to L3 segments
  - preganglionic parasympathetic fibres in the S2 to S4 segments


system: CNS
main_group: Spinal cord
sub_group: Spinal nuclei
parent: cornu anterius*2
object_id: motor nuclei
latin: nuclei motorii
en: Motor nuclei
related_objects: atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3
cell_type: 0
master_object: Spinal cord
en_description:
  - alpha motor neurons (alpha motoneurons) for extrafusal muscular fibers
  - gamma motor neurons (gamma motoneurons) for intrafusal fibers of muscle spindle


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 6.4
main_group: Spinal cord
sub_group: Rexed´s laminae and corresponding nuclei
parent: Rexed´s laminae and corresponding nuclei
en: Lamina IV
cell_type: 0
color: 0576d7
hit_position: -0.07564,24.60038,-1.67781
hit_normal: -3.93517,2.04109,2.12045
body_rotation: 12.19073,62.19936,21.82617
en_description:
  - nucleus proprius
  - integrates somatosensory information
  - the origin of the spinothalamic, spinoreticular and spinotectal tracts

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 889 characters]


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 6.5
main_group: Spinal cord
sub_group: Rexed´s laminae and corresponding nuclei
parent: Rexed´s laminae and corresponding nuclei
en: Lamina VI
cell_type: 0
color: 00ea58
hit_position: -0.07525,24.60868,-1.65362
hit_normal: -4.45238,2.01760,-0.23295
body_rotation: 0.17440,89.61115,24.15373
en_description:
  - posterior thoracic nucleus (C8 to L3)
  - a proprioceptive nucleus at the base of the posterior horn
  - the origin of the spinocerebellar tracts

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 889 characters]


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 6.6
main_group: Spinal cord
sub_group: Rexed´s laminae and corresponding nuclei
parent: Rexed´s laminae and corresponding nuclei
en: Lamina VII
cell_type: 0
color: eec90f
hit_position: -0.05359,24.61363,-1.62135
hit_normal: -3.50394,1.88514,2.87877
body_rotation: 14.87163,49.04990,16.47645
en_description:
  - contains interneurones of the zona intermedia, intermediomedial nucleus, intermediolateral nucleus and part of the posterior thoracic nucleus

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 889 characters]


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 6.7
main_group: Spinal cord
sub_group: Rexed´s laminae and corresponding nuclei
parent: Rexed´s laminae and corresponding nuclei
en: Lamina VIII
cell_type: 0
color: ee890f
hit_position: -0.09073,24.60063,-1.59440
hit_normal: -3.34685,1.91526,2.97345
body_rotation: 16.54119,47.68360,17.36477
en_description:
  - the medial group of motor neurones and interneurones for the muscles of the trunk and proximal limbs

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 889 characters]


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 6.8
main_group: Spinal cord
sub_group: Rexed´s laminae and corresponding nuclei
parent: Rexed´s laminae and corresponding nuclei
en: Lamina IX
cell_type: 0
color: ee0f0f
hit_position: -0.06068,24.60396,-1.56946
hit_normal: -0.72118,1.43454,4.61197
body_rotation: 16.36804,6.20219,1.75410
en_description:
  - the lateral group of motor neurones and interneurones and motor interneurons for the muscles of the limbs

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 889 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Brainstem
latin: truncus encephali
en: Brainstem
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  The brainstem <b>connects the spinal cord to the diencephalon. Its ventral surface is in contact with the clivus</b> of the occipital bone. Dorsally,<b> it is connected to the cerebellum via the three pairs of cerebellar peduncles.</b> <b>The fourth ventricle lies between the brainstem and the cerebellum</b>. Macroscopically, the brainstem is divided into <b>three parts: medulla oblongata, pons and the midbrain.</b> The brainstem contains nuclei of the cranial nerves, nervous tracts and the reticular formation, which contains<b> the cardiorespiratory centres</b> and is responsible for several phylogenetically old reflexes.

general_description:
  <b>Dorsally, the pons and the rostral part of the medulla oblongata</b> form a slight depression called the rhomboid fossa. The rhomboid fossa is the floor of the fourth ventricle. The neural tube failed to close completely at the rhomboid fossa and thus, the structures of the original basal and alar plates remain separated by the sulcus limitans. The basal plate forms the medial eminence under which motor nuclei are located. The alar plate is separated by the sulcus limitans and contains the somatosensory and special sensory nuclei.

  <b>The decussation of the trochlear nerve</b> (decussatio fibrarum nervorum trochlearium) occurs in the midbrain before the nerve emerges just under the inferior colliculus.

  <b>The cerebral peduncle</b> is formed from the ventral parts of the midbrain, namely the tegmentum and the cerebral crus. The tegmentum forms the posterior part of the cerebral peduncle and the cerebral crus forms the anterior part of the cerebral peduncle. 

  <b>The posterior perforated substance</b> is located in the interpeduncular fossa. It contains the posteriomedial central arteries (arteriae centrales posteromediales) as they enter the brainstem. 

  <b>The oculomotor nerve</b> emerges from the midbrain at the interpeduncular fossa.

  <b>The pontine nucleus of the trigeminal nerve</b> is an obsolete term for the principal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. <b>The intermediate nerve (nervus intermedius)</b> carries parasympathetic and gustatory fibres to the facial nerve. <b>The nuclei of solitary tract</b> are a group of autonomic nuclei; all afferent viscerosensory information is transmitted via these nuclei, including the gustatory information (gustatory part of the solitary nuclei - nucleus gustatorius).

  <b>The interpeduncular nucleus</b> integrates the olfactory and limbic systems with the nuclei of the autonomic nervous system in the brainstem and spinal cord. It plays a role sleep-wake cycle by regulating the rapid eye movement phase of sleep.

  <b>The spino-reticular tract</b> ( tractus reticulo-spinalis) directly transmits pain information to the reticular formation. The reticulo-thalamic tract (tractus reticulo-thalamicus) relays this information to the thalamus. These tracts are involved in the transmission of chronic pain to the cortex. Other ascending tracts (spinothalamic, spinotectal, spinoolivary and spinocerebellar) send collaterals to the reticular formation, which function to modulate the activity of the reticular formation. 

  <b>The parabrachial nuclei ( nuclei parabrachiales)</b> represent a group of nuclei of the RF, situated in the borderline between the pons and midbrain (nearby the superior cerebellar peduncle). Information comes from the nuclei of solitary tract. Functionally, they are involved in pain perception (central pain inhibition, emotional and autonomic component of pain) and in brainstem respiratory centers. 

  <b>The lateral parabrachial nucleus</b> is associated with the descending pain inhibition system and with transmission of affective-emotional component of pain (with cooperation of the hypothalamus and amygdaloid body).

  <b>The medial parabrachial nucleus</b> is associated with gustatory perception (its axons run into the gustatory nucleus of the thalamus - ventrolateral posteromedial nucleus), involved in e.g. gustatory aversion (protects organism against repeated ingestion of inedible, disgusting or toxic food and drinks). <b>The nucleus of Kölliker-Fuse</b> is a part of the pneumotaxic centre. It regulates breathing rate by sending signals, which terminate inspiration.


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Brainsterm divisions
parent: Brainsterm divisions
object_id: medulla oblongata 1,medulla oblongata 2
latin: medulla oblongata
en: Medulla oblongata
cell_type: 0
master_object: Brainstem
tags: maingroup_desc
en_description:
  The medulla oblongata is the caudal most part of the brainstem. The central canal expands rostrally into the medulla oblongata to form the fourth ventricle. The grey matter of the medulla oblongata<b> contains the nuclei of the cranial nerves (n. V, IX, X, XI and XII)</b> as well as several <b>other nuclei including the gracile and cuneate nuclei and the inferior olivary complex.</b> The medullary reticular formation contains the centres for blood pressure and circulation control (the vasomotor centre), c<b>ardiac centres, breathing centres and centres for cranial nerves reflexes.</b>

related_objects:
  os occipitale,cerebellum 1,medulla oblongata 1,pons 1,mesencephalon 1,hypothalamus 1,thalamus opticus 1,thalamus opticus 2,pons 2,mesencephalon 2,medulla oblongata 2,hypothalamus 2


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Brainsterm divisions
parent: medulla oblongata
en_description: - a paired elevation of the medulla oblongata containing the corticospinal tract
latin: pyramis medullae oblongatae
en: Pyramid
cell_type: 0
color: 0c7f79
hit_position: -0.15687,1.10461,25.35104
hit_normal: -8.98468,-19.67602,-0.17794
body_rotation: 0.00000,21.34924,0.00000
object_id:
  medulla oblongata 1,pons 1,mesencephalon 1,pons 2,mesencephalon 2,medulla oblongata 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Brainsterm divisions
parent: medulla oblongata
latin: oliva*2
en: Inferior olive*2
cell_type: 0
color: 81a214
hit_position: -0.35941,1.24875,25.37836
hit_normal: -16.45933,-13.96021,-0.73639
body_rotation: 359.04500,46.90417,358.97940
en_description:
  - a paired elevation on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata formed by the the inferior olivary complex

object_id:
  medulla oblongata 1,pons 1,mesencephalon 1,pons 2,mesencephalon 2,medulla oblongata 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 1.5
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Brainsterm divisions
parent: medulla oblongata
latin: pedunculus cerebellaris inferior
en: Inferior cerebellar peduncle
cell_type: 0
color: 4f5a3d
hit_position: -0.43899,1.35843,25.98000
hit_normal: -1.57302,23.51859,-6.21393
body_rotation: 12.84300,172.69750,358.36840
en_description:
  - consists of the restiform and juxtarestiform body
  - connects the medulla oblongata to the cerebellum
  - contains the afferent and efferent tracts of the cerebellum

object_id:
  medulla oblongata 1,pons 1,mesencephalon 1,pons 2,mesencephalon 2,medulla oblongata 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 1.6
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Brainsterm divisions
parent: medulla oblongata
en_description: - together with the pons forms the rhomboid-shaped floor of the fourth ventricle
latin: fossa rhomboidea
en: Rhomboid fossa
cell_type: 0
color: 5e4a77
hit_position: -0.11304,1.55847,25.87446
hit_normal: -0.04256,8.53563,-1.24580
body_rotation: 6.30172,178.13230,359.79490
object_id:
  medulla oblongata 1,pons 1,mesencephalon 1,pons 2,mesencephalon 2,medulla oblongata 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2

general_description:
  <b>The rhomboid fossa</b> (fossa rhomboidea) maintains its original arrangement. The basal plate forms the medial eminence under which motor nuclei are situated. The alar plate is separated by the sulcus limitans and forms a base for somatosensory and special sensory nuclei.


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Brainsterm divisions
parent: pons
latin: sulcus bulbopontinus*2
en: Bulbopontine sulcus*2
cell_type: 0
color: 00b7e2
hit_position: -0.26073,1.08275,25.65870
hit_normal: -1.09127,-4.15611,-2.39078
body_rotation: 332.89180,12.19975,354.37350
en_description:
  - marks the transition between the medulla oblongata and the pons 
  - n. VI emerges from the brainstem

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 508 characters]


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Brainsterm divisions
parent: pons
latin: pedunculi cerebellares medii
en: Middle cerebellar peduncles
cell_type: 0
color: a6c06d
hit_position: -0.32502,1.39925,26.12717
hit_normal: 0.27439,12.17718,-4.28382
body_rotation: 17.48363,177.30140,359.18870
en_description:
  - connect the pons and cerebellum
  - form the lateral borders of the pons
  - contain the afferent pontocerebellar tracts

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 536 characters]


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 2.4
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Brainsterm divisions
parent: pons
latin: colliculus facialis
en: Facial colliculus
cell_type: 0
color: 00ea58
hit_position: -0.06422,1.50811,26.03818
hit_normal: -5.89185,10.46862,-1.85797
body_rotation: 5.96044,148.20420,356.31670
en_description:
  - a little eminence formed by the nucleus of the facial nerve and its fibres as they loop around the abducens nerve

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 536 characters]


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Brainsterm divisions
parent: Brainsterm divisions
object_id: mesencephalon 1,mesencephalon 2
latin: mesencephalon
en: Mesencephalon
cell_type: 0
master_object: Brainstem
tags: maingroup_desc
en_description:
  The mesencephalon is situated between the pons and the diencephalon. Macroscopically, it is divided into the <b>tectum</b> of midbrain, <b>tegmentum</b> of midbrain and <b>cerebral crura</b>. The substantia nigra is situated between the tegmentum and crura. <b>The aqueduct of the midbrain</b> (cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius), which connects the third and fourth ventricles, is located in the tegmentum. The cerebral crura connect the midbrain to the cerebral hemispheres. The grey matter of the midbrain contains <b>cranial nerve nuclei (n. III, IV), red nucleus, substantia nigra, interpeduncular nucleus, periaqueductal grey substance, interstitial nucleus of Cajal, elliptic nucleus of Darkschewitsch, nuclei of inferior colliculus and pretectal nuclei.</b> The midbrain is responsible for reflex movements of the eyes, head and body in the direction of visual and auditory stimuli. The mesencephalic reticular formation processes slow pain and autonomic projections from the hypothalamus.

related_objects:
  os occipitale,cerebellum 1,medulla oblongata 1,pons 1,mesencephalon 1,hypothalamus 1,thalamus opticus 1,thalamus opticus 2,pons 2,mesencephalon 2,medulla oblongata 2,hypothalamus 2

general_description:
  <b>Tectum</b> is the Latin word for shield. Tegmentum is the Latin word for roof frame and crus is the Latin word for stalk. 

  <b>The term basis pedunculi</b> is used for the cerebral crus and substantia nigra together. 

  <b>The tectum of midbrain</b> is the centre of the visual and auditory reflexes. It consists of a series of laminae and nuclei where a visual and auditory information is processed on a subconscious level.


system: CNS
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Brainsterm divisions
parent: tectum mesencephali
latin: colliculus superior
en: Superior colliculus
cell_type: 0
color: ee0f0f
hit_position: -0.12305,1.59295,26.84174
hit_normal: -4.34214,9.15115,-7.75037
body_rotation: 29.69154,146.72870,341.99510
en_description:
  - a division of the visual pathway enters into the layers lying under this structure
  - consists of seven layers of grey and white matter (laminae), which have a retinotopic organisation
  - responsible for the rapid eye movement phase of sleep
  - its function is associated with rapid and controlled eye movement
  - the brachium of superior colliculus connects the superior colliculus with the lateral geniculate body

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 536 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Brainsterm divisions
parent: tectum mesencephali
latin: colliculus inferior
en: Inferior colliculus
cell_type: 0
color: 5899ad
hit_position: -0.09383,1.56642,26.68361
hit_normal: -4.35931,6.65267,-5.94720
body_rotation: 27.58016,138.26170,337.55630
en_description:
  - the third order neurones of the auditory pathway are located here
  - contains three nuclei with tonotopic organization
  - the brachium of colliculus inferior connects the inferior colliculus with the medial geniculate body

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 536 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Brainsterm divisions
parent: tegmentum mesencephali
latin: formatio reticularis
en: Reticular formation
cell_type: 0
general_description:
  <b>The term “reticular formation”</b> refers to its net-like organisation, where nervous impulses spread out from each other. The contrary occurs in the spinal cord, where afferent signals from peripheral nerves converge.


