# hierarchy_io

bone_id: Axis C2
muscle_id: musculus spinalis cervicis
color: 0896FF
hit_position: 0.09382,2.50068,23.82069
hit_normal: 0.20179,13.39604,-1.26003
body_rotation: 7.11842,180.57700,0.07151
description:
  -<indent=3em>axis (C2) - spinous process</indent>
  -<indent=3em>vertebrae C3 and C4 - spinous processes (variable insertion)</indent>


bone_id: Corpus fibula
muscle_id: musculus extensor digitorum longus
color: FD7D7E
hit_position: -4.60856,1.05302,-13.86786
hit_normal: -14.47509,-17.37002,0.10838
body_rotation: 0.58682,38.15113,0.46095
description:
  -<indent=3em>fibula - body (medial surface - proximal 3/4)</indent>
  -<indent=3em>interosseous membrane of leg</indent>
  -<indent=3em>anterior intermuscular septum of leg</indent>


bone_id: Corpus fibula
muscle_id: musculus extensor hallucis longus
color: B01C47
hit_position: -4.55094,1.08954,-19.85205
hit_normal: 1.84997,-60.64492,-1.84658
body_rotation: 358.96480,357.30170,0.04879
description:
  -<indent=3em>fibula - medial surface (middle 2/4)</indent>
  -<indent=3em>interosseous membrane of leg</indent>


bone_id: Corpus fibula
muscle_id: musculus fibularis longus
color: E74444
hit_position: -4.74351,1.33711,-13.66465
hit_normal: -21.66797,6.38245,-0.09591
body_rotation: 359.81140,104.69590,0.71925
description:
  -<indent=3em>fibula - head of fibula</indent>
  -<indent=3em>fibula - body (lateral surface - proximal 1/2)</indent>
  <b>Course of fibers:</b> through the malleolar groove of the fibula (in the common tendinous sheath with the fibularis brevis), through a groove for the tendon on the plantar surface of the cuboid (in the tendinous sheath)


bone_id: Corpus fibula
muscle_id: musculus tibialis posterior
color: 7E0126
hit_position: -4.40868,1.22594,-15.86587
hit_normal: 32.91700,7.58479,2.61349
body_rotation: 358.50130,255.94300,354.03660
description:
  -<indent=3em>posterior surface (proximal 2/3)</indent>
  -<indent=3em>interosseous membrane of leg</indent>


bone_id: corpus maxillae 1
muscle_id: musculus buccinator
color: 2186B1
hit_position: -1.19955,-1.09312,24.63035
hit_normal: -10.68398,-5.44834,-0.93951
body_rotation: 356.92620,61.29173,354.40800
description:
  -<indent=3em>alveolar yokes of the molars</indent>
  -<indent=3em>pterygomandibular raphe (fibres running from the pterygoid hamulus to the medial surface of the border between the body and ramus of the mandible)</indent>


bone_id: Corpus sterni
muscle_id: musculus pectoralis major
color: 9C0100
hit_position: -0.36616,-1.33350,16.66924
hit_normal: -0.70948,-26.60898,-0.17150
body_rotation: 0.00000,0.00001,0.00000
description:
  <b>Sternocostal part</b> (pars sternocostalis)
  -<indent=3em>sternum to the attachment of the 7th rib </indent>
  -<indent=3em>cartilage of the 1st-7th rib (1st and 7th rib variably)</indent>


bone_id: Corpus sterni
muscle_id: musculus transversus thoracis
color: B54847
hit_position: -0.38750,-1.25009,16.03970
hit_normal: 1.55092,25.98106,-7.27833
body_rotation: 16.70990,180.19140,0.05504
description:
  -<indent=3em>sternum (caudal third of the internal surface)</indent>
  -<indent=3em>cartilage of the 4th-7th rib</indent>


bone_id: Costa prima 1
muscle_id: musculus intercostales interni
color: E186AD
hit_position: -2.10047,1.93742,20.40207
hit_normal: -9.68546,-1.24830,6.92403
body_rotation: 4.31560,83.80792,34.74356
description:
  ribs - caudal margin of the rib
  <b>Course of fibres:</b> the fibres run in an oblique ventrocaudal direction


bone_id: Costa prima 1
muscle_id: musculus serratus anterior
color: 9f4e52
hit_position: -2.05989,1.70530,20.25904
hit_normal: -7.36150,-6.50091,7.31239
body_rotation: 22.92028,56.76431,30.72428
description:
  as muscular slips on the 1st-9th rib (the 5 caudal slips interdigitate with the origins of the external oblique)


bone_id: Costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11
muscle_id: musculus intercostales interni
color: E186AD
hit_position: -3.27015,2.57459,10.47429
hit_normal: -0.53283,4.74493,-20.64839
body_rotation: 70.40646,134.65640,316.36470
description:
  ribs - caudal margin of the rib
  <b>Course of fibres:</b> the fibres run in an oblique ventrocaudal direction


bone_id: Costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11
muscle_id: musculus obliquus externus abdominis
color: BD3A63
hit_position: -3.95603,1.76132,9.71790
hit_normal: -16.88726,9.27648,-4.46720
body_rotation: 6.18124,114.80140,346.88340
description:
  from the 5th-12th rib as eight slips (the cranial 5 slips interdigitate with the serratus anterior)
  <b>Course of fibres:</b> run in a ventrocaudal direction


bone_id: Humerus
muscle_id: musculus extensor carpi radialis brevis
color: D16989
hit_position: -9.86340,1.97187,11.05522
hit_normal: -27.27043,22.13368,5.02863
body_rotation: 357.39630,125.92460,3.58775
description:
  -<indent=3em>humerus - lateral epicondyle</indent>
  -<indent=3em>radial collateral ligament</indent>


bone_id: Humerus
muscle_id: musculus pectoralis major
color: 44AEE7
hit_position: -7.28538,2.14227,17.93776
hit_normal: -42.79654,-27.25058,11.49259
body_rotation: 8.11025,57.08088,12.29337
description:
  humerus - crest of greater tubercle (caudal part of the muscle inserts most cranially as the tendon makes a turn of 180°)


bone_id: Humerus
muscle_id: musculus supinator
color: 681942
hit_position: -9.94617,1.93689,10.83491
hit_normal: -37.18402,10.94620,5.14466
body_rotation: 359.03760,104.50540,3.71461
description:
  Superficial layer: 
  -<indent=3em>humerus - lateral epicondyle</indent>
  -<indent=3em>radial collateral ligament</indent>
  -<indent=3em>annular ligament of radius</indent>


bone_id: mandibula
muscle_id: musculus buccinator
color: 9C0100
hit_position: -1.16266,-0.96610,23.94572
hit_normal: -15.69014,-15.56179,14.79315
body_rotation: 24.23646,49.21808,25.44861
description:
  -<indent=3em>alveolar yokes of the molars
  -<indent=3em>pterygomandibular raphe (fibres running from the pterygoid hamulus to the medial surface of the border between the body and ramus of the mandible)


bone_id: mandibula
muscle_id: musculus pterygoideus lateralis
color: 00659C
hit_position: -1.69952,0.56528,25.23205
hit_normal: 21.40704,-15.81645,3.14964
body_rotation: 3.27271,303.75740,355.11790
description:
  mandible (condylar process) - pterygoid fovea, temporomandibular joint (articular capsule and its disc)


bone_id: Manubrium sterni
muscle_id: musculus sternohyoideus
color: D63537
hit_position: -0.10130,0.44762,19.60961
hit_normal: -0.36314,-18.74800,20.35428
body_rotation: 46.07391,358.33910,358.80360
description:
  -<indent=3em>clavicle - sternal end</indent>
  -<indent=3em>sternum - manubrium of sternum</indent>
  -<indent=3em>dorsal part of the sternoclavicular joint (posterior sternoclavicular ligament)</indent>
  <b>Course of fibers:</b> the paired muscles diverge caudally


bone_id: Manubrium sterni
muscle_id: musculus sternothyroideus
color: FD9A9A
hit_position: -0.21093,0.56028,19.50113
hit_normal: -2.46452,27.63097,1.80000
body_rotation: 357.71370,172.82030,0.28792
description:
  -<indent=3em>manubrium of sternum - posterior surface</indent>
  -<indent=3em>cartilage of the 1st rib (posterior margin)</indent>
  <b>Course of fibers:</b>: the paired muscles diverge cranially


bone_id: musculus flexor digitorum longus
muscle_id: musculus quadratus plantae
description:
  into the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus (before it divides into tendons for the individual toes)


bone_id: Os calcis
muscle_id: musculus soleus
color: 314FAD
hit_position: -3.48374,2.54604,-28.60272
hit_normal: -10.74931,4.89218,19.29599
body_rotation: 339.02480,103.90800,55.32657
description:
  together with gastrocnemius unite in one band of tissue,which becomes the Achilles (calcaneus) tendon


bone_id: os femoris
muscle_id: musculus vastus lateralis
color: C60102
hit_position: -4.98832,0.30050,0.94050
hit_normal: -68.87344,-5.98562,-3.78745
body_rotation: 359.39810,82.91790,355.16700
description:
  -<indent=3em>femur - linea aspera (proximal half of the lateral lip)</indent>
  -<indent=3em>femur - intertrochanteric line (proximal part)</indent>


bone_id: os femoris
muscle_id: musculus vastus medialis
color: FF0000
hit_position: -3.14790,-0.06389,-4.36083
hit_normal: 70.61071,-2.42127,5.03305
body_rotation: 0.01898,270.29930,356.36920
description:
  -<indent=3em>femur - linea aspera (medial lip)</indent>
  -<indent=3em>femur - intertrochanteric line (distal part)</indent>


bone_id: os frontale
muscle_id: musculus corrugator supercilii
color: 9C0100
hit_position: -0.53432,-2.22713,27.28076
hit_normal: -1.24707,-25.07641,-2.64393
body_rotation: 352.15640,1.65781,359.77370
description:
  frontal bone - above the frontonasal suture and on the medial end of the superciliary arch of the frontal bone


bone_id: os occipitale
muscle_id: musculus rectus capitis posterior minor
color: 6E61D3
hit_position: -0.28197,2.80629,25.13206
hit_normal: 0.58701,13.12925,-22.81053
body_rotation: 59.89972,180.01410,0.01220
description:
  occipital bone - occipital plane, inferior nuchal line (medially to the rectus capitis posterior major)


bone_id: os occipitale
muscle_id: musculus sternocleidomastoideus
color: 00A5FF
hit_position: -1.59250,2.75553,25.36795
hit_normal: 1.06025,22.99997,-13.27902
body_rotation: 30.91822,179.69870,359.84520
description:
  -<indent=3em>the two origins form the lesser supraclavicular fossa which is located between them</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the jugular fossa is located between the sternal origins of the sternocleidomastoids of each side</indent>


bone_id: os occipitale
muscle_id: musculus trapezius pars descendens
color: AD266B
hit_position: -0.29285,3.34013,25.51562
hit_normal: 1.88695,23.42869,-11.45542
body_rotation: 26.04254,183.32890,1.46287
description:
  -<indent=3em>occipital bone - superior nuchal line</indent>
  -<indent=3em>occipital bone - external occipital protuberance</indent>


bone_id: Os pisiforme
muscle_id: musculus flexor carpi ulnaris
color: 0047FF
hit_position: -11.78332,-2.03384,2.98592
hit_normal: 3.35083,4.75003,11.76719
body_rotation: 309.94350,233.32170,314.17040
description:
  -<indent=3em>pisiform, hook of hamate (as the pisohamate ligament)</indent>
  -<indent=3em>base of the 5th metacarpal (as the pisometacarpal ligament)</indent>


bone_id: Os sacrum
muscle_id: musculus multifidus
color: 681742
hit_position: -0.83220,2.57255,3.91383
hit_normal: 0.30277,21.64374,11.40467
body_rotation: 332.51490,177.14240,1.31969
description:
  -<indent=3em>sacrum - dorsal surface</indent>
  -<indent=3em>posterior sacroiliac ligament</indent>


bone_id: os sphenoidale
muscle_id: musculus pterygoideus lateralis
color: FD7D7E
hit_position: -0.99578,-0.27146,25.12935
hit_normal: -23.67388,-14.32553,-1.15327
body_rotation: 358.00440,58.50183,356.74740
description:
  1<b> Upper/superior head </b>(caput superius): 
  -<indent=3em>sphenoidal bone (greater wing) - infratemporal surface and crest</indent>
  2<b> Lower/inferior head </b>(caput inferius):
  -<indent=3em>sphenoidal bone (pterygoid process) - lateral plate</indent>


bone_id: Os trapezoideum
muscle_id: musculus flexor pollicis brevis
description:
  2<b> Deep head</b> (caput profundum):
  -<indent=3em>trapezoid</indent>
  -<indent=3em>capitate</indent>
  -<indent=3em>palmar intercarpal ligaments</indent>


bone_id: Pelvis
muscle_id: musculus gluteus medius
color: B05218
hit_position: -3.51269,1.37778,6.03340
hit_normal: -16.54067,30.33048,-9.96340
body_rotation: 9.51274,148.36430,354.18660
description:
  -<indent=3em>gluteal surface of the ilium - between the posterior and anterior gluteal lines</indent>
  -<indent=3em>iliac crest - outer lip</indent>


bone_id: Pelvis
muscle_id: musculus gluteus minimus
color: 944D3F
hit_position: -3.48404,0.44186,4.54140
hit_normal: -16.56932,31.26639,-8.47141
body_rotation: 9.51274,148.36430,354.18660
description:
  -<indent=3em>gluteal surface of the ilium - between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines</indent>
  -<indent=3em>iliac crest - outer lip</indent>


bone_id: Pelvis
muscle_id: musculus obturatorius externus
color: FF4B46
hit_position: -1.62302,0.21269,0.68685
hit_normal: -21.94085,-28.04745,-6.87358
body_rotation: 347.97290,36.06674,351.37030
description:
  -<indent=3em>external surface of the obturator membrane</indent>
  -<indent=3em>obturator foramen (bony margins)</indent>
  <b>Course of fibers:</b> run dorsally to the neck of the femur


bone_id: Pelvis
muscle_id: musculus obturatorius internus
color: C01510
hit_position: -1.45249,0.81154,1.42730
hit_normal: 35.08910,4.61391,6.75381
body_rotation: 358.70370,260.62130,352.20160
description:
  -<indent=3em>internal surface of the obturator membrane</indent>
  -<indent=3em>hip bone - obturator foramen (bony margins)</indent>
  <b>Course of fibres: </b>passes through the lesser sciatic foramen


bone_id: Pelvis
muscle_id: musculus transversus abdominis
color: EF5C9F
hit_position: -4.29161,0.40646,6.57494
hit_normal: 5.02936,-26.21073,10.03487
body_rotation: 24.88097,351.30820,356.31970
description:
  -<indent=3em>hip bone - iliac crest (inner lip)</indent>
  -<indent=3em>inguinal ligament - lateral part</indent>


bone_id: Pelvis
muscle_id: musulus obliquus internus abdominis
color: B0204D
hit_position: -4.40386,0.48698,6.59512
hit_normal: -29.00347,9.41099,20.15349
body_rotation: 350.53550,103.48260,34.44428
description:
  -<indent=3em>thoracolumbar fascia (anterior layer)</indent>
  -<indent=3em>hip bone - iliac crest (intermediate zone)</indent>
  -<indent=3em>inguinal ligament (lateral half)</indent>
  <b>Course of fibres:</b> run in a ventrocranial direction


bone_id: Phalanx distalis manus 2
muscle_id: musculus extensor digitorum
color: 4A9CFF
hit_position: -15.71868,-4.33434,-0.08669
hit_normal: -5.23700,11.97149,-5.54634
body_rotation: 20.37674,152.18160,349.58950
description:
  as four tendons to the 2nd-5th fingers, which insert on the dorsal aponeurosis on the base of the middle and distal phalanges


bone_id: Phalanx distalis pedis 2
muscle_id: musculus extensor digitorum longus
color: 00659C
hit_position: -5.18920,-4.78081,-29.57743
hit_normal: -2.35193,-6.33624,10.96654
body_rotation: 54.44272,30.50316,25.60690
description:
  four tendons to the 2nd-5th toes (into the dorsal aponeurosis of the toes), distal phalanges of the toes


bone_id: Phalanx media manus 2
muscle_id: musculus flexor digitorum superficialis
color: 3C74AA
hit_position: -15.29389,-4.00022,0.39630
hit_normal: 1.26974,-13.63397,5.15441
body_rotation: 20.47526,351.88670,357.14520
description:
  as four tendons to the 2nd-5th digits, which bifurcate to insert on both sides of the base of the middle phalanx


bone_id: Phalanx media pedis 2
muscle_id: musculus extensor digitorum brevis
color: 002C9C
hit_position: -5.10388,-4.39542,-29.43118
hit_normal: -4.52272,-3.80830,4.60110
body_rotation: 25.32018,53.37604,29.91448
description:
  3-4 tendons for the 2nd-4th toe (variably the 5th toe), insertion into the dorsal aponeurosis of the toes


bone_id: Processus xiphoideus
muscle_id: musculus rectus abdominis
color: 02689C
hit_position: -0.20358,-1.87077,14.16538
hit_normal: -0.49070,-15.08784,-0.02635
body_rotation: 0.00000,0.00001,0.00000
description:
  - pubis - body of pubis between the pubic symphysis and pubic tubercle
  - tendinous intersections (transverse tendinous strips in the muscle, usually three with the lowest at the height of the umbilicus


bone_id: Radius
muscle_id: musculus abductor pollicis longus
color: E74847
hit_position: -11.08207,0.65713,7.45761
hit_normal: 2.61634,26.95956,-19.73608
body_rotation: 37.79121,183.71780,2.28024
description:
  -<indent=3em>radius - middle 1/3 of the posterior surface</indent>
  -<indent=3em>interosseous membrane of forearm - middle 1/3 of the posterior surface</indent>


bone_id: Radius
muscle_id: musculus extensor pollicis brevis
color: FB807F
hit_position: -11.64864,-0.07747,5.98859
hit_normal: 8.88923,23.59008,-19.04737
body_rotation: 36.37057,205.87230,16.04494
description:
  -<indent=3em>radius - middle 1/3 of the posterior surface </indent>
  -<indent=3em>interosseous membrane of forearm - middle 1/3 of the posterior surface</indent>


bone_id: Radius
muscle_id: musculus flexor digitorum superficialis
color: FA090B
hit_position: -10.73591,0.58370,8.19504
hit_normal: 8.67599,-29.89492,7.97369
body_rotation: 15.33995,342.45360,355.21850
description:
  Radial head (caput radiale):
  -<indent=3em>radius - anterior surface from radial to pronator tuberosity</indent>


bone_id: Radius
muscle_id: musculus flexor policis longus
color: 9C0302
hit_position: -11.47335,-0.22150,6.42711
hit_normal: 21.21579,-23.94591,2.09634
body_rotation: 1.64032,319.49400,358.59920
description:
  radius - anterior surface, between the insertion of the pronator teres proximally and the insertion of the pronator quadratus distally, interosseous membrane of forearm


bone_id: skin
muscle_id: musculus levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
override_source_name: Skin
description:
  -<indent=3em>skin of the nasal wing (major alar cartilage)</indent>
  -<indent=3em>lateral part of the upper lip</indent>


bone_id: tibia
muscle_id: musculus flexor digitorum longus
color: 9C0100
hit_position: -3.51122,1.23756,-16.71790
hit_normal: -12.42480,47.67422,5.62396
body_rotation: 353.75450,163.86360,1.80280
description:
  -<indent=3em>tibia - posterior surface (middle 2/4)</indent>
  -<indent=3em>interosseous membrane of leg</indent>


bone_id: tibia
muscle_id: musculus semimembranosus
color: 1A4675
hit_position: -2.36684,1.13168,-13.05346
hit_normal: 20.24078,14.41755,-3.10961
body_rotation: 2.36306,233.20210,3.15491
description:
  -<indent=3em>tibia - medial condyle (2 insertions)</indent>
  -<indent=3em>femur - lateral condyle (via the oblique popliteal ligament)</indent>


bone_id: tibia
muscle_id: musculus tensor fasciae lateae
color: 0239C6
hit_position: -4.09296,-0.12558,-12.78793
hit_normal: -33.57037,-31.65863,3.84326
body_rotation: 2.83526,44.59807,2.79241
description:
  tibia - tuberosity for the iliotibial (on the lateral condyle) tract of Gerdy (via the iliotibial tract)


bone_id: tibia
muscle_id: musculus tibialis anterior
color: E74442
hit_position: -3.76709,0.48170,-17.19752
hit_normal: -36.25998,-34.46012,-2.68953
body_rotation: 358.26420,45.13461,358.25680
description:
  -<indent=3em>lateral condyle</indent>
  -<indent=3em>body (lateral surface - proximal 2/3), interosseous membrane of leg</indent>


bone_id: tibia
muscle_id: musculus tibialis posterior
color: C60302
hit_position: -3.91885,0.93353,-16.37884
hit_normal: -42.26669,22.59466,10.54678
body_rotation: 353.94320,115.80800,12.30838
description:
  -<indent=3em>lateral condyle</indent>
  -<indent=3em>body (lateral surface - proximal 2/3)</indent>
  -<indent=3em>interosseous membrane of leg</indent>


bone_id: Ulna
muscle_id: musculus abductor pollicis longus
color: 862055
hit_position: -10.37887,1.21775,7.99736
hit_normal: -25.04653,11.26730,14.28404
body_rotation: 348.69630,111.75620,26.15786
description:
  -<indent=3em>ulna - middle 1/3 of the posterior surface</indent>
  -<indent=3em>interosseous membrane of forearm - middle 1/3 of the posterior surface</indent>


bone_id: Vertebrae cervicales C3
muscle_id: musculus multifidus
color: 4472E7
hit_position: 0.10187,2.39299,23.57493
hit_normal: 6.15275,3.68907,0.06196
body_rotation: 359.42760,236.87890,359.12270
description:
  -<indent=3em>spinous processes of vertebrae</indent>
  -<indent=3em>superficial multifidi 3-4 vertebrae above their origin</indent>
  -<indent=3em>the deepest multifidi to the adjacent vertebra of their origin</indent>


bone_id: Vertebrae lumbales L1
muscle_id: musculus psoas major
color: C03B60
hit_position: -0.69714,1.09764,9.46302
hit_normal: -19.29623,-7.06547,1.63072
body_rotation: 2.19148,67.27815,5.21735
description:
  -<indent=3em>vertebrae L1-L5 - coastal processes</indent>
  -<indent=3em>vertebral bodies of T12-L5</indent>
  -<indent=3em>intervertebral discs (as 5 digitations)</indent>


bone_id: Vertebrae thoracales T10
muscle_id: musculus latissimus dorsi
color: 700552
hit_position: 0.00450,3.36185,12.38283
hit_normal: 1.45179,30.81940,-9.86724
body_rotation: 19.04332,181.69860,0.55444
description:
  -<indent=3em>vertebrae T7-T12 - spinous processes and median sacral crest</indent>
  -<indent=3em>thoracolumbar fascia - posterior layer</indent>


bone_id: Vertebrae thoracales T7
muscle_id: musculus latissimus dorsi
color: 700552
hit_position: 0.00348,4.21159,14.95724
hit_normal: 1.09433,15.87835,-6.51640
body_rotation: 22.74474,182.59940,1.00568
description:
  - vertebrae T7-T12 - spinous processes and median sacral crest
  - thoracolumbar fascia - posterior layer


# content_generalanatomy

system: general anatomy
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Planes, axes and lines
sub_group: Planes of the human body
parent: Planes, axes and lines
latin: plana corporis humani
en: Planes of the human body
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  To avoid confusion, the structures of the human body are described in a specific posture. This posture is called <b> the anatomical position and is an upright posture with the upper limbs on the sides of the body with the palms facing forward. </b> To help us orientate structures on the human body, we use <b> three principle perpendicular planes of reference. </b> These are the sagittal plane, the frontal plane and the transverse plane.  <b>The sagittal plane </b> runs through the body from the back to the front.  

  <b>The frontal plane </b> is parallel to the forehead and divides the body into posterior and anterior portions.  <b>The transverse plane </b> runs through the body horizontally, dividing it into cranial and caudal portions.  <b>The mid-sagitt al or median plane </b> is a sagittal plane found  <b>exactly at the midpoint of the body </b> and cuts the body into <b> symmetrical left and right halves. </b>


system: general anatomy
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Planes, axes and lines
sub_group: Axes of the human body
parent: Axes of the human body
object_id: longitudinal
en: Longitudinal / vertical axis
related_objects: body main
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - is formed by the intersection of the sagital and frontal planes and passes vertically from inferior to superior


system: general anatomy
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Planes, axes and lines
sub_group: Axes of the human body
parent: Axes of the human body
object_id: sagital
en: Sagital axis
related_objects: body main
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - is formed by the intersection of the sagital and transverse planes and passes horizontally from posterior to anterior


system: general anatomy
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Planes, axes and lines
sub_group: Axes of the human body
parent: Axes of the human body
object_id: transversal
en: Transversal / frontal axis
related_objects: body main
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - is formed by the intersection of the frontal and transverse planes and passes horizontally from left to right and


system: general anatomy
custom_hierarchy: 3.10
main_group: Planes, axes and lines
sub_group: Lines of the human body
parent: lineae corporis humani
object_id: linea mediana posterior
latin: linea mediana posterior
en: Posterior median line
related_objects: body main
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - runs vertically through the middle of the vertebral column, passing through the spinous processes of the vertebrae


system: general anatomy
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Body parts
sub_group: All body parts at once
parent: All body parts at once
object_id: body main
latin: humani corporis
en: All human body parts
cell_type: 0
tags: par
en_description:
  The following terms are used to describe <b>specific parts of the human body in the standard anatomical position. Constitutional typology</b> describes body shape according to the height and width of the body, length of the limbs and the amount of muscle and body fat.


