# content_urinary

system: urogenital
main_group: Urinary system
en: Urinary system
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
en_description:
   The urinary system is comprised of <b>two kidneys, two renal pelves, two ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra</b>. The kidney is the main organ of the urinary system. Its roles include <b>plasma filtration, excretion of the waste products of metabolism, acid-base homeostasis</b>, <b>regulation of blood pressure and blood volume </b>(via renin), <b>hormone secretion </b>(erythropoietin) and <b>metabolism of vitamin D</b>. Urine is transported via the renal pelves and ureters to the urinary bladder before being excreted through the urethra.

general_description:
  <b>The excretory system </b>is a synonymous term the urinary system. However, as other organ systems take part in the excretion of waste products, this term is less accurate.

  <b>The urogenital sinus </b>is the anterior half of the cloaca. The cloaca is the common end of the urinary, digestive and genital systems in the developing human. It divides into the urogenital sinus and anal canal.

  <b>Primary urine </b>is plasma ultrafiltrate. 150-180 l of primary urine are produced per day.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: Coverings of kidney
parent: Coverings of kidney
memorix_page: 227
object_id: ren 1,ren 2,!ren cap 1,!ren cap 2
latin: capsula fibrosa
en: Fibrous capsule
cell_type: 0
color: b53db6
tags: urinary
en_description:
  - loosely covers the kidney
  - is attached firmly only to the vessels and the renal pelvis at the hilum of the kidney

related_objects:
  pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: Longitudinal sections of kidney
parent: Renes
en: Longitudinal sections of kidney
cell_type: 1
tags: urinary
en_description:
  <b>The kidneys </b>are located <b>in the retroperitoneal space </b>on both sides of the vertebral column. The left kidney extends from vertebra T12 to L2 and the right kidney extends from vertebra T12 to L3. There are <b>five renal segments</b>, defined according to their vascular supply. Ventrally, the kidneys are covered by parietal peritoneum. Their dorsal surfaces lie close to the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall. <b>The hilum of the left kidney lies against vertebra L1</b>. The hilum of the right kidney lies slightly more caudal than this, as it is pushed by the mass of the liver. At birth, the kidney is composed of 6 renal pyramids. This number increases to 7-18 in adulthood.

general_description:
  <b>Nephros </b><i>(pl. nephroi) </i>is the Greek term for kidney.

  <b>There are approximately 1 to 1.5 million nephrons </b>in a single kidney.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Dissection of the renal fibrous capsule </b>is a procedure that is infrequently performed after the resection of benign tumors to cover the resulting defect.

  <b>Developmental variations in the shape and size of the kidney </b>(that may or may not result in malfunction):
  - <b>horseshoe kidney</b> <i>(ren arcuatus/unguliformis)</i>
  - <b>supernumerary kidney </b> <i>(ren supernumerarius)</i>
  - <b>sigmoid kidney </b> <i>(ren sigmoideus)</i>
  - <b>cake (lump/fused pelvic) kidney </b> <i>(ren fungiformis)</i>

  <b>Tapotement </b>is part of the physical examination of the kidney. The examiner strikes the patient’s lumbar area with the ulnar side of his/her palm. Pain is a positive result and may be a sign of kidney inflammation (pyelonephritis).

  <b>Renal artery stenosis </b>is a narrowing of the renal artery. Decreased blood flow in the renal vascular bed disrupts the regulation of blood pressure and can result in hypertension.

  <b>Brodel’s bloodless line </b>is a watershed area between areas supplied by the anterior and posterior branches of the renal artery. It carries a lower risk of bleeding when being cut during nephrotomy or lithotomy (surgical removal of kidney stones). Due to its low perfusion, it is an optimal place for insertion of a renal catheter.

  <b>A floating kidney </b><i>(ren migrans / nephroptosis) </i>describes a situation in which the renal capsule is weakened due to an excessive loss of perinephric fat (extreme weight loss), and the kidney descends within the retroperitoneal space to the pelvic cavity. Although the renal vessels descend along the kidney, their origin remains at the level of vertebra L2.

  <b>An ectopic kidney </b>is a kidney located in an abnormal position. It results from failure of the kidney to reach its normal position during development and is usually located more caudal than the normal position. Its arteries arise from the aorta at the corresponding level.

  <b>A transplanted kidney </b>is usually positioned in the right iliac fossa. It is more common than an ectopic or floating kidney in the same location


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: Longitudinal sections of kidney
parent: Longitudinal sections of kidney
object_id: ren cap 1,ren cap 2
latin: ren pars ventralis
en: Ventral section of the kidney
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 176 characters]

blood_supply:
  aorta abdominalis,ramus posterior arteriae renalis 2,ramus posterior arteriae renalis 1,ramus anterior arteriae renalis 2,ramus anterior arteriae renalis 1,arteriae lobares 2,arteriae lobares 1,arteriae interlobares 2,arteriae interlobares 1,arteriae arcuatae 2,arteriae arcuatae 1,arteria renalis 2,arteria renalis 1,venae arcuatae 1,venae interlobares 1,venae lobares 1,venae arcuatae 2,venae interlobares 2,venae lobares 2,ramus posterior venae renalis 1,ramus anterior venae renalis 2,vena renalis 2,vena cava inferior,ramus posterior venae renalis 2,ramus anterior venae renalis 1,vena renalis 1

innervation:
  ganglion renalis 1,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,nervus splanchnicus minor 1,ganglion aorticorenale 1,plexus renalis 1,ganglion renalis 2,ganglion aorticorenale 2,nervus splanchnicus minor 2,plexus renalis 2

syntopy:
  Stomach,Duodenum,Jejunum and ileum,Large Intestine,Liver,Gallbladder,Pancreas,Suprarenal/adrenal glands,musculus psoas major_l,musculus quadratus lumborum_l,musculus transversus abdominis_l,musculus psoas major_r,musculus quadratus lumborum_r,musculus transversus abdominis_r


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Kidneys
sub_group: Vascular supply
parent: arteria renalis dextra et sinistra
memorix_page: 229
latin: ramus anterior
en: Anterior branch
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
en_description:
  -<indent=3em> has 4 branches that supply the anterior segments </indent>
  -<indent=3em>superior segmental artery (a. segmenti superioris)</indent>
  -<indent=3em>inferior segmental artery (a. segmenti inferioris)</indent>
  -<indent=3em>anterior superior segmental artery (a. segmenti anterioris superioris)</indent>
  -<indent=3em>anterior inferior segmental artery (a. segmenti anterioris inferioris)</indent>


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Renal pelvis and renal calices
sub_group: Structure
parent: Structure
memorix_page: 230
object_id: pelvis renalis 1,pelvis renalis 2
latin: pelvis renalis
en: Renal pelvis
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
master_object: ureter
tags: urinary
clinical_notes:
  <b>Hydronephrosis </b>describes a situation where the renal pelvis is dilated due to either obstruction in the flow of urine or upstream flow of urine from the urinary bladder to the ureters and renal pelves and calyces.

  <b>Vesicoureteral reflux </b>occurs when the uretero-vesical junction is insufficient, allowing urine to flow upstream, back into the ureters and renal pelvis.

blood_supply:
  ramus anterior arteriae renalis 1,ramus posterior arteriae renalis 1,ramus posterior arteriae renalis 2,ramus anterior arteriae renalis 2,ramus posterior venae renalis 1,ramus anterior venae renalis 2,ramus anterior venae renalis 1,ramus posterior venae renalis 2,arteria renalis 1,vena renalis 2,vena renalis 1,arteria renalis 2


system: urogenital
main_group: Ureter
memorix_page: 230
en: Ureter
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
en_description:
  <b>The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder.</b> Its <b>peristaltic movements</b> pass urine in waves to the urinary bladder.Therefore, urine flow is not continuous.

general_description:
  <b>The ureter </b>is 25-30 cm long and 4-7 mm wide.

  <b>The muscular layer </b>(<i>tunica muscularis</i>) of the ureteric wall is composed of two layers: the internal longitudinal and external circular layer. The intramural part of the ureter has a &lsquo;&lsquo;third collar-like’’ layer, called Waldeyer's sheath.

  <b>The urachus </b>is a remnant of the allantoenteric diverticulum. It is found within the median umbilical ligament (<i>ligamentum umbilicale medianum</i>) on the posterior side of the anterior abdominal wall.

  <b>The uretero-vesical junction region </b>is described as the intramural part of the ureter, adjacent wall of the urinary bladder and ureteric orifice.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Developmental anomalies of the ureter:</b>
  <b>Ureter fissus </b>- a ureter divided in two in its proximal part with a single opening into the urinary bladder. 
  <b>Ureter duplex </b>- a double ureter with two separate openings into the urinary bladder.