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 3.4
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Brainsterm divisions
parent: mesencephalon
latin: area pretectalis
en: Pretectal area
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a group of four small nuclei in front of the lateral border
  of the superior colliculus, situated at the borderline between the midbrain and epithalamus


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Structures and function
parent: Structures and function
en: Nuclei of the 10 cranial nerves
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - important structures of interconnections and cranial nerves reflexes (role of the reticular formation)


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 4.4
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Structures and function
parent: Structures and function
en: Reticular formation*3
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - responsible for brainstem reflexes
  - containing centers of vital reflexes (centre for cardiovascular reflexes, blood pressure monitoring, ventilation and autonomic system control)
  - some nuclei are connected to afferent and efferent systems


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 4.5
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Structures and function
parent: Structures and function
en: Afferent somatosensory and special sensory tracts
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - pass through the brainstem
  - important for interconnection between the spinal cord, subcortical structures and cortex


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 4.6
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Structures and function
parent: Structures and function
en: Efferent motor tracts
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - tracts of the extrapyramidal system
  - tracts from the cortex (corticospinal tract and corticonuclear tracts)


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Cranial nerves nuclei
parent: truncus encephali
en: Cranial nerves nuclei
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The cranial nerves nuclei are located in the brainstem. The cranial nerve nuclei are classified according to their main function as efferent (motor) nuclei and afferent (sensory) nuclei.

general_description:
  <b>The branchiomotor nucleus</b> of the facial nerve is shifted ventrolaterally and its fibers form a loop around the abducens nucleus called the internal genu of the facial nerve (crus internum nervi facialis). These fibres form an elevation in the rhomboid fossa called the colliculus facialis. Axons leaving the other branchiomotor nuclei (n. V, IX and X) also form loops, but these loops run around their respective nuclei and do not form elevations on the surface of the brainstem.

  <b>The arcuate nuclei</b> ( nuclei arcuati) are analogues of the pontine nuclei situated in the caudal part of the medulla oblongata at the level of the inferior olive. They are afferent nuclei of the cerebellum. On the surface of the brainstem, the fibres leaving the arcuate nuclei are visible as the anterior external arcuate fibres. They enter the cerebellum as mossy fibres. 

  <b>The trapezoid body</b> (corpus trapezoideum) is formed by the axons of the anterior cochlear nucleus as they cross the midline. It contains small dispersed nuclei (nuclei corporis trapezoidei). After decussating, the axons of the anterior cochlear nucleus join the lateral lemniscus.

  <b>The superior olivary nucleus</b> (nucleus olivaris superior) is associated with the auditory tract. The trapezoid body inhibits the contralateral superior olivary nucleus. These nuclei are involved in sound localization based on the synaptic delay. The centre for horizontal gaze is located in the pons.

  <b>The pontine nucleus of the trigeminal nerve</b> is an obsolete term for the principal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. 

  <b>The nuclei of solitary tract</b> are a group of autonomic nuclei; all afferent viscerosensory information is transmitted via these nuclei, including the gustatory information (gustatory part of the solitary nuclei - nucleus gustatorius).


system: CNS
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Cranial nerves nuclei
parent: Somite somatomotor nuclei
en_description: - levator palpabrae superioris, inferior oblique, superior inferior and medial rectus muscle
latin: nucleus nervi oculomotorii (N. III)
en: Nucleus of oculomotor nerve (N. III)
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cranial nerves nuclei
color: 00e018
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  n3 nucleus nervi oculomotorii,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus temporalis 2,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2,!gyrus cinguli 1

related_objects:
  nervus oculomotorius,nervus trochlearis,nervus trigeminus,nervus abducens,nervus facialis,nervus vestibulocochlearis,nervus glossopharyngeus,nervus vagus,nervus accessorius,nervus hypoglossus,os occipitale,cerebellum


system: CNS
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Cranial nerves nuclei
parent: Somite somatomotor nuclei
en_description: - superior oblique muscle
latin: nucleus nervi trochlearis (N. IV)
en: Nucleus of trochlear nerve (N. IV)
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cranial nerves nuclei
color: c5e000
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  n4 nucleus nervi trochlearis,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1,!lobus temporalis 2,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2,!gyrus cinguli 1,!lobus insularis 1

related_objects:
  nervus oculomotorius,nervus trochlearis,nervus trigeminus,nervus abducens,nervus facialis,nervus vestibulocochlearis,nervus glossopharyngeus,nervus vagus,nervus accessorius,nervus hypoglossus,os occipitale,cerebellum


system: CNS
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Cranial nerves nuclei
parent: Somite somatomotor nuclei
en_description: - lateral rectus muscle
latin: nucleus nervi abducentis (N. VI)
en: Nucleus of abducent nerve (N. VI)
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cranial nerves nuclei
color: e00000
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  n6 nucleus nervi abducentis,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1,!lobus temporalis 2,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2,!gyrus cinguli 1

related_objects:
  nervus oculomotorius,nervus trochlearis,nervus trigeminus,nervus abducens,nervus facialis,nervus vestibulocochlearis,nervus glossopharyngeus,nervus vagus,nervus accessorius,nervus hypoglossus,os occipitale,cerebellum


system: CNS
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Cranial nerves nuclei
parent: Somite somatomotor nuclei
en_description: - intrinsic tongue muscles, genioglossus, hyoglossus and styloglossus
latin: nucleus nervi hypoglossi (N. XII)
en: Nucleus of hypoglossal nerve (N. XII)
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cranial nerves nuclei
color: 007be0
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  n12 nucleus nervi hypoglossi,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1,!lobus temporalis 2,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2,!gyrus cinguli 1

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 216 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Cranial nerves nuclei
parent: Branchial somatomotor nuclei
latin: nucleus motorius nervi trigemini (N. V)
en: Motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve (N. VII)
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cranial nerves nuclei
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - innervates muscles of the first pharyngeal arch (masticatory muscles, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini)

object_id:
  n5 nucleus motorius nervi trigemini,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1,!lobus temporalis 2,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2,!gyrus cinguli 1

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 216 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Cranial nerves nuclei
parent: Branchial somatomotor nuclei
latin: nucleus nervi facialis (N. VII)
en: Motor nucleus of facial nerve (N. IX)
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cranial nerves nuclei
color: e09a00
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - innervates muscles of the second pharyngeal arch (facial muscles, platysma, stylohyoid, stapedius and posterior belly of digastric)

object_id:
  n9 nucleus nervi facialis,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1,!lobus temporalis 2,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2,!gyrus cinguli 1

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 216 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Cranial nerves nuclei
parent: Branchial somatomotor nuclei
latin: nucleus ambiguus (N. IX)
en: Nucleus ambiguus (N. IX)
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cranial nerves nuclei
color: 00bfe0
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - innervates muscles of the third, fourth and sixth pharyngeal arch(muscles of soft palate and fauces, muscles of pharynx and oesophagus
  - glossopharyngeal nerve

object_id:
  n9 n10 n11 nucleus ambiguus,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1,!lobus temporalis 2,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2,!gyrus cinguli 1

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 216 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Cranial nerves nuclei
parent: Branchial somatomotor nuclei
latin: nucleus ambiguus (N. X)
en: Nucleus ambiguus (N. X)
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cranial nerves nuclei
color: 00bfe0
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - innervates muscles of the third, fourth and sixth pharyngeal arch(muscles of soft palate and fauces, muscles of pharynx and oesophagus
  - vagus nerve

object_id:
  n9 n10 n11 nucleus ambiguus,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1,!lobus temporalis 2,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2,!gyrus cinguli 1

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 216 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Cranial nerves nuclei
parent: Branchial somatomotor nuclei
latin: nucleus ambiguus (N. XI)
en: Nucleus ambiguus (N. XI)
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cranial nerves nuclei
color: 00bfe0
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - innervates muscles of the third, fourth and sixth pharyngeal arch(muscles of soft palate and fauces, muscles of pharynx and oesophagus
  - cranial root of accessory nerve

object_id:
  n9 n10 n11 nucleus ambiguus,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1,!lobus temporalis 2,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2,!gyrus cinguli 1

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 216 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Cranial nerves nuclei
parent: Branchial somatomotor nuclei
latin: nucleus spinalis nervi accessori (N. XI)
en: Spinal nucleus of accessory nerve (N. XI)
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cranial nerves nuclei
color: 00e090
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - innervates the muscles of the cervical somite origin, innervated by the spinal root and external branch of accessory nerve (ramus externus n. XI), innervation of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

object_id:
  n11 nucleus spinalis nervi accessori,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1,!lobus temporalis 2,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2,!gyrus cinguli 1

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 216 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Cranial nerves nuclei
parent: Visceromotor nuclei
latin: nucleus accessorius dorsalis nervi oculomotorii Edinger-Westphali (N. III)
en: Accessory nucleus of oculomotor nerve (Edinger-Westphal) (N. III)
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cranial nerves nuclei
color: 98e000
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - contains the cell bodies of the preganglionic fibres of the oculomotor nerve that pass to the ciliary ganglion
  - innervates the sphincter pupillae and ciliary body

object_id:
  n3 nucleus accessorius dorsalis nervi oculomotorii,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1,!lobus temporalis 2,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2,!gyrus cinguli 1

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 216 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Cranial nerves nuclei
parent: Visceromotor nuclei
latin: nucleus salivatorius superior (N. VII)
en: Superior salivatory nucleus (N. VII)
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cranial nerves nuclei
color: c500e0
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - contains cell bodies of the preganglionic fibres that synapse in the pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia
  - innervates the submandibular, sublingual, small lingual, lacrimal, nasal, palatine and nasopharyngeal glands

object_id:
  n12 nucleus salivatorius superior,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1,!lobus temporalis 2,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2,!gyrus cinguli 1

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 216 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Cranial nerves nuclei
parent: Visceromotor nuclei
latin: nucleus salivatorius inferior (N. IX)
en: Inferior salivatory nucleus (N. IX)
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cranial nerves nuclei
color: c500e0
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - contains the cell bodies of the preganglionic fibres that synapse in the otic ganglion
  - innervates the parotid and buccal glands

object_id:
  n9 nucleus salivatorius inferior,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1,!lobus temporalis 2,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2,!gyrus cinguli 1

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 216 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Cranial nerves nuclei
parent: Visceromotor nuclei
latin: nucleus posterior nervi vagi (N. X)
en: Posterior nucleus of vagus nerve (N. X)
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cranial nerves nuclei
color: e00078
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - contains the preganglionic fibres that travel in the vagus nerve to various ganglia in the neck, thorax and abdomen
  - provides parasympathetic innervation of internal organs as far as the Cannon-Böhm point (between the midgut and hindgut)

object_id:
  n10 nucleus posterior nervi vagi,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1,!lobus temporalis 2,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2,!gyrus cinguli 1

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 216 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Cranial nerves nuclei
parent: Viscerosensory nuclei
en_description: - receive information from the internal organs via the facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves
latin: nuclei tractus solitarii (N. VII)
en: Nuclei of solitary tract / solitary nuclei (N. VII)
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cranial nerves nuclei
color: c063b7
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  n7 n9 n10 nuclei tractus solitarii,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1,!lobus temporalis 2,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2,!gyrus cinguli 1

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 216 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Cranial nerves nuclei
parent: Viscerosensory nuclei
latin: nucleus gustatorius
en: Gustatory nucleus (N. III)
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - gustatory information from the tongue, palate and fauces via the facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve


system: CNS
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Cranial nerves nuclei
parent: Somatosensory nuclei
latin: nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini (N. Vs)
en: Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve (N. Vs)
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cranial nerves nuclei
color: 63c096
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - receives pain, temperature, crude touch and pressure information from the face
  - afferent information runs via the trigeminal, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves

object_id:
  n5 nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1,!lobus temporalis 2,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2,!gyrus cinguli 1

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 216 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Cranial nerves nuclei
parent: Somatosensory nuclei
en_description: - receives information about discriminative touch from the face
latin: nucleus principalis nervi trigemini (N. Vp)
en: Principal nucleus of trigeminal nerve (N. Vp)
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cranial nerves nuclei
color: 63c0b3
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  n5 nucleus principalis nervi trigemini,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1,!lobus temporalis 2,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2,!gyrus cinguli 1

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 216 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Cranial nerves nuclei
parent: Somatosensory nuclei
latin: nucleus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini (N. Vm)
en: Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve (N. Vm)
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cranial nerves nuclei
color: 6393c0
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - receives proprioception information from the masticatory and extra-oculars muscles, temporomandibular joint and teeth and their suspensory apparatus
  - afferent information runs via the trigeminal, oculomotor, trochlear and abducent nerve

object_id:
  n5 nucleus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1,!lobus temporalis 2,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2,!gyrus cinguli 1

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 216 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Cranial nerves nuclei
parent: Special sensory nuclei
en_description: - receives information about balance and movement of the head
latin: nuclei vestibulares (N. VIIIv)
en: Vestibular nuclei (N. VIIIv)
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cranial nerves nuclei
color: 6d00e0
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  n8 nuclei vestibulares,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1,!lobus temporalis 2,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2,!gyrus cinguli 1

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 216 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Cranial nerves nuclei
parent: Special sensory nuclei
latin: nucleus cochleares anterior (N. VIIIc)
en: Anterior cochlear nuclei (N. VIIIc)
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cranial nerves nuclei
color: 9ac063
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - receives auditory information form the spiral organ of Corti of inner ear, the axons run mainly in the lateral lemniscus

object_id:
  n8 nuclei cochleares anterior,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1,!lobus temporalis 2,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2,!gyrus cinguli 1

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 216 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Cranial nerves nuclei
parent: Special sensory nuclei
latin: nucleus cochleares posterior (N. VIIIc)
en: Posterior cochlear nuclei (N. VIIIc)
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cranial nerves nuclei
color: 0054e0
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  n8 nuclei cochleares posterior,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1,!lobus temporalis 2,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2,!gyrus cinguli 1

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 216 characters]


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Nuclei of the brainstem
parent: truncus encephali
en: Nuclei of the brainstem
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The brainstem and its main parts contain nuclei associated with <b>sensory perception</b> and proprioception (gracile and cuneate nuclei, inferior olivary complex and mesencephalic nucleus of n. V), <b>special sensory perception</b> (superior olivary nucleus, nuclei of trapezoid body, nuclei of inferior colliculus, laminae of superior colliculus, pretectal nuclei), <b>motor nuclei</b> (red nucleus, pontine and arcuate nuclei, interstitial and elliptic nucleus), <b>basal nuclei</b> (substantia nigra), <b>chemical nuclei producing neurotransmitters</b> (e.g. substantia nigra, locus caeruleus, ventral tegmental area of Tsai) and <b>limbic nuclei</b> (interpeduncular nucleus).

general_description:
  <b>The inferior olivary complex</b> (complexus olivaris inferior) contains the inferior, posterior and accessory olivary nuclei


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 6.1.1
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Nuclei of the brainstem
parent: Nuclei of medulla oblongata
latin: nucleus gracilis
en: Gracile nucleus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a nucleus in which the spinobulbothalamic tract is interpolated (tactile information, static proprioception from the inferior half of the trunk and lower limbs)


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 6.1.2
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Nuclei of the brainstem
parent: Nuclei of medulla oblongata
latin: nucleus cuneatus
en: Cuneate nucleus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - contains second order neurones of the medial lemnicus system transmitting information about fine touch and proprioception from the upper half trunk and upper limbs


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 6.1.3
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Nuclei of the brainstem
parent: Nuclei of medulla oblongata
latin: nucleus cuneatus accessorius
en: Accessory cuneate nucleus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - its axons form the cuneocerebellar tract and continue to the cerebellum (information about movements in time)


system: CNS
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Nuclei of the brainstem
parent: complexus olivaris inferior
latin: nucleus olivaris accessorius posterior et medialis
en: Posterior and medial accessory olivary nucleus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - receive afferent information from the spinal cord and vestibular apparatus and send efferent information to the cerebellum
  - represents an integrative center for proprioception and vestibular information


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 6.2.1
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Nuclei of the brainstem
parent: Nuclei of pons
latin: nucleus olivaris superior
en: Superior olivary nucleus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - receives information from the auditory tracts (collaterals), its activity is important for recognising sound sources


system: CNS
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Nuclei of the brainstem
parent: nucleus olivaris superior
latin: nucleus corporis trapezoidei
en: Nuclei of trapezoid body
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  receive information from the auditory tract (collaterals); inhibit the superior olivary nucleus and contribute to better distinguishing of sound sources


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 6.2.2
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Nuclei of the brainstem
parent: Nuclei of pons
latin: nuclei pontis
en: Pontine nuclei
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - are located between the fibres of the pyramidal tracts
  - are an important component of the motor circuits between the cortex and cerebellum
  - receive information from the corticopontine tract; their axons form the pontocerebellar tract, which decussates and enters the middle cerebellar peduncle


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 6.3.1
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Nuclei of the brainstem
parent: Nuclei of mesencephalon
latin: substantia nigra (pars reticularis)
en: Substantia nigra (reticular part)
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - an output nucleus of the basal ganglia circuits
  - is located at the border between the tectum of midbrain and the cerebral crura


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 6.3.3
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Nuclei of the brainstem
parent: Nuclei of mesencephalon
latin: strata colliculi superioris
en: Laminae of superior colliculus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - small rostral bumps in the tectum of midbrain, receive information from the visual tract (collaterals), and via the tectospinal tract they influence movements of the head and neck muscles in response to visual stimuli


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 6.3.4
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Nuclei of the brainstem
parent: Nuclei of mesencephalon
latin: nuclei colliculi inferioris
en: Nuclei of inferior colliculus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - small caudal bumps in the tectum of midbrain, serve as an interconnection between the cochlear nuclei and nucleus of medial geniculate body (part of the auditory tract)


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 6.3.5
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Nuclei of the brainstem
parent: Nuclei of mesencephalon
latin: nucleus ruber
en: Red nucleus
cell_type: 0
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - is located in the rostral part of the tegment, affects the flexor activity of the proximal part of the limbs and forms part of the Papez cerebellar control circuit

object_id:
  nucleus ruber,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1

related_objects:
  os occipitale,os sphenoidale,hypothalamus 1,hypothalamus 2,hyppocampus 1,crus fornicis 1,corpus fornicis 1,columna fornicis 1,corpus mamillare 1,putamen 1,nucleus caudatus 1,ventriculus lateralis 1,corpus callosum 1,hyppocampus 2,crus fornicis 2,corpus fornicis 2,columna fornicis 2,corpus mamillare 2,putamen 2,nucleus caudatus 2,ventriculus lateralis 2,corpus callosum 2,medulla oblongata 1,pons 1,mesencephalon 1,hypothalamus 1,thalamus opticus 1,thalamus opticus 2,pons 2,mesencephalon 2,medulla oblongata 2,hypothalamus 2

general_description:
  <b>The red nucleus is divided into two parts</b>: the magnocellular part and the parvocellular part. The magnocellular part is made up of large neurones. It is phylogenetically older and is located caudal to the parvocellular part. The parvocellular part dominates in human brains. It is made up of small neurones and is associated with the Papez control circuit

  <b>The red nucleus contains</b> a pigment called lipofuscin, which is responsible for its red colour, which is seen in sections of the brainstem.