# content_arterial

system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
en: Common carotid artery and its branches
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The right common carotid artery arises with the right subclavian artery</b> from the brachiocephalic trunk.<b>The left common carotid artery arises directly from the aortic arch.</b> Each common carotid artery passes cranially along the trachea and bifurcates into the internal and external carotid arteries<b>within the carotid triangle</b> at the level of the superior margin of the thyroid cartilage (at the level of C4). <b>The common carotid artery</b> gives off no other branches as it<b>travels with the internal jugular vein</b>, the vagus nerve and the superior branch of the deep cervical ansa in the fibrous carotid sheath (vagina carotica).

general_description:
  <b>The carotid body (glomus caroticum)</b> is located in the carotid bifurcation. It is a chemoreceptor, which detects changes in the internal environment (mainly partial pressure of oxygen, concentration of carbon dioxide and changes in pH).
  <b>The stapedial branch</b> of the stylomastoid artery is a small artery, which is an embryological remnant of the main artery of the second pharyngeal arch.<br>

clinical_notes:
  <b>Carotid ultrasonography</b> is an ultrasonographic procedure that shows the quality of blood flow within the carotid arteries. It measures the luminal diameter (6-7 mm), blood flow and the intima-media thickness (IMT), which is a marker of atherosclerosis.<br>
  <b>Carotid stenosis</b> is, in the majority of cases, caused by an atherosclerotic plaque. A piece of the plaque can break off and travel through the circulation to the blood vessels in the brain. The pieces can lodge in the vessel wall and restrict blood flow, causing a thrombembolic stroke.<br>
  <b>The carotid tubercle</b> / tubercle of Chassaignac is a synonym for the anterior tubercle of the transverse process of the sixth cervical vertebra. The common carotid artery can be compressed against it.<br>
  <b>Electrocautery</b> refers to a process that uses electric current to destroy vessels and stop bleeding. <b>Embolisation</b> is a procedure in which a chemical substance injected by an intra-arterial catheter causes selective occlusion of a blood vessel. Learning HTML, CSS and JS is essential to become a web or a front-end developer.


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: Common carotid artery
parent: Common carotid artery and its branches
en: Common carotid artery
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> ascends along the trachea</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> bifurcates within the carotid triangle</indent>

clinical_notes:
  <b>The common carotid artery</b> can be examined with a stethoscope. Such an examination is called auscultation and allows the detection of an abnormal sound called a bruit, which indicates the presence of stenosis. The bruit manifests as a regular rustling sound during each heart contraction and can indicate stenosis of the artery even when the pulse is normally palpable.


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: Common carotid artery
parent: Common carotid artery
memorix_page: 277
object_id: arteria carotis communis dextra
latin: arteria carotis communis dextra
en: Right common carotid artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>arises near the head of the 1st rib on the right and passes through the visceral space of the neck</indent>
  - <indent=3em>its branches supply part of the neck, head, and brain</indent>

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,atrium dextrum,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,aorta ascendens,bulbus aortae,arcus aortae,truncus brachiocephalicus,arteria subclavia dextra,arteria carotis communis dextra,arteria carotis communis sinistra,arteria subclavia sinistra,ligamentum arteriosum,aorta thoracica,aorta abdominalis


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: Common carotid artery
parent: Common carotid artery
memorix_page: 277
object_id: arteria carotis communis sinistra
latin: arteria carotis communis sinistra
en: Left common carotid artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>originates near the head of the 1st rib and passes through the visceral space of the neck</indent>
  - <indent=3em>its branches supply part of the neck, head, and brain</indent>

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,atrium dextrum,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,aorta ascendens,bulbus aortae,arcus aortae,truncus brachiocephalicus,arteria subclavia dextra,arteria carotis communis dextra,arteria carotis communis sinistra,arteria subclavia sinistra,ligamentum arteriosum,aorta thoracica,aorta abdominalis


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: Internal carotid artery
parent: Internal carotid artery and its branches
object_id: arteria carotis interna
latin: arteria carotis interna
en: Internal carotid artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> passes dorsolaterally giving off no branches within the neck</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> enters the cranium to give off branches supplying the brain and eyeball</indent>

related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2,atlas c1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t1,costa prima 1,corpus maxillae 1,os palatinum 1,corpus maxillae 2,os palatinum 2,os nasale 1,os nasale 2,os zygomaticum 1,os zygomaticum 2,os hyoideum,concha nasi inferior 1,os lacrimale 1,os occipitale,vomer,concha nasi inferior 2,os lacrimale 2,os sphenoidale,os ethmoidale,os temporale 1,os temporale 2,dentes canini 3,dentes canini b3,dentes incisivi 1,dentes incisivi 2,dentes incisivi b1,dentes incisivi b2,dentes morales 6,dentes morales 7,dentes morales 8,dentes morales b7,dentes morales b8,dentes premolares 4,dentes premolares 5,dentes premolares b4,dentes premolares b5,dentes premolares b6,dentes canini 004,dentes canini b004,dentes incisivi 003,dentes incisivi 004,dentes incisivi b003,dentes incisivi b004,dentes morales 009,dentes morales 010,dentes morales 011,dentes morales b009,dentes morales b010,dentes premolares 006,dentes premolares 007,dentes premolares b007,dentes premolares b008,dentes premolares b009


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: Internal carotid artery
parent: Internal carotid artery and its branches
object_id: sinus caroticus
latin: sinus caroticus
en: Carotid sinus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  The carotid sinus (sinus caroticus) is an enlargement located at either the bifurcation of the common carotid artery or at the beginning of the internal carotid artery. Free nerve endings are located in the wall of the carotid sinus, which monitor blood pressure. Compression of the wall can cause a reflex decrease in blood pressure.

related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2,atlas c1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t1,costa prima 1,corpus maxillae 1,os palatinum 1,corpus maxillae 2,os palatinum 2,os nasale 1,os nasale 2,os zygomaticum 1,os zygomaticum 2,os hyoideum,concha nasi inferior 1,os lacrimale 1,os occipitale,vomer,concha nasi inferior 2,os lacrimale 2,os sphenoidale,os ethmoidale,os temporale 1,os temporale 2,dentes canini 3,dentes canini b3,dentes incisivi 1,dentes incisivi 2,dentes incisivi b1,dentes incisivi b2,dentes morales 6,dentes morales 7,dentes morales 8,dentes morales b7,dentes morales b8,dentes premolares 4,dentes premolares 5,dentes premolares b4,dentes premolares b5,dentes premolares b6,dentes canini 004,dentes canini b004,dentes incisivi 003,dentes incisivi 004,dentes incisivi b003,dentes incisivi b004,dentes morales 009,dentes morales 010,dentes morales 011,dentes morales b009,dentes morales b010,dentes premolares 006,dentes premolares 007,dentes premolares b007,dentes premolares b008,dentes premolares b009

general_description:
  <b>The carotid sinus (sinus caroticus)</b> is an enlargement located at either the bifurcation of the common carotid artery or at the beginning of the internal carotid artery. Free nerve endings are located in the wall of the carotid sinus, which monitor blood pressure. Compression of the wall can cause a reflex decrease in blood pressure.


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Common carotid artery and its branches
en: External carotid artery and its branches
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  <b>The external carotid artery supplies the head</b>, the majority of the organs and muscles of <b>the anterior part of the neck</b> and some of the <b>nuchal muscles</b>. It ascends through the carotid triangle, courses behind the<b> stylohyoid and posterior belly of the digastric</b> and pierces the styloid septum to enter the <b>prestyloid space</b>. It then enters the <b>retromandibular fossa</b> close to the angle of the mandible. It bifurcates into its terminal branches close to the neck of the mandible.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Ventral branches of external carotid artery
object_id: arteria thyroidea superior
latin: arteria thyroidea superior
en: Superior thyroid artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Course</b>
  - <indent=3em> the first branch of the external carotid artery</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> passes ventrally then descends to the anterior surface of the thyroid gland</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria thyroidea superior
object_id: arteria laryngea superior
latin: arteria laryngea superior
en: Superior laryngeal artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> supplies the larynx and accompanies the superior laryngeal nerve as it passes through the thyrohyoid membrane</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.6
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria thyroidea superior
en_description: - <indent=3em> supply the sternocleidomastoid</indent>
object_id: ramus sternocleidomasoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris
latin: ramus sternocleidomasoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris
en: Sternocleidomastoid branch of superior thyroid artery
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]

general_description:
  <b>The sternocleidomastoid artery</b> can arise directly from the external carotid artery as its lateral branch in about 25 % of cases.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Ventral branches of external carotid artery
object_id: arteria lingualis
latin: arteria lingualis
en: Lingual artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Course</b>
  - <indent=3em> arises from external carotid artery at the level of the lesser horn of the hyoid bone</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> passes through the triangle of Pirogov and the angle of Béclard</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> then it runs inferiorly to the hyoglossus passing through the paralingual canal to the tongue</indent> <br>

  Is the second branch and ascends to the tongue.

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria lingualis
object_id: arteria sublingualis
latin: arteria sublingualis
en: Sublingual artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> supplies the sublingual gland and the floor of the oral cavity</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> arises from the lingual artery before entering the tongue</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> passes along the floor of the oral cavity below the sublingual gland</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria lingualis
object_id: arteria profunda linguae
latin: arteria profunda linguae
en: Deep lingual artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> passes inside the tongue between the genioglossus and the inferior longitudinal muscle to the apex of the tongue</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Ventral branches of external carotid artery
object_id: arteria facialis
latin: arteria facialis
en: Facial artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Course</b>
  - <indent=3em> the third branch from the external carotid artery, passes through the submandibular triangle to the ramus of the mandible</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> then it passes behind (medially to) the stylohyoid and posterior belly of the digastric and either through or under the submandibular gland (the facial vein passes superficially to both the gland and muscles)</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> reaches the face along the anterior margin of the masseter and has a tortuous course along the oral and nasal angles</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> its terminal branch, the angular artery, ascends to the medial margin of the orbit where it anastomoses with the branches of the ophthalmic and infraorbital arteries</indent> <br>

  Is the third branch and ascends across the face towards the orbit.

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]

general_description:
  <b>The facial and lingual artery</b> can arise from a common origin called the linguofacial trunk. This is important to known when performing catheterisation.<br>

clinical_notes:
  <b>The facial artery</b> is palpable where it crosses the margin of the mandible in front of the insertion of the masseter. This is a pressure point used to stop arterial bleeding.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.3.1
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria facialis
object_id: arteria palatina ascendens
latin: arteria palatina ascendens
en: Ascending palatine artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> supplies the isthmus of the fauces, pharynx, and palate</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> passes cranially along the pharyngeal wall within the prestyloid space</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.3.2
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria facialis
object_id: arteria submentalis
latin: arteria submentalis
en: Submental artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> supplies the suprahyoid muscles</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> passes along the inferior surface of the mylohyoid</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.3.3
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria facialis
object_id: arteria labialis inferior
latin: arteria labialis inferior
en: Inferior labial branch
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> supplies the lower lip, passes under the orbicularis oris and anastomoses with the contralateral inferior labial branch</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.3.4
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria facialis
object_id: arteria labialis superior
latin: arteria labialis superior
en: Superior labial branch
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> supplies the upper lip, passes under the orbicularis oris and anastomoses with the contralateral superior labial branch</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]

general_description:
  <b>The right and left superior labial branches</b> of the facial artery anastomose and form an arterial circle within the area of the upper lip. Similarly, the inferior labial branches form an arterial circle within the area of the lower lip.  


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.3.6
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria facialis
object_id: arteria angularis
latin: arteria angularis
en: Angular artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> supplies the medial angle of the eye</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> passes along the nasal wing to the medial angle of the eye</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Medial branches of external carotid artery
object_id: arteria pharyngea ascendens
latin: arteria pharyngea ascendens
en: Ascending pharyngeal artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Course</b>
  - <indent=3em> passes medially, between the external and internal carotid arteries</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> its branches feed the pharyngeal wall, cranial base, tympanic cavity, and dura mater</indent> <br>

  Is the only medial branch and supplies the pharynx, middle ear, and dura mater.

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: External carotid artery and its branches
en: Dorsal branches of external carotid artery
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  <b>The occipital artery is the first dorsal branch</b> of the external carotid artery. It supplies the external soft tissue of the occipital region and the nuchal muscles. <b>The posterior auricular artery is the second dorsal branch</b>. It supplies the auricle, mastoid cells, and part of the parotid gland

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Dorsal branches of external carotid artery
object_id: arteria occipitalis
latin: arteria occipitalis
en: Occipital artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Course</b>
  - <indent=3em> passes along the posterior margin of the posterior belly of the digastric to the base of the skull behind the mastoid process where it runs in the shallow occipital groove and enters the external soft tissue of the skull</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Dorsal branches of external carotid artery
object_id: arteria auricularis posterior
latin: arteria auricularis posterior
en: Posterior auricular artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Course</b>
  - <indent=3em> passes along the posterior belly of the digastric behind the auricle and in front of the mastoid process</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria stylomastoidea
object_id: arteria tympanica posterior
latin: arteria tympanica posterior
en: Posterior tympanic artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> passes through the canaliculus for the chorda tympani and supplies the tympanic cavity</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 5.1
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Terminal branches of external carotid artery
object_id: arteria temporalis superficialis
latin: arteria temporalis superficialis
en: Superficial temporal artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Course</b>
  - <indent=3em> ascends behind the temporomandibular joint through the parotid gland, then it crosses the zygomatic arch, and in front of the auricle it gives off branches that travel into the frontal, temporal, and parietal regions</indent> <br>

  The superficial temporal artery is one of the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery. <b>It supplies the parotid gland, auricle, temporal muscle and external soft tissue of the skull within the temporal and zygomatico-orbital regions.</b>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]

clinical_notes:
  <b>The superficial temporal artery</b> is palpable in front of the auricle and above the temporomandibular joint. The most common disease affecting this artery is a type of arteritis called Horton’s disease or temporal arteritis. This disease manifests as a red painful line over the course of the superficial temporal artery.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 5.1.5
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria temporalis superficialis
object_id: rami auriculares anteriores arteriae temporalis superficialis
latin: rami auriculares anteriores arteriae temporalis superficialis
en: Anterior auricular branches
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> supply the temporomandibular joint and the lateral surface of the external acoustic meatus</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 5.1.7
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria temporalis superficialis
object_id: arteria temporalis media
latin: arteria temporalis media superficialis
en: Middle temporal artery of superficial temporal artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> perforates the temporal fascia, supplies the temporalis and ascends along the squamous part of the temporal bone in a shallow groove for the middle temporal artery</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 5.2
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Terminal branches of external carotid artery
object_id: arteria maxillaris
latin: arteria maxillaris
en: Maxillary artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Course</b>
  <b>1 Mandibular part </b>(pars mandibularis) - runs between the neck of the mandible and the sphenomandibular ligament and ascends to the infratemporal fossa
  <b>2 Pterygoid part</b> (pars pterygoidea) - usually lies between the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles
  <b>3 Pterygopalatine part</b> (pars pterygopalatina) -  passes through the pterygomaxillary fissure to enter the pterygopalatine fossa<br>

  Passes through the infratemporal fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa.  Maxillary artery supplies the masticatory muscles, dura mater, mandible and lower teeth, maxilla and upper teeth, middle ear, nasopharynx and palate and deep facial layers.

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]

general_description:
  <b>Other branches of the maxillary artery: </b>
  <b>1. Pterygomeningeal artery</b> (a. pterygomeningea) is an accessory artery supplying the pterygoids and the middle cranial fossa, branching from the pterygoid part of the maxillary artery.
  <b>2. Middle superior alveolar artery</b> (a. alveolaris superior media), vein and nerve are variable structures which leave the infra-orbital groove and descend in the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus.
  <b>3. Pharyngeal branch</b> ( r. pharyngeus) is a smaller branch from either the pterygoid part of the maxillary artery or the artery of the pterygoid canal, which runs dorsally through the palatovaginal canal to the nasopharynx.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 5.3
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Terminal branches of external carotid artery
en: Maxillary artery - mandibular part
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Course</b>
  - <indent=3em> runs between the neck of the mandible and the sphenomandibular ligament and ascends to the infratemporal fossa


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 5.3.2
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Maxillary artery - mandibular part
object_id: arteria tympanica anterior
latin: arteria tympanica anterior
en: Anterior tympanic artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> supplies the tympanic cavity</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> passes through the petrotympanic fissure into the tympanic cavity</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria meningea media
object_id: arteria tympanica superior
latin: arteria tympanica superior
en: Superior tympanic artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> supplies the tympanic cavity</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> passes through the canal for the lesser petrosal nerve</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria alveolaris inferior
object_id: ramus mentalis arteriae alveolaris inferioris
latin: ramus mentalis arteriae alveolaris inferioris
en: Mental branch of inferior alveolar artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> the terminal branch</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> passes through the mental foramen to reach the mental region</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 5.4
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Terminal branches of external carotid artery
en: Maxillary artery - pterygoid part
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Course</b>
   - <indent=3em> usually lies between the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles</indent>


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Maxillary artery - pterygoid part
object_id: arteria masseterica
latin: arteria masseterica
en: Masseteric artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> passes through the mandibular notch and enters the medial surface of the masseter</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Maxillary artery - pterygoid part
latin: arteriae temporalis profundae
en: Deep temporal arteries
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> two arteries running cranially and entering the temporalis from the medial side</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 5.5
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Terminal branches of external carotid artery
en: Maxillary artery - pterygopalatine part
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Course</b>
   <indent=3em> passes through the pterygomaxillary fissure to enter the pterygopalatine fossa</indent>


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Maxillary artery - pterygopalatine part
object_id: arteria alveolaris posterior superior
latin: arteria alveolaris posterior superior
en: Posterior superior alveolar artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> passes over the maxillary tuberosity and travels through the alveolar canals to reach the tooth sockets (alveoli) of the upper premolars and molars</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Maxillary artery - pterygopalatine part
object_id: arteria infraorbitalis
latin: arteria infraorbitalis
en: Infraorbital artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> supplies the facial area under the orbit and the anterior upper teeth</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> passes through the inferior orbital fissure and along the infraorbital groove</indent> 
  - <indent=3em> enters the infraorbital canal and leaves it through the infraorbital foramen</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Maxillary artery - pterygopalatine part
object_id: arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores
latin: arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores
en: Anterior superior alveolar arteries
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> branch from the infraorbital artery in the infraorbital canal and descend in osseous canals to the tooth sockets of the upper incisors and canines</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria palatina descendens
object_id: arteria palatina major
latin: arteria palatina major
en: Greater palatine artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> passes through the greater palatine foramen to reach the mucosa of the hard palate</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria palatina descendens
object_id: arteriae palatinae minores
latin: arteriae palatinae minores
en: Lesser palatine arteries
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> pass through the lesser palatine canals and foramina to reach the mucosa of the soft palate</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: Maxillary artery - pterygopalatine part
object_id: arteria sphenopalatina
latin: arteria sphenopalatina
en: Sphenopalatine artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> passes through the sphenopalatine foramen to reach the posterior part of the nasal cavity</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]

clinical_notes:
  <b>The sphenopalatine artery</b> is often responsible for nasal bleeding (epistaxis). It can be occluded with electrocautery or embolisation.


system: arterial
main_group: Common carotid artery and its branches
sub_group: External carotid artery
parent: arteria sphenopalatina
object_id: arteriae nasales posteriores laterales
latin: arteriae nasales posteriores laterales
en: Posterior lateral nasal arteries
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> pass to the mucosa of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and to the nasal septum</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1115 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Brachial artery
memorix_page: 284
en: Brachial artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The brachial artery is the continuation of the axillary artery</b>. It supplies <b>the whole arm</b> <b>and elbow joint</b>. It terminates in the cubital fossa where it <b>bifurcates into the ulnary</b> <b>and radial arteries</b>. Its collaterals terminate in the <b>cubital articular anastomosis</b>. <br>
  <b>Course of Brachial artery</b> <br>
  <b>1.</b> originates from the axillary artery, close to the inferior margin of the teres major and latissimus dorsi, at the level of the surgical neck of the humerus
  <b>2. </b> descends on the medial surface of the arm to the cubital fossa


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.0
main_group: Brachial artery
sub_group: Brachial artery and its branches
parent: Brachial artery and its branches
memorix_page: 284
object_id: arteria brachialis
latin: arteria brachialis
en: Brachial artery master branch
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>runs between the lateral and medial heads of the triceps brachii and then passes in the radial canal with the radial nerve

related_objects:
  atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,os costale 3,costa prima 1,costa secunda 2,clavicula,scapula,humerus,ulna,radius


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Brachial artery
sub_group: Brachial artery and its branches
parent: Brachial artery and its branches
memorix_page: 284
object_id: arteria collateralis ulnaris superior
latin: arteria collateralis ulnaris superior
en: Superior ulnar collateral artery
related_objects: clavicula,scapula,humerus,ulna,radius
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>descends on the anterior surface in the medial intermuscular septum of the arm with the ulnar nerve</indent>
  - <indent=3em>terminates in the cubital articular anastomosis</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
main_group: Brachial artery
sub_group: Brachial artery and its branches
parent: Brachial artery and its branches
memorix_page: 284
object_id: arteria collateralis ulnaris inferior
latin: arteria collateralis ulnaris inferior
en: Inferior ulnar collateral artery
related_objects: clavicula,scapula,humerus,ulna,radius
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>arises just above the cubital fossa</indent>
  - <indent=3em>enters the cubital articular anastomosis</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.5
main_group: Brachial artery
sub_group: Brachial artery and its branches
parent: Brachial artery and its branches
memorix_page: 284
object_id: rete articulare cubiti
latin: rete articulare cubiti
en: Cubital articular anastomosis
related_objects: clavicula,scapula,humerus,ulna,radius
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>a vascular plexus of the elbow joint</indent>
  - <indent=3em>formed by the brachial, radial, and ulnar arteries</indent>


system: arterial
main_group: Axillary artery
memorix_page: 283
en: Axillary artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The axillary artery is a direct continuation of the subclavian artery. It gives off branches</b> <b>in the axillary fossa </b>and then continues as the brachial artery. It supplies the <b>muscles</b> <b>of the shoulder joint, muscles bordering the axillary fossa, deltoid, lateral thoracic</b> <b>wall including its muscles and the mammary gland</b>. The axillary artery can be divided into <b>three parts </b>according to its relationship with the pectoralis minor. <br>
  <b>Suprapectoral part</b> (pars suprapectoralis ) -originates from the subclavian artery when it’s crossing the lateral margin of the 1st rib
  <b>Retropectoral part</b> (pars retropectoralis ) - descends behind the tendon of the pectoralis minor
  <b>Infrapectoral part</b> (pars infrapectoralis ) - is located between the inferior margin of the pectoralis minor and the inferior part of the teres minor and latissimus dorsi (at the level of the surgical neck of the humerus)


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.0
main_group: Axillary artery
sub_group: Axillary artery and its branches
parent: Axillary artery and its branches
memorix_page: 284
object_id: arteria axillaris
latin: arteria axillaris
en: Axillary artery master branch
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,os costale 3,costa prima 1,costa secunda 2,clavicula,scapula,humerus


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Axillary artery
sub_group: Axillary artery and its branches
parent: Axillary artery and its branches
en_description: - <indent=3em>descends on the serratus anterior, which it supplies
memorix_page: 284
object_id: arteria thoracica lateralis
latin: arteria thoracica lateralis
en: Lateral thoracic artery
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 277 characters]

general_description:
  <b>The lateral thoracic artery </b>descends on the surface of the serratus anterior with the long thoracic nerve.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.4.1
main_group: Axillary artery
sub_group: Axillary artery and its branches
parent: arteria subscapularis
memorix_page: 284
object_id: arteria circumflexa scapulae
latin: arteria circumflexa scapulae
en: Circumflex scapular artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>passes through the omotricipital foramen to the infraspinous fossa where it supplies the posterior scapular muscles

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 277 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.6
main_group: Axillary artery
sub_group: Axillary artery and its branches
parent: Axillary artery and its branches
memorix_page: 284
object_id: arteria circumflexa humeri posterior
latin: arteria circumflexa humeri posterior
en: Posterior circumflex humeral artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>a larger artery that passes through the humerotricipital foramen to supply the deltoid

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 277 characters]

general_description:
  <b>The posterior circumflex humeral</b> <b>artery </b>can be damaged in a fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus.