  <b>Ureterocele </b>is a dilation of the distal part of the ureter curved inwards to the cavity of the urinary bladder.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Ureter
sub_group: Parts and orifices of ureter
parent: Parts and orifices of ureter
en_description: - courses in the retroperitoneal space
memorix_page: 230
object_id: ureter pars abdominalis 1,ureter pars abdominalis 2
latin: pars abdominalis
en: Abdominal part
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
master_object: ureter
tags: urinary
blood_supply:
  ramus posterior arteriae renalis 2,ramus posterior arteriae renalis 1,ramus anterior arteriae renalis 2,ramus anterior arteriae renalis 1,arteriae lobares 2,arteriae lobares 1,arteria renalis 2,arteria renalis 1,venae lobares 2,venae lobares 1,vena renalis 2,vena renalis 1,ramus posterior venae renalis 2,ramus posterior venae renalis 1,ramus anterior venae renalis 2,ramus anterior venae renalis 1,arteria rectalis media 2,arteria rectalis media 1,arteria iliaca interna pars viscerales,arteria iliaca interna pars parietales,arteria iliaca interna,arteria ductus deferentis,arteria testicularis 2,arteria testicularis 1

innervation:
  plexus vesicalis 2,plexus vesicalis 1,plexus renalis 1,ganglion aorticorenale 1,plexus aorticus abdominalis,plexus renalis 2,ganglion aorticorenale 2


system: urogenital
main_group: Urinary bladder
memorix_page: 231
latin: Vesica urinaria
en: Urinary bladder
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
en_description:
  <b>The urinary bladder </b>is a subperitoneal located hollow organ. It <b>collects urine</b>, which it releases by contractions of the <b>detrusor muscle </b><i>(m. detrusor vesicae) </i>into the urethra. As the amount of urine in the bladder increases, the tension in the walls of the bladder increases, which eventually leads to the activation of the sacral parasympathetic system via visceral sensory nerves. This triggers contractions of the detrusor muscle, leading to an urgent need to micturate.

general_description:
  <b>Urocystis </b>is the Greek term for urinary bladder.

  <b>The vertex </b>is the highest point of a full urinary bladder.

  <b>Bell’s muscular fascicles </b>are a pair of muscular fascicles between the ureteric orifice and the internal urethral orifice.

  <b>Micturition </b><i>(micturition) </i>is the Latin term for urination.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The retropubic space of Retzius </b><i>(spatium retropubicum) </i>is used as an extraperitoneal surgical approach to the urinary bladder or prostate. It avoids entering the peritoneal cavity.

  <b>The external iliac nodes </b>need to be removed during radical cystectomy as they drain the urinary bladder.

  <b>Epicystostomy </b><i>(sectio alta) </i>is a method to directly drain urine from the bladder by a inserting urine catheter through the anterior abdominal wall (extraperitoneal approach).


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Urinary bladder
sub_group: External structures of urinary bladder
parent: External structures of urinary bladder
en_description: - is covered by peritoneum
memorix_page: 231
object_id: corpus vesicae,corpus vesicae f
latin: corpus vesicae
en: Body of bladder
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
innervation: plexus vesicalis 2,plexus vesicalis 1
syntopy: Large Intestine,ileum,prostata 1,prostata 2
blood_supply:
  arteria vesicalis inferior_l,arteriae vesicales superiores_l,arteria vesicalis inferior_r,arteriae vesicales superiores_r,plexus venosus vesicalis_l.plexus venosus vesicalis_r,plexus venosus prostaticus_l,plexus venosus prostaticus_r,,vena dorsalis profunda penis


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Urinary bladder
sub_group: Involved muscles of bladder
parent: Muscles surrounding the urethra
en_description: - the external sphincter is composed of striated muscle tissue
memorix_page: 232
object_id: detrusor apron
latin: musculus sphincter urethrae externus
en: External urethral sphincter
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
general_description:
  <b>The external urethral sphincter </b>is predominantly composed of slow-twitch muscle fibres that are capable of long-lasting contraction, maintaining closure of the urethra.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The external urethral sphincter in males </b>is the main mechanism for providing continence. During prostate and urinary bladder operations, it may be damaged and can cause urinary incontinence.


system: urogenital
main_group: Testis
sub_group: Longitudinal sections of testes
parent: Testis
en: Longitudinal sections of testes
cell_type: 1
tags: genital
en_description:
  <b>The testes are a pair of genital glands </b>located outside the abdominopelvic cavity <b>in the scrotum</b>.

general_description:
  The functional tissue of the testis is its medulla with the seminiferous tubuli <i>(tubuli seminiferi).</i>

  <b>Orchis </b>is the Greek term for testis.

  <b>The gubernaculum testis </b>is a thick band of connective tissue that originates from the caudal part of the urogenital fold <i>(plica urogenitalis). </i>It is attached to the mesenchyme of the genital swellings on both sides of the urogenital membrane. Due to its firm attachment to the scrotum, it directs the testis during its descent.

  <b>The tunica albuginea </b>is thickened on the posterior surface of the testis where it pierces the parenchyma of the testis and forms the mediastinum testis.

  <b>The hilum of the testis </b>is a slit-like area on the posterior surface of the testis where the testicular vessels enter and the efferent ductules leave the testis.

  <b>There are 200-300 lobules in the testis.</b>

clinical_notes:
  <b>The appendix testis </b>(hydatid of Morgagni) is a vestigial remnant of the paramesonaphric duct, present at the upper pole of the testis. It can undergo a torsion, causing acute one-sided testicular pain.

  <b>Orchidectomy </b>is a surgical removal of the testis.<b>Orchidopexy </b>describes a surgical treatment of cryptorchidism. It is a procedure to move an undescended testis to its proper place in the scrotum. 

  Orchidopexy should be performed within the first six years of life, otherwise the risk of infertility and testicular tumors increases.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Testis
sub_group: External structure of testis
parent: External structure of testis
memorix_page: 240
latin: extremitas superior
en: Upper pole
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: 3d1da3
hit_position: -0.58953,-0.95502,2.08014
hit_normal: -2.23941,8.43538,10.29184
body_rotation: 37.74781,14.83604,9.21084
tags: genital
object_id:
  tunica albuginea testis laterale 1,tunica albuginea testis mediale 1,!tunica vaginalis testis lateralis 1,!tunica vaginalis testis medialis 1,!musculus cremaster 1 uri,!fascia spermatica externa 1,!fascia spermatica interna 1


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Testis
sub_group: External structure of testis
parent: External structure of testis
en_description: - the posterior margin facing the epididymis
memorix_page: 240
latin: margo posterior
en: Posterior border
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: 1d50a3
hit_position: -0.78790,-1.53172,1.68675
hit_normal: -11.71184,0.37209,-17.61975
body_rotation: 359.53310,143.39090,0.34685
tags: genital
object_id:
  tunica albuginea testis laterale 1,tunica albuginea testis mediale 1,!tunica vaginalis testis lateralis 1,!tunica vaginalis testis medialis 1,!musculus cremaster 1 uri,!fascia spermatica externa 1,!fascia spermatica interna 1,!epididymis laterale 1,!epididymis mediale 1


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Testis
sub_group: Internal structure of testis
parent: Internal structure of testis
memorix_page: 240
en: Capsule of the testis
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 5
color: e4734b
hit_position: -0.43385,-1.57995,1.88275
hit_normal: -9.73560,-0.33296,4.79692
body_rotation: 358.62630,62.71857,357.33850
tags: genital
object_id:
  tunica albuginea testis mediale 1,!tunica albuginea testis laterale 1,!tunica vaginalis testis lateralis 1,!musculus cremaster 1 uri,!fascia spermatica externa 1,!fascia spermatica interna 1


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Epididymis
sub_group: Longitudinal sections of epididymis
parent: Epididymis
en: Longitudinal sections of epididymis
cell_type: 1
tags: genital
en_description:
  The epididymis is a <b>highly convoluted duct</b>. It is attached to the posterior margin of the testis and inferiorly to the scrotum. The tail of the epididymis <b>continues as the ductus deferens</b>. Spermatozoa spend 10-12 of their total 72 days of maturation within the epididymis. The epididymis serves as <b>a reservoir of spermatozoa</b>, where they mature <b>and gain the capacity to move and fertilise the ovum</b>. It also provides nutrition for the spermatozoa.

general_description:
  <b>The pampiniform plexus and </b>the testicular veins work as a countercurrent blood cooling system.