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 6.3.6
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Nuclei of the brainstem
parent: Nuclei of mesencephalon
latin: substantia grisea centralis*2
en: Periaqueductal grey substance / central grey substance*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - interconnects information from the hypothalamus to the autonomic nuclei of the brainstem via the central tegmental tract
  - in cooperation with the reticular formation, it is associated with pain regulation


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 6.3.7
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Nuclei of the brainstem
parent: Nuclei of mesencephalon
latin: nucleus interstitialis Cajali
en: Interstitial nucleus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - with the elliptic nucleus receives information from the vestibular nuclei via the medial longitudinal fascicle
  - its axons synapse on the oculomotor nuclei and are responsible for coordinating hand, neck and eye movements


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 6.3.10
main_group: Brainstem
sub_group: Nuclei of the brainstem
parent: Nuclei of mesencephalon
latin: nuclei pretectales
en: Pretectal nuclei
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a group of four nuclei, in front of the lateral margin of superior colliculus, are involved in the pupillary reflexes and eye movement coordination


system: CNS
main_group: Cerebellum
latin: Cerebellum
en: Cerebellum
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The cerebellum is situated in the posterior cranial fossa, separated from the occipital lobes by the tentorium cerebelli.</b> It <b>communicates with the brainstem through the cerebellar peduncles</b>. The cerebellum is one of the <b>main regulators of motor control</b>. During movements it receives <b>vast amounts of afferent information</b> from the spinal cord (proprioception and tactile sensation) and from the cerebral cortex. In cooperation with the cortex, basal nuclei, thalamus and motor nuclei of brainstem, the cerebellum is<b> involved in creation and control of movements.</b> It plays an integral role in the<b> coordination of movements and in body stability during standing as well as during movements</b> and is associated with motor memory.


system: CNS
main_group: Cerebellum
sub_group: Classification of cerebellum
parent: Cerebellum*1
en_description: - an unpaired ventral part in shape of a worm
latin: vermis cerebelli
en: Vermis of cerebellum
cell_type: 0
color: cbd935
hit_position: -0.05266,1.52311,26.43600
hit_normal: -7.15159,-8.10225,-1.43604
body_rotation: 355.45740,35.82929,356.72720
object_id:
  cerebellum 1,cerebellum 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,!glandula pituitaria 1,!glandula pituitaria 2,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!corpus mamillare 1,!corpus mamillare 2,!capsula externa,!capsula extrema,!capsula interna,!incisura preoccipitalis,!sulcus calcarinus,!sulcus centralis,!sulcus cinguli,!sulcus collateralis,!sulcus corporis callosi,!sulcus lateralis,!sulcus parietooccipitalis,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 1,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus temporalis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2


system: CNS
main_group: Diencephalon
latin: Diencephalon
en: Diencephalon
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The diencephalon is a group of nuclei surrounding the third ventricle, which connects the brainstem to the telencephalon.</b> It is involved in the processing of somatosensory, special sensory and motor information. According to the distribution and function of its nuclei, the diencephalon is divided into six parts: thalamus, metathalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus and thalamus opticus. The diencephalon develops from the prosencephalon, an embryological structure that give rise to both the diencephalon and the telencephalon.


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Diencephalon
sub_group: Divisions of diencephalon
parent: Divisions of diencephalon
latin: thalamus
en: Thalamus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The thalamus is the largest structure in the diencephalon.</b> It is bound laterally by the internal capsule and medially by the third ventricle. It consists of a group of nuclei that have various functions. The main role of these nuclei is to <b>relay sensory information to the cortex.</b> Other nuclei are involved in motor circuits, the limbic system and the reticular formation.

  <b> Function</b> 
  1. Interconnection point of all information running to the cortex, except of olfactory stimuli
  2. Regulation of consciousness (thalamo-cortical feedback)
  3. Impact on autonomic functions (thalamus and hypothalamus interactions)
  4. Impact on emotions - cheerfulness, sadness and anger (thalamus and limbic system interactions)
  5. Impact on motor function and regulation (thalamus, cerebellum, basal nuclei, cortex and brainstem nuclei integration


system: CNS
main_group: Diencephalon
sub_group: Divisions of diencephalon
parent: External features of thalamus
en_description: - a rostral narrowing with the anterior nuclei underneath
latin: tuberculum anterius
en: Anterior tubercle
cell_type: 0
color: ffb43b
hit_position: -0.29644,0.83875,27.28886
hit_normal: -8.51526,-10.42083,3.53036
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sub_group: Divisions of diencephalon
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main_group: Diencephalon
sub_group: Divisions of diencephalon
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system: CNS
main_group: Diencephalon
sub_group: Divisions of diencephalon
parent: External features of thalamus
latin: stria terminalis
en: Stria terminalis
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - containing fibers from the amygdaloid body to the hypothalamus, runs together with the superior thalamostriatic vein


system: CNS
main_group: Diencephalon
sub_group: Divisions of diencephalon
parent: External features of thalamus
latin: lamina affixa thalami
en: Lamina affixa
cell_type: 0
color: dc65ff
hit_position: -0.18181,1.62441,27.25346
hit_normal: -5.87933,11.33431,16.11039
body_rotation: 318.30020,135.99010,32.72587
en_description:
  - the smooth superior surface of the thalamus covered by ependyma (localized between the choroid line and stria terminalis)

object_id:
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system: CNS
main_group: Diencephalon
sub_group: Divisions of diencephalon
parent: External features of thalamus
latin: taenia thalami
en: Taenia thalami
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the attachment of the third ventricle roof situated between the medial and superior surface of the thalamus


system: CNS
main_group: Diencephalon
sub_group: Divisions of diencephalon
parent: External features of thalamus
latin: stria medullaris thalami
en: Stria medullaris of thalamus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - containing fibers from the limbic system running to the habenular trigone (fibers run under the taenia thalami)


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Diencephalon
sub_group: Divisions of diencephalon
parent: thalamus
en: Thalamic nuclei and white matter
cell_type: 0
tags: maingroup_desc
general_description:
  <b>Thalamic function</b> can be compared an efficient and hard-working secretary delivering news to specialised areas of the brain cortex.

   <b>The VPL and VPM nuclei</b> are collectively known as the ventrobasal complex (nuclei ventrobasales). 

  <b>The sensory neurones in the nuclei of the thalamus</b> are not randomly arranged. They have a somatotopic organisation, which means that specific areas of the body are represented in specific parts of the nuclei. The primary somatosensory cortex also has a similar somatotopic organisation, called the somatosensory homunculus. 

  <b>Specific sensory nuclei</b> have similar organization: <b>Retinotopic organisation</b> refers is the representation of the visual on to the lateral geniculate body. 

  <b>Tonotopic organisation</b> refers to the representation of different frequencies of sound to different parts of the medial geniculate body.

  <b> An example of integration and processing of complex stimuli in the association nuclei of thalamus:</b> Imagine this situation: You are sitting in a superb, expensive restaurant. You have already chosen delicacies which are served by a congenial waiter/waitress. The atmosphere is lifted up by melodic music and bubbles from a beautiful aquarium containing exotic fish. The food looks great, the smell is amazing, and it tastes delicious. The association nuclei are responsible for this complex perception.

  <b>The interpeduncular nucleus</b> integrates the olfactory and limbic systems with the nuclei of the autonomic nervous system in the brainstem and spinal cord. It plays a role sleep-wake cycle by regulating the rapid eye movement phase of sleep.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Thalamic damage</b> is usually caused by ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. We distinguish the following thalamic syndromes according to their clinical manifestations:

  <b> Posterolateral thalamic syndromes</b> - usually the contralateral somatosensory and sensory afferents are affected as well as pain perception as a result of damage in the thalamo- cortical and cortico-thalamic projection.
  <b> Dejerine-Roussy syndrome</b> (central pain syndrome) is a result of damage in the ventroposterolateral and ventroposteromedial nuclei. It could lead to uncontrollable pain sensation usually without an appropriate response to analgetics or opioids. This disorder is caused by a dysfunction of the thalamo-cortical and cortico-thalamic feedback circuits.
  <b>Medial thalamic syndromes</b> can manifest as thalamic neglect, impairment of consciousness, akinesis, anosognosia (the lack of awareness of one’s own disability) and hypobulia (the lack of emotions). 
  <b>Anterolateral thalamic syndromes</b> usually manifest with contralateral paresis, uncoordinated movements and dysphagia.


system: CNS
main_group: Diencephalon
sub_group: Divisions of diencephalon
parent: Anterior group of thalamic nuclei
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latin: nuclei anteriores thalami (A)
en: Anterior nuclei (A)
cell_type: 0
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system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.3
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sub_group: Divisions of diencephalon
parent: Thalamic nuclei and white matter
en: Lateral group of thalamic nuclei
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system: CNS
main_group: Diencephalon
sub_group: Divisions of diencephalon
parent: Lateral group of thalamic nuclei
latin: nucleus ventralis posteromedialis thalami (VPM)
en: Ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM)
cell_type: 0
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object_id:
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system: CNS
main_group: Diencephalon
sub_group: Divisions of diencephalon
parent: Thalamic nuclei and white matter
object_id: lamina medullaris medialis 1,lamina medullaris medialis 2
latin: lamina medullaris medialis
en: Internal medullary lamina of thalamus
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general_description:
  <b>The internal medullary lamina of the thalamus</b> (lamina medullaris medialis thalami) contains connections between the thalamic nuclei and intralaminar thalamic nuclei. This plate of white matter divides different groups of nuclei.


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Diencephalon
sub_group: Divisions of diencephalon
parent: Divisions of diencephalon
object_id: hypothalamus 1,hypothalamus 2
latin: hypothalamus
en: Hypothalamus
cell_type: 0
master_object: Brainstem
tags: maingroup_desc
en_description:
  <b>The hypothalamus lies underneath the thalamus.</b> It contains various groups of nuclei with different functions. It contains nuclei that control the cardiovascular system and regulate body temperature, thirst and hunger. <b>Through the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis, the hypothalamus has a strong influence over the endocrine system.</b> The hypothalamus also contains centres that <b>control behaviour</b> (anger, fury and sexual behaviour).

  <b>Functions</b>
  <b>1 Primary center of the autonomic nervous system</b>
  - control function of the visceromotor brainstem and spinal cord centers, influencing the activity of sympathetic and parasympathetic and emotional reaction of the limbic system
  <b>2 Primary centers of the endocrine functions</b>
  - endocrine axis hypothalamus-hypophysis-endocrine glands
  - synthesis of hormones important for metabolism, growth, sexual activity, lactation, water metabolism, stress reaction, and thyroid gland activity
  <b>3 Vital function controlling</b>
  - food, water and salt intake and homeostasis and homeostasis
  - the centers of hunger, thirst, osmolality (concentration of solutes in blood plasma), thermoregulation, blood control, and heart rate activity are situated in the hypothalamus
  <b>4 Influence on circadian rhythms, sexual behavior and reproduction</b>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 139 characters]

general_description:
  <b>The neurones of the hypothalamus</b> are organised into nuclei and areas. Nuclei are clusters of densely packed neurones of a single type with well-demarcated borders. Areas are formed by different types of neurones, which are diffusely organised and do not have strict borders. 

  <b>The hypothalamus</b> can be divided into the anterior, middle, and posterior hypothalamus. 

  <b>The medial preoptic nucleus</b> (nucleus preopticus medialis) and the anterior interstitial nuclei (nuclei interstitials anteriores) are important for sexual function and development. They contain a different number of neurones in males and females and their development depends on prenatal testosterone levels. They produce gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH) and are responsible for the different secondary sex characteristics of males and females.

  <b> Oxytocin</b> increases stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection. 

  <b>Hypothalamic functions:</b> 
  Anterior hypothalamus: fever, sleep, and alertness 
  Posterior hypothalamus: decreases body temperature 
  Medial hypothalamus: increases satiety (ventromedial nucleus) 
  Lateral hypothalamus: hunger, thirst, and anger

clinical_notes:
  <b>The thermoregulatory centres</b> are responsible for the shivering and fever. 

  <b>Damage of the lateral hypothalamic zone</b> (centre of hunger) can lead to the partial or complete loss of appetite. 