clinical_notes:
  <b>When measuring blood pressure</b>, the stethoscope is placed over the brachial artery, medially to the biceps brachii tendon in the cubital fossa.


system: arterial
main_group: Radial, ulnar, palmar arteries
memorix_page: 285
latin: arteria radialis, arteria ulnaris, arcus palmaris superficialis et profundus
en: Radial, ulnar and palmar arteries
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The radial and ulnar arteries </b>are the terminal branches of the brachial artery. The radial artery supplies the <b>lateral part of the forearm and hand </b>and the ulnar artery supplies the <b>medial part of the forearm and hand</b>. Both arteries continue to the palm, but neither of them pass in the carpal tunnel. They form vascular arches within the palm. <b>The superficial palmar arch </b>is supplied mainly by the <b>ulnar artery </b>and the <b>deep palmar arch </b>is supplied mainly by the <b>radial artery</b>.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The radial artery </b>serves as an approach for diagnostic and therapeutic coronary catheterisation. The ulnar artery is less commonly used.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.0
main_group: Radial, ulnar, palmar arteries
sub_group: Radial artery and its branches
parent: Radial artery and its branches
memorix_page: 285
object_id: arteria radialis
latin: arteria radialis
en: Radial artery master branch*2
general_description: <b>The radial artery </b>is palpable in the radial foveola (the "anatomical snuff -box”).
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Course of radial artery</b><br>
  <b>1.</b> <indent=4em>its initial segment is located between the pronator teres and the brachioradialis</indent> 
  <b>2.</b> <indent=4em>passes between the brachioradialis and flexor carpi radialis and then continues between the radial styloid process and scaphoid</indent> 
  <b>3. </b><indent=4em>then it runs on the lateral surface of the wrist to the radial foveola and passes through the first interdigital space to reach the palm</indent>

related_objects:
  ulna,radius,phalanx proximalis pollicis 1,phalanx distalis pollicis 1,os triquetrum,os trapezoideum,os trapezium,os scaphoideum,os capitatum,os proximalis manus 2,os pisiforme,os metacarpale pollicis 1,os metacarpale 5,os metacarpale 4,os metacarpale 3,os metacarpale 2,os lunatum,os hamatum,os proximalis manus 3,phalanx media manus 5,phalanx media manus 4,phalanx media manus 3,phalanx media manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 5,phalanx distalis manus 4,phalanx distalis manus 3,phalanx distalis manus 2,os proximalis manus 5,os proximalis manus 4

clinical_notes:
  <b>Pulse is most usually palpated</b> by compressing the radial artery against the radius in the distal part of the forearm, a few centimetres proximal to the wrist.<br>
  <b>The radial artery </b>can be used to create an arterio-venous fistula (anastomosis) for haemodialysis. The most common type is the radiocephalic fistula.<br>
  <b>The radial artery </b>can be also used as a graft in coronary artery bypass surgery. Its diameter is 2.0 - 3.2 mm.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.3
main_group: Radial, ulnar, palmar arteries
sub_group: Radial artery and its branches
parent: Radial artery and its branches
memorix_page: 285
object_id: ramus palmaris superficialis
latin: ramus palmaris superficialis arteriae radialis
en: Superficial palmar branch
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>runs between the thenar muscles and participates in the formation of the superficial palmar arch

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 545 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.5
main_group: Radial, ulnar, palmar arteries
sub_group: Radial artery and its branches
parent: Radial artery and its branches
memorix_page: 285
object_id: arteria metacarpalis dorsalis prima
latin: arteria metacarpalis dorsalis prima
en: First dorsal metacarpal artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>divides into the dorsal digital arteries supplying the thumb and lateral side of the forefinger

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 545 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.6
main_group: Radial, ulnar, palmar arteries
sub_group: Radial artery and its branches
parent: Radial artery and its branches
memorix_page: 285
object_id: arteria metacarpalis palmaris prima
latin: arteria metacarpalis palmaris prima
en: First palmar metacarpal artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>arises where the radial artery enters the palm and divides into the palmar digital arteries, which supply both margins of the thumb and the lateral margin of the forefinger

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 545 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Radial, ulnar, palmar arteries
sub_group: Ulnar artery and its branches
parent: arteria radialis, arteria ulnaris, arcus palmaris superficialis et profundus
memorix_page: 285
en: Ulnar artery and its branches
cell_type: 1
tags: maingroup_desc
en_description:
  <b>Course of ulnar artery </b> <br>
  <b>1</b> after its origin in the cubital fossa it passes along the ulnar side of the forearm
  <b>2</b> lies between the flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus
  <b>3</b> distally it runs between the flexor carpi ulnaris and the flexor digitorum superficialis
  <b>4</b> enters the palm through the ulnar canal (Guyon’s canal) with the ulnar nerve


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.2.1
main_group: Radial, ulnar, palmar arteries
sub_group: Ulnar artery and its branches
parent: arteria interossea communis
memorix_page: 285
object_id: arteria interossea anterior
latin: arteria interossea anterior
en: Anterior interosseous artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>runs on the anterior surface of the interosseous membrane of the forearm, perforates the membrane proximally to the pronator teres and terminates in the palmar carpal articular anastomosis

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 545 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.2.2
main_group: Radial, ulnar, palmar arteries
sub_group: Ulnar artery and its branches
parent: arteria interossea communis
memorix_page: 285
object_id: arteria interossea posterior
latin: arteria interossea posterior
en: Posterior interosseous artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>perforates the interosseous membrane of the forearm (distally to the oblique cord) and runs on the posterior surface of the forearm between the superficial and deep layers of the extensors

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 545 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Radial, ulnar, palmar arteries
sub_group: Superficial arches
parent: arteria radialis, arteria ulnaris, arcus palmaris superficialis et profundus
memorix_page: 285
en: Superficial arches
cell_type: 1
tags: maingroup_desc
general_description:
  <b>The arteria comitans nervi mediani</b> (median artery) accompanies the median nerve and can be variably enlarged. The artery supports the arterial supply of the palm.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Radial, ulnar, palmar arteries
sub_group: Superficial arches
parent: Superficial arches
memorix_page: 285
object_id: arcus palmaris superficialis
latin: arcus palmaris superficialis
en: Superficial palmar arch
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>is formed by an anastomosis between the larger trunk of the ulnar artery and the smaller superficial palmar branch of the radial artery

related_objects:
  ulna,radius,humerus,scapula,clavicula,costae spuriae 9,costae spuriae 8,os costale 5,os costale 6,os costale 7,costa secunda 2,os costale 3,os costale 4,phalanx proximalis pollicis 1,phalanx distalis pollicis 1,os triquetrum,os trapezoideum,os trapezium,os scaphoideum,os capitatum,os proximalis manus 2,os pisiforme,os metacarpale pollicis 1,os metacarpale 5,os metacarpale 4,os metacarpale 3,os metacarpale 2,os lunatum,os hamatum,os proximalis manus 3,phalanx media manus 5,phalanx media manus 4,phalanx media manus 3,phalanx media manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 5,phalanx distalis manus 4,phalanx distalis manus 3,phalanx distalis manus 2,os proximalis manus 5,os proximalis manus 4

general_description:
  <b>The superficial palmar arch </b>is completely formed only in 27 % of cases. It is unclosed in a majority of cases.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.2
main_group: Radial, ulnar, palmar arteries
sub_group: Superficial arches
parent: arcus palmaris superficialis
memorix_page: 285
object_id: arteriae digitales palmares propriae
latin: arteriae digitales palmares propriae
en: Proper palmar digital arteries
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>paired branches arising at the level of the metacarpal heads that run along the sides of the fingers

related_objects:
  ulna,radius,humerus,scapula,clavicula,costae spuriae 9,costae spuriae 8,os costale 5,os costale 6,os costale 7,costa secunda 2,os costale 3,os costale 4,phalanx proximalis pollicis 1,phalanx distalis pollicis 1,os triquetrum,os trapezoideum,os trapezium,os scaphoideum,os capitatum,os proximalis manus 2,os pisiforme,os metacarpale pollicis 1,os metacarpale 5,os metacarpale 4,os metacarpale 3,os metacarpale 2,os lunatum,os hamatum,os proximalis manus 3,phalanx media manus 5,phalanx media manus 4,phalanx media manus 3,phalanx media manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 5,phalanx distalis manus 4,phalanx distalis manus 3,phalanx distalis manus 2,os proximalis manus 5,os proximalis manus 4

general_description:
  <b>The radialis indicis artery </b>is synonymous with the radial proper palmar digital artery. It most commonly arises from the first palmar metacarpal artery.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
main_group: Radial, ulnar, palmar arteries
sub_group: Deep palmar arches
parent: Deep palmar arches
memorix_page: 285
object_id: arcus palmaris profundus
latin: arcus palmaris profundus
en: Deep palmar arch
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>is formed by an anastomosis between the larger terminal branch of the radial artery and the smaller deep palmar branch of the ulnar artery

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 686 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Subclavian artery
memorix_page: 282
latin: arteria subclavia
en: Subclavian artery
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  <b>The subclavian artery</b>arises from the <b>brachiocephalic trunk </b>on the right side and directly from the aortic arch on the left side. It supplies the<b> inferior part of the neck, posterior part of the brain, anterior and lateral thoracic walls, anterior abdominal wall, and upper extremity</b>. Its course is divided into three parts.<br>
   </b>Course of subclavian artery</b> <br>
  </b>Intrascalenic/thoracic part</b> - arches over the pleural cupula in the groove for the subclavian artery
  </b>Interscalenic/scalene part </b> - enters the scalene fissure and lies in the groove for the subclavian artery of the first rib
  </b>Extrascalenic/clavicular part </b> - heads under the clavicle to the axillary fossa where it continues as the axillary artery

clinical_notes:
  <b>Vertebrobasilar insufficiency </b>(beauty parlour syndrome or syndrome of viewing cathedrals) is a pathological condition caused by decreased blood flow in the posterior part of the brain. It can be caused by congenital arterial stenosis and atherosclerosis and manifests as vertigo, dizziness and even as a stroke.<br>
  <b>Subclavian steal syndrome</b> occurs when the subclavian artery is occluded proximally to the origin of the vertebral artery. Blood is redirected from through the common carotid artery, internal carotid artery, and the circle of Willis, where it then passes in a retrograde direction through the vertebral artery to reach the subclavian artery, distal to the occlusion. In this way, circulation to the upper extremity distal to the occlusion is restored. Blood is “stolen” from the circle of Willis in order to supply the upper extremity; this can lead to the development of neurological symptoms resulting from brain ischaemia.


system: arterial
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: arteria subclavia
memorix_page: 282
en: Subclavian artery branches
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The internal thoracic artery arises from the caudal aspect of the subclavian artery and descends into the thorax. </b>It supplies the anterior parts of the intercostal spaces, the sternum, the pericardium, and the diaphragm. <b>The thyrocervical trunk </b>supplies the thyroid gland, larynx, lateral cervical region, and cervical and scapular muscles. <b>The costocervical trunk</b> supplies the posterior parts of 1st and 2nd intercostal spaces and the deep nuchal muscles.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: Subclavian artery branches
memorix_page: 282
object_id: arteria vertebralis 1,arteria vertebralis 2
latin: arteria vertebralis
en: Vertebral artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The vertebral artery is the first branch of the subclavian artery. </b>It passes through the <b>transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae</b> as it ascends in the neck. It supplies blood to the<b> circle of Willis. </b>The vertebral artery supplies the<b> posterior part of the brain, the cranial part of the spinal cord, cranial and spinal meninges and the deep cervical muscles.</b> Its course can be divided into four parts.<br>
   </b>Course of arteria vertebralis</b><br>
  <b>Prevertebral part -V1</b>(pars prevertebralis )
   - <indent=3em>runs cranially between the longus colli and the scalenus anterior</indent><br>
  <b>Transverse part - V2</b> (pars transversaria ) 
  - <indent=3em>enters the transverse foramen of the 6th cervical vertebra and ascends through the transverse foramina of the other cervical vertebrae to the atlas</indent><br>
  <b>Atlantic part - V3 </b>(pars atlantica ) 
  - <indent=3em>after leaving the transverse foramen of the atlas, lies in the groove for the vertebral artery on the posterior arch of the atlas</indent>
  - <indent=3em>then perforates the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane and spinal dura mater and passes through the foramen magnum into the cranial cavity"</indent>
  pars intracranialis <br>
  <b>Intracranial part -V4 (pars intracranialis)</b>
  - <indent=3em>is located in the posterior cerebral fossa on the clivus of the occipital bone, the two vertebral arteries fuse near the inferior margin of the pons to form the unpaired basilar artery</indent>

related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2,atlas c1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t1,costa prima 1,costa secunda 2,os occipitalis


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.3.1
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: Intracanial branches of arteria vertebralis
memorix_page: 282
latin: ramus meningeus
en: Meningeal branch
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>runs through the foramen magnum to the cranial dura mater in the posterior cerebral fossa


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.3.2
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: Intracanial branches of arteria vertebralis
memorix_page: 282
object_id: arteria spinalis posterior
latin: arteria spinalis posterior
en: Posterior spinal artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>passes to the posterior surface of the medulla oblongata and descends on the posterior surface of the spinal cord usually as a paired artery</indent>
  - <indent=3em>supplies the posterior third of the spinal cord</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.3.3
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: Intracanial branches of arteria vertebralis
memorix_page: 282
object_id: arteria spinalis anterior
latin: arteria spinalis anterior
en: Anterior spinal artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>an unpaired artery arising from two short branches from each vertebral artery</indent>
  - <indent=3em>enters the vertebral canal and descends in the anterior median fissure to supply the anterior two thirds of the spinal cord</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.3.4
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: Intracanial branches of arteria vertebralis
memorix_page: 282
object_id: arteria cerebelli posterior inferior
latin: arteria cerebelli posterior inferior*2
en: Posterior inferior cerebellar artery*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>a paired branch supplying the inferior surface of the cerebellum and a part of the medulla oblongata


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: Subclavian artery branches
memorix_page: 282
object_id: arteria thoracica interna
latin: arteria thoracica interna
en: Internal thoracic artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Course of internal thoracic artery </b> <br> 
  <b>1.</b> passes through the superior thoracic aperture to enter the thorax
  <b>2.</b> runs approximately 1 cm laterally to the sternum through the anterior layer of the superior mediastinum and the anterior inferior mediastinum to the level of the 6th intercostal space
  <b>3.</b> its terminal branch, the superior epigastric artery, passes through the diaphragm in front of the sternocostal triangle and terminates in the anterior abdominal wall
  - <indent=3em>supplies the thorax and diaphragm</indent><br>

related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2,atlas c1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t10,os costale 3,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t1,costae spuriae 10,costae spuriae 9,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae spuriae 8,os costale 5,os costale 6,os costale 7,costa prima 1,costa secunda 2,os costale 4

general_description:
  Internal mammary artery is an obsolete term for the internal thoracic artery.
  The internal thoracic artery is the only vessel in the human body with a diameter of 1,8-2,6 mm, which has an elastic wall. Smaller arteries usually have muscular walls. The internal thoracic artery is an ideal graft for cardiac bypass because it is only rarely affected by atherosclerosis.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The internal thoracic artery</b> can be used as a graft for bypassing a stenotic coronary vessel in cardiosurgery.<br>
  <b>LIMA-RIA-bypass </b>means a bypass from the left internal thoracic artery to the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: arteria thoracica interna
memorix_page: 283
object_id: arteria pericardiacophrenica 1,arteria pericardiacophrenica 2
latin: arteria pericardiacophrenica
en: Pericardiacophrenic artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>travels with the phrenic nerve</indent>
  - <indent=3em>supplies the pericardium and diaphragm</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: arteria thoracica interna
memorix_page: 283
latin: rami intercostales
en: Intercostal branches
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>supply the intercostal muscles, pass within the superior part of the first six intercostal spaces and anastomosis with the posterior intercostal arteries</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3.5
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: arteria thoracica interna
memorix_page: 283
object_id: arteria epigastrica superior
latin: arteria epigastrica superior
en: Superior epigastric artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>the second terminal branch</indent>
  - <indent=3em>passes through the diaphragm in front of the sternocostal triangle and descends on the posterior surface of the rectus abdominis (in the rectus sheath) where it anastomoses with the inferior epigastric artery</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: Subclavian artery branches
memorix_page: 283
object_id: truncus thyrocervicalis
latin: truncus thyrocervicalis
en: Thyrocervical trunk
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Course of thyrocervical trunk </b> <br>
  <b>1.</b>passes close to the medial margin of the anterior scalenus
  - <indent=3em>supplies the thyroid gland, larynx, lateral cervical region and its muscles and also scapular muscles<br>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 277 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: truncus thyrocervicalis
memorix_page: 283
object_id: arteria thyroidea inferior
latin: arteria thyroidea inferior
en: Inferior thyroid artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>supplies the thyroid glands</indent>
  - <indent=3em>ascends and turns medially at the level of the 6th cervical vertebra</indent>
  - <indent=3em>crosses the recurrent laryngeal nerve close to the thyroid gland</indent>

clinical_notes:
  <b>The inferior thyroid artery crosses the recurrent laryngeal nerve </b>at a right angle. Its arterial and nervous branches are often interwoven. Increased attention should be paid to the recurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroidectomy as its ligation carries a high risk of nervous damage with subsequent loss of voice and hoarseness.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: truncus thyrocervicalis
memorix_page: 283
object_id: arteria cervicalis ascendens
latin: arteria cervicalis ascendens
en: Ascending cervical artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>a small branch supplying the deep cervical muscles and spinal cord</indent>
  - <indent=3em>runs on the anterior surface of the anterior scalenus medially to the phrenic nerve</indent>


system: arterial
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: arteria cervicalis ascendens
en_description: - <indent=3em>pass via the intervertebral foramina to the vertebral canal
memorix_page: 283
latin: rami spinales*2
en: Spinal branches*2
cell_type: 0
general_description:
  <b>The branching pattern of the transverse cervical artery is highly variable. </b>A deep branch may be present as an individual branch of the extrascalenic part of the subclavian artery in 33 % of cases.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4.3.1
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: arteria transversa colli
memorix_page: 283
object_id: arteria dorsalis scapulae
latin: ramus profundus, arteria dorsalis scapulae
en: Deep branch, dorsal scapular artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>courses together with the dorsal scapular nerve and supplies the rhomboidei and levator scapulae

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 277 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4.4
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: truncus thyrocervicalis
memorix_page: 283
object_id: arteria suprascapularis
latin: arteria suprascapularis
en: Suprascapular artery acromial branch
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>supplies the muscles attached to the posterior surface of the scapula</indent>
  - <indent=3em>runs ventrally to the anterior scalenus to the superior margin of the scapula</indent>
  - <indent=3em>passes above the superior transverse scapular ligament to enter the supraspinous fossa and then travels to the infraspinous fossa through the sphenoglenoid notch</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 277 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: Subclavian artery branches
memorix_page: 283
object_id: truncus costocervicalis 1,truncus costocervicalis 2
latin: truncus costocervicalis
en: Costocervical trunk
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Course of costocervical trunk </b> <br>
  <b>1.</b> arises dorsally to the anterior scalenus
  - <indent=3em>supplies the first two posterior intercostal muscles and the nuchal muscles</indent><br>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 5.1
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: truncus costocervicalis
memorix_page: 283
object_id: arteria cervicalis profunda
latin: arteria cervicalis profunda
en: Deep cervical artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>passes between the transverse processes of the 7th cervical vertebra and the 1st thoracic vertebra and between the semispinalis cervicis and capitis


system: arterial
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior prima
latin: ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae
en: Dorsal branch of first posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior prima
latin: ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae
en: Collateral branch of first posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior prima
latin: ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae
en: Medial cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of first posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior prima
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of first posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior secunda
latin: ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae
en: Dorsal branch of second posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior secunda
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior secundae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of second posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior secundae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior secundae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior secunda
latin: ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae
en: Collateral branch of second posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior secunda
latin: ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae
en: Medial cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of second posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Subclavian artery
sub_group: Subclavian artery branches
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior secunda
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of second posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: General overview of the blood vessels
memorix_page: 264
en: General overview of the blood vessels
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  There are three types of blood vessels: <b>arteries, veins, and capillaries</b>. <b>Arteries </b>carry blood <b>from the heart to the organs</b>. <b>Veins </b>drain blood <b>from the organs </b>and direct it back <b>to the heart</b>. <b>Capillaries </b>form a <b>network of thin-walled vessels </b>in which oxygen and nutrient exchange between the blood and tissues takes place. All these types of vessels are organised in the <b>pulmonary and systemic circulation</b>. Direct connections between vessels of approximately the same calibre are called <b>anastomoses</b>.

general_description:
  <b>Cor </b>is the Lati n term for heart. <b>Kardia </b>is the Greek term for heart. <b>Vas </b>is the Lati n term for vessel (plural: vasa). The term vascularis means vascular.<br>
  <b>Angeion </b>is Greek for vessel. <b>The circulatory system </b>consists of the heart and the blood and lymphatic vessels. The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels.<br>
  <b>Types of capillaries:</b><br>
  <b>Continuous capillaries </b>are lined by a smooth layer of endothelium that does not have any pores (fenestrations). This type of capillary is found in the majority of organs, including the brain and muscles.
  <b>Fenestrated capillaries with diaphragms </b>are lined by endothelium that is decorated with small pores covered by diaphragms. They are located in organs where rapid exchange between tissue and blood takes place, such as in the intestines and endocrine glands.
  <b>Fenestrated capillaries without diaphragms </b>are found in the glomeruli of the kidney
  <b>Sinusoids </b>are characterised by a layer of endothelium with gaps between the endothelial cells and many fenestrations. They are found in the haematopoietic organs (liver, spleen, blood marrow, and dental pulp).<br>
  <b>The thick muscular wall of arteries </b>tends to maintain a circular lumen. Veins have a much thinner muscular wall and so the shape of their lumen often changes due to pressure from surrounding structures.
  <b>The vascular wall is supplied by the vasa vasorum </b>and innervated by the nervi vasorum. The inner part of the vascular wall derives its nutrients by diffusion from the blood.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Formation of a blood clot </b>(thrombus) in the arterial or deep venous circulation is a clinically serious state. The thrombus may break off the vessel wall and block a vessel down stream to it. Such a complication is known as a thromboembolism.