  <b>The epithelium of the duct of the epididymis </b>is pseudostratified columnar with stereocilia.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Varicocele </b>is a term describing dilation of the pampiniform plexus inside the spermatic cord. In young males, the cause remains unknown. In older men, varicocele may arise as a result of impeded blood flow caused by various renal diseases and tumors. It is one of the most common causes of male infertility, as the impeded blood flow results in an increase in temperature inside the testis. Varicocele occurs more commonly on the left side, since the left testicular vein drains into the left renal vein perpendicularly.<b>

  The appendix of the epididymis </b>(pedunculated hydatid) is a small stalked sac on the head of the epididymis. It is derived from the mesonephric duct.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Epididymis
sub_group: External structure of epididymis
parent: External structure of epididymis
en_description: - the cranial part of the head of the epididymis is formed by the efferent ductules
memorix_page: 242
latin: caput epididymidis
en: Head of epididymis
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: c54787
hit_position: -0.67128,-0.66567,1.85767
hit_normal: -11.75119,0.07391,6.70105
body_rotation: 1.24871,58.51079,2.03755
tags: genital
object_id:
  epididymis mediale 1,epididymis laterale 1,!tunica vaginalis testis lateralis 1,!tunica vaginalis testis medialis 1,!musculus cremaster 1 uri,!fascia spermatica externa 1,!fascia spermatica interna 1


system: urogenital
main_group: Ductus deferens
memorix_page: 243
latin: Ductus deferens
en: Ductus deferens
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  The ductus deferens is a tubular organ <b>that transports spermatozoa from the epididymis to the prostatic urethra </b>by peristaltic contractions. It passes <b>from the scrotum through the spermatic cord and inguinal canal </b>into the lesser pelvis, where it <b>crosses the ureter </b>and <b>enters the prostate</b>.

general_description:
  <b>If uncoiled, the ductules of the epididymis </b>would reach a length of six meters.

  <b>The vas efferens </b>is an obsolete synonym for the ductus deferens.

  <b>The epithelium of the efferent ductules </b>is simple cuboidal with variable cell height. It contains kinocilia.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 8
main_group: Spermatic cord
sub_group: Coverings of spermatic cord
parent: Coverings of spermatic cord
en_description: - a continuation of the superficial abdominal fascia
memorix_page: 243
object_id: fascia spermatica externa 1
latin: fascia spermatica externa
en: External spermatic fascia
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
blood_supply:
  rami scrotales,arteria pudenda externa profunda,vena pudenda externa,venae scrotae sposteriores,ramis scrotales anteriores arteriae pudendae externae profundae,venae scrotales anteriores

innervation:
  nervus ilioinguinalis,nervi scrotales posteriores,ramus genitalis nervi genitofemoralis,nervus genitofemoralis


system: urogenital
main_group: Seminal glands
memorix_page: 244
latin: Glandulae vesiculosae
en: Seminal glands
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  The seminal glands are <b>located behind the urinary bladder above the prostate</b>. Each seminal gland is a simple tubular gland, <b>composed of a single duct that has multiple convolutions</b>. The seminal glands produce <b>50-80 % of the ejaculate</b>. The excretory duct of the seminal gland joins the ductus deferens to form <b>the ejaculatory duct </b>that empties into the urethra.

general_description:
  <b>Glandulae seminales</b>, vesiculae seminales, seminal vesicles and vesicular glands are alternative terms for the seminal glands.

  <b>Verumontanum </b>is an obsolete term for the seminal colliculus.


  <b>The seminal glands </b>develop from the ductus deferens. They are 4-5 cm long, 17-20 mm wide and 6-9 mm thick. When uncoiled, the length of the simple tubular gland is 10-15 cm.

  <b>Seminal glands produce </b>an alkaline substance that contains fructose (a nutrient for spermatozoa), globulin proteins and prostaglandines (hormone-like compounds that stimulate the smooth muscle of the female genital organs).

  <b>The seminal glands are lined with </b>pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

  <b>The prostatic glands are lined with</b> cuboidal to pseudostratified columnar epithelium (depending on the secretion activity of the gland).

  <b>Proportion of gland tissue in the different histological zones of the prostate: </b>Peripheral zone 75 % Central and transitional zone 20 % Aglandular zone (isthmus) and periurethral zone 5 %.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Seminal glands
sub_group: Seminal gland and its ducts
parent: Seminal gland and its ducts
en_description: - the seminal vesicle is a paired accessory sex gland of the male
memorix_page: 244
object_id: glandula vesiculosa 1
latin: glandula vesiculosa
en: Seminal gland
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
innervation: plexus venosus prostaticus
blood_supply:
  arteria ductus deferentis,arteria vesicalis inferior,arteria rectalis media 1,arteria rectalis media 2,plexus venosus vesicalis,plexus venosus prostaticus


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Prostate
sub_group: Longitudinal sections of prostate
parent: Prostata
en: Longitudinal sections of prostate
cell_type: 1
tags: genital
en_description:
  The prostate is the <b>largest male genital gland</b>. It produces <b>30 % of ejaculate fluid</b>. It is located <b>subperitoneally, inferior to the urinary bladder</b>. <b>The urethra courses through the prostate </b>along with the paired ejaculatory ducts, the common duct for the epididymis and the seminal glands.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Per rectum palpation of the prostate </b>is a standard part of the clinical examination, performed by palpating the prostate through the anterior wall of the rectum.

  <b>The zones of the prostate vary in </b>shape, in proportion of fibromuscular stroma and in their tendency to develop disease. The different zones of the prostate can be visualised by transrectal ultrasound and distinguish in the magnetic resonance imaging.

  <b>Benign prostate hyperplasia </b>is characterized by an increase in number of the submucosal prostate glands. This leads to the enlargement of transistional zone, which can lead to obstruction of urinary flow. The enlarged transitional zone compresses the fibromuscular stroma of the peripheral zone, eventually transforming it into the “surgical” capsule of the prostate. This allows surgical enucleation of transistional zone, sparing the peripheral part.

  <b>Carcinoma of the prostate </b>is a malignant neoplasia arising in the glandular epithelium of the peripheral zone or, less commonly, in the central or transistional zones.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Prostate
sub_group: Longitudinal sections of prostate
parent: Longitudinal sections of prostate
object_id: prostata 1
en: Left section of the prostata
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
blood_supply: arteria vesicalis inferior,arteria rectalis media 1,arteria rectalis media 2
innervation: plexus venosus prostaticus
syntopy:
  ductus deferens pars inguinalis,ampulla ductus deferentis,glandula vesiculosa 1,detrusor apron,fascia penis superficialis 2,Large Intestine,fundus vesicae,fascia penis superficialis 1


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Prostate
sub_group: Internal structure of prostate*3
parent: Internal structure of prostate*3
en_description: - an elevated crest on the posterior surface of the urethra
memorix_page: 245
latin: crista urethralis
en: Urethral crest
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: dc60d3
hit_position: -0.00379,0.76122,-0.07199
hit_normal: 7.34644,-0.48189,-0.39086
body_rotation: 0.32666,266.08980,4.76807
tags: genital
object_id:
  prostata 1,!prostata 2,!pars prostatica urethrae 1,!pars prostatica urethrae 2,!detrusor apron,!ligamentum puboprostaticum 1


system: urogenital
main_group: Scrotum
memorix_page: 246
latin: Scrotum
en: Scrotum
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  The scrotum is a sac <b>located on the outside of the body</b>, which contains the testis and epididymis. The temperature inside the scrotum is <b>2-4 degrees lower than core body temperature</b>. This ensures optimal spermatogenesis. <b>Contraction of the cremaster muscle pulls the scrotum upwards, towards the perineum</b>.

general_description:
  <b>The cremasteric reflex </b>is triggered by tactile stimulation of the internal surface of the thigh, which leads to contraction of the cremaster. The afferent limb is formed by the somatosensory fibres of the femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve. The efferent limb is formed by the motor fibres of the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve.

  <b>Cavum serosum scroti </b>is an obsolete term for the vaginal cavity of the testis.

clinical_notes:
  <b>A hydrocele </b>is an enlargement of the scrotum caused by accumulation of fluid inside the vaginal cavity of the testis. <b>A congenital hydrocele </b>results from a persistent communication between the peritoneal cavity and the layers of the scrotum via a patent vaginal process of peritoneum. <b>An acquired hydrocele </b>can occur as result of inflammation of the testis or epididymis or from a tumour. However, in the majority of cases, its origin remains unknown.

  <b>A scrotal hernia </b>arises due to a persistent communication between the peritoneal cavity and vaginal cavity of the testis (or the vaginal process of the peritoneum). An intestinal loop enter the scrotum.


system: urogenital
main_group: Penis
memorix_page: 247
latin: Penis
en: Penis
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  <b>The penis </b>is an external genital male organ with <b>both excretory and copulative functions</b>. It is formed from 3 erectile bodies and the urethra, which courses throughout its entire length.

general_description:
  <b>The helicine arteries </b>(<i>arteriae helicinae</i>) are convoluted in a flaccid penis and straighten during erection.