  <b>Damage to the ventromedial nucleus</b> can lead to compulsive eating (hyperphagia).


system: CNS
main_group: Diencephalon
sub_group: Divisions of diencephalon
parent: External features of hypothalamus
latin: eminentia mediana
en: Median eminence
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a part of the tuber cinereum situated behind the infundibulum (one of the circumventricular organs)


system: CNS
main_group: Diencephalon
sub_group: Divisions of diencephalon
parent: External features of hypothalamus
object_id: corpus mamillare 1,corpus mamillare 2
latin: corpora mammillaria
en: Mammillary bodies
cell_type: 0
master_object: fornix
en_description:
  - oval tubercles between the tuber cinereum and posterior perforated substance
  - elevated by the homonymous nuclei situated underneath (part of the limbic system nuclei)

related_objects:
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system: CNS
main_group: Diencephalon
sub_group: Divisions of diencephalon
parent: External features of hypothalamus
object_id: subsctantia perforata posterior
latin: substantia perforata posterior
en: Posterior perforated substance
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - in the interpeduncular fossa
  - it forms a borderline between the hypothalamus and midbrain
  - central arteries pass via these perforations

related_objects:
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system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Diencephalon
sub_group: Divisions of diencephalon
parent: Divisions of diencephalon
object_id: epithalamus 1,epithalamus 2
latin: epithalamus
en: Epithalamus
cell_type: 0
master_object: Medial group of thalamic nuclei
tags: maingroup_desc
en_description:
  <b>The epithalamus is the caudal most part of the diencephalon.</b> It consists of <b>the pineal gland the paired habenular nuclei.</b> The pineal gland controls circadian rhythm through the secretion of melatonin. The habenular nuclei form part of the limbic system circuits for the creation of emotional responses to sensory stimulation.

related_objects:
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system: CNS
main_group: Diencephalon
sub_group: Divisions of diencephalon
parent: epithalamus
latin: glandula pinealis
en: Pineal gland
cell_type: 0
color: 4f99d6
hit_position: -0.01714,1.72984,27.00692
hit_normal: -3.17977,6.42289,-1.89157
body_rotation: 13.05079,149.62770,352.46140
en_description:
  - a neuroendocrine gland synthesizing the hormone called melatonin, it communicates reciprocally with the suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus - is involved in circadian and circannual biorhythms
  - has impact on sleep, vigilance, and sexual activity and its regulation

object_id:
  epithalamus 1,epithalamus 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 1,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!corpus callosum 1,!corpus callosum 2,!ventriculus lateralis 1,!ventriculus lateralis 2,!nucleus caudatus 1,!nucleus caudatus 2,!putamen 1,!putamen 2,!claustrum 1,!claustrum 2,!plexus choroideus ventriculi lateralis 2,!columna fornicis 2,!corpus mamillare 2,!corpus fornicis 2,!crus fornicis 2,!hyppocampus 2,!foramen interventriculare 2,!foramen interventriculare 1,!plexus choroideus ventriculi lateralis 1,!columna fornicis 1,!corpus mamillare 1,!corpus fornicis 1,!crus fornicis 1,!hyppocampus 1,!commissura fornicis 1,!septum pellucidum,!commissura fornicis 2,!indusium griseum 1,!indusium griseum 2,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 1,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus temporalis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2,!globus pallidus lateralis 1,!globus pallidus lateralis 2,!globus pallidus medialis 1,!globus pallidus medialis 2


system: CNS
main_group: Diencephalon
sub_group: Divisions of diencephalon
parent: epithalamus
latin: nuclei habenulare
en: Habenular nuclei
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the nuclei of the limbic system localized in the habenular trigone
  - receive afferents from the amygdaloid body, hippocampal formation, septum verum, hypothalamus, and olfactory tubercle via the stria medullaris of thalamus
  - efferents goes to the interpeduncular nucleus, tectum of midbrain, thalamus, and reticular formation
  - represent a center for emotional integration of olfactory, somatosensory, and viscerosensory information


system: CNS
main_group: Diencephalon
sub_group: Divisions of diencephalon
parent: epithalamus
latin: commissura posterior (epithalamica)
en: Posterior commissure
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Commissural fibers: </b>connecting the posterior thalamic nuclei, superior colliculus, and pretectal nuclei
  <b>Decussation fibers: </b>projection fibers carrying information from the interstitial nucleus of Cajal and elliptic nucleus of Darkschewitsch then continue into the medial longitudinal fasciculus, which represents a tract of the vestibulo-oculo-motor reflexes


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Diencephalon
sub_group: Divisions of diencephalon
parent: Divisions of diencephalon
latin: subthalamus
en: Subthalamus
cell_type: 0
tags: maingroup_desc
en_description:
  <b>The subthalamus lies ventrally to the thalamus.</b> It contains the subthalamic nucleus, which is part of the basal ganglia and the zona incerta, which is the most rostral part of the reticular formation. The largest white matter structure of the subthalamus is the pallido-thalamic tract.


system: CNS
main_group: Diencephalon
sub_group: Divisions of diencephalon
parent: Nuclei of subthalamus
latin: nucleus subthalamicus Luysi
en: Subthalamic nucleus of Luys
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - functionally it represents a component of the basal nuclei loops
  - receives afferents from the lateral globus pallidus and precentral gyrus
  - efferents go to the lateral and medial globus pallidus


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 5.2
main_group: Diencephalon
sub_group: Divisions of diencephalon
parent: subthalamus
en: Tracts and pathways of subthalamus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the nuclei are described as the reticular nuclei (nuclei reticulares) but they are not related to the ascending reticular activation system (ARAS)
  - receive afferents via the excitation collaterals from the specific thalamic nuclei
  - efferents are dominantly inhibitory (GABA-ergic) and go into the thalamus and basal nuclei
  - these nuclei are responsible for determining new impulses and distinguishing them from known stimuli, they are also involved in body temperature control


system: CNS
main_group: Diencephalon
sub_group: Divisions of diencephalon
parent: Tracts and pathways of subthalamus
latin: fasciculus thalamicus
en: Thalamic fasciculus / Forel´s field H1
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the white matter between the thalamus and zona incerta containing the pallido-thalamic fibers
  - a part of the motor basal nuclei loops


system: CNS
main_group: Diencephalon
sub_group: Divisions of diencephalon
parent: Tracts and pathways of subthalamus
latin: fasciculus lenticularis
en: Lenticular fasciculus / Forel´s field H2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the white matter between the zona incerta and subthalamic nucleus containing the pallido-thalamic fibers


system: CNS
main_group: Diencephalon
sub_group: Divisions of diencephalon
parent: Tracts and pathways of subthalamus
latin: ansa lenticularis
en: Ansa lenticularis / Forel´s field H
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the fibers running around the posterior part of the internal capsule containing the pallido-thalamic tracts


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Diencephalon
sub_group: Divisions of diencephalon
parent: Divisions of diencephalon
en_description: - the basal part containing a part of the optic nerve, chiasma, and optic tract
object_id: thalamus opticus 1,thalamus opticus 2
latin: thalamus opticus
en: Thalamus opticus
cell_type: 0
master_object: Brainstem
tags: maingroup_desc
related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 139 characters]

general_description:
  <b>The optic nerve</b> develops as a outpocketing of the diencephalon called the optic vesicle. That is why it is covered by meninges, unlike the proper cranial nerves.


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
latin: telencephalon
en: Telencephalon
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The telencephalon is the most rostral part of the brain.</b> It develops from the prosencephalon and contains the highest number of neurons of any part of the brain. The surface of the hemispheres consists of the cortex and is folded into a <b>system of grooves and ridges</b>, termed sulci and gyri. The main functions of the telencephalon are <b>consciousness, sensation, voluntary movements and cognitive functions</b> (memory, concentration, etc.).

general_description:
  <b>The corona radiata</b> is a fan-like structure of nervous fibres in the telencephalon projecting into the cerebral cortex.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Brain herniation</b> is the displacement of brain tissue from its normal position. It occurs as a consequence of an expansive lesion in the cranial cavity, such as cerebral oedema, ischaemia, infection, haemorrhage or a tumour. 

  <b>Subfalcine (cingulate) herniation</b> occurs when the cingular gyrus is displaced under the margin of the falx cerebri. Clinical signs are impairment of consciousness and breathing, and pupillar miosis. 

  <b>Transtentorial (uncinate) herniation</b> occurs when the parahippocampal uncus herniates under the margin of tentorium cerebelli. Typical signs are usually ipsilateral mydriasis (caused by compression of the parasympathetic fibres of the oculomotor nerve), contralateral palsy, and impairment of consciousness. This type of herniation is most frequently caused by an epidural hematoma of the middle meningeal artery. Tonsillar herniation occurs when the cerebral tonsils herniate through the foramen magnum, which can be caused by expansive processes in the posterior cerebral fossa. 

  <b>Tonsillar herniation</b> is a life-threatening situation because it results in compression medulla oblongata, which compromises the cardiorespiratory centres. The most common clinical signs of this type of hernia are headache in the occipital region, diplopia, paresis or paralysis and ataxia. Consciousness rapidly deteriorates and death results from cardiorespiratory depression.


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: telencephalon
latin: cortex cerebri
en: Cerebral cortex
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  <b>The cerebral cortex is composed of 3 to 6 layers of neurones. The number of layers corresponds to the phylogenetic age of the cortex.</b> The youngest part is the neocortex, which consists of 6 layers of neurones and covers the majority of the surface area of the hemispheres


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: cortex cerebri
latin: hemisphaerium sinistrum
en: Left hemisphere
cell_type: 5
general_description:
  <b>The surface area of the cerebral cortex</b> of an adult brain is about 0.25 m2. 

  <b>Cerebrum</b> is a synonym for telencephalon. Encephalon is a synonym for the brain (including cerebellum and brain stem). 

  <b>Outstanding mathematicians</b> have well-developed left angular gyri and cortex around the intraparietal sulcus.

  <b>Allocortex i</b>s a collective term for paleocortex and archicortex.. Isocortex is a synonym for neocortex.

  <b>Mesocortex</b> is a transitional form of cortex found between neocortex and allocortex. There are two types of mesocortex: peripaleocortex and periarchicortex. The peripaleocortex forms is found between the paleocortex and neocortex. The periarchicortex is located between the archicortex and neocortex.

  <b> Archicortex</b> is responsible for instinctive and emotional reactions. In lower vertebrates these reactions are activated by olfactory stimuli. For animals with a well-developed sense of smell, olfactory stimuli are the most important afferents for their spatial orientation and play an important role in behaviour 

  <b>The six-layered structure of neocortex</b> differs in different functional areas.

   <b>The primary motor area</b> forms only 60 % of the pyramidal tract. The rest of the fibres of the pyramidal tract come from premotor, association, and somatosensory areas.

   <b>Macroscopically, the two hemispheres</b> appear very similar to each other. However, certain functions are be more dominant in one hemisphere than the other. Language is usually a function of the left hemisphere and spatial perception tends to be a function of the right hemisphere. 

  <b>The two hemispheres</b> communicate with each other through commissural fibres. However, they are able to function separately, which they do after corpus callosotomy, a surgical intervention performed in medically intractable severe epilepsy.

   <b>Functions of the right hemisphere:</b> spatial recognition, recognition of faces, recognition of emotional content of speech, creativity and artistic ability Functions of the left hemisphere: language (in almost 100 % of righthanded people and 70 % of lefthanded), logical thinking. 

  <b>The neocortex</b> contains many different types of interneurone. These include spindle-like neurones (neura fusiformis), cells of Marinetti (neura pyramidalia inverse), horizontal cells of Cajal (neura horizontally), basket cells (neura corbiformia) and gliaform neurones (neura neuroglioformia).

clinical_notes:
  <b>Damage to the premotor area</b> does not result in paresis or paralysis. Instead, it results in the inability to execute complex movements. This is known as ideomotor apraxia. Such a patient is not able to imitate the use of tools (e.g. using a knife and fork or opening a door with a key). 

  <b>Damage to the frontal eye field</b> typically leads to deviation of the eye to the affected side.

  <b> Primary somatosensory area damage</b> manifests as contralateral hypesthesia or anaesthesia (involvement of tactile and discriminative sensation). Pain and thermic sensation are typically spared, because they are processed at the level of the limbic system.

  <b> Damage to the primary visual area</b> leads to cortical blindness. <b>Damage to the secondary visual</b> area causes visual agnosia. Visual agnosia is a condition in which a patient cannot recognise the objects he/she sees. 

  <b>Unilateral damage of the primary auditory area</b> leads to a bilateral hearing impairment. <b>Damage to the anterior part of the primary auditory area</b> affects low frequencies and damage to the posterior region leads to an affects higher frequencies.<b> Damage to the secondary auditory area results</b> in the inability to interpret sounds and voices (perceptive aphasia). 

  <b>Damage to Broca’s area</b> causes expressive (motor) aphasia. The patient is able to understand spoken and written language but speech is non-fluent and slow but meaningful. <b>Damage to Wernicke’s area</b> causes perceptive (sensory) aphasia. Despite a preserved ability to hear, the patient is unable to understand spoken and written language. The patient is usually able to produce fluent speech, which is typically unintelligible.

   <b>The arcuate fascicle</b> interconnects Broca’s area with Wernicke’s area. Damage of the arcuate fascicle causes conduction aphasia. Comprehension and spontaneous speech are preserved, but conversation and the ability to repeat words and sentences is disturbed.

  <b>Damage to the insular lobe</b> can lead to an impairment of breathing (regularity, frequency or depth), impairment of heart rate, and inhibition or acceleration of peristalsis.

   <b>Damage to the parietal association cortex</b> usually manifests as an inability to recognize objects held in the hand with the closed eyes (astereognosis).

  <b> Damage of the right parietal association cortex</b> can result in neglect syndrome. A patient with neglect syndrome typically ignores the left half of his or her body, eats from the right half of a plate and draws only the right half of an object.

   <b>Massive damage of the temporal association areas</b> typically results in the inability to distinguish the patient’s own face or recognise and name colours. Damage to the prefrontal cortex results in the loss of emotion.

  <b> Damage to the prefrontal cortex</b> can lead to changes in mood and behaviour. Affected patients demonstrate inappropriate behaviour, increased irritability and aggression.


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: facies superolateralis lobus frontalis
en_description: - primary motor cortex
latin: gyrus precentralis
en: Precentral gyrus
cell_type: 0
color: d05e00
hit_position: -1.61417,28.73024,-0.56052
hit_normal: -24.86044,6.78127,12.01051
body_rotation: 6.53399,64.10321,13.19088
object_id:
  lobus frontalis 1,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,!glandula pituitaria 1,!glandula pituitaria 2,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!corpus mamillare 1,!corpus mamillare 2,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: facies inferior lobus frontalis
en_description: - prefrontal cortex
latin: gyrus rectus
en: Straight gyrus
cell_type: 0
color: 00d015
hit_position: -0.34069,27.12180,1.19102
hit_normal: 5.15505,-10.79483,27.19746
body_rotation: 338.34290,344.54020,5.82788
object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 822 characters]

general_description:
  <b>The projection fibres</b> leave the hemispheres (or enter the hemispheres) via the internal capsule, apart from the olfactory pathway.


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: lobus parietalis
en_description: - primary somatosensory cortex
latin: gyrus postcentralis
en: Postcentral gyrus
cell_type: 0
color: 00d06a
hit_position: -1.70778,28.58591,-0.78673
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system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: lobus parietalis
latin: lobulus parietalis inferior
en: Inferior parietal lobule
cell_type: 0
color: 00d0ce
hit_position: -1.88084,27.96660,-1.72938
hit_normal: -32.68159,-1.10000,-2.27210
body_rotation: 0.06587,91.34621,357.19940
en_description:
  - speech center of Wernicke in the dominant hemisphere, the association cortex for somatosensory and visual information

object_id:
  lobus parietalis 1,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,!glandula pituitaria 1,!glandula pituitaria 2,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!corpus mamillare 1,!corpus mamillare 2,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: lobus temporalis
en_description: - primary auditory cortex
latin: gyri temporales transversi (Heschli)
en: Transverse temporal gyri of Heschl
cell_type: 0
color: df00c5
hit_position: -1.81782,27.42748,-1.16389
hit_normal: -25.80544,-1.05951,8.22763
body_rotation: 359.52110,70.00083,358.68450
object_id:
  lobus temporalis 1,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,!glandula pituitaria 1,!glandula pituitaria 2,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!corpus mamillare 1,!corpus mamillare 2,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: lobus occipitalis
en_description: - visual association cortex
latin: gyrus occipitotemporalis medialis / gyrus lingualis
en: Medial occipitotemporal / lingual gyrus
cell_type: 0
color: 66e2b0
hit_position: -1.17063,26.44294,-1.68181
hit_normal: -9.04370,-11.87544,8.64721
body_rotation: 329.40360,54.96843,324.01820
object_id:
  lobus temporalis 1,lobus temporalis 2,lobus occipitalis 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,!glandula pituitaria 1,!glandula pituitaria 2,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!corpus mamillare 1,!corpus mamillare 2,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 1.5
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: hemisphaerium sinistrum
object_id: lobus insularis 1
latin: lobus insularis
en: Insular lobe / Insula
related_objects: os sphenoidale,atlas c1,axis c2,os occipitale
cell_type: 0
master_object: hemisphaerium sinistrum
color: 50db6d
tags: subgroup_desc
general_description:
  <b>The ventral part of the insular cortex</b> is responsible for perception of body temperature, pain, itching, touch, perception from viscera and muscles, perception of heart activity and rhythm, perception of the urinary bladder and stomach. It is also responsible for integration of auditory stimuli and motor activity. It is responsible for altering facial expression in response to a familiar song or voice. 

  <b>The dorsal part of the insular cortex</b> is responsible for emotions. It participates in regulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic tone and cooperates with the hypothalamus and reticular formation.