  <b>Transposition of the great arteries </b>is a congenital heart defect where the aorta is connected to the right ventricular outflow tract and the pulmonary trunk to the left ventricular outflow tract. The pulmonary and systemic circulations are therefore completely separated unless a ventricular septal defect allows for blood mixing, which fortunately occurs in most cases.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: General overview of the blood vessels
sub_group: Types of blood vessels
parent: arteriae
memorix_page: 264
en: Large arteries
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>elastic arteries</indent>
  - <indent=3em>the pulmonary trunk and the aorta with its major branches</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: General overview of the blood vessels
sub_group: Types of blood vessels
parent: arteriae
memorix_page: 264
en: Medium-sized and small arteries
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>muscular arteries</indent>
  - <indent=3em>regulate blood pressure by changing the size of their diameter</indent>
  - <indent=3em>constitute the majority of arteries</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: General overview of the blood vessels
sub_group: Types of blood vessels
parent: venae
memorix_page: 264
en: Small and medium-sized veins
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>1-9 mm in diameter</indent>
  - <indent=3em>the most common type of vein, contain valves</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: General overview of the blood vessels
sub_group: Histology
parent: General anatomy of the vascular wall
memorix_page: 264
latin: tunica media
en: Media
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>the middle layer</indent>
  - <indent=3em>contains reticular and elastic fibres and circularly arranged smooth muscle cells</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: General overview of the blood vessels
sub_group: Histology
parent: General anatomy of the vascular wall
memorix_page: 264
latin: tunica adventitia/externa
en: Adventitia
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>the outermost layer</indent>
  - <indent=3em>contains longitudinally arranged collagen and elastic fibres</indent>
  - <indent=3em>the fibres cross-link and attach to the surrounding connective tissue</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: General overview of the blood vessels
sub_group: Histology
parent: Specifics of the structure of the arterial wall
memorix_page: 264
latin: membrana elastica interna
en: Internal elastic lamina
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>a layer of elastic fibres on the inner side of the media of small and medium-sized arteries


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: General overview of the blood vessels
sub_group: Histology
parent: Specifics of the structure of the arterial wall
memorix_page: 264
latin: membrana elastica externa
en: External elastic lamina
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>a layer of elastic fibres on the outer side of the media of small and medium-sized arteries


system: arterial
main_group: General overview of the blood vessels
sub_group: Histology
parent: Histology
memorix_page: 264
en: Specifics of the structure of the venous wall
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>adventitia is the thickest layer</indent>
  - <indent=3em>venous valves are extensions of the intima located in small and medium-sized veins</indent>


system: arterial
main_group: General overview of the blood vessels
sub_group: Anastomoses
parent: General overview of the blood vessels
memorix_page: 264
en: Anastomoses
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em> shunts (anastomoses) are direct connections between vessels.</indent>
  - <indent=3em> they dilate to change the pattern of blood distribution in various tissues of the body.</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: General overview of the blood vessels
sub_group: Anastomoses
parent: Anastomoses
memorix_page: 264
en: Arterio-venous (a-v) anastomoses
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>directly connect arterioles and venules</indent>
  - <indent=3em>are located in the skin of the palms and fingertips and function to regulate body temperature</indent>
  - <indent=3em>are located in the kidneys, lungs and thyroid gland, where they participate in the regulation of blood pressure</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: General overview of the blood vessels
sub_group: Anastomoses
parent: Anastomoses
memorix_page: 264
en: Arterio-arterial (a-a) anastomoses
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>directly connect small and medium-sized arteries</indent>
  - <indent=3em>are located in the gastrointestinal tract</indent>
  - <indent=3em>form the palmar and plantar arches in the hands and feet</indent>
  - <indent=3em>the circle of Willis is a special kind of arterio-arterial anastomosis</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: General overview of the blood vessels
sub_group: Anastomoses
parent: Anastomoses
memorix_page: 264
en: Veno-venous (v-v) anastomoses
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>directly connect small and medium-sized veins</indent>
  - <indent=3em>constitute the porto-caval and the cavo-caval anastomoses between the portal vein and inferior vena cava, and inferior and superior vena cavae, respectively</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 0
main_group: Heart - general overview
en: Heart - general overview
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The heart is the main organ of the cardiovascular system.</b> It is located behind the sternum in the middle inferior <b>mediastinum</b>. One-third of the heart is positioned to the right of the median plane whilst the other two-thirds are on the left side. <b>The cardiac axis</b> connects the opening of the superior vena cava with the apex of the heart; it directs diagonally, ventrally, and caudally. The heart consists of four chambers separated by septa and valves. From the clinical and functional viewpoint, the heart is divided into <b>the right heart and the left heart</b>. <b>The pericardium</b> is a firm sac composed of two sheets that are separated by 15-50 ml of serous fluid, enabling smooth heart movements. Anteriorly, the heart is positioned in the pericardium freely while posteriorly it is attached by the main vessels entering and leaving the heart.


system: arterial
main_group: Heart - general overview
sub_group: Histology*2
parent: Histology*2
memorix_page: 265
latin: valvae cordis
en: Heart valves
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>belong to the endocardium, are composed of three layers of avascular tissue: a fibrous layer (lamina fibrosa) of dense connective tissue lined by endothelium on both sides</indent>
  - <indent=3em>commissures are junctions of the adjacent cusps of valves, formed by fibroelastic tissue</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Heart - general overview
sub_group: Syntopy of the heart in the pericardium
parent: Syntopy of the heart in the pericardium
memorix_page: 266
en: Laterally
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>descending phrenic nerves with the pericardiacophrenic vessels and pericardium lining the mediastinal pleura


system: arterial
main_group: Heart - general overview
sub_group: Projection of the heart onto the anterior thoracic wall
parent: Projection of the heart onto the anterior thoracic wall
memorix_page: 266
en: 3rd point of projection
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>5th intercostal space on the left medial to the midclavicular line corresponds to the projection of the apex of the heart


system: arterial
main_group: Heart - general overview
sub_group: Pericardium*2
parent: Heart - general overview
memorix_page: 266
latin: Pericardium*22
en: Pericardium*2
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The pericardium forms several structures where its parietal layer and visceral layers fuse:<br>
  <b>1</b> Porta arteriarum - a cranially positioned opening for the aorta and pulmonary trunk arising from the heart
  <b>2</b> Porta venarum - a caudally positioned opening for the two caval veins and the four pulmonary veins entering the heart
  <b>3</b> Transverse pericardial sinus (sinus transversus pericardii) - a space on the posterior surface of the pericardium
  between porta arteriarum and porta venarum
  <b>4</b> Oblique pericardial sinus (sinus obliquus pericardii) - a space beneath the area of the porta venarum


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Heart - general overview
sub_group: Pericardium*2
parent: Pericardium*22
memorix_page: 266
en: Porta arteriarum
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>a cranially positioned opening for the aorta and pulmonary trunk arising from the heart


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Heart - general overview
sub_group: Pericardium*2
parent: Pericardium*22
memorix_page: 266
en: Porta venarum
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>a caudally positioned opening for the two caval veins and the four pulmonary veins entering the heart


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Heart - general overview
sub_group: Pericardium*2
parent: Pericardium*22
memorix_page: 266
latin: sinus transversus pericardii
en: Transverse pericardial sinus
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>a space on the posterior surface of the pericardium between porta arteriarum and porta venarum


system: arterial
main_group: Heart - general overview
sub_group: Heart parts
parent: Heart - general overview
memorix_page: 267
en: Heart parts
cell_type: 5
en_description:
  <b>The anatomy of the heart wall </b>resembles the large elastic arteries; its <b>internal and middle layers consist of endothelial cells and thick muscle tissue, respectively</b>. During development, the heart proceeds through three stages: <b>formation of the heart tubes, loop formation and septation. </b>A series originally paired vessels form the aortic arch with its branches. <b>The first contractions of the heart tube can be observed as early as the 20th day of intrauterine life.</b>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Heart - general overview
sub_group: Heart parts
parent: Heart parts
memorix_page: 267
object_id: pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum
latin: basis cordis
en: Base of heart
cell_type: 0
color: a33892
hit_position: 0.00631,0.00223,0.16863
hit_normal: 0.21132,-0.21419,0.03799
body_rotation: 5.14150,311.14310,354.14350
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>faces superiorly, posteriorly, and medially</indent>
  - <indent=3em>the location of the great vessels entering and leaving the heart</indent>
  - <indent=3em>its superior margin reaches the border of the superior mediastinum</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Heart - general overview
sub_group: Heart parts
parent: Heart parts
memorix_page: 267
object_id: pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum
latin: apex cordis
en: Apex of heart
cell_type: 0
color: 3864a3
hit_position: -0.01565,-0.00739,0.15419
hit_normal: -0.18839,-0.23804,-0.00834
body_rotation: 357.32210,35.76113,358.07280
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>faces inferiorly, anteriorly, and laterally</indent>
  - <indent=3em>touches the thoracic wall at the 5th intercostal space in the midclavicular line</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Heart - general overview
sub_group: Heart surfaces
parent: Heart surfaces
memorix_page: 267
object_id: pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum
latin: facies inferior/diaphragmatica
en: Inferior surface
cell_type: 0
color: 622593
hit_position: -0.00453,-0.00033,0.14860
hit_normal: 0.06704,-0.14119,-0.27167
body_rotation: 310.99990,309.78590,42.18560
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>faces the diaphragm</indent>
  - <indent=3em>is formed by the posterior surfaces of both ventricles</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Heart - general overview
sub_group: Heart sulci
parent: Heart sulci
memorix_page: 267
object_id: epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi
latin: sulcus coronarius
en: Coronary sulcus
cell_type: 0
color: 715dc3
hit_position: 0.00177,0.00157,0.16529
hit_normal: 0.16050,-0.23675,0.04271
body_rotation: 7.04929,321.58160,354.44070
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>a groove on the surface of the heart separating the atria from the ventricles</indent>
  - <indent=3em>contains the right coronary artery, the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery, the great cardiac vein and the coronary sinus</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Heart - general overview
sub_group: Heart sulci
parent: Heart sulci
memorix_page: 267
object_id: epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi
latin: sulcus interventricularis anterior
en: Anterior interventricular sulcus
cell_type: 0
color: 47d1b1
hit_position: -0.01328,0.00132,0.16610
hit_normal: -0.21505,-0.13087,0.13792
body_rotation: 15.69306,59.21348,24.41726
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>a groove on the anterior surface of the heart between the right and left ventricles</indent>
  - <indent=3em>is formed by the interventricular septum</indent>
  - <indent=3em>contains the anterior interventricular branch and the great cardiac vein</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Heart - general overview
sub_group: Heart sulci
parent: Heart sulci
memorix_page: 267
object_id: epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi
latin: sulcus interventricularis posterior
en: Posterior interventricular sulcus
cell_type: 0
color: 6dc330
hit_position: -0.00990,0.00298,0.14960
hit_normal: -0.13956,0.19320,-0.18185
body_rotation: 28.60517,132.34220,332.28330
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>a groove on the posterior surface of heart between the right and left ventricles</indent>
  - <indent=3em>is formed by the interventricular septum</indent>
  - <indent=3em>contains the posterior interventricular branch and middle cardiac vein</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Heart - general overview
sub_group: Heart sulci
parent: Heart sulci
memorix_page: 267
object_id: atrium dextrum,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi
latin: sulcus terminalis cordis*3
en: Sulcus terminalis cordis
cell_type: 0
color: a50d58
hit_position: 0.00776,0.01299,0.16731
hit_normal: 0.07764,0.25532,0.01268
body_rotation: 356.79240,194.43880,359.17460
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>is formed by the crista terminalis</indent>
  - <indent=3em>a groove close to the opening of the superior and inferior vena cava</indent>
  - <indent=3em>the border between the proper right atrium and the sinus venosus</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Heart - general overview
sub_group: Heart chambers
parent: Heart chambers
en_description: - <indent=3em>receives oxygen-poor blood from the systemic circulation
memorix_page: 267
latin: atrium dextrum*2
en: Right atrium*2
cell_type: 0
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  atrium dextrum,!epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,atrium dextrum


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Heart - general overview
sub_group: Heart chambers
parent: atrium dextrum*2
memorix_page: 267
latin: auricula dextra*2
en: Right auricle*2
cell_type: 0
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  auricula dextra,!epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Heart - general overview
sub_group: Heart chambers
parent: Heart chambers
en_description: - <indent=3em>receives oxygen-rich blood from the pulmonary circulation
memorix_page: 267
latin: atrium sinistrum*2
en: Left atrium*2
cell_type: 0
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  atrium sinistrum,!epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Heart - general overview
sub_group: Heart chambers
parent: atrium sinistrum*2
memorix_page: 267
latin: auricula sinistra*2
en: Left auricle*2
cell_type: 0
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  auricula sinistra,!epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Heart - general overview
sub_group: Heart chambers
parent: Heart chambers
memorix_page: 267
latin: ventriculus dexter*2
en: Right ventricle*2
cell_type: 0
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the pulmonary circulation via the pulmonary trunk

object_id:
  ventriculus dexter,!epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 192 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Heart - general overview
sub_group: Heart chambers
parent: Heart chambers
memorix_page: 267
latin: ventriculus sinister*2
en: Left ventricle*2
cell_type: 0
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the systemic circulation via the aorta

object_id:
  ventriculus sinister,!epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 192 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 6.1
main_group: Heart - general overview
sub_group: Cardiac septa
parent: septum interventriculare*1
memorix_page: 267
latin: septum interventriculare pars membranacea*3
en: Membranous part of interventricular septum
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>the superior thin fibrous part between the inflow tract of the right ventricle and the outflow tract of the left ventricle


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 6.1.1
main_group: Heart - general overview
sub_group: Cardiac septa
parent: septum interventriculare pars membranacea*3
memorix_page: 267
latin: septum atrioventriculare*2
en: Atrioventricular septum*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>part of the membranous part of interventricular septum, between the right atrium and the outflow tract of the left ventricle


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Aorta Divisions
memorix_page: 277
en: Aorta Divisions
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The aorta </b>is the <b>longest </b>and <b>largest artery </b>of the human body. <b>The is an elastic artery</b>, which helps it maintain a <b>continuous flow of blood</b>. It originates in the left ventricle. Near its origin<b>, it gives off the coronary arteries </b>that supply the heart.
  The aorta then <b>continues into the cranially convex aortic arch</b>, which gives off branches supplying the head, neck, and upper extremities. The aorta then <b>descends in the thoracic cavity </b>and gives off branches for the thoracic organs, thoracic wall and back. It then passes through the diaphragm in front of the vertebral column. <b>The last part of the aorta </b>runs in the abdominal cavity; its branches supply the abdominal organs, abdominal wall, and back. Finally, <b>the aorta bifurcates into the right and left common iliac arteries, </b>which supply the pelvis and lower extremities.


system: arterial
main_group: Aorta Divisions
sub_group: Aorta
parent: Aorta Divisions
memorix_page: 277
latin: Aorta*3
en: Aorta
cell_type: 1
clinical_notes:
  <b>In myocardial infarction</b>, pain radiates to the Head`s zones of the T1- T4 spinal cord segments (the thoracic wall and the left side of the upper limb, including the little finger).<br>
  <b>Acute treatment of myocardial infarction </b>comprises:<br>
  <b>PCI </b>(percutaneous coronary intervention) - a dilation of the narrowed arterial segment by a catheter with an inflatable balloon at its tip, inserted via the femoral or radial artery, followed by placement of a bare metal (or drugoutfloweluting) stent (a circular, net outflow like prosthesis used to mechanically dilate the artery).<br>
  <b>CABG </b>(coronary artery bypass graft outflow ing) - vascular bypass of a narrowed arterial segment using an autologous venous (great saphenous vein) or arterial (internal thoracic or radial artery) graft .<br>
  <b>Thrombolysis </b>- is indicated when PCI is not available.<br>
  <b>Transoesophageal echocardiography: </b>as the left atrium lies right in front of the oesophagus, an ECHO probe can be inserted into the oesophagus to give a better view of the left atrium than a transthoracic probe.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Aorta Divisions
sub_group: Aorta
parent: Aorta*3
memorix_page: 277
object_id: aorta ascendens
latin: aorta ascendens
en: Ascending aorta
cell_type: 0
tags: maingroup_desc
en_description:
  Blood flows <b>from the left ventricle </b>through the aortic valve <b>into the ascending aorta</b>. <b>The ascending aorta gives off the right and left coronary arteries in the aortic bulb</b>.<br>
  - <indent=3em>T4-T3</indent>
  - <indent=3em>arises from the left ventricle and continues as the aortic arch in the superior mediastinum</indent>

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,atrium dextrum,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,aorta ascendens,bulbus aortae,arcus aortae,truncus brachiocephalicus,arteria subclavia dextra,arteria carotis communis dextra,arteria carotis communis sinistra,arteria subclavia sinistra,ligamentum arteriosum,aorta thoracica,aorta abdominalis


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Aorta Divisions
sub_group: Aorta
parent: aorta ascendens
memorix_page: 277
object_id: bulbus aortae
latin: bulbus aortae
en: Aortic bulb
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>the enlarged initial segment of the aorta</indent>
  - <indent=3em>contains the aortic sinuses of Valsalva (sinus aortae) from which the coronary arteries arise</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 634 characters]

clinical_notes:
  <b>Myocardial infarction </b>is caused by an obstruction of blood flow in the coronary artery (usually by a thrombus) leading to ischemia and necrosis of the given segment of myocardium. Acute chest pain is the typical presenting symptom. However, it may be absent in some cases.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.1
main_group: Aorta Divisions
sub_group: Aorta
parent: bulbus aortae
memorix_page: 277
object_id: arteria coronaria dextra
latin: arteria coronaria dextra
en: Right coronary artery*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>arises from the right aortic sinus and supplies the right atrium and ventricle, posterior third of the interventricular septum, anterior papillary muscle of the right ventricle and posterior papillary muscle of the left ventricle

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 634 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.2
main_group: Aorta Divisions
sub_group: Aorta
parent: bulbus aortae
memorix_page: 277
object_id: arteria coronaria sinistra
latin: arteria coronaria sinistra
en: Left coronary artery*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>arises from the left aortic sinus and supplies the left atrium and ventricle, anterior two thirds of the interventricular septum, anterior papillary muscle of the right ventricle and posterior papillary muscle of the left ventricle

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 634 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Aorta Divisions
sub_group: Aorta
parent: Aorta*3
memorix_page: 277
object_id: arcus aortae
latin: arcus aortae
en: Aortic arch
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  Aortic bulb continues as <b>the aortic arch, </b>which gives off branches supplying the head, neck, and upper extremities. The aortic arch turns dorsally and to the left , approaches the vertebral column and continues as <b>the descending aorta</b>.<br>
  - <indent=3em>to the top of T2</indent>
  - <indent=3em>passes dorsally and to the left in the superior mediastinum</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 634 characters]

general_description:
  <b>Cor </b>is the Latin term for heart. <b>Kardia </b>is the Greek term for heart. <b>Vas </b>is the Latin term for vessel (plural: vasa). The term vascularis means vascular.<br>
  <b>Angeion </b>is Greek for vessel. <b>The circulatory system </b>consists of the heart and the blood and lymphatic vessels. The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels.<br>
  <b>Types of capillaries:</b><br>
  <b>Continuous capillaries </b>are lined by a smooth layer of endothelium that does not have any pores (fenestrations). This type of capillary is found in the majority of organs, including the brain and muscles.
  <b>Fenestrated capillaries with diaphragms </b>are lined by endothelium that is decorated with small pores covered by diaphragms. They are located in organs where rapid exchange between tissue and blood takes place, such as in the intestines and endocrine glands.
  <b>Fenestrated capillaries without diaphragms </b>are found in the glomeruli of the kidney
  <b>Sinusoids </b>are characterised by a layer of endothelium with gaps between the endothelial cells and many fenestrations. They are found in the haematopoietic organs (liver, spleen, blood marrow, and dental pulp).<br>
  <b>The thick muscular wall of arteries </b>tends to maintain a circular lumen. Veins have a much thinner muscular wall and so the shape of their lumen often changes due to pressure from surrounding structures.<br>
  <b>The vascular wall is supplied by the vasa vasorum </b>and innervated by the nervi vasorum. The inner part of the vascular wall derives its nutrients by diffusion from the blood.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Aorta Divisions
sub_group: Aorta
parent: arcus aortae
memorix_page: 277
object_id: truncus brachiocephalicus
latin: truncus brachiocephalicus
en: Brachiocephalic trunk
general_description: <b>The innominate artery</b> ( arteria anonyma) is an obsolete term for the brachiocephalic trunk.
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>the first branch</indent>
  - <indent=3em>an unpaired short artery on the right</indent>
  - <indent=3em>originates behind the manubrium of the sternum and passes behind the right sternoclavicular joint where it divides into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 634 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1
main_group: Aorta Divisions
sub_group: Aorta
parent: truncus brachiocephalicus
memorix_page: 277
object_id: arteria subclavia dextra
latin: arteria subclavia dextra*2
en: Right subclavian artery*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The subclavian artery</b>arises from the <b>brachiocephalic trunk </b>on the right side and directly from the aortic arch on the left side. It supplies the<b> inferior part of the neck, posterior part of the brain, anterior and lateral thoracic walls, anterior abdominal wall, and upper extremity</b>. Its course is divided into three parts.<br>
   <b>Course of subclavian artery</b> <br>
  <b>Intrascalenic/thoracic part</b> - arches over the pleural cupula in the groove for the subclavian artery
  <b>Interscalenic/scalene part </b> - enters the scalene fissure and lies in the groove for the subclavian artery of the first rib
  <b>Extrascalenic/clavicular part </b> - heads under the clavicle to the axillary fossa where it continues as the axillary artery<br>
  - <indent=3em>arises near the 1st rib on the right and passes into the scalene fissure </indent>
  - <indent=3em>its branches supply the right upper extremity, part of the neck, head, brain, and the superior part of the thorax with part of the back</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 634 characters]

general_description:
  <b>The arteria lusoria </b>is a variation of the right subclavian artery originating as the last branch of the aortic arch (after the origin of the left subclavian artery). Due to its course (posterior to the oesophagus), it may compress the oesophagus, which leads to problems with swallowing (dysphagia lusoria).


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Aorta Divisions
sub_group: Aorta
parent: arcus aortae
memorix_page: 277
object_id: arteria subclavia sinistra
latin: arteria subclavia sinistra*2
en: Left subclavian artery*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The subclavian artery</b>arises from the <b>brachiocephalic trunk </b>on the right side and directly from the aortic arch on the left side. It supplies the<b> inferior part of the neck, posterior part of the brain, anterior and lateral thoracic walls, anterior abdominal wall, and upper extremity</b>. Its course is divided into three parts.<br>
  <b>Course of subclavian artery</b> <br>
  <b>Intrascalenic/thoracic part</b> - arches over the pleural cupula in the groove for the subclavian artery
  <b>Interscalenic/scalene part </b> - enters the scalene fissure and lies in the groove for the subclavian artery of the first rib
  <b>Extrascalenic/clavicular part </b> - heads under the clavicle to the axillary fossa where it continues as the axillary artery<br>
  - <indent=3em>arises near the 1st rib on the right and passes into the scalene fissure </indent>
  - <indent=3em>its branches supply the right upper extremity, part of the neck, head, brain, and the superior part of the thorax with part of the back</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 634 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Aorta Divisions
sub_group: Aorta
parent: aorta descendens
memorix_page: 277
object_id: aorta thoracica
latin: aorta thoracica
en: Thoracic aorta
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The thoracic aorta is located between the aortic arch and the abdominal aorta.</b> It supplies the 3rd&ndash;11th intercostal spaces, lateral and&nbsp; osterior thoracic walls, the vertebral column with the spinal cord and meninges, part of the diaphragm, and the lungs.<br> 
  - <indent=3em>T3-T12</indent>
  - <indent=3em>passes on the left side of the vertebral column and then in front of vertebrae in the inferior mediastinum</indent>
  - <indent=3em>passes through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm at the level of T12 and changes here into the abdominal aorta</indent><br> 
   <b>Course</b><br>
  <b>1</b>. begins at the level of the 3rd thoracic vertebra as the continuation of the aortic arch
  <b>2.</b> descends on the left side of the vertebral column and oesophagus
  <b>3.</b> subsequently it gets between the vertebral column and oesophagus
  <b>4.</b> terminates by passing via the aortic hiatus at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra (continues as the abdominal aorta)

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 634 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Aorta Divisions
sub_group: Aorta
parent: aorta descendens
memorix_page: 277
object_id: aorta abdominalis
latin: aorta abdominalis
en: Abdominal aorta
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The abdominal aorta is the last part of the aorta.</b> It is the continuation of the thoracic aorta <b>after passing through the aortic hiatus.</b> The abdominal aorta terminates <b>at the level of the 4th lumbar vertebra</b> by bifurcating into the right and left common iliac arteries. It supplies the abdominal and pelvic organs, muscles of <b>the abdominal wall and back, part of the diaphragm, and external genital organs.</b> The abdominal aorta has <b>parietal</b> and <b>visceral</b> branches.<br>
  - <indent=3em>T12-L4</indent>
  - <indent=3em>passes in front of the vertebral column inside the retroperitoneal space</indent>
  - <indent=3em>bifurcates into the right and left common iliac arteries at the level of L4</indent><br> 
  <b>Course</b><br>
  <b>1.</b> begins at the level of the aortic hiatus as the continuation of the thoracic aorta 
  <b>2.</b> descends in front of the vertebral column, on the left of the inferior vena cava 
  <b>3.</b> bifurcates into the common iliac arteries at the level of the 4th lumbar vertebra

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 634 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
latin: arteriae intercostales posteriores
en: Posterior intercostal arteries
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>nine pairs of arteries, which enter the 3rd to 11th intercostal spaces from the posterior side</indent>
  - <indent=3em>pass between the internal and innermost intercostal muscles</indent>
  - <indent=3em>anastomose with the anterior intercostal branches</indent>


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior tertia
latin: ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae
en: Dorsal branch of third posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior tertia
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior tertiae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of third posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior tertiae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior tertia
latin: ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae
en: Collateral branch of third posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior tertia
latin: ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae
en: Medial cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of third posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior tertia
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of third posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior quarta
latin: ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae
en: Dorsal branch of fourth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior quarta
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior quartae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of fourth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior quartae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior quartae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior quarta
latin: ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae
en: Collateral branch of fourth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior quarta
latin: ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae
en: Medial cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of fourth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior quarta
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of fourth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior quinta
latin: ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae
en: Dorsal branch of fifth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior quinta
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior quintae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of fifth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior quintae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior quintae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior quinta
latin: ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae
en: Collateral branch of fifth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior quinta
latin: ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae
en: Medial cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of fifth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior quinta
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of fifth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior sexta
latin: ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae
en: Dorsal branch of sixth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior sexta
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior sextae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of sixth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior sextae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior sextae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior sexta
latin: ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae
en: Collateral branch of sixth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior sexta
latin: ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae
en: Medial cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of sixth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior sexta
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of sixth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior septima
latin: ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae
en: Dorsal branch of seventh posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior septima
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior septimae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of seventh posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior septimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior septimae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior septima
latin: ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae
en: Collateral branch of seventh posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior septima
latin: ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae
en: Medial cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of seventh posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior septima
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of seventh posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior octava
latin: ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae
en: Dorsal branch of Eighth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior octava
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior octavae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of eight posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior octavae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior octavae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior octava
latin: ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae
en: Collateral branch of Eighth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior octava
latin: ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae
en: Medial cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of Eighth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior octava
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of Eighth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior nona
latin: ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae
en: Dorsal branch of ninth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior nona
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior nonae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of ninth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior nonae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior nonae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior nona
latin: ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae
en: Collateral branch of ninth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior nona
latin: ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae
en: Medial cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of ninth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior nona
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of ninth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior decima
latin: ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae
en: Dorsal branch of tenth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior decima
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior decimae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of tenth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior decimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior decimae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior decima
latin: ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae
en: Collateral branch of tenth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior decima
latin: ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae
en: Medial cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of tenth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior decima
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of tenth posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 2

related_objects:
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system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior undecima
latin: ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae
en: Dorsal branch of eleventh posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior undecima
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior undecimae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of eleventh posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior undecimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior undecimae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior undecima
latin: ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae
en: Collateral branch of eleventh posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior undecima
latin: ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae
en: Medial cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of eleventh posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria intercostalis posterior undecima
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of eleventh posterior intercostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 2

related_objects:
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system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria subcostalis
latin: ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae subcostalis
en: Medial cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of suncostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus sutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae subcostalis 1,ramus sutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae subcostalis 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
parent: arteria subcostalis
latin: ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae subcostalis
en: Lateral cutaneous branch of dorsal branch of suncostal artery
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  ramus sutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae subcostalis 1,ramus sutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae subcostalis 2