  <b>The tunica albuginea </b>of the corpora cavernosa is denser than the tunica albuginea of the corpus spongiosum.

  <b>The bulbospongiosus </b>is attached to the corpus spongiosum in the area of the bulb of the penis. It aids in emptying of the urethra and its rhythmical contractions contribute to the process of ejaculation.

  <b>Balanos </b>is the Greek term for the bulb of penis. <b>Posthe </b>is the Greek term for foreskin

clinical_notes:
  <b>Cabanas lymph node </b>(<i>nodus lymphoideus inguinalis superﬁcialis superomedialis</i>) is the sentinel node of the skin of the penis.

  <b>In a suspected testicular tumor,</b> a diagnostic biopsy is contraindicated due to the risk of dissemination of tumour cells in the layers of the scrotum.

  <b>Balanoposthitis </b>is inflammation of the mucosa of the bulb of the penis and the internal layer of the foreskin.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Penis
sub_group: External structure of penis
parent: External structure of penis
memorix_page: 247
latin: crura penis
en: Crura of penis
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: 4b95b1
hit_position: -0.44142,-0.01091,0.61745
hit_normal: -16.76451,-13.85815,6.47046
body_rotation: 348.34160,73.48783,325.71890
tags: genital
en_description:
  - a paired internal part of the corpora cavernosa
  - attaches to the phallic crest of the inferior pubic ramus and to the pubic symphysis

object_id:
  tunica albuginea 1,tunica albuginea 2,septum penis,!fascia penis superficialis 1,!fascia penis superficialis 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Penis
sub_group: External structure of penis
parent: External structure of penis
en_description: - an unpaired dilated part of the corpus spongiosum underneath the perineum
memorix_page: 247
latin: bulbus penis
en: Bulb of penis
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: 8acd71
hit_position: -0.23127,-0.31790,0.08399
hit_normal: -15.41290,-13.38767,-17.20250
body_rotation: 19.73257,132.70550,339.90660
tags: genital
object_id:
  tunica albuginea spongiosi 1,tunica albuginea spongiosi 2,!fascia penis superficialis 1,!fascia penis superficialis 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
main_group: Penis
sub_group: External structure of penis
parent: corpus penis
memorix_page: 247
latin: dorsum penis, facies dorsalis
en: Dorsum of penis
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: d7a01f
hit_position: -0.10398,-1.10091,3.47174
hit_normal: -1.84703,0.34160,30.89547
body_rotation: 0.00000,0.00000,0.00000
tags: genital
en_description:
  - the "anterior” surface in a flaccid penis in the anatomical position, the upper to posterior surface in an erect penis

object_id:
  tunica albuginea 1,tunica albuginea 2,septum penis,!fascia penis superficialis 1,!fascia penis superficialis 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
main_group: Penis
sub_group: External structure of penis
parent: corpus penis
memorix_page: 247
latin: facies urethralis
en: Urethral surface
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: e858d0
hit_position: -0.08006,-0.49995,2.63085
hit_normal: 0.70162,-7.89733,-28.35856
body_rotation: 15.30401,178.73610,359.66640
tags: genital
en_description:
  - the "posterior“ surface in a flaccid penis facing the scrotum
  - the urethra courses the penis right beneath the urethral surface

object_id:
  tunica albuginea spongiosi 1,tunica albuginea spongiosi 2,!fascia penis superficialis 1,!fascia penis superficialis 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 5.1
main_group: Penis
sub_group: External structure of penis
parent: Glans penis
en_description: - the most distal segment of the corpus spongiosum, the location of the external urethral orifice
memorix_page: 247
object_id: glans penis 1
latin: Glans penis 1
en: Left section of the penis head
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
blood_supply:
  vena dorsalis profunda penis,venae dorsale superficiales penis,arteria urethralis,arteria profunda penis,arteria dorsalis penis,arteria bulbi penis

innervation:
  nervus dorsalis penis_l,nervi cavernosi penis 2,nervi cavernosi penis 1,nervus dorsalis penis_r,nervus ilioinguinalis_l,nervus ilioinguinalis_r


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 5.4
main_group: Penis
sub_group: External structure of penis
parent: Glans penis
en_description: - a groove separating the glans from the body of the penis
memorix_page: 247
latin: collum glandis
en: Neck of glans
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
color: 752077
tags: genital
object_id:
  tunica albuginea 1,tunica albuginea 2,septum penis,tunica albuginea spongiosi 1,tunica albuginea spongiosi 2,!fascia penis superficialis 1,!fascia penis superficialis 2


system: urogenital
main_group: Male urethra
memorix_page: 248
latin: Urethra masculina
en: Male urethra
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  The male urethra is <b>the final segment of the male excretory and reproductive systems</b>. The sphincter vesicae prevents <b>retrograde flow of semen into the urinary bladder </b>and prevents the release of urine during ejaculation. Along its course, the male urethra contains <b>constrictions and dilations </b>and <b>two curvatures</b>.

general_description:
  <b>The 20 cm long male urethra </b>is about 5 times longer than the 4 cm long female urethra. However, it is narrower and curved.

  <b>The epithelium of the male urethra</b> varies along it course:
  <b>The intramural part and prostatic urethra </b>above the opening for the ejaculatory ducts are lined with transitional epithelium.
  <b>The caudal part of the prostatic urethra </b>and membranous and spongy urethrae are lined with stratified columnar epithelium.
  <b>The navicular fossa </b>is lined with non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium.
  <b>The external urethral orifice </b>is lined with keratinised stratified squamous epithelium.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Clinically, the urethra </b>can be divided in two parts: the anterior and posterior parts. From the anatomical point of view, the posterior urethra consists of the intramural part, prostatic urethra and membranous urethra. The anterior urethra consists of the spongy urethra.

  <b>Compared to the female urethra</b>, the male urethra is longer and narrower and therefore less prone to infections. However, due to its course, these infections tend to have a worse clinical manifestation.

  <b>After transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) </b>for benign hyperplasia of the prostate, the neck of the urinary bladder remains open during ejaculation. This results in retrograde flow of semen into the urinary bladder, causing the so called &ldquo;dry ejaculation&rdquo;.

  <b>Epispadias </b>is a rare atypical location of the external urethral orifice on the dorsum of the penis (1:30 000)

  <b>Hypospadias </b>is a more common atypical location of the external urethral orifice on the ventral (urethral) surface of the penis (1:300).

  <b>Nitric oxide </b>(NO) relaxes vascular smooth muscle. Drugs for erectile dysfunction, such as sildenafil-Viagra, increase the concentration of NO in the vascular beds of the erectile bodies.


system: urogenital
main_group: Female urethra
latin: urethra feminina
en: Female urethra
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
en_description:
  The female urethra is a 4 cm long, 6-8 cm wide muscular tube connecting the bladder to the external environment, this forming the terminal portion of the urinary tract in the female. Voluntary contraction of the external urethral sphincter prevents urine from leaking out during reflex contraction of the detrusor muscle.

general_description:
  <b>Urinary continence </b>is the ability to keep urine in the bladder and excrete it in a controlled fashion. Urinary incontinence is the lack of this ability. The two main aspects of urinary continence are the position of the urethra and neck of the bladder and the proper function of the urethral sphincters. In females, the sphincter compresses the urethra against the vagina and thus closes it. Stress incontinence is defined as involuntary leakage of urine when the pressure inside the peritoneal
  cavity rises (e.g. during coughing or laughing). Increased intra-abdominal pressure is able to push the urethra and the adjacent neck of the bladder downwards (a condition termed urethral hypermobility). Pressure is thus distributed unevenly; it is higher inside the urinary bladder than in the urethra, which results in urine leakage. A different kind of stress incontinence occurs when the urethra and neck of the bladder are permanently descended into the lesser pelvis, evenat rest. Consequently, the internal urethral sphincter becomes unable to keep urine from escaping the urinary bladder.