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: lobus limbicus
latin: area subcallosa
en: Subcallosal area/gyrus
cell_type: 0
color: 81288c
hit_position: -0.06149,28.10348,-0.50313
hit_normal: 18.58329,1.18466,-2.66621
body_rotation: 359.27050,262.02330,354.80850
object_id:
  gyrus cinguli 1,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,!glandula pituitaria 1,!glandula pituitaria 2,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!corpus mamillare 1,!corpus mamillare 2,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus temporalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: lobus limbicus
latin: gyrus cinguli
en: Cingular gyrus
cell_type: 0
color: 748c28
hit_position: -0.68840,27.59459,-1.01711
hit_normal: 35.26315,1.57234,-7.47635
body_rotation: 359.39580,255.72070,357.62750
object_id:
  gyrus cinguli 1,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,!glandula pituitaria 1,!glandula pituitaria 2,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!corpus mamillare 1,!corpus mamillare 2,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: sulci interlobares
en_description: - is situated between the frontal and parietal lobes
object_id: sulcus centralis
latin: sulcus centralis Rolandi
en: Central sulcus of Rolando
cell_type: 0
master_object: Sulci of cerebral cortex
related_objects:
  lobus parietalis 1,lobus parietalis 2,lobus temporalis 1,lobus temporalis 2,lobus occipitalis 1,lobus occipitalis 2,gyrus cinguli 1,gyrus cinguli 2,lobus frontalis 1,lobus frontalis 2


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 7.1
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: Classification according to the origin
latin: paleocortex*3
en: Paleocortex*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - phylogenetically the oldest part of the brain
  - cortex containing 3 layers of neurons
  - covering 1 % of the cortical surface,
  - it is composed of the rhinencephalon (“olfactory brain”)


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 7.2
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: Classification according to the origin
latin: archicortex*3
en: Archicortex*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - containing less than 6 cortical layers
  - covering almost 4 % of the cortical surface
  - it represents the limbic cortex and has close anatomical and synaptic connections with the paleocortex


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 7.3
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: Classification according to the origin
latin: neocortex*3
en: Neocortex*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - phylogenetically the youngest part of the brain
  - containing 6 layers of neurons
  - covering 95 % of the cortical surface


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: Cortical layers of cerebral cortex
latin: lamina molecularis
en: Molecular layer
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - situated on the cortical surface, containing the fewest amount of neurons
  - composed mainly of axons, dendrites, interneurons, and glial cells
  - the layer is in contact with the pia mater via


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 3.4
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: Cortical layers of cerebral cortex
latin: lamina granularis interna
en: Internal granular layer
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - contains stellate neurons in which the majority of afferent fibers terminate
  - dominates in the cortical somatosensory and sensory areas


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 3.5
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: Cortical layers of cerebral cortex
latin: lamina pyramidalis interna
en: Internal pyramidal layer
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - contains larger pyramidal neurons (including the largest, pyramidal neurons of Betz)
  - represents a layer of cortical efferentation and dominates in the motor areas


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: neura pyramidalia
en: Neurons of the V layer
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - axons transmit efferent impulses from the cortex (to the basal nuclei, nuclei of brainstem, and spinal cord)
  - this layer dominates in the agranular motor areas


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: neura stellata
en: Neurons of the II and IV layer of neocortex
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - dominate in the granular somatosensory and sensory areas and represent interneurons receiving impulses from the thalamus, commissural, and association tracts


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: cortex cerebri
en: Functional cortical areas
cell_type: 5
en_description:
  The cortex is divided into distinct <b>functional areas</b> that have been discovered through electrical stimulation and clinicopathological studies. When electrically stimulated,<b> the primary sensory</b> areas elicit somatic, visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory and vestibular sensations. The <b>motor areas</b> produce muscle contraction when electrically stimulated. The remainder of the cortex is called association cortex. Each primary sensory area is associated with <b>association sensory cortex</b>. <b>Association sensory cortex</b> interprets information from primary sensory cortex to allow us to recognise an object, sound, taste or smell. Other association cortex plays a role in behaviour, communication and motor activity. The cortex can be further organised based on its regional histological structure into the 47 Brodmann areas.


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: Motor areas
en: Primary motor area (BA 4, M1)
cell_type: 0
color: e72525
hit_position: -1.32479,29.16959,-0.62372
hit_normal: -29.06831,12.63069,9.32644
body_rotation: 7.44221,72.86632,22.78980
en_description:
  <b>Location</b>: precentral gyrus
  <b>Afferents</b>: from the premotor and primary somatosensory areas and ventral lateral complex of thalamus
  <b>Efferents</b>: via the corticospinal tract to the motor nuclei of spinal cord and via the corticonuclear tract to the motor nuclei of brainstem

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  lobus frontalis 1,lobus parietalis 1,lobus temporalis 1,lobus occipitalis 1,lobus frontalis 2,lobus parietalis 2,lobus temporalis 2,lobus occipitalis 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: Motor areas
en: Premotor area (BA 6, pM)
cell_type: 0
color: b0e221
hit_position: -1.21371,29.09161,-0.16898
hit_normal: -29.44565,25.39343,25.17550
body_rotation: 22.31739,52.77943,26.56103
en_description:
  <b>Location</b>: anterior part of the precentral gyrus and posterior parts of the frontal gyri
  <b>Afferents</b>: from the anterior ventral nucleus of thalamus and association areas
  <b>Efferents</b>: to the primary motor area, cerebellum, basal nuclei, reticular formation, and red nucleus
  <b>Function</b>: the area is involved in preparation of motor patterns and changes of motor patterns during movement

object_id:
  lobus frontalis 1,lobus parietalis 1,lobus temporalis 1,lobus occipitalis 1,lobus frontalis 2,lobus parietalis 2,lobus temporalis 2,lobus occipitalis 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: Motor areas
en: Supplementary motor area (BA 6, SMA)
cell_type: 0
color: 21e265
hit_position: -0.11469,29.24139,0.36146
hit_normal: 23.61562,15.35592,35.35170
body_rotation: 16.57190,321.29970,347.12860
en_description:
  <b>Location</b>: on the medial surface of the frontal lobe (ventrally to the paracentral lobule)
  <b>Afferents</b>: from the anterior ventral nucleus of thalamus and association areas
  <b>Efferents</b>: to the primary motor area, cerebellum, basal nuclei, reticular formation, and red nucleus
  <b>Function</b>: the area is involved in preparation of motor patterns and changes of motor patterns during movement

object_id:
  lobus frontalis 1,lobus parietalis 1,lobus temporalis 1,lobus occipitalis 1,lobus frontalis 2,lobus parietalis 2,lobus temporalis 2,lobus occipitalis 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: Motor areas
en: Frontal eye field (BA 8, FEF)
cell_type: 0
color: 2193e2
hit_position: -1.26197,28.84576,0.33751
hit_normal: -40.27502,9.45926,17.21095
body_rotation: 5.51016,65.09528,11.68502
en_description:
  <b>Afferents</b>: from the primary and secondary visual areas and dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus
  <b>Efferents</b>: to the tectum of midbrain and pretectal area, through the reticular formation to the nuclei of the n. III, n. IV and n. VI and cerebellum
  <b>Function</b>: voluntary and reflex movements of the eyes 
  - the FEF is also involved in the oculomotor circuit of basal nuclei

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 574 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: Speech centers
en: Motor speech center of Broca (BA 44, 45)
cell_type: 0
color: 21e2c1
hit_position: -1.34225,27.33922,0.12628
hit_normal: -30.82681,-22.97361,26.96876
body_rotation: 339.95200,50.76512,337.22730
en_description:
  <b>Interconnection</b>: with the area of Wernicke and with motor and association areas
  <b>Efferents</b>: to the primary motor area, reciprocally to the area of Wernicke and to association areas
  <b>Function</b>: is involved in production of words, sentences, and written language

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 574 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: Speech centers
en: Sensory center of Wernicke (BA 22, 39, 40)
cell_type: 0
color: 21d1e2
en_description:
  <b>Location</b>: in the superior temporal gyrus and inferior parietal lobule
  <b>Afferents</b>: from the auditory and visual areas
  <b>Interconnection</b>s: with the area of Broca via the arcuate fasciculus (fasciculus arcuatus)
  <b>Function</b>s: comprehension of speech and written language

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 574 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: Somatosensory areas
en: Primary somatosensory area (BA 3, 1, 2; S1)
cell_type: 0
color: e2bb21
hit_position: -1.67343,28.75217,-0.85954
hit_normal: -38.92822,11.51176,21.19847
body_rotation: 7.35476,61.59583,13.31753
en_description:
  <b>Location</b>: postcentral gyrus and posterior part of the paracentral lobule
  <b>Afferents</b>: from the body (through the posterolateral ventral and posteromedial ventral nucleus of thalamus) and association nuclei of thalamus
  <b>Efferents</b>: to the primary motor area, secondary somatosensory area, and association areas
  <b>Function</b>s: somatosensory sensation

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 574 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: Somatosensory areas
en: Association somatosensory areas (BA 5, 7)
cell_type: 0
color: 6f25da
hit_position: -1.86509,28.23899,-1.72274
hit_normal: -45.92844,3.61765,9.21263
body_rotation: 0.82480,77.46462,3.70431
en_description:
  <b>Location</b>: parietal lobules
  <b>Afferents</b>: from the somatosensory and association cortical areas and thalamic nuclei (posterior and intralaminar nuclei)
  <b>Efferents</b>: reciprocal to the structures listed above 
  <b>Function</b>s: analyze and integrate somatosensory afferentation and form spatial imagination of the body, perception of moving and orientation in space

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 574 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: Somatosensory areas
en: Secondary somatosensory area (S2)
cell_type: 0
color: 4521e2
hit_position: -1.59112,27.42925,-0.49674
hit_normal: -41.37736,-2.88531,0.12050
body_rotation: 359.86640,88.45181,355.06840
en_description:
  <b>Location</b>: a small area in the postcentral gyrus, next to the lateral sulcus
  <b>Afferents</b>: from the primary somatosensory area and thalamus
  <b>Function</b>s: reacts to skin stimulation

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 574 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: Sensory areas
en: Primary visual area (BA 17; V1)
cell_type: 0
color: a37300
hit_position: -0.12971,26.93023,-3.35290
hit_normal: 24.04177,-0.90943,-35.85878
body_rotation: 2.30223,209.94450,1.32563
en_description:
  <b>Location</b>: in the calcarine sulcus and adjacent cortex of the occipital lobe
  <b>Afferents</b>: from the lateral geniculate nuclei via the optic radiation
  <b>Efferents</b>: to the secondary visual area
  <b>Function</b>s: responsible for perception and realization of objects in the visual field

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 574 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: Sensory areas
en: Secondary visual area (BA 18, 19; V2)
cell_type: 0
color: cb21e2
hit_position: -0.82989,27.22121,-3.48412
hit_normal: 15.36193,-5.95939,-39.17295
body_rotation: 8.20713,200.03160,2.97936
en_description:
  <b>Location</b>: next to the primary visual area
  <b>Afferents</b>: from the primary visual area
  <b>Efferents</b>: to the pretectal area, premotor cortex, and frontal eye field (FEF)
  <b>Function</b>: detailed analysis of the visual field and objects

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 574 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: Sensory areas
en: Primary auditory area (BA 41, 42; A1)
cell_type: 0
color: 88a300
hit_position: -1.78869,27.36534,-1.33485
hit_normal: -41.23469,-3.97564,-2.23149
body_rotation: 0.31030,92.74312,353.55100
en_description:
  <b>Location</b>: transverse temporal gyri of Heschl
  <b>Afferents</b>: from the medial geniculate nuclei via the acoustic radiation
  <b>Efferents</b>: to the secondary auditory area
  <b>Function</b>: responsible for perception and realization of tones, sounds, and voices

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 574 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: Sensory areas
en: Secondary auditory area (BA 22; A2)
cell_type: 0
color: 21d1e2
hit_position: -1.77763,27.18159,-1.21155
hit_normal: -44.65018,-3.56114,-2.53676
body_rotation: 0.25987,92.60776,354.31310
en_description:
  <b>Location</b>: in the superior temporal gyrus next to the primary auditory area
  <b>Afferents</b>: from the primary auditory area and medial geniculate nuclei
  <b>Efferents</b>: to the association and speech areas
  <b>Function</b>: responsible for distinguishing, analyzing

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 574 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: Sensory areas
en: Gustatory area (BA 43)
cell_type: 0
color: a30061
hit_position: -1.61259,27.51171,-0.40212
hit_normal: -44.27026,-1.46496,9.66550
body_rotation: 359.37100,76.31359,357.41910
en_description:
  <b>Location</b>: in the opercular part of postcentral gyrus and adjacent cortex of the insular lobe
  <b>Afferents</b>: from the nuclei of solitary tract via the thalamic ventral posteromedial nucleus
  <b>Function</b>: gustatory perception

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 574 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: Sensory areas
en: Olfactory area (BA 28
cell_type: 0
color: 7bb1ff
hit_position: -0.19168,26.83294,-0.17657
hit_normal: 16.21172,-24.80408,25.30645
body_rotation: 328.50860,314.83440,27.71739
en_description:
  <b>Location</b>: parahippocampal gyrus (entorhinal area)
  <b>Afferents</b>: from the olfactory bulb and lateral olfactory stria
  <b>Interconnection</b>: reciprocal with the orbitofrontal association cortex
  <b>Function</b>: responsible for perception and distinguishing of olfactory stimuli

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 574 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: Sensory areas
en: Vestibular area (BA 2v)
cell_type: 0
color: 17a300
hit_position: -1.68657,27.10126,-1.00484
hit_normal: -22.55929,0.31306,4.05014
body_rotation: 359.77450,78.58054,358.88350
en_description:
  <b>Location</b>: a small region of the postcentral gyrus next to the lateral sulcus opposite to the auditory area in the superior temporal gyrus
  <b>Afferents</b>: ventral posteromedial nucleus of thalamus
  <b>Function</b>: perception of head position in respect to the rest of the body and head movements

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 574 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: Multifunctional areas
en: Insular areas (BA 13–16)
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Location</b>: in the insular lobe (usually 4 to 6 gyri)
  <b>Afferents</b>: from the ventral posteromedial, ventral posterolateral nucleus, and intralaminar nuclei of thalamus
  <b>Efferents</b>: to the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes, cingular gyrus, amygdaloid body, entorhinal and periamygdalar area of olfactory cortex
  <b>Function</b>s:
  1 Viscerosensory part (ventral part of the insular lobe)
  - perception of gustatory stimuli, integration with olfactory perception and regulation of the immune system
  2 Motor part (middle part of the insular lobe)
  - influences respiratory movements and activity of the breathing muscles, activity of the articulation muscles and their association with speech production
  - influences gastrointestinal tract motility (peristalsis)
  3 Vestibular part (dorsal part of the insular lobe)
  - participates in perception of head position and movements


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: Association areas
en: Parietal association areas (BA 5, 7, 39, 40)
cell_type: 0
color: 6f25da
hit_position: -1.84351,28.31311,-1.89427
hit_normal: -44.42065,-0.13639,-4.27119
body_rotation: 0.00000,95.66010,-0.00001
en_description:
  <b>Location</b>: superior and inferior parietal lobules (angular and supramarginal gyrus)
  <b>Afferents</b>: from the adjacent areas (somatosensory, auditory, and visual) and Wernicke‘s area
  <b>Efferents</b>: to the frontal lobe and remaining association areas
  <b>Function</b>: complex perception of stimuli and integration of sensory inputs
  - internal processes of brain and external outputs; participates in creation of a 3D map of surroundings, its activity is important for spatial orientation and fine motor timing

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 574 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: Association areas
en: Temporal association areas (BA 20, 21, 22, 37, 38)
cell_type: 0
color: 0063a3
hit_position: -1.42028,26.44010,-1.14735
hit_normal: -29.83098,-27.09277,22.39174
body_rotation: 337.94810,58.71764,328.28690
en_description:
  <b>Location</b>: temporal lobe and occipitotemporal gyrus
  <b>Afferents</b>: mainly from the primary visual area (occipito-temporal projection)
  <b>Function</b>: distinguishing familiar and unfamiliar faces, objects, and animals

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 574 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: Association areas
en: Occipital association areas (BA 18, 19)
cell_type: 0
color: cb21e2
hit_position: -0.98454,27.18348,-3.38381
hit_normal: 5.56545,-3.30553,-42.39204
body_rotation: 5.29854,184.50070,0.41647
en_description:
  <b>Location</b>: occipital lobe
  <b>Afferents</b>: mainly from the primary visual area
  <b>Function</b>: detailed analysis and synthesis of visual stimuli (visual gnosia)

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 574 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: Association areas
en: Prefrontal areas (BA 9–12, 46, 47)
cell_type: 0
color: 7e00a3
hit_position: -0.60668,28.03865,1.28065
hit_normal: 0.69881,2.02768,34.51273
body_rotation: 3.02927,356.20350,359.79910
en_description:
  <b>Location</b>: prefrontal area of frontal gyri (rostral part), orbital gyri, straight gyrus (gyrus rectus), and cingulate gyrus
  <b>Interconnection</b>: reciprocal with almost all brain areas
  <b>Function</b>: cortical center of emotions, behavior, planning, ego, and personality
  - cortical center of creative thinking and complex memory circuits

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 574 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Basal ganglia
parent: telencephalon
latin: nuclei basales
en: Basal ganglia
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The basal ganglia are <b>grey matter structures located deep within the hemispheres and the brainstem.</b> According to their afferent and efferent connections, the basal ganglia are classified <b>into input, intrinsic and output nuclei.</b> The basal ganglia <b>are interconnected to form several different circuits.</b> They are predominantly involved in <b>the coordination and learned movement patterns execution.</b> However, they also play a role in learning, memory and behaviour.