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 638 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Visceral branches of thoracic aorta
parent: Visceral branches of thoracic aorta
latin: rami bronchiales aortae thoracicae descendetis
en: Bronchial branches
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>supply for the nutritive circulation of the lungs</indent>
  - <indent=3em>usually the left one is doubled and the right one is single</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1
main_group: Thoracic aorta branches
sub_group: Visceral branches of thoracic aorta
parent: rami bronchiales aortae thoracicae descendetis
object_id: ramus bronchiales inferiores aortae thoracicae descendentis
latin: ramus bronchiales inferiores aortae thoracicae descendentis
en: Inferior bronchial branch
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2,atlas c1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t10,os costale 3,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t1,


system: arterial
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
en: Abdominal aorta branches
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The abdominal aorta is the last part of the aorta.</b> It is the continuation of the thoracic aorta <b>after passing through the aortic hiatus.</b> The abdominal aorta terminates <b>at the level of the 4th lumbar vertebra</b> by bifurcating into the right and left common iliac arteries. It supplies the abdominal and pelvic organs, muscles of <b>the abdominal wall and back, part of the diaphragm, and external genital organs.</b> The abdominal aorta has <b>parietal</b> and <b>visceral</b> branches.<br>
  - <indent=3em>T12-L4</indent>
  - <indent=3em>passes in front of the vertebral column inside the retroperitoneal space</indent>
  - <indent=3em>bifurcates into the right and left common iliac arteries at the level of L4</indent><br> 
  <b>Course</b><br>
  <b>1.</b> begins at the level of the aortic hiatus as the continuation of the thoracic aorta 
  <b>2.</b> descends in front of the vertebral column, on the left of the inferior vena cava 
  <b>3.</b> bifurcates into the common iliac arteries at the level of the 4th lumbar vertebra"


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of abdominal aorta
parent: Parietal branches of abdominal aorta
latin: arteriae lumbales
en: Lumbar arteries
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>four paired arteries running on the vertebral bodies of the lumbar vertebrae
  - <indent=3em>terminate in the muscles of the abdominal wall


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of abdominal aorta
parent: arteriae lumbales
object_id: arteria lumbalis prima 1,arteria lumbalis prima 2
latin: arteria lumbalis prima
en: First lumbar artery
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae spuriae 10


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Parietal branches of abdominal aorta
parent: Parietal branches of abdominal aorta
object_id: arteria sacralis mediana
latin: arteria sacralis mediana
en: Median sacral artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>an unpaired artery, the caudal axial continuation of the aorta
  - <indent=3em>arises from the aortic bifurcation and descends on the anterior surface of the sacrum to the coccyx

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae spuriae 11


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Paired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
parent: Paired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
object_id: arteria renalis 1,arteria renalis 2
latin: arteria renalis
en: Renal artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>arises almost at a right angle at the level of the 1st lumbar vertebra</indent>
  - <indent=3em>runs across the psoas major and enters the hilum of the kidney</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 266 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 5.1
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Paired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
parent: arteria renalis
object_id: ramus anterior arteriae renalis 1,ramus anterior arteriae renalis 2
latin: ramus anterior arteria renalis
en: Anterior branch of renal artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>has 4 branches that supply the anterior segments </indent>
  - <indent=3em>superior segmental artery (a. segmenti superioris)</indent>
  - <indent=3em>inferior segmental artery (a. segmenti inferioris)</indent>
  - <indent=3em>anterior superior segmental artery (a. segmenti anterioris superioris)</indent>
  - <indent=3em>anterior inferior segmental artery (a. segmenti anterioris inferioris)</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 266 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 5.2
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Paired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
parent: arteria renalis
object_id: ramus posterior arteriae renalis 1,ramus posterior arteriae renalis 2
latin: ramus posterior arteria renalis
en: Posterior branch of renal artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>a single branch for the posterior segment</indent>
  - <indent=3em>posterior segmental artery (a. segmenti posterioris)</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 266 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 5.5
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Paired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
parent: arteria renalis
object_id: arteriae arcuatae 1,arteriae arcuatae 2
latin: arteriae arcuatae
en: Arcuate arteries
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>always two</indent>
  - <indent=3em>run between the border between the cortex and medulla</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 266 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Paired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
parent: Paired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
object_id: arteria testicularis 1,arteria testicularis 2
latin: arteria testicularis
en: Testicular artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>in males</indent>
  - <indent=3em>supplies the testis and epididymis</indent>
  - <indent=3em>arises at the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebra and passes along the posterior abdominal wall</indent>
  - <indent=3em>crosses ventrally the common iliac artery and vein, while passing the border between the pelvis and abdomen</indent>
  - <indent=3em>heads to the deep inguinal ring and runs inside the inguinal canal and spermatic cord to the scrotum</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 266 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 7
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
parent: Unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
object_id: truncus coeliacus
latin: truncus coeliacus
en: Coeliac trunk
general_description: <b>Tripus Halleri</b> is an obsolete term for the coeliac trunk.
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The coeliac trunk is a one centimeter long trunk arising from the anterior side of the abdominal aorta at the level of T12 to L1.</b> It trifurcates into <b>three main branches that supply the abdominal part of the oesophagus, stomach, spleen, liver, bile ducts, oral half of the duodenum, and the majority of the pancreas.</b>

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae spuriae 10,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,costae spuriae 8,os sacrum,oc coccygis


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 7.1
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
parent: truncus coeliacus
object_id: arteria gastrica sinistra
latin: arteria gastrica sinistra
en: Left gastric artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>runs on the posterior wall of the omental bursa along the superior margin of the pancreas and the lesser curvature of the stomach, where it anastomoses with the right gastric artery forming the gastric arch

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae spuriae 10,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,costae spuriae 8,os sacrum,oc coccygis


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 7.2.1
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
parent: arteria hepatica communis
object_id: arteria hepatica propria
latin: arteria hepatica propria
en: Hepatic artery proper
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>passes inside the hepatoduodenal ligament with the main bile duct and the portal vein (which is positioned behind the artery) to the porta hepatis

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 377 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
parent: ramus dexter arteria hepatica propria
en_description: - <indent=3em>arises from the right branch and supplies the gallbladder
object_id: arteria cystica
latin: arteria cystica
en: Cystic artery
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 377 characters]

general_description:
  <b>The cystic artery</b> passes through the cystohepatic triangle (triangle of Calot), where it can be ligated during cholecystectomy.


system: arterial
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
parent: arteria hepatica propria
object_id: arteria gastrica dextra
latin: arteria gastrica dextra
en: Right gastric artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>passes along the lesser curvature and anastomoses with the left gastric artery (forms the gastric arch)

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 377 characters]

general_description:
  <b>The right gastric artery</b> arises from the hepatic artery proper in two thirds of cases. It is a branch of the common hepatic artery in the remaining cases.


system: arterial
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
parent: arteria gastroduodenalis
object_id: arteria gastroomentalis
latin: arteria gastroomentalis, gastroepiploica dextra
en: Right gastro-omental artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>anastomoses with the left gastro-omental artery along the greater curvature to form the gastro-omental arch supplying the adjacent part of the stomach and greater omentum

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 377 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
parent: arteria gastroduodenalis
object_id: arteria pancreaticoduodenalis superior anterior
latin: arteria pancreaticoduodenalis superior anterior
en: Anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>descends behind the pancreatic head and descending part of the duodenum 
  - <indent=3em>anastomoses with the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery to form the anterior pancreatic arch supplying the head of the pancreas

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 377 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
parent: arteria gastroduodenalis
object_id: arteria pancreaticoduodenalis superior posterior
latin: arteria pancreaticoduodenalis superior posterior
en: Posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>anastomoses with the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery to form the posterior pancreatic arch supplying the head of the pancreas

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 377 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 7.3
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
parent: truncus coeliacus
object_id: arteria splenica
latin: arteria splenica/lienalis
en: Splenic artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>has a tortuous course as it runs to the left along the superior pancreatic margin to the splenic hilum

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 377 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 7.3.4
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
parent: arteria splenica/lienalis
object_id: arteria prepancreatica sinistra
latin: arteria gastroomentalis sinistra
en: Left gastro-omental artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>descends along the greater curvature and anastomoses with the right gastro-omental artery

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 377 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 8
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
parent: Unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
object_id: arteria mesenterica superior
latin: arteria mesenterica superior
en: Superior mesenteric artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The superior mesenteric artery</b> is the second unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta. It supplies the <b>aboral half of the duodenum, inferior half of the head of the pancreas, jejunum, ileum, caecum, vermiform appendix, and ascending colon.</b> It also supplies <b>the right two thirds of the transverse colon</b> and anastomoses with a branch of the inferior mesenteric artery.<br>
  - <indent=3em>arises from the aorta at the level of L1 and runs inside the root of the mesentery

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 377 characters]

general_description:
  <b>From the developmental point of view,</b> the coeliac trunk is the artery supplying the foregut. The superior mesenteric artery supplies the midgut and the inferior mesenteric artery supplies the hindgut.<br>
  <b>The marginal artery of the colon / marginal artery of Drummond</b> (arteria marginalis coli) is formed by individual branches of the colic arteries. It has a variable caliber and runs along the wall of the large intestine.<br>
  <b>The anastomosis of Haller / arc of Riolan</b> (anastomosis magna) is an anastomosis between the middle and left colic arteries, located close to the left colic flexure. It interconnects the arterial beds of the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 8.1.1
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
parent: arteria pancreaticoduodenalis inferior
object_id: ramus anterior arteria pancreaticoduodenalis inferior
latin: ramus anterior arteria pancreaticoduodenalis inferior
en: Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery anterior branch
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>anastomoses with the corresponding branch from the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery forming the anterior pancreatic arch

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 377 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 8.1.2
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
parent: arteria pancreaticoduodenalis inferior
object_id: ramus posterior arteria pancreaticoduodenalis inferior
latin: ramus posterior arteria pancreaticoduodenalis inferior
en: Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery posterior branch
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>anastomoses with the corresponding branch from the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery forming the posterior pancreatic arch

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 377 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 8.2
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
parent: arteria mesenterica superior
object_id: arteriae jejunales
latin: arteriae jejunales
en: Jejunal arteries
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>run inside the mesentery to the loops of the jejunum,
  - <indent=3em>divide into one or two arcades, which give off long branches termed arteriae rectae (average of 5 cm long)

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 377 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 8.3
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
parent: arteria mesenterica superior
object_id: arteriae ileales
latin: arteriae ileales
en: Ileal arteries
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>run inside the mesentery to the loops of the ileum divide into two or three arcades which give off short branches termed the arteriae rectae (average of 2 cm long)

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 377 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 8.5
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
parent: arteria mesenterica superior
object_id: arteria colica dextra
latin: arteria colica dextra
en: Right colic artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>passes retroperitoneally and heads to the ascending colon, which it supplies</indent>
  - <indent=3em>anastomoses with the ileocolic artery and middle colic artery</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 377 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 8.6
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
parent: arteria mesenterica superior
object_id: arteria colica media
latin: arteria colica media
en: Middle colic artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>passes in the transverse mesocolon and supplies the transverse colon</indent>
  - <indent=3em>anastomoses with both the right colic artery and the left colic artery, which is a branch of the inferior mesenteric artery</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 377 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 9
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
parent: Unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
object_id: arteria mesenterica inferior
latin: arteria mesenterica inferior
en: Inferior mesenteric artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The inferior mesenteric artery</b> is the third unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta. It supplies the<b> left third of the transverse colon</b>,<b> descending colon, sigmoid colon</b>. It continues to the pelvis as the superior rectal artery supplying the majority of the rectum<br>
  - <indent=3em>arises at the level of L3 and heads down and to the left in the retroperitoneum where its branches either ascend to the left colic flexure or descend to the lesser pelvis

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 377 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 9.1
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
parent: arteria mesenterica inferior
object_id: arteria colica sinistra
latin: arteria colica sinistra
en: Left colic artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>supplies the descending colon and anastomoses with the middle colic artery close to the left colic flexure

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 377 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 9.3
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
parent: arteria mesenterica inferior
object_id: arteria rectalis superior
latin: arteria rectalis superior
en: Superior rectal artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>a terminal branch of the inferior mesenteric artery while crossing the linea terminalis</indent>
  - <indent=3em>supplies the rectal ampulla</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 377 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 10
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
parent: Unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
object_id: arteriae rectae coli
latin: arteriolae rectae coli
en: Straight arteries of colon
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>straight arteries arise from arcades in the mesentery of the jejunum and ileum</indent>
  - <indent=3em>heading toward the intestines</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 377 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Pulmonary arteries
en: Pulmonary arteries
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  Pulmonary artery is short and wide (about 5 cm in length and 3cm in diameter) and arises from the base of right ventricle and proceeds towards the lungs.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Pulmonary arteries
sub_group: Pulmonary arteries of the left side
parent: Pulmonary arteries of the left side
object_id: arteriae pulmonalis sinistra
latin: arteriae pulmonalis sinistra
en: Left pulmonary artery
cell_type: 0
tags: maingroup_desc
related_objects:
  bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 1,bronchus lingularis superior,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior 2,bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis or cardiacus 2,bronchus lobaris inferior dexter,bronchus lingularis inferior,bronchus lingularis,bronchus segmentalis superior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis 1,bronchus segmentalis superior 2,bronchus lobaris inferior sinister,bronchus segmentalis lateralis,bronchus segmentalis medialis,bronchus lobaris medius,bronchus principalis dexter,bronchus segmentalis posterior,bronchus lobaris superior dexter,bronchus divisio superior,bronchus lobaris superior sinister,bronchus segmentalis anterior 1,bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior 2,bronchus principalis sinister,bronchus segmentalis anterior 2,bronchus segmentalis apicalis,bronchus segmentalis apicoposterior,carina tracheae,paries membranaceus,ligamenta anularia,ligamentum cricotracheale,cartilagines tracheales,truncus pulmonaris,conus arterious,valvula semilunaris dextra,valvula semilunaris anterior,valvula semilunaris sinistra,tunica mucosa trachealia


system: arterial
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Heart wall
parent: Cor
memorix_page: 265
en: Heart wall
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  <b>The anatomy of the heart wall resembles the large elastic arteries;</b> its internal and middle layers consist of endothelial cells and thick muscle tissue, respectively. During development, the heart proceeds through three stages: <b>formation of the heart tubes, loop formation and septation</b>. A series originally paired vessels form the aortic arch with its branches. <b>The first contractions of the heart tube can be observed as early as the 20th day of intrauterine life.</b>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Heart wall
parent: Heart wall
memorix_page: 265
en: Endocardium
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>the innermost layer of the heart wall lining the chambers of the heart</indent>
  - <indent=3em>is composed of endothelium and connective tissue; forms the entire mass of the heart valves</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Heart wall
parent: Heart wall
memorix_page: 265
en: Myocardium
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>consists of two layers of cardiac muscle in the atria and three layers in the ventricles


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Heart wall
parent: Heart wall
memorix_page: 265
object_id: epicardium
latin: Epicardium
en: Epicardium*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>the visceral layer of pericardium, a serosal membrane</indent>
  - <indent=3em>lies over the heart and the vessels that supply the myocardium with oxygen and nutrients</indent>

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Heart wall
parent: Heart wall
memorix_page: 265
en: Pericardium
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>a double-layered sac covering the heart in the middle inferior mediastinum</indent>
  - <indent=3em>forms an impression on the diaphragm called the area pericardiaca</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Heart wall
parent: Pericardium
memorix_page: 265
object_id: pericardium serosum
latin: pericardium serosum
en: Serous pericardium
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>the inner layer of the parietal pericardium</indent>
  - <indent=3em>is reflected onto the heart forming the epicardium (the visceral pericardium)</indent>

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Heart wall
parent: Pericardium
memorix_page: 265
object_id: pericardium fibrosum
latin: pericardium fibrosum
en: Fibrous pericardium
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>the outer layer of the parietal pericardium</indent>
  - <indent=3em>is composed of dense connective tissue</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 362 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4.3
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Heart wall
parent: Pericardium
memorix_page: 265
latin: cavitas pericardiaca
en: Pericardial cavity
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>a potential space between the epicardium and the (visceral) serous pericardium</indent>
  - <indent=3em>contains a small amount of fluid, which allows smooth movements of the heart</indent>


system: arterial
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: Right atrium*4
memorix_page: 268
object_id: atrium dextrum
latin: atrium dextrum
en: Right atrium*3
cell_type: 0
master_object: atrium dextrum
en_description:
  Blood from the systemic circulation flows <b>through the superior and inferior vena cava into the right atrium</b>. The <b>tricuspid valve </b>directs blood from the right atrium into the right ventricle. The initial parts of the conducting system of the heart, <b>the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes</b>, are located in the wall of the right atrium.

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,valvula venae cavae inferioris,valvula sinus coronarii,auricula dextra,paries lateralis atrii dextri

general_description:
  <b>The average weight of a human heart </b>is 290-350 g. <b>The location of the heart </b>depends on age, position of the diaphragm, the respiratory movements, the shape of the thorax and body position. In a short and wide thorax with a high position of the diaphragm the heart is positioned more horizontally. In a narrow and long thorax the heart is positioned more longitudinally. <b>Pendulum heart </b><i>(cor pendulum) </i>is a term for a heart located in a narrow and long thorax; the heart looks like it's hanging down from the great vessels.<br>
  <b>The auscultation points </b>are also termed Testut`s points. Connecting these points with a line traces the circumference of the projection of the heart onto the thoracic wall.<br>
  <b>Viscerosensory innervation of the heart </b>is provided by branches of the phrenic nerves that innervate the pericardium.<br>
  <b>The pericardiacophrenic arteries </b>accompanying the phrenic nerves provide the arterial supply of the pericardium.<br>
  <b>Normal blood pressure values </b>are around 120/80 mmHg. Elevated blood pressure (hypertension) is defined as blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg. Blood pressure below 90/60 mmHg is considered abnormally low (hypotension).<br>
  <b>Right and left coronary artery </b>dominance depends on whether the posterior interventricular branch originates from the right, or left coronary artery, respectively. In one third of cases, both arteries equally supply the posterior interventricular branch. In 50 % of cases, the right coronary artery is dominant with a thick right posterolateral branch.<br>
  <b>The coronary arteries</b>, in the subepicardial layer on the heart's surface, has a tortuous course. This allows them to elongate and shorten as the heart contracts and dilates.<br>
  <b>Lymph drainage </b>from the heart goes from the left atrium and ventricle via the left lymphatic trunk to the inferior tracheobronchial nodes (and then to the right lymphatic duct). From the right atrium and ventricle, lymphatic drainage is directed through the right lymphatic trunk to the anterior mediastinal nodes (and then to the thoracic duct).<br>
  <b>The oblique vein of the left atrium of Marshal </b>(<i>v. obliqua atrii sinistri</i>) is a remnant of the left superior vena cava.<br>

clinical_notes:
  <b>Cardiac tamponade </b>is a pathological disorder in which fluid accumulates in the pericardial cavity causing the heart to be unable to adequately distend during diastole. The pericardial cavity can expand to contain 1000 ml of fluid. If the increase of fluid occurs slowly over a long period of time there may be no clinical manifestations. An acute tamponade is caused by a sudden increase of fluid, by approximately tens of millilitres (max. 200 ml) and is a medical emergency. This situation may occur due to rupture of free myocardial wall over a postischemic scar or as a result of rupture or dissection of the aorta.<br>
  <b>Pericardiocentesis </b>is a surgical procedure in which fluid is removed from the pericardial cavity. It is performed with a special needle that is inserted between the xiphoid process and the left costal margin within the infrasternal angle under ultrasound control. It is also performed, but less commonly, in the inferior interpleural area in the 5th left intercostal space near the left sternal border.<br>
  <b>Ischemic heart disease </b>is the result of coronary artery disease on the heart. Coronary artery disease results from atherosclerosis obstructing the lumen of the coronary arteries. The extent of the obstruction leads to variable range of clinical entities: stable/unstable angina, myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death and heart failure.<br>
  <b>Angina pectoris </b>is a form of ischaemic heart disease that classically presents with chest pain or discomfort.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: atrium dextrum
en_description: - <indent=3em>an outpocketing appendage of the right atrium
memorix_page: 268
object_id: auricula dextra
latin: auricula dextra
en: Right auricle
cell_type: 0
tags: subgroup_desc
related_objects:
  atrium dextrum,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: auricula dextra
en: Lateral wall of the right atrium
cell_type: 0
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  paries lateralis atrii dextri,!epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 362 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: auricula dextra
en_description: - <indent=3em>comb-like muscle fascicles inside the right auricle
memorix_page: 268
latin: musculi pectinati
en: Pectinate muscles
cell_type: 0
color: 2d8c02
hit_position: 0.00260,0.00401,0.16964
hit_normal: 0.28716,0.10740,-0.02929
body_rotation: 1.71476,247.58120,4.14856
object_id:
  atrium dextrum,auricula dextra,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: atrium dextrum
en_description: - <indent=3em>a thin barrier separating the right and left atria
memorix_page: 268
latin: septum interatriale
en: Interatrial septum
cell_type: 0
color: 78dd23
hit_position: 0.00243,0.01117,0.16990
hit_normal: 0.23531,-0.17686,-0.07713
body_rotation: 352.36190,303.12210,11.51467
object_id:
  atrium dextrum,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: atrium dextrum
memorix_page: 268
latin: septum atrioventriculare
en: Atrioventricular septum
cell_type: 0
color: 7c78ee
hit_position: 0.00503,0.00730,0.16016
hit_normal: 0.14288,0.01599,0.03950
body_rotation: 357.23020,258.63290,346.48420
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>a fibrous barrier between the right atrium and the outflow tract of the left ventricle

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 137 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: atrium dextrum
memorix_page: 268
en: Crista terminalis
cell_type: 0
color: 23d8dd
hit_position: 0.00747,0.01324,0.16379
hit_normal: 0.06382,-0.30541,-0.02213
body_rotation: 355.95150,344.65500,1.10989
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>a muscular crest inside the right atrium</indent>
  - <indent=3em>separates the sinus of the venae cavae from the proper right atrium</indent>

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 137 characters]

general_description:
  <b>The crista terminalis </b>separates the sinus venosus from the common atrium during prenatal development.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: atrium dextrum
memorix_page: 268
object_id: atrium dextrum,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi
en: Sulcus terminalis cordis*2
cell_type: 0
color: a50d58
hit_position: 0.00752,0.01350,0.16266
hit_normal: 0.09083,0.28239,-0.02056
body_rotation: 4.01977,195.64730,1.12485
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>a groove on the external surface of the right atrium corresponding to the crista terminalis


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: atrium dextrum
memorix_page: 268
latin: tuberculum intervenosum
en: Intervenous tubercle
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>an elevated muscular ridge between the superior and inferior vena cava
  - <indent=3em>directs blood from the superior vena cava to the right ventricle


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 7
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: Openings in the right atrium
memorix_page: 268
latin: sinus venarum cavarum
en: Sinus of venae cavae
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>the posterior part of the right atrium where the superior and inferior vena cava enter


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 7.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: sinus venarum cavarum
memorix_page: 268
object_id: ostium venae cavae superioris,!paries lateralis atrii dextri
latin: ostium venae cavae superioris
en: Opening of superior vena cava
cell_type: 0
tags: hide_parts
related_objects:
  atrium dextrum,auricula dextra,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 7.2.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: ostium venae cavae inferioris
memorix_page: 268
latin: valvula venae cavae inferioris
en: Valve of inferior vena cava / Eustachian valve
cell_type: 0
master_object: atrium dextrum
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>a semilunar fold at the opening of the inferior vena cava</indent>
  - <indent=3em>directs blood through foramen ovale to the left atrium during prenatal life</indent>

object_id:
  valvula venae cavae inferioris,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,valvula venae cavae inferioris,valvula sinus coronarii,