  Urinary continence in female is provided by:
  - urethral mucosa and submucosa
  - smooth and striated muscle of the urethra
  - external urethral sphincter, compressor urethrae
  - sphincter urethrovaginalis, levator ani (pubovaginalis)


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
main_group: Female urethra
sub_group: Parts of female urethra
parent: Parts of female urethra
object_id: urethra feminina externa f 2,!urethra feminina externa f 1
latin: pars perinealis urethrae femininae
en: Perineal part of female urethra
cell_type: 0
color: 5D27BF
hit_position: 0.02199,-0.65815,0.80415
hit_normal: -5.66962,4.67569,2.00301
body_rotation: 350.56080,-126.88230,-12.32915
tags: urinary
en_description:
  - passes through the perineal muscles and the urogenital hiatus (hiatus urogenitalis) of the levator ani


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.5
main_group: Female urethra
sub_group: Parts of female urethra
parent: Parts of female urethra
en_description: - protrudes as the urethral papilla (papilla urethralis) in the vestibule (vestibulum vaginae)
object_id: ostium urethrae externum f
latin: ostium urethrae externum
en: External urethral orifice
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
blood_supply: arteria pudenda interna,venae pudendae internae f
innervation: ,plexus vesicalis f 1,plexus vesicalis f 2
syntopy:
  vagina anterior f,ostium urethrae externum f,clitoris f,musculus sphincter uretrae f,urethra feminina externa f 1,urethra feminina externa f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Female urethra
sub_group: Internal female urethra
parent: musculus sphincter urethrae internus
object_id: urethra feminina f 1
latin: musculus sphincter urethrae internus pars sinister
en: Left section of internal female urethra
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
innervation: plexus vesicalis f 1,plexus vesicalis f 2
blood_supply:
  arteria vesicalis inferior f,arteria urethralis f,arteria pudenda interna f,arteria vaginalis f,plexus venosus vesicalis f 1,plexus venosus vaginalis f 1,plexus venosus vaginalis f 2,plexus venosus vesicalis f 2,venae pudendae internae f

syntopy:
  vagina anterior f,ostium urethrae externum f,clitoris f,fundus vesicae f,musculus sphincter uretrae f,compressor urethrae f 1,compressor urethrae f 2,sphincter urethrovaginalis f,musculus pubococcygeus,urethra feminina externa f 1,urethra feminina externa f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Female urethra
sub_group: Internal female urethra
parent: musculus sphincter urethrae internus
object_id: urethra feminina f 2
latin: musculus sphincter urethrae internus pars dexter
en: Right section of internal female urethra
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
innervation: plexus vesicalis f 1,plexus vesicalis f 2
blood_supply:
  arteria vesicalis inferior f,arteria urethralis f,arteria pudenda interna f,arteria vaginalis f,plexus venosus vesicalis f 1,plexus venosus vaginalis f 1,plexus venosus vaginalis f 2,plexus venosus vesicalis f 2,venae pudendae internae f

syntopy:
  vagina anterior f,ostium urethrae externum f,clitoris f,fundus vesicae f,musculus sphincter uretrae f,compressor urethrae f 1,compressor urethrae f 2,sphincter urethrovaginalis f,musculus pubococcygeus


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Ovary
parent: Longitudal sections of ovary
en_description: - an intraperitoneally located pair of glands that contain maturing oocytes
object_id: ovarium f 1,ovarium f 2
latin: Pars inferior ovarii
en: Inferior section of ovary
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
innervation: plexus ovaricus f 1,plexus ovaricus f 2
blood_supply:
  vena ovarica dextra f,vena ovarica sinistra f,rami tubarii arteriae ovaricae f,arteria ovarica f 1,arteria ovarica f 2

syntopy:
  tuba uterina f 1,tuba uterina f 2,ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1, ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2,myometrium superior f,myometrium inferior f,ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Ovary
parent: External structure of ovary
en_description: - faces the pelvic viscera
latin: facies medialis ovarii
en: Medial surface
cell_type: 0
color: 72A42D
hit_position: 1.04736,0.12449,3.25089
hit_normal: -4.12312,-14.47940,12.73246
body_rotation: 39.27293,-16.08413,-10.34379
tags: genital
object_id:
  ovarium f 1,ovarium superior f 1,ovarium f 2,ovarium superior f 2,!tuba uterina f 1,!tuba uterina f 2,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.3.1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Ovary
parent: Peritoneal folds and their corresponding arterial supply
latin: mesovarium
en: Mesovarium
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - a peritoneal fold of the ovary
  - attaches to the posterior aspect of the broad ligament of the uterus


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.3.2
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Ovary
parent: Peritoneal folds and their corresponding arterial supply
object_id: ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2
latin: ligamentum suspensorium ovarii
en: Suspensory ligament of ovary
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
innervation: plexus ovaricus f 1,plexus ovaricus f 2
en_description:
  - attaches the tubal extremity of the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall
  - contains the ovarian artery and veins, ovarian nervous plexus and lymphatic vessels

general_description:
  Ligamentum uteroovaricum and  chorda uteroovarica are obsolete terms for the ligament of the ovary.

   Ligamentum infundibulopelvicum is an obsolete term for the suspensory ligament of the ovary.

blood_supply:
  vena ovarica dextra f,vena ovarica sinistra f,rami tubarii arteriae ovaricae f,arteria ovarica f 1,arteria ovarica f 2

syntopy:
  tuba uterina f 1,tuba uterina f 2,ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1, ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2,myometrium superior f,myometrium inferior f,ovarium f 1,ovarium f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.3.3
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Ovary
parent: Peritoneal folds and their corresponding arterial supply
object_id: ligamentum ovarii proprium f 1,ligamentum ovarii proprium f 2
latin: ligamentum ovarii proprium
en: Ligament of ovary
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
innervation: plexus ovaricus f 1,plexus ovaricus f 2
en_description:
  - attaches the uterine extremity of the ovary to the uterine horns
  - contains the ovarian branch of the uterine artery and its corresponding veins and lymphatic vessels

blood_supply:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 118 characters]

syntopy:
  tuba uterina f 1,tuba uterina f 2,ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1, ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2,myometrium superior f,myometrium inferior f,ovarium f 1,ovarium f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterine tube
parent: Tuba uterina
object_id: tuba uterina f 1,tuba uterina f 2
latin: Tuba uterina*2
en: Uterine tube/Fallopian tube
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
general_description: Salpinx is the Greek term for uterine tube.
cell_type: 1
tags: genital
syntopy: ovarium f 1,ovarium f 2,ovarium superior f 1,ovarium superior f 2,ductus mesonephricus
en_description:
  <b>The uterine tube (Fallopian tube) is a paired muscular tube uniting the uterine horn with the ovary. </b>Its abdominal ostium is <b>reely open to the peritoneal cavity</b>, where it captures released oocytes, which are transported along the tube by peristaltic contractions to the uterine cavity. <b>Fertilisations of an oocyte by a spermatozoon</b> usually happens within the uterine tube.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Salpingitis is inflammation</b> of the uterine tube. It can spread to the peritoneum via the abdominal ostium and thus cause peritonitis.

  <b>Tubal obstruction</b> may result from recurrent inflammation of the uterine tube mucosa and consequent  scarring, causing adhesions and subsequent loss of tubal patency.  This is a common cause of female infertility and ectopic pregnancy.

  <b>Ectopic pregnancy (graviditas extrauterina / GEU)</b> occurs when a zygote  (a fertilised ovum) implants in a different location than its normal implantation site within the uterus.  This occurs most commonly within the uterine tube. However, other locations, such as the cervical canal, ovary or peritoneal cavity are possible.  In the majority of cases the  embryo does not survive. However sometimes its development may  continue and rupture the uterine tube causing life threatening bleeding and sepsis.

blood_supply:
  rami tubarii arteriae ovaricae f,ramus tubarius arteriae uterinae f,vena ovarica sinistra f,vena ovarica dextra f,plexus venosus uterinus f

innervation:
  plexus ovaricus f 1,plexus ovaricus f 2,plexus hypogastricus inferior f 1,plexus hypogastricus inferior f 2,plexus uterovaginalis f 1,plexus uterovaginalis f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterine tube
parent: External strucure of uterine tube
latin: ostium abdominale
en: Abdominal ostium
cell_type: 0
color: D55F38
hit_position: -1.33027,0.27167,3.19383
hit_normal: 9.42088,-19.27817,1.87848
body_rotation: 4.31909,331.21650,357.63080
tags: genital
en_description:
  - faces the ovary
  - directly communicates with the peritoneal cavity
  - the inlet of the uterine tube

object_id:
  tuba uterina f 1,tuba uterina f 2,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!ovarium f 1,!ovarium superior f 1,!ovarium f 2,!ovarium superior f 2,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.2
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterine tube
parent: External strucure of uterine tube
en_description:
  - a dilated part adjacent to the abdominal ostium
  - contains the fimbriae

latin: infundibulum tubae uterinae
en: Infundibulum of uterine tube
cell_type: 0
color: ACD538
hit_position: -1.26452,0.41649,3.29591
hit_normal: -5.16247,8.11639,-1.41391
body_rotation: 6.32387,144.87580,355.56940
tags: genital
object_id:
  tuba uterina f 1,tuba uterina f 2,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterine tube
parent: Internal structure of uterine tube
latin: tunica mucosa
en: Mucosa
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - simple columnar ciliated epithelium
  - is organised in multiple folds, which decrease in number and thickness from the ampulla to the isthmus
  - the epithelium contains ciliated cells, peg cells and basal cells
  - the mucosal folds form the “mucosal labyrinth”, which is formed by primary, secondary and tertiary folds


system: urogenital
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterine tube
parent: Venous drainageof uterine tube
en: Venous drainageof uterine tube*2
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - theleft ovarian artery (to the left renal vein)
  - the right ovarian artery (to the inferior vena cava)
  - the uterine venous plexus (to the uterine vein, internal iliac vein)


system: urogenital
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterine tube
parent: Lymphatic drainage of uterine tube
en: Lymphatic drainage of uterine tube*2
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - the major part of the uterine tube: the lumbar nodes
  - the isthmus: the superficial inguinal nodes


system: urogenital
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterine tube
parent: Innervation of uterine tube
en: Innervation of uterine tube - Parasympathetic system
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - the lateral 1/3 of the uterine tube from the ovarian plexus (from vagus nerve)
  - the medial 2/3 of the uterine tube from the inferior hypogastric plexus (from the sacral splanchnic nerves)