  <b>Classification according to the connections</b>
  <b>1. Input nuclei</b>
  1.1 Striatum
  1.2 Nucleus accumbens
  <b>2 Inner nuclei</b>
  2.1 Globus pallidus lateral segment
  2.2 Subthalamic nucleus
  2.3 Substantia nigra - compact part
  2.4 Ventral tegmental area of Tsai
  <b>3 Output nuclei</b>
  3.1 Globus pallidus medial segment
  3.2 Substantia nigra - reticular part

general_description:
  <b>The majority of the basal nuclei</b> has origin in the telencephalon (phylogenetically its basal part). In comparison, the globus pallidus and substantia nigra are of the diencephalic origin. The substantia nigra is pushed away from the telencephalon into the tegmentum of midbrain.

  <b>The basal ganglia</b> can be thought of as a filter, which reduces the number of motor patterns entering the thalamus. When a motor pattern reaches the thalamus, it is processed and transmitted to the motor cortex. Then, the corticospinal and corticonuclear tracts transmit it to the motor nuclei of brainstem and spinal cord. The basal ganglia, cerebellum, and motor structures of the brainstem control the approved motor pattern and participate in muscle tone control. If the basal ganglia inhibit the transmission of the motor pattern to the thalamus, the motor pattern is not executed.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The hypotonic-hyperkinetic syndrome</b> is characterised by the occurrence of involuntary movements and a decreased in muscle tone. 

  <b>Huntington’s chorea</b> is an autosomal dominant hereditary hyperkinetic syndrome associated with progressive dementia and impairment of behaviour. 

  <b>The hypertonic-hypokinetic syndrome</b> is characterised by a decrease in motor activity and an increased muscle tone motor.


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Basal ganglia
parent: Principal nuclei
latin: corpus striatum (Striatum)
en: Corpus striatum / striatum
cell_type: 0
tags: subgroup_desc
en_description:
  - the nucleus is divided by the course of the internal capsule into the medial caudate nucleus and lateral putamen
  - both nuclei are interconnected via the caudolenticular/transcapsular grey bridges (pontes grisei caudatolenticulares, an obsolete synonym is striae) which are responsible for the striped structure of the nucleus


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.1
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Basal ganglia
parent: corpus striatum (Striatum)
en_description: - localized next to the mediocaudally situated thalamus
object_id: nucleus caudatus 1,nucleus caudatus 2
latin: nucleus caudatus
en: Caudate nucleus
cell_type: 0
master_object: Principal nuclei
related_objects:
  os sphenoidale,atlas c1,axis c2,os occipitale,putamen 1,putamen 2,corpus callosum 1,corpus callosum 2

general_description:
  <b>Fundus striati</b> is a term for the frontobasal fusion of the putamen with head of caudate nucleus.


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Basal ganglia
parent: nucleus caudatus
en_description: - the largest part forming the lateral wall of the frontal horn of lateral ventricle
latin: caput nuclei caudati
en: Head of caudate nucleus
cell_type: 0
color: d12424
hit_position: -0.45157,0.87760,27.67705
hit_normal: -11.56187,-1.42862,0.96879
body_rotation: 1.05705,79.14957,5.49764
object_id:
  nucleus caudatus 1,nucleus caudatus 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,!glandula pituitaria 1,!glandula pituitaria 2,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!corpus mamillare 1,!corpus mamillare 2,!capsula externa,!capsula extrema,!capsula interna,!incisura preoccipitalis,!sulcus calcarinus,!sulcus centralis,!sulcus cinguli,!sulcus collateralis,!sulcus corporis callosi,!sulcus lateralis,!sulcus parietooccipitalis,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 1,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus temporalis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Basal ganglia
parent: nucleus caudatus
latin: cauda nuclei caudati
en: Tail of caudate nucleus
cell_type: 0
color: 24bed1
hit_position: -0.78964,1.73562,27.08530
hit_normal: -10.67684,-2.73221,0.75242
body_rotation: 0.74531,74.56130,2.69662
en_description:
  - a thin part which turns down and rostrally and forms the superior wall of the lateral ventricle‘s temporal horn

object_id:
  nucleus caudatus 1,nucleus caudatus 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,!glandula pituitaria 1,!glandula pituitaria 2,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!corpus mamillare 1,!corpus mamillare 2,!capsula externa,!capsula extrema,!capsula interna,!incisura preoccipitalis,!sulcus calcarinus,!sulcus centralis,!sulcus cinguli,!sulcus collateralis,!sulcus corporis callosi,!sulcus lateralis,!sulcus parietooccipitalis,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 1,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus temporalis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.2
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Basal ganglia
parent: corpus striatum (Striatum)
object_id: putamen 1,putamen 2
latin: putamen
en: Putamen
cell_type: 0
master_object: Principal nuclei
en_description:
  - located laterally to the internal capsule
  - it is bordered medially by the lateral medullary lamina of lentiform nucleus and laterally by the external capsule

related_objects:
  os sphenoidale,atlas c1,axis c2,os occipitale,nucleus caudatus 1,nucleus caudatus 2,corpus callosum 1,corpus callosum 2

clinical_notes:
  <b>Chorea</b> is a result of putamen damage. Increased concentration of dopamine leads to involuntary movements resembling a dance.


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Basal ganglia
parent: Principal nuclei
latin: globus pallidus (Pallidum)
en: Globus pallidus / pallidum / paleostriatum
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - develops in the subthalamic region laterally to the internal capsule
  - it is divided into the globus pallidus lateral segment and globus pallidus medial segment by the medial medullary lamina of lentiform nucleus


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Basal ganglia
parent: globus pallidus (Pallidum)
object_id: globus pallidus medialis 1,globus pallidus medialis 2
latin: globus pallidus medialis
en: Globus pallidus medial/internal segment
cell_type: 0
master_object: globus pallidus
en_description:
  - represents an output nucleus of the globus pallidus and of the basal nuclei
  - it is connected with the motor nuclei of thalamus and brainstem

related_objects:
  os sphenoidale,atlas c1,axis c2,os occipitale,nucleus caudatus 1,nucleus caudatus 2,putamen 1,putamen 2,corpus callosum 1,corpus callosum 2


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Basal ganglia
parent: globus pallidus (Pallidum)
object_id: globus pallidus lateralis 1,globus pallidus lateralis 2
latin: globus pallidus lateralis
en: Globus pallidus lateral/external segment
cell_type: 0
master_object: globus pallidus
en_description:
  - represents an input nucleus of the globus pallidus and nucleus of the inner circuit of basal nuclei

related_objects:
  os sphenoidale,atlas c1,axis c2,os occipitale,nucleus caudatus 1,nucleus caudatus 2,putamen 1,putamen 2,corpus callosum 1,corpus callosum 2


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Basal ganglia
parent: Nuclei associated with the limbic system
object_id: corpus amygdaloideum
latin: corpus amygdaloideum
en: Amygdaloid body
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a complex of nuclei located in the pole of temporal lobe, in front of the temporal horn of lateral ventricle
  - functionally, it is involved in the limbic system

related_objects:
  os sphenoidale,atlas c1,axis c2,os occipitale,nucleus caudatus 1,nucleus caudatus 2,putamen 1,putamen 2,


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Basal ganglia
parent: Nuclei associated with the limbic system
object_id: nucleus accumbens
latin: nucleus accumbens
en: Nucleus accumbens
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - part of ventral striatum
  - is situated next to the septum verum and is involved in the circuits of the limbic system

related_objects:
  os sphenoidale,atlas c1,axis c2,os occipitale,nucleus caudatus 1,nucleus caudatus 2,putamen 1,putamen 2,


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Basal ganglia
parent: Nucleus dominantly interconnected with the cortex
object_id: claustrum 1,claustrum 2
latin: claustrum
en: Claustrum
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a strip of grey matter situated between the external and extreme capsules
  - interconnected reciprocally with cortical areas, but it is not involved in the circuits of the basal nuclei
  - its exact function is not well described and understood, it is supposed to be involved in the association circuits of brain cortex

related_objects:
  os sphenoidale,atlas c1,axis c2,os occipitale,nucleus caudatus 1,nucleus caudatus 2,putamen 1,putamen 2,


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Basal ganglia
parent: Nuclei functionally interconnected with the basal nuclei
object_id: nucleus subthalamicus
latin: nucleus subthalamicus Luysi*2
en: Subthalamic nucleus of Luys*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - is involved in the indirect (activating) pathway of basal nuclei which is responsible for activation of the motor thalamic nuclei (output nuclei of the basal nuclei usually have inhibitory effect on the motor thalamus)
  - via the activation of the motor thalamus the motor pattern proposed by the cortex and approved by the basal nuclei is processed

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 104 characters]

clinical_notes:
  <b>Hemibalism</b> is a clinical sign caused by damage of the subthalamic nucleus. It manifests abrupt involuntary movements of the contralateral side of the body that resemble throwing a shot put.


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Basal ganglia
parent: Nuclei functionally interconnected with the basal nuclei
object_id: pars reticularis substantiae nigrae
latin: substantia nigra (pars reticularis)*2
en: Substantia nigra – reticular part
cell_type: 0
master_object: substancia nigra
en_description:
  - located in the midbrain and pigmented by neuromelanin
  - is involved in the motor circuits of basal nuclei and brainstem

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 104 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Basal ganglia
parent: Chemical nuclei interconnected with the basal nuclei
en_description: - supplying acetylcholine
object_id: nucleus basalis
latin: nucleus basalis Meynerti (CH4)
en: Basal nucleus of Meynert (CH4)
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 104 characters]

general_description:
  <b>The basal nucleus of Meynert</b> (nucleus basalis) is a structure situated beneath the lentiform nucleus. It extends ventrally to the head of the caudate nucleus and dorsally to the posterior border of thalamus. It consists of a group of diffusely scattered cholinergic neurons inside the innominate substance of Reichert (substantia innominata).


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Basal ganglia
parent: Chemical nuclei interconnected with the basal nuclei
en_description: - supplying dopamine
object_id: pars compacta substantiae nigrae
latin: substantia nigra (pars compacta – A9)*2
en: Substantia nigra – compact part (A9)
cell_type: 0
master_object: substancia nigra
related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 104 characters]

clinical_notes:
  <b>Parkinson disease</b> is caused by lack of dopamine in the substantia nigra and disequilibrium in the basal nuclei caused by excess of acetylcholine. It manifests as muscle rigidity, hypokinesis, tremor, hypomimia (mask face), monotone speech, and other clinical signs (e.g. early loss of the sense of smell - anosmia or impairment of the sense of taste).


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Basal ganglia
parent: White matter distribution and basal nuclei
object_id: capsula interna
latin: capsula interna
en: Internal capsule
cell_type: 0
master_object: brain capsules
en_description:
  - an important bundle of projections connecting the cortex and subcortical structures, situated laterally to the caudate nucleus and thalamus and medially to the globus pallidus

related_objects:
  os sphenoidale,atlas c1,axis c2,os occipitale,nucleus caudatus 1,nucleus caudatus 2,putamen 1,putamen 2,globus pallidus medialis 1,globus pallidus medialis 2,globus pallidus lateralis 1,globus pallidus lateralis 2


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 3.4
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Basal ganglia
parent: White matter distribution and basal nuclei
latin: nucleus lentiformis
en: Lentiform nucleus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - visible on the transversal brain section
  - formed by the globus pallidus (medially) and putamen (laterally)
  - its parts are divided by the medial/internal medullary lamina (lamina medullaris medialis) between the medial and lateral globus pallidus and the lateral/external medullary lamina (lamina medullaris lateralis) between the lateral globus pallidus and putamen


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral white matter
parent: telencephalon
latin: corpus medullare
en: Cerebral white matter
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The white substance is composed of<b> a huge number of neuronal fibres</b> (tracts). <b>Association fibres</b> connect cortical areas within the same cerebral hemisphere. <b>Commissural fibres</b> interconnect the cortex of the two hemispheres. <b>Projection fibres</b> connect the cortex with subcortical structures.


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 3.5
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral white matter
parent: Macroscopic features
object_id: indusium griseum 1,indusium griseum 2
latin: indusium griseum
en: Indusium griseum
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a thin membranous layer of grey matter
  - between  upper surface of the corpus callosum and the grey matter of the cingulate cortex

related_objects:
  os sphenoidale,atlas c1,axis c2,os occipitale,nucleus caudatus 1,nucleus caudatus 2,putamen 1,putamen 2,corpus callosum 1,corpus callosum 2


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral white matter
parent: Association fibers
latin: fasciculus arcuatus
en: Arcuate fasciculus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - interconnects the Broca‘s area with Wernicke‘s area
  - winds around the insular lobe
  - lies deeply in the hemisphere and interconnects the frontal and temporal lobe
  - the fasciculus is crucial in the cooperation of the motor and sensory speech centres


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 1.6
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral white matter
parent: Association fibers
latin: fasciculi occipitales verticales
en: Vertical occipital fasciculus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - interconnects the posterior part of the parietal lobe with dorsal part of the temporal lobe (lateral occipitofrontal gyrus


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 1.8
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral white matter
parent: Association fibers
latin: cingulum
en: Cingulum
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - passes in the white substance of cingulate gyrus
  - interconnects the frontal and parietal lobe with the parahippocampal gyrus and with the adjacent part of the temporal lobe
  - is a component of the Papez circuit


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 1.9
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral white matter
parent: Association fibers
latin: fasciculus occipitofrontalis superior
en: Superior occipitofrontal fasciculus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - interconnects the frontal lobe with the temporal and occipital lobe
  - is separated from the superior longitudinal fasciculus by the fibers of corona radiata
  - passes deep in the white substance adjacent to the caudate nucleus


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral white matter
parent: Commissural fibers
object_id: corpus callosum 1,corpus callosum 2
latin: corpus callosum
en: Corpus callosum
general_description: <b>The corpus callosum</b> contains approximately 200 million nerve fibres.
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - interconnects the neocortical gyri of both hemispheres
  - a large fasciculus of bidirectional tracts

related_objects:
  os sphenoidale,atlas c1,axis c2,os occipitale,nucleus caudatus 1,nucleus caudatus 2,putamen 1,putamen 2,medulla oblongata 1,pons 1,mesencephalon 1,hypothalamus 1,thalamus opticus 1,thalamus opticus 2,pons 2,mesencephalon 2,medulla oblongata 2,hypothalamus 2


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral white matter
parent: corpus callosum
latin: rostrum corporis callosi
en: Rostrum of corpus callosum
cell_type: 0
color: 8aa900
hit_position: -0.16305,0.22170,27.23197
hit_normal: -6.95158,-6.74009,-5.96600
body_rotation: 336.38280,45.24963,337.99490
object_id:
  corpus callosum 1,corpus callosum 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,!glandula pituitaria 1,!glandula pituitaria 2,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!corpus mamillare 1,!corpus mamillare 2,!capsula externa,!capsula extrema,!capsula interna,!incisura preoccipitalis,!sulcus calcarinus,!sulcus centralis,!sulcus cinguli,!sulcus collateralis,!sulcus corporis callosi,!sulcus lateralis,!sulcus parietooccipitalis,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 1,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus temporalis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2,!ventriculus lateralis 1,!ventriculus lateralis 2


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Other structures of telencephalon
parent: Other structures of telencephalon
object_id: lamina terminalis 1,lamina terminalis 2
latin: lamina terminalis
en: Lamina terminalis
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os sphenoidale,atlas c1,axis c2,os occipitale,nucleus caudatus 1,nucleus caudatus 2,putamen 1,putamen 2,medulla oblongata 1,pons 1,mesencephalon 1,hypothalamus 1,thalamus opticus 1,thalamus opticus 2,pons 2,mesencephalon 2,medulla oblongata 2,hypothalamus 2

general_description:
  <b>The lamina terminalis</b> is an embryonic vestige of the unpaired telencephalon impar (medianum). The area in front of the lamina terminalis is termed septum.