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 8
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: Openings in the right atrium
en_description: - <indent=3em>the opening of the main vein draining blood from the heart
memorix_page: 268
latin: ostium sinus coronarii
en: Opening of coronary sinus
cell_type: 0
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  ostium sinus coronarii,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  atrium dextrum,auricula dextra,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 8.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: ostium sinus coronarii
en_description: - <indent=3em>a fold covering the opening of the coronary sinus
memorix_page: 268
latin: valvula sinus coronarii
en: Valve of coronary sinus / Thebesian valve
cell_type: 0
master_object: atrium dextrum
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  valvula sinus coronarii,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,valvula venae cavae inferioris,valvula sinus coronarii


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 10
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: Openings in the right atrium
memorix_page: 268
object_id: ostium atrioventriculare dextrum
latin: ostium atrioventriculare dextrum
en: Right atrioventricular orifice
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>an opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle covered by the tricuspid valve


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 11.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: valva atrioventricularis dextra / tricuspidalis
en_description: - <indent=3em>is anchored to the anterior and septal papillary muscles
memorix_page: 268
latin: cuspis anterior valva tricuspidalis
en: Anterior cusp of tricuspid valve
cell_type: 0
master_object: Tricuspid valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  cuspis anterior 2,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  atrium dextrum,auricula dextra,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,musculus papillaris anterior,musculus papillaris posterior,musculus papillaris septalis,musculus papillaris anterior 2,musculus papillaris posterior 2


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 11.2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: valva atrioventricularis dextra / tricuspidalis
en_description: - <indent=3em>is anchored to the posterior and septal papillary muscles
memorix_page: 268
latin: cuspis posterior valva tricuspidalis
en: Posterior cusp of tricuspid valve
cell_type: 0
master_object: Tricuspid valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  cuspis posterior 2,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  atrium dextrum,auricula dextra,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,musculus papillaris anterior,musculus papillaris posterior,musculus papillaris septalis,musculus papillaris anterior 2,musculus papillaris posterior 2


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 11.3
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: valva atrioventricularis dextra / tricuspidalis
en_description: - <indent=3em>is anchored to the posterior and septal papillary muscles
memorix_page: 268
latin: cuspis septalis valva tricuspidalis
en: Septal cusp of tricuspid valve
cell_type: 0
master_object: Tricuspid valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  cuspis septalis 2,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!epicardium,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  atrium dextrum,auricula dextra,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,musculus papillaris anterior,musculus papillaris posterior,musculus papillaris septalis,musculus papillaris anterior 2,musculus papillaris posterior 2


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 12
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right atrium*4
parent: Other structures
memorix_page: 268
latin: trigonum nodi atrioventricularis
en: Triangle of Koch
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>location of the atrioventricular node</indent><br>

  Its borders are:<br>
  - <indent=3em>Septal cusp of tricuspid valve</indent>
  - <indent=3em>Tendon of valve of inferior vena cava / Tendon of Todaro (tendo valvulae venae cavae inferioris)</indent>
  - <indent=3em>Opening of coronary sinus</indent>


system: arterial
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: Cor
memorix_page: 269
en: Right ventricle*3
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  <b>Blood enters the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve</b>. Blood is directed first through <b>the trabecular inflow tract, composed of muscular bundles (trabeculae carneae)</b>, and then through <b>the smooth outflow tract (conus arteriosus)</b>. Blood flows through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary trunk and consequently throughout the entire pulmonary circulation where gas exchange takes place. The right ventricle pumps against the relatively low pulmonary blood pressure of around 20 mmHg.


system: arterial
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: Right ventricle*3
object_id: ventriculus dexter
latin: Ventriculus dexter
en: Right ventricle*4
cell_type: 0
master_object: ventriculus dexter
tags: subgroup_desc
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,musculus papillaris anterior,musculus papillaris posterior,musculus papillaris septalis,trabeculae carnae

general_description:
  <b>The anterior veins of the right ventricle </b>are small veins on the anterior surface of the heart that open directly into the right atrium. <b>The right ventricular outflow tract </b>is also called the conus arteriosus (<i>infundibulum / pars glabra</i>) because of its funneloutflowlike shape narrowing cranially towards the opening of the pulmonary trunk.<br>
  <b>The stroke volume </b>is the volume of blood ejected in each heartbeat.<br>
  <b>The thickness of the wall of the right ventricle </b>is 3-4 mm. The left ventricular wall can be up to three times thicker (7-11 mm).<br>

clinical_notes:
  <b>Right heart failure </b>results in blood congestion in the systemic circulation and an elevation in central venous pressure. This condition manifests with oedema, which accumulates around the ankles (perimalleolar oedema) due to gravity and elevated jugular venous pressure detected by increased filling of the external jugular veins. Blood also accumulates in the portal circulation, which leads to enlargement of the liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly) and an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity (ascites).<br>
  <b>Pulmonary stenosis </b>is a narrowing of the right ventricular outflow tract in the area of the pulmonary valve and usually occurs as a part of complex congenital heart defects. <br>
  <b>Pulmonary valve insufficiency </b>is a relatively rare condition in which blood regurgitates from the pulmonary trunk to the right ventricle. It is caused by a relative dilation of the right ventricle (result of volume overload and pulmonary hypertension) in adult patients treated for complex congenital heart defect in childhood.


system: arterial
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: Ventriculus dexter
latin: paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri
en: Anterolateral wall of right ventricle
cell_type: 0
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  ventriculus dexter,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: Inflow tract
en_description: - <indent=3em>the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle
memorix_page: 269
latin: ostium atrioventriculare dextrum*2
en: Right atrioventricular orifice*2
related_objects: atrium dextrum,auricula dextra
cell_type: 0
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  ostium atrioventriculare dextrum,!paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: Inflow tract
en_description: - <indent=3em>prevents retrograde flow from the right ventricle to the right atrium
memorix_page: 269
latin: valva atrioventricularis dextra/tricuspidalis
en: Tricuspid valve
cell_type: 0
general_description:
  <b>Tricuspid valve stenosis </b>is a relatively infrequent condition in which the orifice of the tricuspid valve is narrowed, usually due to endocarditis in intravenous drug users.<br>
  <b>Tricuspid insufficiency </b>is a condition in which blood regurgitates through the tricuspid valve to the right atrium. In most cases, it is caused by increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation that results in dilation of the right fibrous ring and tricuspid insufficiency.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: valva atrioventricularis dextra/tricuspidalis
en_description: - <indent=3em>is anchored to the anterior and septal papillary muscles
memorix_page: 269
latin: cuspis anterior valva tricuspidalis*2
en: Anterior cusp of tricuspid valve*2
related_objects: atrium dextrum,auricula dextra
cell_type: 0
master_object: Tricuspid valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  cuspis anterior 2,!paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: valva atrioventricularis dextra/tricuspidalis
en_description: - <indent=3em>is anchored to the posterior and septal papillary muscles
memorix_page: 269
latin: cuspis posterior valva tricuspidali*2
en: Posterior cusp of tricuspid valve*2
related_objects: atrium dextrum,auricula dextra
cell_type: 0
master_object: Tricuspid valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  cuspis posterior 2,!paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: valva atrioventricularis dextra/tricuspidalis
en_description: - <indent=3em>is anchored to the posterior and septal papillary muscles
memorix_page: 269
latin: cuspis septalis valva tricuspidalis*2
en: Septal cusp of tricuspid valve*2
related_objects: atrium dextrum,auricula dextra
cell_type: 0
master_object: Tricuspid valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  cuspis septalis 2,!paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: Inflow tract
memorix_page: 269
latin: musculi papillares ventriculi dextri
en: Papillary muscles of right ventricle
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>muscles originating from myocardium, covered with endocardium and attached to the cusps of the tricuspid valve by tendinous cords (chordae tendineae)


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: musculi papillares ventriculi dextri
en_description: - <indent=3em>is attached to the anterior cusp
memorix_page: 269
latin: musculus papillaris anterior ventriculi dextri
en: Anterior papillary muscle
cell_type: 0
master_object: ventriculus dexter
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  musculus papillaris anterior,!paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

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system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: musculi papillares ventriculi dextri
en_description: - <indent=3em>is attached to the posterior and septal cusps
memorix_page: 269
latin: musculus papillaris posterior ventriculi dextri
en: Posterior papillary muscle
cell_type: 0
master_object: ventriculus dexter
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  musculus papillaris posterior,!paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,musculus papillaris anterior,musculus papillaris posterior,musculus papillaris septalis,trabeculae carnae


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: musculi papillares ventriculi dextri
en_description: - <indent=3em>is attached to the anterior, posterior, and septal cusps
memorix_page: 269
latin: musculus papillaris septalis ventriculi dextri
en: Septal papillary muscle
general_description: <b>The septal papillary muscle </b>is made up of several smaller muscles.
cell_type: 0
master_object: ventriculus dexter
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  musculus papillaris septalis,!paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 321 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: Inflow tract
en_description: - <indent=3em>thick muscular bundles in the right ventricular inflow tract
memorix_page: 269
latin: trabeculae carnae
en: Trabeculae carnae
cell_type: 0
master_object: ventriculus dexter
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  trabeculae carnae,!paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 321 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: Inflow tract
latin: chordae tendinae ventriculi dextri
en: Chordae tendinae of right ventricle
cell_type: 0
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  chordae tendinae ventriculi dextri,!paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,musculus papillaris anterior,musculus papillaris posterior,musculus papillaris septalis,trabeculae carnae,ventriculus dexter,ventriculus sinister,musculus papillaris anterior 2,musculus papillaris posterior 2


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 7
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: Outflow tract
memorix_page: 269
latin: trabecula septomarginalis
en: Septomarginal trabecula
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>a muscular bundle connecting the interventricular septum with the anterior papillary muscle</indent>
  - <indent=3em>the right bundle branch of the conducting system of the heart runs within the septomarginal trabecula</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 10
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: Outflow tract
memorix_page: 269
latin: valva trunci pulmonalis
en: Pulmonary valve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>is composed of the three semilunar cusps</indent>
  - <indent=3em>prevents retrograde flow of blood from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 10.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: valva trunci pulmonalis
memorix_page: 269
latin: valvula semilunaris anterior valva pulmonalis
en: Anterior semilunar cusp
related_objects: ventriculus dexter,truncus pulmonaris,conus arterious
cell_type: 0
master_object: Pulmonary valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  valvula semilunaris anterior,!paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 10.2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: valva trunci pulmonalis
memorix_page: 269
latin: valvula semilunaris dextra valva pulmonalis
en: Right semilunar cusp
related_objects: ventriculus dexter,truncus pulmonaris,conus arterious
cell_type: 0
master_object: Pulmonary valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  valvula semilunaris dextra,!paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 10.3
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Right ventricle*3
parent: valva trunci pulmonalis
memorix_page: 269
latin: valvula semilunaris sinistra valva pulmonalis
en: Left semilunar cusp
related_objects: ventriculus dexter,truncus pulmonaris,conus arterious
cell_type: 0
master_object: Pulmonary valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  valvula semilunaris sinistra,!paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi


system: arterial
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Left atrium*3
parent: Cor
memorix_page: 270
en: Left atrium*3
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  <b>Oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circulation </b>flows through <b>the four pulmonary veins to the left atrium </b>and then through <b>the mitral valve to the left ventricle.</b>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Left atrium*3
parent: Left atrium*3
memorix_page: 270
object_id: atrium sinistrum
latin: atrium sinistrum*4
en: Left atrium*5
cell_type: 0
tags: subgroup_desc
related_objects:
  auricula sinistra,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,

clinical_notes:
  <b>Atrial fibrillation </b>is a heart rhythm disorder in which the atria contract irregularly, chaotically, and thus ineffectively. This causes a change of blood flow in the atrial auricle from laminar to turbulent with an increased risk of blood clot formation. A blood clot may be released to the systemic circulation and obstruct an artery supplying the brain and/or other organs (thromboembolism), leading to a complete or partial loss of blood supply (ischaemia).


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Left atrium*3
parent: atrium sinistrum*4
en_description: - <indent=3em>an outpocketing appendage of the left atrium
memorix_page: 270
object_id: auricula sinistra
latin: auricula sinistra
en: Left auricle
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  atrium sinistrum,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Left atrium*3
parent: atrium sinistrum*4
memorix_page: 270
object_id: atrium sinistrum,!paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri
latin: valvula foraminis ovalis
en: Valve of foramen ovale
cell_type: 0
color: 236ddd
hit_position: -0.00042,0.01233,0.16749
hit_normal: -0.00254,0.12132,0.01374
body_rotation: 354.35230,173.64050,0.62840
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>a circular thinned area in the interatrial septum</indent>
  - <indent=3em>the original valve covering the foramen ovale</indent>
  - <indent=3em>postnatally merges with the primary interatrial septum and thus can be found on the opposite side of the oval fossa</indent>

clinical_notes:
  <b>The foramen ovale </b>is a unidirectional blood shunt covered by a valve composed of the septum primum and septum secundum. After the first few postnatal breaths, the left atrial pressure abruptly increases, which pushes the septum primum onto the secundum closing the foramen ovale. In 20-25 % of people, the closure is incomplete and blood keeps shunting through an opening in the interatrial septum (patent foramen ovale, FOA, <i>foramen ovale patent/pervium</i>). Under physiological conditions, this shunt causes no clinical symptoms unless hemodynamically significant. In such case, the clinical situation is described as a persistent foramen ovale (<i>foramen ovale apertum/persitents</i>).


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Left atrium*3
parent: atrium sinistrum*4
object_id: paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri
latin: paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri
en: Posterolateral wall of left atrium
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  atrium sinistrum,auricula sinistra,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Left atrium*3
parent: Openings in the left atrium
en_description: - <indent=3em>an opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle containing the mitral valve
memorix_page: 270
object_id: ostium atrioventriculare sinistrum
latin: ostium atrioventriculare sinistrum
en: Left atrioventricular orifice
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  atrium dextrum,auricula dextra,atrium sinistrum, auricula sinistra,musculus papillaris anterior,musculus papillaris posterior,musculus papillaris septalis,musculus papillaris anterior 2,musculus papillaris posterior,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Left atrium*3
parent: Other structures*2
memorix_page: 270
latin: valva atrioventricularis sinistra / valva mitralis
en: Mitral valve / left atrioventricular valve
cell_type: 0
clinical_notes:
  <b>Mitral stenosis </b>is described as a narrowing of the orifice of the mitral valve. It can lead to the accumulation of blood in the pulmonary circulation and lung oedema, which presents as dyspnoea. It is most commonly occurs as a sequela of rheumatic heart disease.<br>
  <b>Mitral regurgitation </b>(insufficiency) leads to reverse blood flow from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole. It is one of the most common acquired valve defects, usually caused by a degenerative process of the valve. Mitral regurgitation often results in left-sided heart failure.


system: arterial
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Left ventricle*3
parent: Cor
memorix_page: 271
en: Left ventricle*3
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  Blood flows <b>from the left atrium through the mitral valve to the left ventricle</b>. It flows through the left ventricular <b>inflow tract composed of muscular bundles </b>(trabeculae carneae) and then through the <b>smooth left ventricular ou</b><b>tf</b><b>low tract </b>(the aortic vestibule). Blood is ejected through the aortic valve in<b>to the ascending aorta and then flows throughout </b>the entire systemic circulation. The left ventricle <b>pumps blood against the relatively high systemic blood pressure</b>.


system: arterial
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Left ventricle*3
parent: Left ventricle*3
object_id: ventriculus sinister
latin: Ventriculus sinister
en: Left ventricle*4
cell_type: 0
master_object: ventriculus dexter
tags: subgroup_desc
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,

general_description:
  <b>Left-sided heart failure </b>leads to congestion of blood and elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation. This situation results in lung oedema presenting as dyspnoea that is most prominent when lying down. Dyspnoea is relieved when the patient sits or stands up (orthopnoea).


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Left ventricle*3
parent: Inflow tract*2
memorix_page: 271
latin: musculi papillares ventriculi sinistri
en: Papillary muscles of left ventricle
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>valve muscles originating from myocardium and covered with endocardium</indent>
  - <indent=3em>attached to the mitral valve cusps by tendinous cords (chordae tendineae)</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Left ventricle*3
parent: Outlow tract*2
memorix_page: 271
latin: valva aortae
en: Aortic valve
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>is composed of three semilunar cusps
  - <indent=3em>prevents reverse flow from the aorta to the left ventricle

general_description:
  <b>The posterior aortic sinus of Valsalva </b>(<i>sinus aortae posterior Valsalvae</i>) is a noncoronary sinus, from which no coronary artery arises.<br>
  <b>Bicuspid valve </b>is an obsolete term for the mitral valve.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Aortic valve stenosis </b>is a narrowing of the orifice of the aortic valve, usually caused by degenerative calcification (a process similar to atherosclerosis), thus presenting mostly in older age. It is a common acquired valve defects.<br>
  <b>Aortic insufficiency </b>leads to reverse flow from the aorta to the left ventricle. Most commonly, this is caused by degeneration or dilatation of the aortic ring and/or by other pathologic states.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Left ventricle*3
parent: valvula semilunaris sinistra valva aortae
memorix_page: 271
latin: sinus aortae sinister Valsalvae
en: Left (coronary) aortic sinus of Valsalva
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>a dilation of the aortic wall behind the left semilunar cusp where the left coronary artery arises


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Left ventricle*3
parent: valvula semilunaris dextra valva aortae
memorix_page: 271
latin: sinus aortae dexter Valsalvae
en: Right (coronary) aortic sinus of Valsalva
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>a dilation of the aortic wall behind the right semilunar cusp where the right coronary artery arises


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4.1.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Left ventricle*3
parent: septum interventriculare pars membranacea*2
memorix_page: 271
latin: septum atrioventriculare*3
en: Atrioventricular septum*3
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>part of the membranous part of the interventricular septum overlying the right atrium and thus separating it from the left ventricular outflow tract


system: arterial
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Valves
parent: Cor
memorix_page: 272
latin: Valvae
en: Valves
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  <b>The valves are fibrous plates </b>separating the atria from the ventricles and the ventricles from the great vessels leaving the heart. <b>They ensure unidirectional flow of blood</b>. Characterised by their shape, location, and dynamics, they are <b>divided into cuspidate and semilunar valves</b>.


system: arterial
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Valves
parent: Valvae
memorix_page: 272
en: Cuspidate valves
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The cuspidate valves </b>are opened by blood flowing <b>from the atrium into the ventricle </b>and are closed during ventricular systole.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Valves
parent: Cuspidate valves
memorix_page: 272
latin: valva atrioventricularis dextra / valva tricuspidalis
en: Tricuspidal valve / right atrioventricular valve
cell_type: 0
tags: subgroup_desc
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>is composed of three cusps, which are attached to papillary muscles by tendinous cords</indent>
  - <indent=3em>separates the right atrium from the right ventricle</indent>
  - <indent=3em>the individual cusps are connected at the commissures</indent>
  - <indent=3em>there are three commissures: anteroseptal, posteroseptal, and anteroposterior</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Valves
parent: valva atrioventricularis dextra / valva tricuspidalis
en_description: - <indent=3em>is anchored to the anterior and septal papillary muscles by tendinous cords
memorix_page: 269
latin: cuspis anterior valva tricuspidalis*4
en: Anterior cusp of tricuspidal valve
cell_type: 0
master_object: Tricuspid valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  cuspis anterior 2,!paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,!atrium sinistrum,!atrium dextrum,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!aorta ascendens,!truncus pulmonaris,!auricula dextra,!auricula sinistra,!valvula sinus coronarii,!valvula venae cavae inferioris

related_objects:
  ventriculus dexter,ventriculus sinister,conus arterious,bulbus aortae,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,musculus papillaris anterior,musculus papillaris posterior,musculus papillaris septalis,musculus papillaris anterior 2,musculus papillaris posterior 2,trabeculae carnae


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Valves
parent: valva atrioventricularis dextra / valva tricuspidalis
en_description: - <indent=3em>is anchored to the posterior and septal papillary muscles by tendinous cords
memorix_page: 269
latin: cuspis posterior valva tricuspidalis*4
en: Posterior cusp of tricuspidal valve
cell_type: 0
master_object: Tricuspid valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  cuspis posterior 2,!paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,!atrium sinistrum,!atrium dextrum,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!aorta ascendens,!truncus pulmonaris,!auricula dextra,!auricula sinistra,!valvula sinus coronarii,!valvula venae cavae inferioris

related_objects:
  ventriculus dexter,ventriculus sinister,conus arterious,bulbus aortae,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,musculus papillaris anterior,musculus papillaris posterior,musculus papillaris septalis,musculus papillaris anterior 2,musculus papillaris posterior 2,trabeculae carnae


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Valves
parent: valva atrioventricularis dextra / valva tricuspidalis
memorix_page: 269
latin: cuspis septalis valva tricuspidalis*4
en: Septal cusp of tricuspidal valve
cell_type: 0
master_object: Tricuspid valve
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>is anchored to the anterior, posterior and septal papillary muscles by tendinous cords

object_id:
  cuspis septalis 2,!paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,!atrium sinistrum,!atrium dextrum,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!aorta ascendens,!truncus pulmonaris,!auricula dextra,!auricula sinistra,!valvula sinus coronarii,!valvula venae cavae inferioris

related_objects:
  ventriculus dexter,ventriculus sinister,conus arterious,bulbus aortae,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,musculus papillaris anterior,musculus papillaris posterior,musculus papillaris septalis,musculus papillaris anterior 2,musculus papillaris posterior 2,trabeculae carnae


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Valves
parent: Cuspidate valves
memorix_page: 272
latin: valva atrioventricularis sinistra / valva bicuspidalis/mitralis
en: Mitral valve / left atrioventricular valve*3
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>contains two cusps that are attached to the papillary muscles by tendinous cords</indent>
  - <indent=3em>separates the left atrium and left ventricle</indent>
  - <indent=3em>the cusps are connected at the anterolateral and posteromedial commissures</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Valves
parent: valva atrioventricularis sinistra / valva bicuspidalis/mitralis
en_description: - <indent=3em>anchored to the anterior and posterior papillary muscles by tendinous cords
memorix_page: 270
latin: cuspis anterior valva mitralis*3
en: Anterior cusp of mitral valve*3
cell_type: 0
master_object: Mitral valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  cuspis anterior 1,!paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,!atrium sinistrum,!atrium dextrum,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!aorta ascendens,!truncus pulmonaris,!auricula dextra,!auricula sinistra,!valvula sinus coronarii,!valvula venae cavae inferioris

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 454 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Valves
parent: valva atrioventricularis sinistra / valva bicuspidalis/mitralis
en_description: - <indent=3em>anchored to the posterior and anterior papillary muscles by tendinous cords
memorix_page: 270
latin: cuspis posterior valva mitralis*3
en: Posterior cusp of mitral valve*3
cell_type: 0
master_object: Mitral valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  cuspis posterior 1,!paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,!atrium sinistrum,!atrium dextrum,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!aorta ascendens,!truncus pulmonaris,!auricula dextra,!auricula sinistra,!valvula sinus coronarii,!valvula venae cavae inferioris

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 454 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Valves
parent: Valvae
memorix_page: 272
en: Semilunar valves*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The semicircular valves are pushed open as blood flows into the aorta and pulmonary trunk during ventricular systole</b>. During ventricular diastole blood flows into the heart and the semilunar valves close.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Valves
parent: Semilunar valves*2
memorix_page: 272
latin: valva trunci pulmonalis*2
en: Pulmonary valve*2
cell_type: 0
tags: subgroup_desc
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>consists of three semilunar-shaped cusps</indent>
  - <indent=3em>is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Valves
parent: valva trunci pulmonalis*2
memorix_page: 272
latin: valvula semilunaris anterior valva pulmonalis*2
en: Anterior semilunar cusp of pulmonary valve
cell_type: 0
master_object: Pulmonary valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  valvula semilunaris anterior,!paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,!atrium sinistrum,!atrium dextrum,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!aorta ascendens,!truncus pulmonaris,!auricula dextra,!auricula sinistra,!valvula sinus coronarii,!valvula venae cavae inferioris

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 454 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Valves
parent: valva trunci pulmonalis*2
memorix_page: 272
latin: valvula semilunaris dextra valva pulmonalis*2
en: Right semilunar cusp of pulmonary valve
cell_type: 0
master_object: Pulmonary valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  valvula semilunaris dextra,!paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,!atrium sinistrum,!atrium dextrum,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!aorta ascendens,!truncus pulmonaris,!auricula dextra,!auricula sinistra,!valvula sinus coronarii,!valvula venae cavae inferioris

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 454 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Valves
parent: valva trunci pulmonalis*2
memorix_page: 272
latin: valvula semilunaris sinistra valva pulmonalis*2
en: Left semilunar cusp of pulmonary valve
cell_type: 0
master_object: Pulmonary valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  valvula semilunaris sinistra,!paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,!atrium sinistrum,!atrium dextrum,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!aorta ascendens,!truncus pulmonaris,!auricula dextra,!auricula sinistra,!valvula sinus coronarii,!valvula venae cavae inferioris