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: Uterus*1
object_id: myometrium superior f
latin: Uterus pars superior
en: Superior part of uterus
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
innervation: plexus uterovaginalis f 1,plexus uterovaginalis f 2
blood_supply:
  arteria uterina f,plexus venosus uterinus f,arteriae arcuatae uteri f,ramus ascendens arteria uterinae f,

syntopy:
  rectum,corpus vesicae f,apex vesicae f,fundus vesicae f,ileum,ligamentum ovarii proprium f 1,ligamentum ovarii proprium f 2,tuba uterina f 1,tuba uterina f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: External structure of uterus
en_description: the middle and largest part of the uterus
latin: corpus uteri
en: Body of uterus
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
object_id:
  myometrium superior f,myometrium inferior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: corpus uteri
en_description: the ventro-cranial part of the body of the uterus
latin: fundus uteri
en: Fundus of uterus
cell_type: 0
color: DA378C
hit_position: -0.14613,-0.26153,3.33863
hit_normal: -12.14762,-12.69709,11.16063
body_rotation: 25.31037,44.59652,22.85747
tags: genital
object_id:
  myometrium inferior f,myometrium superior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.4
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: corpus uteri
en_description: houses the developing embryo and foetus
latin: cavitas uteri
en: Uterine cavity
cell_type: 0
color: FFB922
hit_position: -0.24813,0.20062,2.65137
hit_normal: -5.03622,19.13077,9.07494
body_rotation: 336.63450,159.42900,8.46584
tags: genital
object_id:
  myometrium inferior f,!myometrium superior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.3.1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: cervix uteri
latin: portio supravaginalis cervicis uteri
en: Supravaginal part of uterus
cell_type: 0
color: 1196AD
hit_position: -0.10435,0.66325,2.34037
hit_normal: -6.90889,18.93874,11.85161
body_rotation: 333.21020,153.60890,12.60680
tags: genital
en_description:
  - the cranial part of the cervix above the attachment of the vagina
  - contains mucosal folds called the palmate folds (plicae palmatae)

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 393 characters]


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.3.2
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: cervix uteri
en_description: - the caudal part of the cervix protruding into the vagina
latin: portio vaginalis cervicis uteri
en: Vaginal part of uterus
cell_type: 0
color: 962DC7
hit_position: -0.10435,0.66325,2.34037
hit_normal: -6.90889,18.93874,11.85161
body_rotation: 333.21020,153.60890,12.60680
tags: genital
object_id:
  myometrium inferior f,!myometrium superior f,!vagina posterior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.3.4
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: cervix uteri
en_description: - the opening of the cervical canal to the vagina
latin: ostium uteri
en: External os of uterus of uterus
cell_type: 0
color: 65F600
hit_position: -0.36205,0.71899,2.34294
hit_normal: -11.50765,16.21155,-10.94957
body_rotation: 21.91172,137.49290,341.11730
tags: genital
object_id:
  myometrium inferior f,myometrium superior f,!vagina posterior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: Internal structure of uterus
latin: Endometrium
en: Endometrium (uterus)
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - the uterine mucosa, consists of simple columnar epithelium, connective tissue and simple tubular glands, contains more goblet cells than ciliated cells


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4.1.1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: Endometrium
latin: stratum basale
en: Basal layer of endometrium
cell_type: 0
color: BF03D3
hit_position: -0.31878,0.33727,2.65722
hit_normal: -5.46215,9.82265,6.41483
body_rotation: 335.57560,144.40300,16.48868
tags: genital
en_description:
  - the deepest layer of the endometrium
  - doesnt change during the menstrual cycle,
  - contains the basal parts of the endometrial glands

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 393 characters]


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4.4
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: Internal structure of uterus
latin: Parametrium
en: Parametrium (uterus)
cell_type: 0
color: EC1313
hit_position: -0.23862,0.70938,2.31762
hit_normal: -0.89094,4.47695,3.17276
body_rotation: 327.35180,164.74750,8.36846
tags: genital
en_description:
  - loose connective tissue surrounding the caudal part of the uterus
  - extends between two layers of the broad ligament of the uterus and
  - below the broad ligament condenses to form the parametrial ligaments

object_id:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 393 characters]


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 5.1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: Peritoneal folds
latin: ligamentum latum uteri
en: Broad ligament of uterus
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - is a double peritoneal fold located in the frontal plane of the lesser pelvis, consists of the three parts 
  - it is attached to the uterine border medially and is laterally continuous with the parietal peritoneum of the pelvic wall


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 6.2
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Uterus
parent: Parametrial ligaments
object_id: ligamentum cardinale f
latin: ligamentum cardinale Mackenrodti
en: Cardinal ligament / Mackenrodt’s ligament
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - a paired fibrous band extending laterally from the cervix and isthmus to the pelvic wall
  - enables antero-posterior movements of the uterus


system: urogenital
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Vagina
parent: Organa genitalia feminina interna
latin: Vagina*1
en: Vagina
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  The vagina is a <b> hollow muscular tube</b>  that serves as the<b>  terminal part of the female genital tract</b> . It facilitates <b> copulation and partuition.</b>

general_description:
  <b>Introitus</b> is an obsolete term for the vaginal orifice.

  <b>The hymen</b> is a mucous membrane separating the vestibule from the cavity of the vagina.

  <b>Mons pubis / mons Venus</b> is a fat pad located above the pubic symphysis. It is covered with pubic hair, which grows under the influence of the female sex hormones.

  <b>The urethral carina</b> of the vagina (carina urethralis vaginae) is a ridge on the anterior wall of the vagina formed by the underlying urethra.

  <b>The pubovaginalis </b>(part of the levator ani) circles the vagina at the urogenital hiatus and creates the promontorium vaginae of Thomas.

  <b>Receptaculum seminis</b> is an obsolete term for the posterior part of the vaginal fornix that serves to collect semen after coitus.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Colpitis </b>is inflammation of the vagina.

    <b>The recto-uterine pouch/pouch of Douglas</b> is a clinically important place for palpation and evacuation of fluid that has accumulated inside the peritoneal cavity.

    <b>Colposcopy</b> is an endoscopic examination of the cervix through the vagina.

    <b>Culdoscopy</b> is an endoscopic examination of the recto-uterine pouch. The endoscope is inserted through the posterior fornix of the vagina.

    <b>Vaginal (exfoliative) </b>cytology is a repeated cytological examination of the vaginal epithelium over the course of the menstrual cycle.

   <b> A recto-vaginal fistula</b> is a pathological communication betweenthe vagina and rectum that carries a very high risk of infection.

   <b>Local anesthetics</b> can be applied in the area of the pudendal nerve during or shortly before labour.