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral white matter
parent: Projection fibers
en: Short projection fibers
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - such as the glutaminergic cortiostriatal tract running from the cortex to the striatum (an input nucleus of the basal ganglia)


system: CNS
main_group: Limbic system
latin: systema limbicum
en: Limbic system
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  The limbic system consists of <b>cortical and subcortical structures</b>. <b>The cortical structures are located</b> predominantly on the medial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres. The subcortical structures are located in the basal ganglia, diencephalon, brainstem, and reticular formation. These structures are interconnected through various neural pathways and circuits. The limbic system is responsible for the control of <b>emotions and behaviour, motivation and memory.</b> It also<b> affects the autonomic and somatic nervous systems</b> as well as the <b>hypothalamus-hypophyseal axis.</b> The cortical structures of the limbic system can be classified histologically according to the number of cortical layers. The limbic system is further divided into functional zones based on its main connections.

  <b>Functions of the limbic system</b>
  1. Is involved in integration of sensory inputs
  2. Is involved in the processes essential for preservation ofindividual entity and species (instinct of self-preservation, fight or flight response, etc.)
  3. Affects food and water intake
  4. Affects sexual behaviour, reproduction, and nurture
  5. Affects the emotional aspect of behaviour and memory processes
  6. Affects the autonomic nervous system, hormonal hypothalamic-hypophyseal axisand brainstem centres essential for life (breathing and cardiovascular brainstem centres)

general_description:
  <b>In certain situations, the limbic system</b> can bring out animal-like emotions in humans. Normally, the archicortex (which includes the limbic system cortex) is controlled and by the prefrontal cortex. The prefrontal cortex is the center of will, self-control, and social empathy. It allows the limbic system to exhibit what is socially appropriate in particular situation. In certain situations, this control can be weakened (alcohol consumption or emotional situations).


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Limbic system
sub_group: Cortical regions of limbic gyrus
parent: systema limbicum
latin: gyrus limbicus
en: Cortical regions of limbic gyrus
cell_type: 1
general_description:
  <b>The term limbus</b> means edge or boundary. The limbic system refers to the group of structures that surround the border between the brainstem and hemispheres. 

  <b>The limbic lobe forms</b> a collar around the corpus callosum on the medial aspect of the hemisphere. The cortical structures of the limbic system (developmentally allocortex) are pushed towards the corpus callosum as the neocortex develops and expands. 

  <b>The allocortex</b> is a phylogenetically old, which comprises 4 % of the hemispheric surface. It consists of the paleocortex and archicortex. 

  <b>The paleocortex</b> is also called the rhinencephalon (“olfactory brain”) and is formed by the olfactory nerve and its connections. 

  <b>The archicortex</b> is also called the “limbic cortex”. 

  <b>The mesocortex represents</b> a transition between the archicortex andneocortex. It is formed by 6 layers, the same as the neocortex, but the microscopic structure and the distribution of its neurones resembles the archicortex. 

  <b>The neocortex</b> is phylogenetically the youngest type of cortex. It consists of 6 layers of neurones and is greatly developed in humans, forming 96 % of the hemispheric surface. 

  <b>Hippocampus</b> means a seahorse in Greek, as the shape of the hippocampal formation resembles a seahorse. The hippocampus is also called cornu ammonis due to its resemblance to the Egyptian deity Ammon.

  <b> In frontal section, the dentate gyrus</b> has the shape of a letter C and seems to “bite” into the hippocampus proper from below.

  <b> The nucleus of stria terminalis</b> (nucleus striae terminalis) connects to nucleus accumbens and the amygdaloid complex. It has a role in the long-term maintenance of fear and anxiety. The immediate fear and anxiety responses of the amygdaloid complex.


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.1
main_group: Limbic system
sub_group: Cortical regions of limbic gyrus
parent: Neocortex
latin: area subcallosa*2
en: Subcallosal area*2
cell_type: 0
color: 81288c
hit_position: -0.04657,27.13181,-0.57231
hit_normal: 17.07651,0.81081,1.38971
body_rotation: 0.05246,272.15050,358.60330
object_id:
  gyrus cinguli 1,gyrus cinguli 2,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!falx cerebri,!tentorium cerebelli,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.2
main_group: Limbic system
sub_group: Cortical regions of limbic gyrus
parent: Neocortex
object_id: gyrus cinguli 1,gyrus cinguli 2
latin: gyrus cinguli (area 23, 24, 25, 29, 30, 31)
en: Cingulate gyrus (BA 23, 24, 25, 29, 30, 31)
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  Location: begins as the subcallosal area (area subcallosa) below the rostrum of corpus callosum (rostrum corporis callosi), turns around the corpus callosum dorsally and caudally, and further as a narrowing (isthmus gyri cinguli) into the temporal lobe, where it forms the parahippocampal gyrus (gyrus parahippocampalis)
  Afferents: from the association cortex of the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes
  Efferents: feedback to cortical areas and subcortical structures (striatum, cerebellum, thalamus)
  Function: emotional reactions (anterior part), verbal memory and spatial orientation (posterior part)

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 257 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Limbic system
sub_group: Cortical regions of limbic gyrus
parent: gyrus cinguli (area 23, 24, 25, 29, 30, 31)
latin: cingulum*2
en: Cingulum*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - an important thick bundle leading into the parahippocampal gyrus
  - an essential part of the Papez circuit


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.3
main_group: Limbic system
sub_group: Cortical regions of limbic gyrus
parent: Neocortex
latin: gyrus parahippocampalis*2
en: Parahippocampal gyrus*2
cell_type: 0
color: 8c2828
hit_position: -0.93423,26.93339,-1.50553
hit_normal: 25.73084,6.06252,3.76792
body_rotation: 0.87556,274.16160,348.13970
en_description:
  - formed by several Brodmann areas (entorhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex)
  - represents a continuation of the cingulate gyrus from the level of the splenium of corpus callosum

  Afferents: mainly from the association areas of the neocortex, prefrontal and olfactory cortex, hippocampal formation, amygdaloid complex, thalamus
  Efferents: predominantly to the hippocampal formation, also to the amygdaloid complex, thalamus (anterior nuclei), and ventral striatum
  Function: spatial memory and orientation, ability to recognize and differentiate between various objects

object_id:
  gyrus cinguli 1,gyrus cinguli 2,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!falx cerebri,!tentorium cerebelli,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 257 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Limbic system
sub_group: Cortical regions of limbic gyrus
parent: gyrus parahippocampalis*2
en: Entorhinal cortex (BA 28)
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the inferior part of the uncus of parahippocampal gyrus
  - connects the neocortex with the hippocampal formation


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 1.3.1
main_group: Limbic system
sub_group: Cortical regions of limbic gyrus
parent: Archicortex
object_id: hyppocampus 1,hyppocampus 2
en: Hippocampal formation
cell_type: 0
master_object: fornix
en_description:
  <b>Afferents:</b> from the entorhinal cortex, thalamus, association areas of the neocortex (via the cingulate and parahippocampal gyrus)
  <b>Efferents: </b>via the fornix into the hypothalamus and thalamus, via the entorhinal cortex to the neocortex
  <b>Neurotransmitter input: </b>norepinephrine (from the locus caeruleus), acetylcholine (from the septal nuclei), serotonin (from the raphe nuclei of reticular formation)
  <b>Function:</b> processes associated with long-term memory, participation in memory consolidation

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 257 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Limbic system
sub_group: Cortical regions of limbic gyrus
parent: Archicortex
latin: hippocampus (cornu Ammonis)
en: Hippocampus proper
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a lateral continuation of the subiculum forms a prominence (about 5 cm long) bulging into the temporal horn of lateral ventricle
  - is composed of four main sectors (CA1 to CA4)


system: CNS
main_group: Limbic system
sub_group: Cortical regions of limbic gyrus
parent: hippocampus (cornu Ammonis)
latin: fimbria hippocampi
en: Fimbria of hippocampus
cell_type: 0
color: 7bd100
hit_position: -0.77474,1.25416,26.82740
hit_normal: -7.84697,-0.05801,-1.00272
body_rotation: 359.33510,85.08193,352.31980
en_description:
  - a bundle leading to the fornix
  - connects the hippocampal formation with the rest of the limbic system

object_id:
  crus fornicis 1,commissura fornicis 1,corpus fornicis 1,columna fornicis 1,hyppocampus 1,crus fornicis 2,commissura fornicis 2,corpus fornicis 2,columna fornicis 2,hyppocampus 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!dura mater cranialis 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!ventriculus lateralis 1,!ventriculus lateralis 2,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 1,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus temporalis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2


system: CNS
main_group: Limbic system
sub_group: Cortical regions of limbic gyrus
parent: Archicortex
latin: gyrus dentatus*3
en: Dentate gyrus*3
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - located medially to the hippocampus proper
  - represents a continuation of the fasciolar gyrus (gyrus fasciolaris), which arises from the union of the longitudinal striae of corpus callosum (striae longitudinales corporis callosi)


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Limbic system
sub_group: Subcortical structures of limbic gyrus
parent: systema limbicum
en: Subcortical structures of limbic gyrus
cell_type: 1
tags: maingroup_desc
clinical_notes:
  <b>The amygdalo-hippocampal complex</b> is frequently affected in temporal lobe epilepsy. In such cases, it is atrophic (small in volume) and sclerotic (increased number of glial cells forming the equivalent of a scar in the brain).


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Limbic system
sub_group: Subcortical structures of limbic gyrus
parent: Subcortical structures of limbic gyrus
object_id: corpus amygdaloideum
latin: corpus amygdaloideum (amygdala)*2
en: Amygdaloid complex
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Afferents:</b>
  1 from the association cortex
  2 from the olfactory tract and lateral olfactory gyrus (sense of smell)
  3 from the nuclei of solitary tract (viscerosensory nuclei of cranial nerves) and insular lobe
  4 from the hippocampal formation, thalamus, and hypothalamus
  <b>Efferents:</b>
  1 To the insular lobe, entorhinal area, and septal nuclei
  2 To the thalamus and hypothalamus (via the stria terminalis and amygdalofugal bundle)
  3 To the motor cortex, premotor cortex, and basal ganglia (affecting voluntary and involuntary movements)
  4 To the hippocampus (related to memory retention processes)
  5 To the visceromotor nuclei of cranial and spinal nerves (affects sympathetic and parasympathetic output and responses)

  <b>Neurotransmitter input: </b>acetylcholine (from the basal nucleus of Meynert), norepinephrine (from the locus caeruleus) and dopamine (from the ventral tegmental area of Tsai)
  <b>Function: </b>a center of emotions and fear
  - retention and storage of memories associated with moments charged with emotions
  - recognition and reactions to stimuli associated with negative experiences or unpleasant smells
  - reactions to fear, such as freezing (paralysis), tachycardia, tachypnea, stomach cramps, release of stress hormones, and central increase of pain threshold
  - activity of the amygdaloid complex is also related to pleasant emotions (such as love, desire, and addiction)

  - a group of nuclei located in the pole of the temporal lobe, anterior to the temporal horn of lateral ventricle
  - develops together with the basal ganglia but functionally represents a part of the limbic system

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 257 characters]

general_description:
  <b>Stimulation of the amygdaloid complex</b> increases attention and alertness. Bilateral lesions of the amygdala result in the loss of fear and anxiety (placidity), hyperphagia, hypersexuality, and visual agnosia. This group of symptoms is known as Klüver-Bucy syndrome. The amygdala is also involved in defensive reactions, fear and the fightor- flight reaction. 

  <b>The amygdaloid complex</b> reinforces the retention of memories in the hippocampus during stressful and exciting moments. This explains why we remember important events, such graduation, marriage or the birth of a baby, for our whole life. Even years after the events, we are able to describe them in fine detail.


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 2.5
main_group: Limbic system
sub_group: Subcortical structures of limbic gyrus
parent: Subcortical structures of limbic gyrus
object_id: nucleus accumbens
latin: nucleus accumbens (striatum ventrale)
en: Nucleus accumbens*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - developmentally a part of the basal ganglia
  - is adjacent to the septal nuclei and connected to the limbic system
  - plays a crucial role in the mechanism of addiction, reward and satisfaction, fear or placebo effect
  - sometimes it is referred to be a nucleus of addictions and desire

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 257 characters]


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 2.6
main_group: Limbic system
sub_group: Subcortical structures of limbic gyrus
parent: Subcortical structures of limbic gyrus
latin: septum verum
en: Septal nuclei
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - are situated basally to the septum pellucidum (underlies the surface of the paraterminal gyrus)
  - represent a center of reward and pleasure (hedony)

general_description:
  <b>Stimulation of the septal nuclei</b> in experimental animals causes the feelings of reward and euphoria. Lesions of the septal nuclei, on the other hand, elicit hyperactivity, anxiety and rage.


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 2.8
main_group: Limbic system
sub_group: Subcortical structures of limbic gyrus
parent: Subcortical structures of limbic gyrus
latin: fornix*2
en: Fornix
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - connects the hippocampus with other components of the limbic system, and also the right and left hippocampus together
  - arises from the fimbria of hippocampus on the floor of the lateral horn of lateral ventricle

general_description:
  <b>The fornix can be divided</b> into the pars libera, which is a “free part” running downwards on the anterior wall of the third ventricle, and the pars tecta, which is a “hidden part” entering the hypothalamus and terminating in the mammillary bodies


system: CNS
main_group: Limbic system
sub_group: Subcortical structures of limbic gyrus
parent: fornix*2
object_id: crus fornicis 1,crus fornicis 2
latin: crus fornicis*2
en: Crus of fornix*2
cell_type: 0
master_object: fornix
en_description:
  - a bundle following the outer edge of the pulvinar of thalamus
  - as the paired crura reach the corpus callosum from below, converge, fuse and form the body of fornix (corpus fornicis)

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 257 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Limbic system
sub_group: Subcortical structures of limbic gyrus
parent: fornix*2
object_id: commissura fornicis 1,commissura fornicis 2
latin: commissura fornicis*2
en: Commissure of fornix*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a connection between the right and left fornix
  - a thin membrane spread between both crura, until they converge into the body of fornix

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 257 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Ventricular system of the brain
latin: Ventriculi cerebri
en: Ventricular system of the brain
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  The ventricular system of the brain consists of four interconnected <b>fluid-filled ventricles lined with ependyma</b>. These are the two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle. <b>The lateral ventricles</b> communicate with the third ventricle through the interventricular foramina (of Monro). <b>The third ventricle</b> is in turn connected to the fourth ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct (acqueduct of Sylvius). The fourth ventricle communicates with the subarachnoid space via three openings and narrows caudally to form the central canal of the spinal cord. <b>Circumventricular organs</b> are areas of the ventricular system devoid of <b>the blood-brain barrier</b>. They are richly vascularized with fenestrated capillaries. Certain <b>substances in the blood can pass directly into brain at these places.</b>

general_description:
  <b>The ventricles develop</b> from the neural canal (cavity of the neural tube) which expands to some areas of the brain. Other segments of the neural canal (canalis neuralis) do not expand and form the aqueduct of the midbrain and central canal (of the spinal cord). 