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 454 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Valves
parent: Semilunar valves*2
memorix_page: 272
latin: valva aortae*2
en: Aortic valve*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>is formed by three semilunar cusps</indent>
  - <indent=3em>is located between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Valves
parent: valva aortae*2
memorix_page: 271
latin: valvula semilunaris dextra valva aortae*2
en: Right semilunar cusp of aortic valve
cell_type: 0
master_object: Aortic valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  valvula semilunaris dextra 2,!paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,!atrium sinistrum,!atrium dextrum,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!aorta ascendens,!truncus pulmonaris,!auricula dextra,!auricula sinistra,!valvula sinus coronarii,!valvula venae cavae inferioris

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 454 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Valves
parent: valva aortae*2
memorix_page: 271
latin: valvula semilunaris sinistra valva aortae*2
en: Left semilunar cusp of aortic valve
cell_type: 0
master_object: Aortic valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  valvula semilunaris sinistra 2,!paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,!atrium sinistrum,!atrium dextrum,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!aorta ascendens,!truncus pulmonaris,!auricula dextra,!auricula sinistra,!valvula sinus coronarii,!valvula venae cavae inferioris

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 454 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4.3
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Valves
parent: valva aortae*2
memorix_page: 271
latin: valvula semilunaris posterior valva aortae*2
en: Posterior semilunar cusp of aortic valve
cell_type: 0
master_object: Aortic valve
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  valvula semilunaris posterior 2,!paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,!atrium sinistrum,!atrium dextrum,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!aorta ascendens,!truncus pulmonaris,!auricula dextra,!auricula sinistra,!valvula sinus coronarii,!valvula venae cavae inferioris

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 454 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Cardiac skeleton
parent: Cor
memorix_page: 273
latin: Skeleton cordis
en: Cardiac skeleton
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The <b>cardiac skeleton </b>is a fibrous structure that <b>surrounds the heart valves </b>and serves as an <b>attachment for the myocardial muscle</b>. It is a poor conductor of electricity and thus ensures that electrical impulses pass from the atria to the ventricles through the atrioventricular bundle. The components of the cardiac skeleton are the <b>fibrous rings of the valves</b>, <b>the fibrous triangles, the membranous part of the interventricular septum</b>, which is located perpendicularly to the plane of the valves and the <b>tendon of the infundibulum</b>.


system: arterial
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Cardiac skeleton
parent: Skeleton cordis
memorix_page: 273
en: Fibrous rings*2
cell_type: 0
general_description:
  <b>The right and left fibrous rings </b>are oval and flat in comparison to the aortic and pulmonary rings, which are circle and garland- shaped (with three projections).


system: arterial
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Cardiac skeleton
parent: Fibrous rings*2
en_description: - <indent=3em>the fibrous ring of the tricuspid valve
memorix_page: 273
latin: annulus fibrosus dexter
en: Right fibrous ring
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cardiac skeleton
object_id:
  anulus fibrosus dexter,!paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,!atrium sinistrum,!atrium dextrum,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!aorta ascendens,!truncus pulmonaris,!auricula dextra,!auricula sinistra

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,


system: arterial
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Cardiac skeleton
parent: Fibrous rings*2
en_description: - <indent=3em>the fibrous ring of the mitral valve
memorix_page: 273
latin: annulus fibrosus sinister
en: Left fibrous ring
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cardiac skeleton
object_id:
  anulus fibrosus sinister,!paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,!atrium sinistrum,!atrium dextrum,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!aorta ascendens,!truncus pulmonaris,!auricula dextra,!auricula sinistra

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 216 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Cardiac skeleton
parent: Fibrous rings*2
en_description: - <indent=3em>the fibrous ring of the aorta
memorix_page: 273
latin: annulus aorticus
en: Aortic ring
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cardiac skeleton
object_id:
  anulus aorticus,!paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,!atrium sinistrum,!atrium dextrum,!paries lateralis atrii dextri,!aorta ascendens,!truncus pulmonaris,!auricula dextra,!auricula sinistra

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 216 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Cardiac skeleton
parent: Other components
memorix_page: 273
object_id: trigonum fibrosum dextrum
latin: trigonum fibrosum dextrum
en: Right fibrous triangle
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cardiac skeleton
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>situated between the right, left , and aortic fibrous rings, the atrioventricular bundle passes through this triangle

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 216 characters]

general_description:
  <b>The tendon of Todaro </b>( <i>tendo valvulae venae cavae inferioris</i>) originates in the right fibrous triangle, runs through the myocardium of the posterior wall of the right ventricle and circumscribes the atrioventricular node.


system: arterial
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Cardiac skeleton
parent: Other components
memorix_page: 273
object_id: tendo infundibuli
latin: tendo infundibuli
en: Tendon of infundibulum
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cardiac skeleton
en_description:
  <b>The tendon of infundibulum </b>is tendon connecting the pulmonary ring (ventrally) and aortic ring (dorsally).

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 216 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Cardiac skeleton
parent: Other components
memorix_page: 273
object_id: pars membranacea septi interventricularis
latin: pars membranacea septi interventricularis
en: Membranous part of interventricular septum*5
cell_type: 0
master_object: Cardiac skeleton
related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 216 characters]

general_description:
  <b>The membranous part of the interventricular septum </b>(<i>pars membranacea septi interventricularis</i>) is the only part of the cardiac skeleton, which is vertically oriented.


system: arterial
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: Cor
memorix_page: 275
latin: Arteriae coronariae
en: Coronary arteries
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  <b>The coronary arteries supply the myocardium with oxygenated blood during diastole of the ventricles</b>. They originate in the <b>right and left aortic sinuses of Valsalva </b>in the aortic bulb. Both coronary arteries pass in the coronary sulcus. <b>The main stem of the left coronary artery is short and divides early </b>in its course <b>into the anterior interventricular branch, </b>running on the anterior surface of the heart, <b>and the circumflex branch, </b>running posteriorly and to the left side of the heart. <b>The right coronary artery </b>passes across the right heart border and <b>terminates as the posterior interventricular branch</b>.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: Arteriae coronariae
memorix_page: 275
latin: arteria coronaria dextra /ACD
en: Right coronary artery /RCA
cell_type: 0
master_object: acd
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>arises from the right aortic sinus</indent>
  - <indent=3em>runs in the coronary sulcus between the right auricle and the right ventricle</indent>

object_id:
  arteria coronaria dextra,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  ventriculus dexter,ventriculus sinister,atrium sinistrum,atrium dextrum,,paries posterolateralis ventriculi sinistri,paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,paries lateralis atrii dextri,auricula dextra,auricula sinistra


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: arteria coronaria dextra /ACD
memorix_page: 275
latin: ramus coni arteriosi*1
en: Conus branch*1
cell_type: 0
master_object: acd
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>the first branch</indent>
  - <indent=3em>supplies the right ventricular outflow tract</indent>

object_id:
  ramus coni arteriosi rca,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  ventriculus dexter,ventriculus sinister,atrium sinistrum,atrium dextrum,,paries posterolateralis ventriculi sinistri,paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,paries lateralis atrii dextri,auricula dextra,auricula sinistra


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: arteria coronaria dextra /ACD
en_description: - <indent=3em>supplies the SA node
memorix_page: 275
latin: ramus nodi sinuatrialis
en: Sinu-atrial nodal branch
cell_type: 0
master_object: acd
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  ramus nodi sinuatrialis,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
  ventriculus dexter,ventriculus sinister,atrium sinistrum,atrium dextrum,,paries posterolateralis ventriculi sinistri,paries posterolateralis atrii sinistri,paries anterolateralis ventriculi dextri,paries lateralis atrii dextri,auricula dextra,auricula sinistra


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.5
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: arteria coronaria dextra /ACD
en_description: - <indent=3em>a large branch for the right ventricle, passes on the right heart border
memorix_page: 275
latin: ramus marginalis dexter, RMD
en: Right marginal branch
cell_type: 0
master_object: acd
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  ramus marginalis dexter,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 260 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.6
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: arteria coronaria dextra /ACD
en_description: - <indent=3em>the first terminal branch, runs in the posterior interventricular sulcus
memorix_page: 275
latin: ramus interventricularis posterior, RIP, RIVP
en: Posterior interventricular branch
cell_type: 0
master_object: acd
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  ramus interventricularis posterior,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 260 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.7
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: arteria coronaria dextra /ACD
memorix_page: 275
latin: ramus posterolateralis dexter, RPLD
en: Right posterolateral branch
cell_type: 0
master_object: acd
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>the second terminal branch, supplies the right part of the posterior wall of the left ventricle

object_id:
  ramus posterolateralis dexter,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 260 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: Arteriae coronariae
memorix_page: 275
latin: arteria coronaria sinistra / ACS
en: Left coronary artery / LCA
cell_type: 0
master_object: acs
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  A 1-2 cm long stem that arises from the left aortic sinus and divides into two main branches:<br>
  - <indent=3em>circumflex branch</indent>
  - <indent=3em>anterior interventricular branch</indent>
  - <indent=3em>branch additively</indent>

object_id:
  arteria coronaria sinistra,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 260 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: arteria coronaria sinistra / ACS
memorix_page: 275
latin: ramus interventricularis anterior / RIA
en: Anterior interventricular branch / LAD
cell_type: 0
master_object: acs
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>descends in the anterior interventricular sulcus to the apex of the heart and supplies the left ventricle

object_id:
  ramus interventricularis anterior,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 260 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: ramus interventricularis anterior / RIA
memorix_page: 275
latin: ramus coni arteriosi*2
en: Conus branch*2
cell_type: 0
master_object: acs
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>the first branch</indent>
  - <indent=3em>supplies the left ventricular outflow tract</indent>

object_id:
  ramus coni arteriosi lca,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 260 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: ramus interventricularis anterior / RIA
memorix_page: 275
object_id: ramus diagonalis,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi
latin: ramus diagonalis / RD
en: Diagonal branch(es)
cell_type: 0
master_object: acs
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>the thickest branch(es)</indent>
  - <indent=3em>supply the anterior wall of the left ventricle</indent>
  - <indent=3em>run diagonally across the ventricle towards the apex of the heart</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 260 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.3
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: ramus interventricularis anterior / RIA
en_description: - <indent=3em>supply the left ventricle</indent>
memorix_page: 275
latin: rami ventriculares anteriores
en: Anterior ventricular branches
cell_type: 0
master_object: acs
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  rami ventriculares anteriores,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 260 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.4
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: ramus interventricularis anterior / RIA
memorix_page: 275
latin: rami interventriculares septales
en: Interventricular septal branches
cell_type: 0
master_object: acs
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  rami interventriculares septales,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 260 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: arteria coronaria sinistra / ACS
memorix_page: 275
object_id: ramus circumflexus,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi
latin: ramus circumflexus / RCX
en: Circumflex branch
cell_type: 0
master_object: acs
tags: hide_parts
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>the second branch of the left coronary artery</indent>
  - <indent=3em>runs in the coronary sulcus between the left auricle and the left ventricle</indent>
  - <indent=3em>supplies the left atrium and ventricle</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 260 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: ramus circumflexus / RCX
en_description: - <indent=3em>supplies the left atrium and ventricle
memorix_page: 275
latin: rami atrioventriculares
en: Atrioventricular branches
cell_type: 0
master_object: acs
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  rami atrioventriculares,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 260 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: ramus circumflexus / RCX
en_description: - <indent=3em>supplies the lateral wall of the left ventricle
memorix_page: 275
latin: ramus marginalis sinister / RMS
en: Left marginal branch
cell_type: 0
master_object: acs
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  ramus marginalis sinister,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 260 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.4
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: ramus circumflexus / RCX
en_description: - <indent=3em>the terminal branch on the left part of the posterior wall of the left ventricle
memorix_page: 275
latin: ramus posterolateralis sinister / RPLS
en: Left posterolateral branch
cell_type: 0
master_object: acs
tags: hide_parts
object_id:
  ramus posterolateralis sinister,!pericardium serosum,!pericardium fibrosum,!lamina viscelaris pericardii serosi

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 260 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: Distribution of the blood supply to the heart
memorix_page: 275
latin: arteria coronaria dextra*2
en: Right coronary artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>supplies the right atrium and ventricle, posterior 1/3 of the interventricular septum, and the conducting system of the heart to the level of the proximal part of the bundle branches of Tawara


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Heart
sub_group: Coronary arteries
parent: Distribution of the blood supply to the heart
memorix_page: 275
latin: arteria coronaria sinistra*2
en: Left coronary artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>supplies the left atrium and ventricle and the anterior 2/3 of the interventricular septum


system: arterial
main_group: Iliac arteries
en: Iliac arteries
cell_type: 1
general_description:
  The artery to the sciatic nerve</b> (arteria comitans nervi ischiadici) is a thin artery accompanying the sciatic nerve.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 0
main_group: Iliac arteries
sub_group: Common iliac artery branch
parent: Common iliac artery branch
object_id: arteria iliaca communis 1,arteria iliaca communis 2
latin: arteria iliaca communis
en: Common iliac artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The common iliac artery is a paired continuation of the abdominal aorta</b> from its bifurcation at the level of L4. The artery passes on the medial surface of the psoas major, and divides into the external and internal iliac arteries at the level of the sacroiliac joint. The common iliac artery <b>supplies the pelvis and lower extremities.</b>

  - <indent=3em>arises from the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta</indent>

related_objects:
  vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,pelvis,os coccygis,os femoris,vertebrae lumbales l1,os sacrum


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Iliac arteries
sub_group: Common iliac artery branch
parent: Common iliac artery branch
object_id: arteria iliaca interna
latin: arteria iliaca interna
en: Internal iliac artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>passes across the sacroiliac joint to the lesser pelvis and supplies both the pelvic wall and organs

related_objects:
  vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,pelvis,os coccygis,os femoris,vertebrae lumbales l1,os sacrum


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Iliac arteries
sub_group: Common iliac artery branch
parent: arteria iliaca interna
object_id: arteria iliaca interna pars parietales
latin: arteria iliaca interna pars parietales
en: Internal iliac artery (parietal branches)
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The internal iliac artery is the medial branch of the common iliac artery</b>. It descends behind the peritoneum to the lesser pelvis, where it passes in front of the sacroiliac joint and produces branches close to the sacral plexus. <b>The parietal branches supply the pelvic wall, gluteal muscles, and medial side of the thigh.</b>

related_objects:
  vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,pelvis,os coccygis,os femoris,vertebrae lumbales l1,os sacrum


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.2
main_group: Iliac arteries
sub_group: Common iliac artery branch
parent: arteria iliaca interna pars parietales
object_id: arteria iliolumbalis
latin: arteria iliolumbalis
en: Iliolumbar artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>supplies the iliopsoas, quadratus lumborum, ilium, and vertebral column including the cauda equina

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 149 characters]

general_description:
  <b>The iliolumbar artery</b> gives off the iliac branch, which runs across the iliac fossa, and the lumbar branch, which ascends medially to the psoas major where it produces the spinal branch to the vertebral canal.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.3
main_group: Iliac arteries
sub_group: Common iliac artery branch
parent: arteria iliaca interna pars parietales
object_id: arteriae sacrales laterales
latin: arteriae sacrales laterales
en: Lateral sacral arteries
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>two branches (each then bifurcate) enter the anterior sacral foramina and supply the sacrum, cauda equina, and adjacent muscles of the back

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 149 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.4
main_group: Iliac arteries
sub_group: Common iliac artery branch
parent: arteria iliaca interna pars parietales
object_id: arteria obturatoria
latin: arteria obturatoria
en: Obturator artery
general_description: <b>The obturator artery</b> gives off the pubic branch within the lesser pelvis. <b>
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>supplies the muscles of the medial femoral group, sacroiliac joint, accompanies the obturator nerve and vein passing via the obturator canal

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 149 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.4.1
main_group: Iliac arteries
sub_group: Common iliac artery branch
parent: arteria obturatoria
object_id: arteria obrturatoria aberrans
latin: arteria obturatoria aberrans
en: Aberrant obturator artery
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 149 characters]

clinical_notes:
  <b>The corona mortis of Hesselbach</b> is a term for an aberrant obturator artery arising from the bed of the external iliac artery, usually from the inferior epigastric artery. It crosses the pecten pubis (linea terminalis) and heads to the lesser pelvis and enters the obturator canal. The corona mortis is considered to be an anatomic variant, which is present in 25 % of cases. In 5 % of cases the beds of both arteries are interconnected via an anastomosis (accessory aberrant obturator artery).


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.5
main_group: Iliac arteries
sub_group: Common iliac artery branch
parent: arteria iliaca interna pars parietales
object_id: arteria glutea superior
latin: arteria glutea superior
en: Superior gluteal artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>supplies the gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus, passes together with the superior gluteal vein and nerve via the suprapiriform foramen and issues branches which course between passing gluteal muscles

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 149 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.6
main_group: Iliac arteries
sub_group: Common iliac artery branch
parent: arteria iliaca interna pars parietales
object_id: arteria glutea inferior
latin: arteria glutea inferior
en: Inferior gluteal artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>supplies the gluteus maximus </indent>
  - <indent=3em>passes together with the inferior gluteal nerve and vein via the infrapiriform foramen</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 149 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Iliac arteries
sub_group: Common iliac artery branch
parent: arteria iliaca interna
object_id: arteria iliaca interna pars viscerales
latin: arteria iliaca interna pars viscerales
en: Internal iliac artery (visceral branches)
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The visceral branches of the internal iliac artery supply the perineum and the organs within the lesser pelvis</b> except for the rectal ampulla and part of the ovary and uterine tube.

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 149 characters]

general_description:
  <b>The internal iliac artery</b> bifurcates into an anterior and a posterior trunk. The posterior trunk usually gives off the iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral arteries, and superior gluteal artery. All the other parietal and visceral branches originate from the anterior trunk.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.1
main_group: Iliac arteries
sub_group: Common iliac artery branch
parent: arteria iliaca interna pars viscerales
object_id: arteria umbilicalis
latin: arteria umbilicalis
en: Umbilical artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>the main foetal artery carrying deoxygenated blood from fetus to the placenta</indent>
  - <indent=3em>soon after the delivery its distal part obliterates (occluded part, pars occlusa) and forms the lateral umbilical ligament (inside the medial umbilical fold) within the anterior abdominal wall</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 149 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.1.1
main_group: Iliac arteries
sub_group: Common iliac artery branch
parent: arteria umbilicalis
object_id: arteriae vesicales superiores,arteriae vesicales superiores f
latin: arteriae vesicales superiores
en: Superior vesical arteries
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>arise from the unoccluded part (patent part, pars patens) of the umbilical artery and supply the superior part of the urinary bladder, part of the ureter and the urethra

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 149 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.2
main_group: Iliac arteries
sub_group: Common iliac artery branch
parent: arteria iliaca interna pars viscerales
object_id: arteria vesicalis inferior,arteria vesicalis inferior f
latin: arteria vesicalis inferior
en: Inferior vesical artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>supplies the fundus of the urinary bladder</indent>
  - <indent=3em>in female, it participates in the blood supply of the vagina, in male supplies blood to the prostate and seminal glands</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 149 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.3
main_group: Iliac arteries
sub_group: Common iliac artery branch
parent: arteria iliaca interna pars viscerales
object_id: arteria rectalis media 1,arteria rectalis media 2
latin: arteria rectalis media
en: Middle rectal artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>supplies the levator ani and terminates within the outer layers of the rectum (it is not necessary for its nutrition)</indent>
  - <indent=3em>in female, it participates in the blood supply of the vagina, in male in the blood supply of the prostate and seminal glands</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 149 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.5
main_group: Iliac arteries
sub_group: Common iliac artery branch
parent: arteria iliaca interna pars viscerales
object_id: arteria uterina f
latin: arteria uterina
en: Uterine artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>in female, supplies the uterus and part of the vagina, uterine tube, ovary, and ureter</indent>
  - <indent=3em>passes in the inferior part of the broad ligament of the uterus to the cervix of the uterus, crosses the ureter ventrally, close to the vaginal fornix and then tortuously ascends along the border of the uterus</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 149 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.5.4
main_group: Iliac arteries
sub_group: Common iliac artery branch
parent: arteria uterina
object_id: ramus tubarius arteriae uterinae f
latin: ramus tubarius
en: Tubal branch
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>the first terminal branch is a continuation from the uterine horn and enters the mesosalpinx to supply part of the uterine tube

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 149 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.5.5
main_group: Iliac arteries
sub_group: Common iliac artery branch
parent: arteria uterina
object_id: rami tubarii arteriae ovaricae f
latin: ramus ovaricus
en: Ovarian branch
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>the other terminal branch, enters the mesovary and forms the ovarian arcade with the ovarian artery

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 149 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.6
main_group: Iliac arteries
sub_group: Common iliac artery branch
parent: arteria iliaca interna pars viscerales
object_id: arteria pudenda interna,arteria pudenda interna f
latin: arteria pudenda interna
en: Internal pudendal artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>accompanies the sciatic nerve, inferior gluteal artery and vein through the infrapiriform foramen, then winds around the ischial spine and passes through the lesser sciatic foramen to the ischioanal fossa, where it runs through the pudendal canal with the internal pudendal veins and pudendal nerve to the  posterior margin of the urogenital diaphragm</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 149 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Iliac arteries
sub_group: Common iliac artery branch
parent: Common iliac artery branch
object_id: arteria iliaca externa
latin: arteria iliaca externa
en: External iliac artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  The external iliac artery <b>travels to the vascular space (lacuna vasorum)</b> and passes laterally to the external iliac vein. After leaving the vascular space it <b>continues as the femoral artery and supplies the majority of the lower extremity, the anterior and lateral muscles of the abdominal wall, part of the wall of the greater pelvis and part of the scrotum</b> in males and the broad ligament of the uterus in females. The external iliac artery <b>issues two branches just medial to the inguinal ligament.</b><br>
  - <indent=3em>passes medially to the psoas major and through the vascular space (under the inguinal ligament)
  - <indent=3em>continues as the femoral artery and continues to the lower extremity which it supplies

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 149 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Iliac arteries
sub_group: Common iliac artery branch
parent: arteria iliaca externa
object_id: arteria epigastrica inferior
latin: arteria epigastrica inferior
en: Inferior epigastric artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>ascends along the posterior surface of the anterior abdominal wall inside the lateral umbilical fold</indent>
  - <indent=3em>anastomoses with the superior epigastric artery within the rectus abdominis, which it supplies</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 149 characters]

clinical_notes:
  <b>The inferior epigastric artery</b> serves as a nutritive vessel for muscle and myocutaneous flaps (rectus abdominis) in reconstructive surgery.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.2
main_group: Iliac arteries
sub_group: Common iliac artery branch
parent: arteria epigastrica inferior
object_id: arteria cremasterica
latin: arteria cremasterica
en: Cremasteric artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>in males</indent>
  - <indent=3em>enters the inguinal canal and supplies the cremaster and spermatic cord</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 149 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.3
main_group: Iliac arteries
sub_group: Common iliac artery branch
parent: arteria epigastrica inferior
latin: arteria ligamenti teretis uteri
en: Artery of round ligament of uterus
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>in females</indent>
  - <indent=3em>enters the inguinal canal and travels to the round ligament of the uterus</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Iliac arteries
sub_group: Common iliac artery branch
parent: arteria iliaca externa
object_id: arteria circumflexa ilium profunda
latin: arteria circumflexa ilium profunda
en: Deep circumflex iliac artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>passes on the inner surface of the inferior margin of the anterior abdominal wall and travels to the anterior superior iliac spine

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 149 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Femoral and popliteal arteries
en: Femoral and popliteal arteries
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  <b>The femoral artery</b> is the continuation of the external iliac artery after passing through <b>the vascular space</b> (lacuna vasorum). It enters <b>the femoral triangle</b> on the anterior side of the thigh where it <b>gives off branches that supply the muscles of the thigh.</b> It passes between the two insertions of the adductor magnus (via the adductor hiatus) and <b>continues to the popliteal fossa as the popliteal artery.</b> The popliteal artery <b>supplies the knee joint and adjacent muscles and continues as the anterior and posterior tibial arteries to the leg.</b><br>
  <b>Femoral artery course </b><br>
  <b>1.</b> runs through the vascular space and between the iliopsoas and pectineus in the iliopectineal fossa where it is positioned laterally to the common femoral vein
  <b>2.</b> then it passes beneath the sartorius and between the adductor longus and the vastus medialis to reach the adductor canal of Hunter
  <b>3.</b> then it courses between the two insertions of the adductor magnus and passes through the adductor hiatus to reach the popliteal fossa

clinical_notes:
  <b>The arterial pulse on the lower extremity</b> can be palpated in four places: <br>
  <b>- Femoral artery</b> in the femoral triangle, caudal to the inguinal canal 
  <b>- Popliteal artery</b> in the popliteal fossa 
  <b>- Posterior tibial artery</b> behind the medial ankle 
  <b>- Dorsal pedis artery</b> on the dorsum of the foot, laterally to the tendon of the extensor hallucis longus. <br>
  <b>Chronic lower limb ischaemia</b> manifests as claudication (pain in the leg that occurs when walking).