    <b>The greater vestibular gland/Bartholin’s gland </b>can be a site of a painful abscess.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Vagina
parent: Vagina*1
object_id: vagina posterior f
latin: paries posterior vaginae
en: Posterior wall of vagina
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
innervation: plexus uterovaginalis f 1,plexus uterovaginalis f 2,nervi vaginales f
blood_supply:
  arteria vaginalis f,rami vaginales arteriae uterinae f,arteria pudenda interna f,plexus venosus vaginalis f 1,plexus venosus vaginalis f 2,venae pudendae internae f

syntopy:
  labia minora pudendi f,bulbus vestibuli f 1,bulbus vestibuli f 2,urethra feminina f 1,urethra feminina f 2,ostium urethrae externum f,rectum,musculus pubococcygeus,sphincter urethrovaginalis f,musculus puborectalis,musculus sphincter uretrae f


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Vagina
parent: External structure of vagina
en_description: - the external opening of the vagina in the vestibule
latin: ostium vaginae
en: Vaginal orifice
cell_type: 0
color: A632EA
hit_position: 0.00969,-0.42428,0.44110
hit_normal: -0.40383,-2.12476,-7.21491
body_rotation: 288.49610,348.78410,10.65015
tags: genital
object_id:
  vagina anterior f,vagina posterior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.3.1
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Vagina
parent: canalis vaginalis
latin: paries anterior canalis vaginalis
en: Anterior wall of vaginal canal
cell_type: 0
color: 68B829
hit_position: -0.03303,0.66698,1.51209
hit_normal: 1.98011,22.96737,-4.64188
body_rotation: 10.56970,181.62270,0.29772
tags: genital
object_id:
  vagina anterior f,!vagina posterior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.3.2
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Vagina
parent: canalis vaginalis
latin: paries posterior canalis vaginalis
en: Posterior wall of vaginal canal
cell_type: 0
color: 29A2B8
hit_position: 0.05935,0.56658,1.05205
hit_normal: -17.50705,-15.41128,-0.10019
body_rotation: 359.43060,45.42771,359.42210
tags: genital
object_id:
  vagina posterior f,!vagina anterior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.5
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Vagina
parent: External structure of vagina
en_description: - encloses the vaginal part of the cervix uteri
latin: fornix vaginae
en: Vaginal fornix
cell_type: 0
color: E56118
hit_position: 0.06529,0.96566,2.12611
hit_normal: -2.88814,-10.61530,9.28241
body_rotation: 41.92808,16.77268,11.38662
tags: genital
object_id:
  vagina anterior f,vagina posterior f,!myometrium superior f,!myometrium inferior f,!mesosalpinx f 1,!mesosalpinx f 2,!myometrium f 1,!myometrium f 2,!perimetrium f,!mesometrium f 1,!mesometrium f 2,!ligamentum cardinale f.!ligamentum vesicouterinum f,!ligamentum pubovesicale f,!ligamenta sacrouterina f,!ligamentum pubocervicale f,!ligamentum rectouterinum f,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 1,!ligamentum suspensorium ovarii f 2


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Vagina
parent: Regional anatomy of vagina
latin: septum rectovaginale
en: Rectovaginal septum
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - a plate of connective tissue between the vagina and rectum
  - the cranial extention of the perineal body (corpus perineale)


system: urogenital
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Vagina
parent: Arterial supply of vagina
en: Arterial supply of vagina*1
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - the vaginal artery, which arises either directly from the internal iliac or from the uterine artery
  - vaginal branches from the uterine artery, middle rectal artery and internal pudendal artery


system: urogenital
main_group: Female internal genital system
sub_group: Vagina
parent: Lymphatic drainage of vagina
en: Lymphatic drainage of vagina*1
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  internal and external iliac nodes, sacral nodes
  - caudally below the hymen: the superficial inguinal nodes


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.2
main_group: Female external genital system
sub_group: Vulva
parent: vestibulum vaginae
object_id: bartholini f 1,bartholini f 2
latin: glandula vestibularis major Bartholini
en: Greater vestibular gland / Bartholin’s gland
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - a paired mucous gland embedded in the perineal membrane
  - opens into the posterior part of the vestibule


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Female external genital system
sub_group: Vulva
parent: Vulva
object_id: f labia major f
latin: labia majora pudendi
en: Labia majora
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
blood_supply:
  arteriae labiales posteriores f,arteriae labiales anteriores f,venae labiales anteriores f,venae labiales anteriores f,arteria bulbi vestibuli f,vena bulbi vestibuli f

innervation:
  nervi perineales f,nervus perinealis superficialis f,nervus ilioinguinalis f,nervus genitofemoralis f,

syntopy:
  vagina anterior f,vagina posterior f,clitoris f,labia minora pudendi f,musculus bulbospongiosus f,ostium urethrae externum f


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.1
main_group: Female external genital system
sub_group: Vulva
parent: labia majora pudendi
object_id: f labia major f
latin: commissura labiorum anterior
en: Anterior commissure
cell_type: 0
color: 6C1090
hit_position: 0.05853,-1.57483,1.04680
hit_normal: -0.76532,-17.05582,-12.06566
body_rotation: 327.22450,358.34360,0.89686
tags: genital
en_description:
  - the anterior connection of the two labia majora
  - is located ventral to the prepuce of the clitoris


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Female external genital system
sub_group: Vulva
parent: Vulva
object_id: labia minora pudendi f
latin: labia minora pudendi
en: Labia minora
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
blood_supply:
  arteriae labiales posteriores f,arteriae labiales anteriores f,venae labiales anteriores f,venae labiales anteriores f,arteria bulbi vestibuli f,vena bulbi vestibuli f,

innervation:
  nervi perineales f,nervus perinealis superficialis f,nervus ilioinguinalis f,nervus genitofemoralis f,

syntopy:
  vagina anterior f,vagina posterior f,clitoris f,f labia major f,musculus bulbospongiosus f,ostium urethrae externum f


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
main_group: Female external genital system
sub_group: Vulva
parent: Vulva
en_description: - the female erectile organ
object_id: clitoris f,!f labia major f
latin: clitoridis
en: Clitoris
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
innervation: nervus dorsalis clitoridis f,nervi cavernosi clitoridis f 1
general_description:
  The fascia of the clitoris (fascia clitoridis) covers the clitoris and attaches it to the anterior surface of the pubic symphysis.

blood_supply:
  arteria dorsalis clitoris f,venae dorsales superficiales clitoridis f,venae profundae clitoridis,vena dorsalis profunda clitoridis f,arteria bulbi vestibuli f,vena bulbi vestibuli f

syntopy:
  vagina anterior f,vagina posterior f,labia minora pudendi f,f labia major f,musculus ischiocavernosus f,musculus bulbospongiosus f,ostium urethrae externum f


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.4.1
main_group: Female external genital system
sub_group: Vulva
parent: clitoridis
object_id: clitoris f,!f labia major f
latin: crura clitoridis
en: Crura of clitoris
cell_type: 0
color: 17A9C2
hit_position: -0.23813,-0.93227,1.00408
hit_normal: -12.35592,-4.57913,11.88125
body_rotation: 15.73789,71.61485,39.21698
tags: genital
en_description:
  - paired bodies of erectile tissue attached to the phallic crest of the inferior pubic ramus
  - meet in the midline at the body of the clitoris


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1.5
main_group: Female external genital system
sub_group: Vulva
parent: Vulva
object_id: bulbus vestibuli f 1,bulbus vestibuli f 2
latin: bulbus vestibuli
en: Bulb of vestibule
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
blood_supply: arteria bulbi vestibuli f,vena bulbi vestibuli f,
innervation: nervi perineales f
en_description:
  - a pair of erectile bodies encircling the vestibule
  - ventrally connected at the commissure of the bulbs commissura bulborum


system: urogenital
main_group: Female external genital system
sub_group: Arterial supply of vulva
parent: Arterial supply of vulva
en: Arterial supply of vulva*1
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - the anterior labial branches (from external pudendal artery, which is from the femoral artery)
  - the posterior labial branches (from internal pudendal artery, which is from the from internal iliac artery)
  - the deep artery of clitoris, dorsal artery of clitoris and artery of bulb of vestibule (from are from the internal pudendal artery, which is from the internal iliac artery)


system: urogenital
main_group: Female external genital system
sub_group: Venous drainage of vulva
parent: Venous drainage of vulva
en: Venous drainage of vulva*1
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  - the superficial dorsal vein of the clitoris and anterior labial veins (drain into the external pudendal veins, which drain into the common femoral vein)
  - the deep dorsal vein of the clitoris (drains into the pudendal and vesical venous plexuses, which drain into the internal iliac vein)
  - the posterior labial veins and vein of the bulb of the vestibule (drain into the internal pudendal vein, which drains into the internal iliac vein)


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Female urethra
sub_group: External female urethra
parent: musculus sphincter urethrae externus
object_id: urethra feminina externa f 1
latin: musculus sphincter urethrae externus pars sinister
en: Left section of external female urethra
related_objects: pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3
cell_type: 0
tags: urinary
innervation: plexus vesicalis f 1,plexus vesicalis f 2
blood_supply:
  arteria vesicalis inferior f,arteria urethralis f,arteria pudenda interna f,arteria vaginalis f,plexus venosus vesicalis f 1,plexus venosus vaginalis f 1,plexus venosus vaginalis f 2,plexus venosus vesicalis f 2,venae pudendae internae f

syntopy:
  vagina anterior f,ostium urethrae externum f,clitoris f,fundus vesicae f,musculus sphincter uretrae f,compressor urethrae f 1,compressor urethrae f 2,sphincter urethrovaginalis f,musculus pubococcygeus,urethra feminina f 1,urethra feminina f 2


system: urogenital
main_group: Breast and mammary gland
sub_group: Structure of mammary gland
parent: Mamma et glandula mammaria
en: Structure of mammary gland
clinical_notes: <b>Mastos</b> is the Greek term for breast.
cell_type: 0
tags: genital
en_description:
  <b>The breast</b> is a paired organ located on the thorax. <b>The areola</b> is a pigmented area of skin located at the apex of the breast. <b>The nipple is located in the centre of the areola</b> and serves as a opening of the lactiferous ducts. The mammary gland and fat tissue are located inside the breast. The mammary gland is the<b> largest skin gland </b>and<b> produces milk for the newborn</b>. The mammary gland is derived from the mammary crest in both sexes and is located between the 3rd and 6th intercostal spaces. The weight of the breast increases during puberty and lactation. The usual of the breast is 150 g but can increase to up to 300-800 g during lactation .

general_description:
  <b>It is necessary to remove the axillary lymph nodes</b> when performing mastectomy for advanced breast tumours. Only level 1 and level 2 nodes (according to Berg’s classification) are dissected. Level 3 nodes are left as they lie close to the axillary neurovascular bundle and so carry a high risk of complications such as lymphoedema of the upper extremity.