  <b>The circumventricular organs</b> are specialized structures in the brain characterized by their extensive vasculature and lack of a normal blood-brain barrier. They participate significantly in neuroendocrine interactions. 

  <b>The subcommissural organ</b> produces a protein called SCO-spondin. Long molecule of the SCO-spondin makes a part of Reissner’s fiber, a thread-like structure passing through the aqueduct of the midbrain to the terminal ventricle. The molecule enables a stable throughput. SCO-spondin synthesis defect can be associated with development of internal hydrocephalus.


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Ventricular system of the brain
sub_group: Composition of ventricular system
parent: Composition of ventricular system
object_id: ventriculus lateralis 1,ventriculus lateralis 2
latin: ventriculus lateralis
en: Lateral ventricle
cell_type: 0
tags: maingroup_desc
en_description:
  - a paired ventricle located in the hemispheres of the telencephalon, its horseshoe shape is a result of the development

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 257 characters]

general_description:
  <b>Choroidal enlargement</b> is a projection of the choroid plexus from the central part into the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle. It has an important role in production of cerebrospinal fluid. 

  <b>The superficial layer of the white matte</b>r, termed alveus, merges with the fimbria of the hippocampus (which then joins in the crus of the fornix). It also serves as an insertion for the tela choroidea of the lateral ventricle. The other margin of the tela choroidea is attached to the choroid line located on the roof of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle, near the tail of the caudate nucleus. 

  <b>The cerebral lobe</b>s during brain development gradually form an Ushape circle around the insular lobe, therefore the insular lobe is located deep within the lateral fossa. That is why the lateral ventricle interferes to all cerebral lobes except of the insular one.


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.1
main_group: Ventricular system of the brain
sub_group: Composition of ventricular system
parent: ventriculus lateralis
en_description: - the choroid plexus is absent
latin: cornu frontale/anterius ventriculi lateralis
en: Frontal/anterior horn of lateral ventricle
cell_type: 0
color: f3ab34
hit_position: 0.24614,0.52539,27.61426
hit_normal: 14.06970,-4.86719,3.83341
body_rotation: 4.16160,-286.53700,-346.26550
object_id:
  ventriculus lateralis 1,ventriculus lateralis 2,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 1,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus temporalis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.3
main_group: Ventricular system of the brain
sub_group: Composition of ventricular system
parent: ventriculus lateralis
latin: atrium ventriculi lateralis
en: Atrium of lateral ventricle
cell_type: 0
color: c434f3
hit_position: 0.61951,2.17573,27.25414
hit_normal: 13.64989,7.90751,3.36309
body_rotation: 353.73320,-237.39400,-350.31600
en_description:
  - an enlarged dorsal end of the central part bifurcates into the occipital and temporal horn
  - the choroid enlargement (glomus choroideum) is located here

object_id:
  ventriculus lateralis 1,ventriculus lateralis 2,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 1,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus temporalis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Ventricular system of the brain
sub_group: Composition of ventricular system
parent: Composition of ventricular system
en_description: - an unpaired space located between the left and right thalamus and hypothalamus
object_id: ventriculus tertius
latin: ventriculus tertius
en: Third ventricle
cell_type: 0
master_object: ventriculi
tags: maingroup_desc
related_objects:
  os sphenoidale,atlas c1,axis c2,os occipitale,nucleus caudatus 1,nucleus caudatus 2,putamen 1,putamen 2,cerebellum 1,cerebellum 2


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 1.3.2
main_group: Ventricular system of the brain
sub_group: Composition of ventricular system
parent: ventriculus tertius
latin: adhesio interthalamica*2
en: Interthalamic adhesion*2
cell_type: 0
color: d93131
hit_position: -0.02440,1.30190,27.25834
hit_normal: -4.90885,0.40620,0.28509
body_rotation: 359.81070,92.38321,4.53973
object_id:
  ventriculus tertius,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,!glandula pituitaria 1,!glandula pituitaria 2,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!corpus mamillare 1,!corpus mamillare 2,!capsula externa,!capsula extrema,!capsula interna,!incisura preoccipitalis,!sulcus calcarinus,!sulcus centralis,!sulcus cinguli,!sulcus collateralis,!sulcus corporis callosi,!sulcus lateralis,!sulcus parietooccipitalis,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 1,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus temporalis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2,!ventriculus lateralis 1,!ventriculus lateralis 2,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2,!claustrum 1,!putamen 1,!nucleus caudatus 1,!nuclei lateralis thalami 1,!lamina medullaris medialis 1,!nuclei anteriores thalami 1,!nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 1,!claustrum 2,!putamen 2,!nucleus caudatus 2,!nuclei lateralis thalami 2,!lamina medullaris medialis 2,!nuclei anteriores thalami 2,!nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 2,!epithalamus 2,!epithalamus 1,!globus pallidus lateralis 1,!globus pallidus lateralis 2,!globus pallidus medialis 1,globus pallidus medialis 2


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 1.3.7
main_group: Ventricular system of the brain
sub_group: Composition of ventricular system
parent: ventriculus tertius
en_description: - glial membrane ependyma in lower part of roof
latin: tela choroidea ventriculi tertii
en: Tela choroidea of third ventricle
cell_type: 0
color: eaa712
hit_position: -0.00828,1.54107,27.23415
hit_normal: -1.86030,6.33097,-0.26121
body_rotation: 1.32476,160.99010,359.54360
object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1795 characters]

general_description:
  <b>The tela choroidea of the third ventricle</b> is a duplication of the pia mater and forms the roof of the third ventricle. It is attached to the stria medullaris of the right and left thalamus. The tela choroidea featuring the choroid plexus is divided into two parts and those parts enter the lateral ventricles via the interventricular foramina.


system: CNS
main_group: Ventricular system of the brain
sub_group: Composition of ventricular system
parent: plexus choroideus ventriculi quarti
en_description: - glial membrane in the caudal part of the fourth ventricle
latin: tela choroidea ventriculi quarti
en: Tela choroidea of fourth ventricle
cell_type: 0
color: d931a2
hit_position: -0.01006,1.67013,25.90571
hit_normal: -1.81255,4.02179,-2.01329
body_rotation: 21.14358,153.12090,349.63900
object_id:
  ventriculus quartus,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,!glandula pituitaria 1,!glandula pituitaria 2,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!corpus mamillare 1,!corpus mamillare 2,!capsula externa,!capsula extrema,!capsula interna,!incisura preoccipitalis,!sulcus calcarinus,!sulcus centralis,!sulcus cinguli,!sulcus collateralis,!sulcus corporis callosi,!sulcus lateralis,!sulcus parietooccipitalis,!lobus temporalis 1,!lobus frontalis 1,!lobus occipitalis 1,!lobus parietalis 1,!lobus insularis 1,!lobus insularis 2,!gyrus cinguli 1,!lobus frontalis 2,!lobus parietalis 2,!lobus occipitalis 2,!lobus temporalis 2,!gyrus cinguli 2,!ventriculus lateralis 1,!ventriculus lateralis 2,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2,!claustrum 1,!putamen 1,!nucleus caudatus 1,!nuclei lateralis thalami 1,!lamina medullaris medialis 1,!nuclei anteriores thalami 1,!nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 1,!claustrum 2,!putamen 2,!nucleus caudatus 2,!nuclei lateralis thalami 2,!lamina medullaris medialis 2,!nuclei anteriores thalami 2,!nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 2,!epithalamus 2,!epithalamus 1,!globus pallidus lateralis 1,!globus pallidus lateralis 2,!globus pallidus medialis 1,globus pallidus medialis 2


system: CNS
main_group: Ventricular system of the brain
sub_group: Communications of ventricular system
parent: Communications of ventricular system
object_id: apertura mediana ventriculi quarti
latin: apertura mediana ventriculi quarti (foramen Magendiei)
en: Median aperture of fourth ventricle / foramen of Magendie
cell_type: 0
master_object: ventriculi
en_description:
  - an unpaired dorsal communication between the fourth ventricle and subarachnoid space (posterior cerebellomedullary cistern)

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 129 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Ventricular system of the brain
sub_group: Communications of ventricular system
parent: Communications of ventricular system
object_id: aperturae laterales ventriculi quarti
latin: aperturae laterales ventriculi quarti (foramina Luschkeae)
en: Lateral apertures of fourth ventricle / foramina of Luschka
cell_type: 0
master_object: ventriculi
en_description:
  - a paired lateral communication between the fourth ventricle and subarachnoid space (pontocerebellar cistern)

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 129 characters]


system: CNS
main_group: Meninges
latin: meninges
en: Meninges
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  The meninges comprise <b>three layers of connective tissue</b> that cover the spinal cord and brain. <b>The dura mater</b> is the most external layer. <b>The arachnoid mater</b> is located under the dura mater and the<b> pia mater</b> lies on the surface of the brain and spinal cord. In certain areas, the <b>dura mater forms folds</b>, which separate different parts of the brain and<b> contain venous sinuses. The arachnoid mater</b> is a non-vascular non-innervated fibrous membrane. It sends delicate fibres to the pia mater, which resemble a spider’s web. <b>The pia mater</b> is the innermost layer of the meninges. It extends into the sulci and gyri of the brain and forms the tela choroidea.


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Meninges
sub_group: Meninges of the brain
parent: Meninges of the brain
object_id: dura mater cranialis 1,dura mater cranialis 2
latin: dura mater cranialis
en: Cranial dura mater
related_objects: atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,os occipitale
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - it merges with the periosteum of the internal table of the calvaria, especially in the area of sutures
  - the dural venous sinuses are located between the periosteum and dura mater


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Meninges
sub_group: Spaces in the skull bordered by the meninges
parent: Spaces in the skull bordered by the meninges
latin: spatium epidurale*2
en: Epidural space*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a virtual space located between the periosteum and dura mater
  - under physiological conditions the space does not exist
  - can be created when haemorrhage of the middle meningeal artery or rupture of the dural venous sinus occurs


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Meninges
sub_group: Spaces in the skull bordered by the meninges
parent: Spaces in the skull bordered by the meninges
latin: spatium subdurale*2
en: Subdural space*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a virtual space located between the dura mater and arachnoid mater
  - under physiological conditions the space is just a tiny slit between the meninges
  - can be created by haemorrhage of bridging veins


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Meninges
sub_group: Spaces in the skull bordered by the meninges
parent: Spaces in the skull bordered by the meninges
latin: spatium subarachnoideum*2
en: Subarachnoid space
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - contains the cerebral arterial circle of Willis
  - a real space located between the arachnoid mater and pia mater filled with cerebrospinal fluid


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Meninges
sub_group: Duplications of the dura mater
parent: Duplications of the dura mater
object_id: falx cerebri
latin: falx cerebri
en: Falx cerebri / cerebral falx
related_objects: atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,os occipitale
cell_type: 0
master_object: falx cerebri
en_description:
  - is positioned in the longitudinal cerebral fissure
  - passes from the crista galli of the ethmoid bone and frontal crest of the frontal bone along the groove for the superior sagittal sinus to the internal occipital protuberance
  - is a continuation of the falx cerebri and inserts between the hemispheres of the cerebellum


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 3.4
main_group: Meninges
sub_group: Duplications of the dura mater
parent: Duplications of the dura mater
object_id: diaphragma sellae
latin: diaphragma sellae
en: Diaphragma sellae / sellar diaphragm
related_objects: atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,os occipitale
cell_type: 0
master_object: falx cerebri
en_description:
  - bridges over the hypophysial fossa
  - the infundibulum of the neurohypophysis passes via the diaphragmatic aperture (foramen of Pacchioni)


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 3.5
main_group: Meninges
sub_group: Duplications of the dura mater
parent: Duplications of the dura mater
object_id: cavum trigeminale
latin: cavum trigeminale Meckeli
en: Trigeminal cave / cavity of Meckel
related_objects: atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,os occipitale
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cranial arachnoid mater
en_description:
  - a cavity inside the dura mater at the level of the trigeminal impression near the apex of the petrous bone, containing the trigeminal ganglion


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
main_group: Meninges
sub_group: Meninges of the spinal cord
parent: Meninges of the spinal cord
latin: saccus durae matris spinalis
en: Dural sac
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  -an extension of the dura mater within the vertebral canal from the foramen magnum down to the sacral bone, terminates as the dural part of the filum terminale (coccygeal ligament) at the level of the vertebra Co1


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 5.1
main_group: Meninges
sub_group: Spaces in the vertebral canal bordered by the spinal meninges
parent: Spaces in the vertebral canal bordered by the spinal meninges
latin: spatium epidurale*3
en: Epidural space*3
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a real space located between the vertebral periosteum and dura mater
  - contains fibrous septa, loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, and venous plexuses (internal vertebral venous plexuses)


system: CNS
custom_hierarchy: 5.3
main_group: Meninges
sub_group: Spaces in the vertebral canal bordered by the spinal meninges
parent: Spaces in the vertebral canal bordered by the spinal meninges
latin: spatium subarachnoideum*3
en: Subarachnoid space / leptomeningeal space
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a real space located between the arachnoid mater and pia mater filled with cerebrospinal fluid, contains the denticular ligament and spinal arteries


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: facies superolateralis lobus frontalis*2
en_description: - primary motor cortex
latin: gyrus precentralis*2
en: Precentral gyrus*2
cell_type: 0
color: d05e00
hit_position: -1.61417,28.73024,-0.56052
hit_normal: -24.86044,6.78127,12.01051
body_rotation: 6.53399,64.10321,13.19088
object_id:
  lobus frontalis 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,!glandula pituitaria 1,!glandula pituitaria 2,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!corpus mamillare 1,!corpus mamillare 2,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: lobus parietalis*2
en_description: - primary somatosensory cortex
latin: gyrus postcentralis*2
en: Postcentral gyrus*2
cell_type: 0
color: 00d06a
hit_position: -1.70778,28.58591,-0.78673
hit_normal: -25.07114,9.75543,5.61061
body_rotation: 5.77201,74.13729,19.49032
object_id:
  lobus parietalis 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,!glandula pituitaria 1,!glandula pituitaria 2,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!corpus mamillare 1,!corpus mamillare 2,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: lobus temporalis*2
en_description: - primary auditory cortex
latin: gyri temporales transversi (Heschli)*2
en: Transverse temporal gyri of Heschl*2
cell_type: 0
color: df00c5
hit_position: -1.81782,27.42748,-1.16389
hit_normal: -25.80544,-1.05951,8.22763
body_rotation: 359.52110,70.00083,358.68450
object_id:
  lobus temporalis 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,!glandula pituitaria 1,!glandula pituitaria 2,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!corpus mamillare 1,!corpus mamillare 2,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: lobus occipitalis*2
en_description: - visual association cortex
latin: gyrus occipitotemporalis medialis / gyrus lingualis*2
en: Medial occipitotemporal / lingual gyrus*2
cell_type: 0
color: 66e2b0
hit_position: -1.17063,26.44294,-1.68181
hit_normal: -9.04370,-11.87544,8.64721
body_rotation: 329.40360,54.96843,324.01820
object_id:
  lobus temporalis 2,lobus temporalis 2,lobus occipitalis 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,!glandula pituitaria 1,!glandula pituitaria 2,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!corpus mamillare 1,!corpus mamillare 2,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: lobus limbicus*2
latin: area subcallosa*2
en: Subcallosal area/gyrus*2
cell_type: 0
color: 81288c
hit_position: -0.06149,28.10348,-0.50313
hit_normal: 18.58329,1.18466,-2.66621
body_rotation: 359.27050,262.02330,354.80850
object_id:
  gyrus cinguli 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,!glandula pituitaria 1,!glandula pituitaria 2,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!corpus mamillare 1,!corpus mamillare 2,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2