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Femoral and popliteal arteries
sub_group: Femoral artery branch
parent: Femoral artery branch
object_id: arteria femoralis
latin: arteria femoralis
en: Femoral artery
related_objects: pelvis,os coccygis,os femoris,os sacrum,corpus fibula, tibia
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The femoral artery</b> is the continuation of the external iliac artery after passing through <b>the vascular space</b> (lacuna vasorum). It enters <b>the femoral triangle</b> on the anterior side of the thigh where it <b>gives off branches that supply the muscles of the thigh.</b> It passes between the two insertions of the adductor magnus (via the adductor hiatus)<br />and <b>continues to the popliteal fossa as the popliteal artery.</b> The popliteal artery <b>supplies the knee joint and adjacent muscles and continues as the anterior and posterior tibial arteries to the leg.</b>

general_description:
  <b>The common femoral artery</b> ( arteria femoralis communis) is a clinical term for the common trunk of the femoral artery in the proximal part of the thigh. The common femoral artery bifurcates into the femoral artery (clinically termed the superficial femoral artery) and the deep artery of the thigh (clinically termed the deep femoral artery).


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Femoral and popliteal arteries
sub_group: Femoral artery branch
parent: Femoral artery branch
object_id: arteria circumflexa ilium superficialis
latin: arteria circumflexa ilium superficialis
en: Superficial circumflex iliac artery
related_objects: pelvis,os coccygis,os femoris,os sacrum,corpus fibula, tibia
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>passes in subcutaneous tissue along the inguinal canal to the anterior superior iliac spine


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
main_group: Femoral and popliteal arteries
sub_group: Femoral artery branch
parent: Femoral artery branch
latin: arteriae pudendae externae
en: External pudendal arteries
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>the deep and superficial external pudendal arteries supply the anterior part of the scrotum/labia majora as the anterior scrotal/labial branches (rami scrotales/labiales anteriores)


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.5
main_group: Femoral and popliteal arteries
sub_group: Femoral artery branch
parent: Femoral artery branch
object_id: arteria profunda femoris
latin: arteria profunda femoris
en: Profunda femoris artery / deep artery of thigh
related_objects: pelvis,os coccygis,os femoris,os sacrum,corpus fibula, tibia
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>arises from the proximal part of the femoral artery and passes between the adductor magnus and longus </indent>
  - <indent=3em>its branches supply the posterior side of the thigh</indent>


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.5.1
main_group: Femoral and popliteal arteries
sub_group: Femoral artery branch
parent: arteria profunda femoris
en_description: - <indent=3em>supplies the sacroiliac joint and the adductors and flexors of the thigh
object_id: arteria circumflexa femoris medialis
latin: arteria circumflexa femoris medialis
en: Medial circumflex femoral artery
related_objects: pelvis,os coccygis,os femoris,os sacrum,corpus fibula, tibia
cell_type: 0
clinical_notes:
  <b>The medial circumflex femoral artery is the main artery of the hip joint.</b> Fractures of the femoral neck may lead to compression or disruption of the retinacula of Weitbrecht, through which vessels of the femoral head pass, which impairs the healing process.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.5.3
main_group: Femoral and popliteal arteries
sub_group: Femoral artery branch
parent: arteria profunda femoris
object_id: arteriae perforantes
latin: arteriae perforantes
en: Perforating arteries of deep femoral artery
related_objects: pelvis,os coccygis,os femoris,os sacrum,corpus fibula, tibia
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>three branches, which travel to the posterior side of the thigh to supply the adductors and flexors


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.6
main_group: Femoral and popliteal arteries
sub_group: Femoral artery branch
parent: Femoral artery branch
object_id: arteria genus descendens
latin: arteria genus descendens
en: Descending genicular artery
related_objects: pelvis,os coccygis,os femoris,os sacrum,corpus fibula, tibia
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>supplies the anterior thigh muscles and knee joint, passes through the adductor canal and perforates the vastoadductor membrane


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Femoral and popliteal arteries
sub_group: Popliteal artery branch
parent: Femoral and popliteal arteries
en: Popliteal artery branch
cell_type: 1
general_description:
  <b>The genicular (articular) anastomosis</b> ( rete articulare genus) is a vascular network of the knee joint, which is formed by the branches of the femoral artery, the deep artery of the thigh, the popliteal artery and anterior and posterior tibial arteries.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Arterial aneurysms</b> have a predilection for elastic arteries, such as the popliteal artery &ndash; the most affected peripheral artery. Chronic lower limb ischaemia is a pathological condition caused by atherosclerosis of the arteries of the lower extremity. Small arteries are damaged in the microangiopathy of chronic diabetes mellitus, which can also lead to peripheral ischaemia or necrosis.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Femoral and popliteal arteries
sub_group: Popliteal artery branch
parent: Popliteal artery branch
object_id: arteria poplitea
latin: arteria poplitea
en: Popliteal artery
related_objects: os femoris,corpus fibula, tibia
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Popliteal artery course</b><br>
  <b>1.</b> passes through the adductor hiatus to reach the popliteal fossa
  <b>2.</b> then runs medially and below the popliteal vein and tibial nerve
  <b>3.</b> bifurcates into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries over the popliteus


system: arterial
main_group: Anterior and posterior tibial arteries
en: Anterior and posterior tibial arteries
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  <b>The anterior tibial artery passes</b> perforates <b>the interosseous membrane of the leg</b> and then descends along the anterior side <b>of the leg to the dorsum of the foot</b>. The anterior tibial artery supplies the knee joint, anterior side of the leg, dorsum of the foot, and part of the sole. <b>The posterior tibial artery</b> is a direct continuation of the popliteal artery. It descends along the posterior side of the leg and passes behind the medial malleolus. It passes <b>through the malleolar canal to the sole,</b> where it bifurcates into its terminal branches. The posterior tibial artery supplies the posterior and lateral sides of the calf and sole.

general_description:
  <b>The malleolar articular network</b> (rete malleolare) is a vascular network around the ankles formed by the branches of the anterior tibial, posterior tibial and fibular arteries.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Anterior and posterior tibial arteries
sub_group: Anterior tibial artery branch
parent: Anterior tibial artery branch
object_id: arteria tibialis anterior
latin: arteria tibialis anterior
en: Anterior tibial artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Anterior tibial artery course </b> <br>
  <b>1.</b> perforates then travels along the anterior side of the interosseous membrane of the leg, to which it is attached by fibrous loops
  <b>2.</b> is accompanied by the deep fibular nerve and anterior tibial veins
  <b>3.</b> distally, it gets to the dorsum of the foot after passing under the superior and inferior extensor retinacula and continues as the dorsal pedis artery

related_objects:
  os talus,os calcis,os naviculare,os cuneiforme mediale,os metatarsale 3,os metatarsale 4,os cuneiforme laterale,os cuneiforme intermedium,os cuboideum,phalanx proximalis pedis 5,phalanx proximalis pedis 4,phalanx proximalis pedis 3,phalanx proximalis pedis 2,phalanx proximalis hallucis 1,phalanx media pedis 5,phalanx media pedis 4,phalanx media pedis 3,phalanx media pedis 2,phalanx distalis pedis 5,phalanx distalis pedis 4,phalanx distalis pedis 3,phalanx distalis pedis 2,phalanx distalis hallucis 1,os metatarsale hallucis 1,os metatarsale 5,os metatarsale 2,tibia,corpus fibula


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.5
main_group: Anterior and posterior tibial arteries
sub_group: Anterior tibial artery branch
parent: Anterior tibial artery branch
object_id: arteria dorsalis pedis
latin: arteria dorsalis pedis
en: Dorsalis pedis artery / dorsal artery of foot
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>passes on the dorsum of the foot between the tendons of the extensor hallucis longus and the extensor digitorum longus and then continues as the deep plantar artery into the sole

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 584 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.5.4
main_group: Anterior and posterior tibial arteries
sub_group: Anterior tibial artery branch
parent: arteria dorsalis pedis
object_id: arteriae metatarsales dorsales
latin: arteriae metatarsales dorsales
en: Dorsal metatarsal arteries
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>four arteries travelling to the toes, the medial ones are usually branches of the dorsalis pedis artery and the lateral ones are the branches of the lateral tarsal artery, but they can also be branches of the plantar arch from that pass from the sole of the foot

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 584 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.5.6
main_group: Anterior and posterior tibial arteries
sub_group: Anterior tibial artery branch
parent: arteria dorsalis pedis
object_id: arteria plantaris profunda
latin: arteria plantaris profunda
en: Deep plantar artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>the continuation of the dorsalis pedis artery, piercing through the first interdigital space to the sole where it anastomoses with the plantar arch

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 584 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.5.7
main_group: Anterior and posterior tibial arteries
sub_group: Anterior tibial artery branch
parent: Anterior tibial artery branch
object_id: arteria arcuata
latin: arteria arcuata
en: Arcuate artery
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 584 characters]

general_description:
  <b>The arcuate artery (arteria arcuata)</b> is a variable arch interconnecting the dorsal pedis artery and the lateral tarsal artery on the dorsum of the foot. The arcuate artery is present in 12 % of cases.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Anterior and posterior tibial arteries
sub_group: Posterior tibial artery branch
parent: Posterior tibial artery branch
object_id: arteria tibialis posterior
latin: arteria tibialis posterior
en: Posterior tibial artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Posterior tibial artery course </b> <br>
  <b>1.</b> passes under the tendinous arch of the soleus with the tibial nerve and posterior tibial veins
  <b>2.</b> then descends under the soleus, between the two muscular layers of the calf
  <b>3.</b> passes behind the medial malleolus and through the malleolar canal below the flexor retinaculum
  <b>4.</b> while passing within the canal it bifurcates into two terminal branches: the medial and lateral plantar arteries

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 584 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.4
main_group: Anterior and posterior tibial arteries
sub_group: Posterior tibial artery branch
parent: arteria fibularis/peronea
object_id: ramus perforans arteriae fibularis
latin: ramus perforans arteriae fibularis
en: Perforating branch
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>perforates the interosseous membrane of the leg and anastomoses with the anterior tibial artery above the ankle

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 584 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.4
main_group: Anterior and posterior tibial arteries
sub_group: Posterior tibial artery branch
parent: Posterior tibial artery branch
object_id: arteria plantaris medialis
latin: arteria plantaris medialis
en: Medial plantar artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>passes between the abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis together with the medial plantar nerve and veins

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 584 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.5
main_group: Anterior and posterior tibial arteries
sub_group: Posterior tibial artery branch
parent: Posterior tibial artery branch
object_id: arteria plantaris lateralis
latin: arteria plantaris lateralis
en: Lateral plantar artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>passes between the flexor digitorum brevis and quadratus plantae proximally to the base of the fifth metatarsal bone

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 584 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.6
main_group: Anterior and posterior tibial arteries
sub_group: Posterior tibial artery branch
parent: Posterior tibial artery branch
object_id: arcus plantaris profundus
latin: arcus plantaris profundus
en: Deep plantar arch
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>both plantar arteries anastomose with each other and form an arterial arch within the sole, which gives off the plantar metatarsal arteries supplying the toes

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 584 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.6.2
main_group: Anterior and posterior tibial arteries
sub_group: Posterior tibial artery branch
parent: arcus plantaris profundus
object_id: rami perforantes arcus plantaris profundus
latin: rami perforantes arcus plantaris profundus
en: Perforating branches of deep palmar arch
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>interconnect the arteries of the sole and dorsum of the foot, occasionally individually supply the second to the fifth toe

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 584 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Arteries of the brain
latin: arteriae cerebri
en: Arteries of the brain
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>Two pairs of arteries</b> provide the blood supply of the brain: the two internal carotid and the two vertebral arteries. These arteries branch at the base of the brain and anastomose to<b> form the circle of Willis</b>. The circle of Willis provides a continuous supply of oxygen to the brain, moderates pulse waves and allows blood that enters from either of the vertebral or carotid arteries to supply any part of the brain.

general_description:
  <b>Cerebral arteries</b> are divided into segments which are denoted by terms and abbreviations (A1-A5, M1-M4, and P1-P4). They are important in vascular interventions.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Rupture of aneurysm causes</b> haemorrhage into the subarachnoid space.

   <b>The recurrent artery of Heubner</b> is a branch of the anterior communicating artery or of the anterior cerebral artery. The artery supplies the head of the caudate nucleus, anterior limb of the internal capsule, anterior part of the lentiform nucleus, thalamus, hypothalamus, rhinencephalon, and septum verum. Occlusion of the recurrent artery usually causes contralateral paresis of the muscles of the head and upper limb (so-called hemiparesis with faciobrachial predominance). 

  <b>Arteria haemorrhagica of Charcot</b> is a clinical term for the artery belonging to a group of the anterolateral central arteries and to their lateral striate branches (clinically termed the lenticulostriate arteries). Rupture of the artery causes bleeding and mechanical damage of the fibers of the internal capsule. The arteries originate from the circle of Willis or from the anterior choroid artery, alternatively from the segment M1 of the middle cerebral artery. They supply the striatum, pallidum, and internal capsule. Damage of the artery damage typically causes contralateral paresis


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Main classification of brain arteries
parent: arteriae cerebri
en: Main classification of brain arteries
cell_type: 1
tags: maingroup_desc
en_description:
  - enters the skull via the foramen magnum
  - a branch of the subclavian artery, it ascends through the transverse processes of C6-C1


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Main classification of brain arteries
parent: Main classification of brain arteries
object_id: arteria vertebralis 1,arteria vertebralis 2
latin: arteria vertebralis*2
en: Vertebral artery*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - enters the skull via the foramen magnum
  - a branch of the subclavian artery, it ascends through the transverse processes of C6-C1

related_objects:
  os occipitale,cerebellum 1,medulla oblongata 1,pons 1,mesencephalon 1,hypothalamus 1,thalamus opticus 1,thalamus opticus 2,pons 2,mesencephalon 2,medulla oblongata 2,hypothalamus 2,cerebellum 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 1,nuclei lateralis thalami 2,nuclei lateralis thalami 1,nuclei anteriores thalami 2,nuclei anteriores thalami 1,lamina terminalis 2,lamina terminalis 1,lamina medullaris medialis 2,lamina medullaris medialis 1,epithalamus 2,epithalamus 1,corpus callosum 2,corpus callosum 1


system: arterial
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Main classification of brain arteries
parent: arteria vertebralis*2
object_id: arteria cerebelli posterior inferior
latin: arteria cerebelli posterior inferior
en: Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a paired branch supplying the inferior surface of the cerebellum and a part of the medulla oblongata

related_objects:
  os occipitale,cerebellum 1,medulla oblongata 1,pons 1,mesencephalon 1,hypothalamus 1,thalamus opticus 1,thalamus opticus 2,pons 2,mesencephalon 2,medulla oblongata 2,hypothalamus 2,cerebellum 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 1,nuclei lateralis thalami 2,nuclei lateralis thalami 1,nuclei anteriores thalami 2,nuclei anteriores thalami 1,lamina terminalis 2,lamina terminalis 1,lamina medullaris medialis 2,lamina medullaris medialis 1,epithalamus 2,epithalamus 1,corpus callosum 2,corpus callosum 1


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Main classification of brain arteries
parent: Main classification of brain arteries
object_id: arteria basilaris
latin: arteria basilaris
en: Basilar artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - an unpaired artery formed by a terminal junction of two vertebral arteries at the caudal margin of the pons
  - passes in the basilar sulcus on the ventral surface of the pons
  - sends small branches for the medulla oblongata, pons, inner ear, and cerebellum
  - bifurcates into the paired posterior cerebral artery

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 527 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.3
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Main classification of brain arteries
parent: arteria basilaris
object_id: arteria cerebri posterior
latin: arteria cerebri posterior
en: Posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - the strongest paired terminal branch, supplying especially the occipital lobe and parahippocampal gyrus

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 527 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Main classification of brain arteries
parent: Main classification of brain arteries
object_id: arteria carotis interna
latin: arteria carotis interna*2
en: Internal carotid artery (ICA)*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a branch of the common carotid artery, gives no branches in the neck
  - enters the skull via the carotid canal in the petrous bone, loops in the cavernous sinus, passes through the dura mater and branches in its last part (pars cerebralis), the ophthalmic and cerebral arteries
  - bifurcates into terminal branches: anterior and middle cerebral artery

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 527 characters]

general_description:
  <b>Carotid syphon</b> ( sipho caroticus) is the term for the sinuous course of the internal carotid artery. In the cavernous part, the convexity is oriented dorsocranially, in the cerebral part the convexity is oriented ventrally.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.3.1
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Main classification of brain arteries
parent: arteria carotis interna*2
object_id: arteria cerebri anterior
latin: arteria cerebri anterior
en: Anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 527 characters]

clinical_notes:
   <b>Occlusion of the anterior cerebral artery</b> causes contralateral paresis predominately in the contralateral lower limb.


system: arterial
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Main classification of brain arteries
parent: arteria pericallosa
object_id: rami parietooccipitales arteriae pericallosae
latin: rami parietooccipitales arteriae pericallosae
en: Parietoocipital branches of pericallosal artery
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os occipitale,cerebellum 1,medulla oblongata 1,pons 1,mesencephalon 1,hypothalamus 1,thalamus opticus 1,thalamus opticus 2,pons 2,mesencephalon 2,medulla oblongata 2,hypothalamus 2,cerebellum 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 2,nuclei mediodorsalis thalami 1,nuclei lateralis thalami 2,nuclei lateralis thalami 1,nuclei anteriores thalami 2,nuclei anteriores thalami 1,lamina terminalis 2,lamina terminalis 1,lamina medullaris medialis 2,lamina medullaris medialis 1,epithalamus 2,epithalamus 1,corpus callosum 2,corpus callosum 1,lobus parietalis 1,lobus temporalis 1,lobus occipitalis 1,gyrus cinguli 1,lobus frontalis 1


system: arterial
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Main classification of brain arteries
parent: arteria callosomarginalis
object_id: arteria communicans anterior
latin: arteria communicans anterior
en: Anterior communicating artery (Acom)
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a short connection between the anterior cerebral arteries dividing the ACA into the precommunicating (A1) and postcommunicating (A2) segment

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 527 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.3.2
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Main classification of brain arteries
parent: arteria carotis interna*2
object_id: arteria cerebri media
latin: arteria cerebri media
en: Middle cerebral artery (MCA)
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - represents a continuation of the internal carotid artery and is the strongest cerebral artery with the largest area of blood supply

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 527 characters]

clinical_notes:
  <b>Occlusion of the middle cerebral</b> artery causes a malfunction of the facial muscles and contralateral paresis in the contralateral upper and lower limb and contralateral loss of sensation.


system: arterial
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Main classification of brain arteries
parent: pars corticalis superior arteriae cerebri mediale
object_id: arteria parietalis posterior
latin: arteria parietalis posterior
en: Posterior parietal artery
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 619 characters]

clinical_notes:
  <b>Occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery</b> causes cortical homonymous hemianopsia - impairment in the contralateral visual field.


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 1.3.6
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Main classification of brain arteries
parent: arteria carotis interna*2
object_id: arteria hypophysialis superior
latin: arteria hypophysialis superior
en: Superior hypophysial artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - from the cerebral part of the ICA
  - supplies the adenohypophysis, anterior hypothalamus, and infundibulum

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 527 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Course of the internal carotid artery
parent: Course of the internal carotid artery
latin: arteria carotis interna - pars petrosa
en: Petrous part of carotid artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - passes via the carotid canal of the petrous bone
  - the caroticotympanic arteries are small branches for the mucosa of the tympanic cavity


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Course of the internal carotid artery
parent: Course of the internal carotid artery
latin: arteria carotis interna - pars cavernosa
en: Cavernous part of carotid artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - passes within the cavernous sinus
  - small branches for the hypophysis, trigeminal ganglion, and dura mater


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 2.4
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Course of the internal carotid artery
parent: Course of the internal carotid artery
latin: arteria carotis interna - pars cerebralis
en: Cerebral part of carotid artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - small branches for the hypophysis, an important branch for the eye and orbit (ophthalmic artery), and laterally to the optic chiasm it bifurcates into the terminal branches (anterior and middle cerebral artery)


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Cerebral arterial circle of Willis
parent: arteriae cerebri
latin: circulus arteriosus cerebri Willisi
en: Cerebral arterial circle of Willis
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  - an arterial circle at the base of the brain
  - is formed by the terminal branches of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries and by their connections
  - it operates as a collateral circulation in case of occlusion of one source artery
  - participates together with the S-shaped course of the internal carotid in pressure regulation of the blood flow in the brain


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Central arteries of brain
parent: arteriae cerebri
en: Central arteries of brain
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  - small arteries extending either directly from the cerebral arterial circle or from the initial segment of the cerebral arteries
  - embedded to the brain base


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Central arteries of brain
parent: Central arteries of brain
latin: arteriae centrales anterolaterales*2
en: Anterolateral central arteries*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - supply the putamen, globus pallidus, head and body of the caudate nucleus, anterior part of the internal capsule
  - clinically termed as “perforators” or “perforating arteries”


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4.3
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Central arteries of brain
parent: Central arteries of brain
latin: arteriae. centrales posteromediales*2
en: Posteromedial central arteries*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - supply the posterior part of the thalamus and hypothalamus, subthalamus, globus pallidum, tegmentum of the midbrain


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 4.4
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Central arteries of brain
parent: Central arteries of brain
latin: arteriae centrales posterolaterales*2
en: Posterolateral central arteries*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - supply the posterior part of the thalamus, geniculate bodies, pineal gland, internal capsule, tectum of the midbrain


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 5.1
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Cortical arteries
parent: arteriae corticales
object_id: arteria cerebri anterior
latin: arteria cerebri anterior*2
en: Anterior cerebral artery*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - runs ventrally, winds the corpus callosum from the external side, terminates at the splenium of the corpus callosum
  - supplies the inferior surface of the frontal lobe, superior frontal gyrus, superior 1/4 of the precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus, cingulate gyrus, and precuneus

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 527 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 5.2
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Cortical arteries
parent: arteriae corticales
latin: arteria cerebri media*2
en: Middle cerebral artery*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - passes laterally and horizontally to the lateral cerebral fossa
  - gives numerous branches supplying the insular lobe, orbital gyri, extreme capsule, claustrum, external capsule
  - on the hemispheric convexity it supplies the middle and inferior frontal gyrus, majority of the precentral and postcentral gyrus, parietal lobe, anterior part of the occipital lobe, middle and superior temporal lobe, pole of the temporal lobe, and uncus of the parahippocampal gyrus
  - the strongest branch of the internal carotid artery


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 5.3
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Cortical arteries
parent: arteriae corticales
latin: arteria cerebri posterior*2
en: Posterior cerebral artery (PCA)*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - it winds the cerebral crus and gets to the medial surface of the temporal and occipital lobe
  - supplies the medial and interior surface of the temporal and occipital lobe including the parahippocampal gyrus and area of the calcarine sulcus


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 6.1
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Arteries of the spinal cord
parent: Arteries of the spinal cord
latin: arteria radicularis anterior
en: Anterior radicular artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - pass along the anterior and posterior root of the spinal nerve
  - drain into the longitudinal trunks - spinal arteries
  - participate in the blood supply of the meninges, vertebrae and intervertebral discs


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 6.3
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Arteries of the spinal cord
parent: Arteries of the spinal cord
en: Arteria radicularis magna of Adamkiewicz
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a clinical term of the largest spinal branch
  - it usually enters the intervertebral foramen at the level of T9-T11, in 65 % of cases on the left side
  - supplies the lumbosacral enlargement and inferior two-thirds of the spinal cord

clinical_notes:
  <b>The arteria radicularis magna of Adamkiewicz</b> can be damaged during aortic aneurysm surgeries at the level of the transition from the thoracic to the lumbar part of the vertebral column (complication of the surgery). Insertion of an artificial material can cause a discontinuance of the blood flow to the spinal cord, which results in paraplegia (paralysis of both lower limbs).


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 6.4
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Arteries of the spinal cord
parent: Arteries of the spinal cord
object_id: arteria spinalis anterior
latin: arteria spinalis anterior*2
en: Anterior spinal artery*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - a paired branch of the vertebral artery before the origin of the basilar artery
  - both initially fuse into an unpaired trunk
  - descends superficially in the anterior median fissure
  - gives 5-8 branches supplying the anterior 2/3 of the spinal cord

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 527 characters]


system: arterial
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Arteries of the spinal cord
parent: arteria spinalis anterior
latin: arteria sulcocommisurales
en: Sulcocommisural arteries
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - branches of the anterior spinal artery into the anterior median fissure supplying the central part of the spinal cord


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 6.5
main_group: Arteries of the brain
sub_group: Arteries of the spinal cord
parent: Arteries of the spinal cord
object_id: arteria spinalis posterior
latin: arteria spinalis posterior*2
en: Posterior spinal artery*2
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - each artery originates individually as a branch of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery
  - descends in the posterolateral sulcus
  - usually bifurcates during its course
  - gives branches supplying the posterior 1/3 of the spinal cord

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 527 characters]


system: arterial
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Abdominal aorta branches
sub_group: Paired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
parent: Paired visceral branches of abdominal aorta
object_id: arteria ovarica f 1,arteria ovarica f 2
latin: arteria ovarica
en: Ovarian artery
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - <indent=3em>in females</indent>
  - <indent=3em>supplies the ovary</indent>
  - <indent=3em>arises at the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebra and passes along the posterior abdominal wall</indent>
  - <indent=3em>enters the superior part of the broad ligamentum of the uterus via the suspensory ligament of the ovary</indent>

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 266 characters]