  <b>The insertion of the suspensory ligaments (retinaculum) of the breast</b> to the skin gives an explanation as to why skin sometimes retracts over breast tumours.

  <b>Accessory breast tissue</b> can be found at any point along the course of the mammary crest. This condition is known as polymastia. The most common form accessory breast tissue takes is a supernumery nipple (polythelia).

  <b>The areolomammilar complex</b> is a term for the areola and nipple. Sensory nerves approach from above, which is why surgical incisions are performed below the lower border of the areola.


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Breast and mammary gland
sub_group: Structure of mammary gland
parent: Structure of mammary gland
en_description: a circular pigmented area around the nipple
object_id: areola mammae f
latin: areola mammae
en: Areola
cell_type: 1
master_object: Skin of breast
tags: genital
syntopy: musculus obliquus externus abdominis,musculus pectoralis major,musculus serratus anterior
related_objects:
  musculus pectoralis major,costa secunda 2,os costale 3,os costale 4,os costale 7,os costale 6,os costale 5,cartilago costalis

blood_supply:
  rami mammarii laterales arteriae thoracicae lateralis f,rami mammarii mediales arteriae thoracicae internae f,rami pectorales arteriae thoracocromialis f,rami mammarii laterales venae thoracicae lateralis f,rami mammarii mediales venae thoracicae internae f,

innervation:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti f,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti f,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti f,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti f,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti f,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti f,nervi supraclaviculares mediales f


system: urogenital
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Breast and mammary gland
sub_group: Structure of mammary gland
parent: Structure of mammary gland
latin: stratum adiposum mammae
en: Adipose layer / mammary fat pad
cell_type: 1
tags: genital
en_description:
  - is located both in front and behind the gland
  - the volume of fat determines the size of the breast


# content_respiratory

system: respiratory
main_group: General overview
memorix_page: 206
en: General overview
cell_type: 0
tags: upper
en_description:
  <b>The respiratory tract is a tree of ducts, </b>which is divided into the <b>upper and lower airways</b>. Anatomically, the upper respiratory tract ends with the laryngopharynx; clinically, it includes the larynx and the cervical part of the trachea. The wall of the airways is strengthened by cartilage and elastic fibres, which protects the airway from collapse and provide elasticity. The respiratory system is responsible for the <b>exchange of gases </b>between the <b>air and blood, voice production, maintenance of acid-base balance </b>and <b>elimination of substances</b>.


system: respiratory
main_group: Nose
memorix_page: 206
latin: Nasus
en: Nose
cell_type: 0
tags: upper
en_description:
  The nose has <b>a bony and cartilaginous base </b>of a triangular shape. The skin of the nose is <b>rich in sebaceous glands</b>. The skin overlying the bony part is movable, while the skin overlying cartilaginous part is firmly fixed. The muscles of facial expression inserting into the nose constrict and flare the nostrils.


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Nose
sub_group: Structure of the nose
parent: Nasus
memorix_page: 206
en: Structure of the nose
cell_type: 1
general_description:
  <b>The airways </b>are almost entirely lined by mucosa with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. Coordinated ciliary movements ( mucociliary escalator) beat a layer of secreted mucus towards the pharynx, cleaning the airways. 

  <b>The olfactory region </b><i>(regio olfactoria) </i>comprises the mucosa of the ceiling of the nasal cavity and the upper third of the nasal septum. It is lined with olfactory epithelium, which is specialised sensory pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. The supporting cells contain lipofuscin granules, imparting a yellowish colour to the mucosa. 

  <b>The respiratory region </b><i>(regio respiratoria) </i>constitutes all the mucosa of the nasal cavity excluding the olfactory region. It is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. 

  <b>The nasal vestibule </b>contains thick hairs (<i>vibrissae</i>), which mechanically prevent particles from entering the nasal cavity. 

  <b>The vomeronasal cartilage </b>(<i>cartilago vomeronasalis</i>) is a minor paired cartilage, which is fixed to the septal nasal cartilage. It is rudimentary and insignificant in humans. 

  <b>In plastic surgery, the columella </b>is described as the skin that overlies the outer margin of the nasal septum.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The nasal cavity can be surgically approached </b>externally (the classic approach) or endoscopically and microscopically (functional endoscopic sinus surgery). 

  <b>The pituitary gland </b>may be surgically approached through the nasal cavity and sphenoidal sinus. 

  <b>A deviated nasal septum </b>may, during inflammation or oedema, obstruct half of the nasal cavity or block the openings of the paranasal sinuses. 

  <b>Liquorrhea </b>is leakage of cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space. In fractures or surgeries affecting the anterior cranial fossa, cerebrospinal fluid may leak from the nose (nasal liquorrhea).


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Nose
sub_group: Structure of the nose
parent: Structure of the nose
memorix_page: 206
latin: cartilagines nasi
en: Nasal cartilages
cell_type: 0
blood_supply:
  arteria angularis,arteria infraorbitalis,arteria supratrochlearis,venae nasales externae,vena facialis,vena angularis,arcus nasalis

innervation:
  nervus ophthalmicus,nervus ethmoidalis anterior,nervus nasociliaris,nervus maxillaris,nervus infraorbitalis,rami nasales interni nervi infraorbialis,rami nasales externi nervi infraorbialis


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Nose
sub_group: Structure of the nose
parent: cartilagines nasi
memorix_page: 206
object_id: cartilago nasi lateralis 1,cartilago nasi lateralis 2
latin: cartilago nasi lateralis
en: Lateral nasal cartilage
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os nasale 1,os nasale 2, corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 2,os ethmoidale,vomer,cartilago nasi lateralis 1,cartilago nasi lateralis 2,cartilago alaris major 1,cartilago alaris major 2,cartilages alares minores 1,cartilages alares minores 2,cartilago septi nasi,cartilagines nasales accessoriae 1,cartilagines nasales accessoriae 2,adiposus fibrosus alaris 1,adiposus fibrosus alaris 2


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Nose
sub_group: Vascular supply and innervation
parent: Vascular supply and innervation
memorix_page: 206
en: Arterial supply
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  angular artery (facial artery), infraorbital artery (maxillary artery), supratrochlear and infratrochlear arteries (ophthalmic artery)


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Nasal cavity
sub_group: Basic parts of nasal cavity
parent: Basic parts of nasal cavity
memorix_page: 207
en: Parts of nasal cavity
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  The nasal cavity is open through the nostrils to the external environment. Dorsally, it communicates with the  <b>nasopharynx  </b>through the posterior nasal  <b>apertures.  </b>It is divided sagittally by the  <b>nasal septum</b>, which is composed of cartilage ventrally and bone dorsally. The floor of the nasal cavity is formed by the palate. The three  <b>conchae  </b>(inferior, medial and superior) protrude from the lateral wall and divide the cavity into four groove-like air passages, the inferior, middle, superior and common meatuses, which communicate with the  <b>paranasal sinuses and the nasolacrimal duct</b>. The roof is formed by the base of the anterior cranial fossa and is involved in  <b>olfaction</b>. The nasal cavity serves to  <b>heat and humidify inspired air</b>, and mechanically blocks particles from entering.

general_description:
  <b>The sphenoethmoidal recess  </b>is the dorso cranial projection of the nasal cavity towards the upper end of the anterior aspect of the sphenoid bone. The sphenoidal sinus opens here through the superior nasal meatus.

    <b>The cavernous plexuses of the conchae  </b>are vascular plexuses on the conchae.  <b>Kiesselbach’s plexus  </b>is located on the cartilaginous septum near the anterior end of the inferior nasal concha. It is a frequent source of nasal bleeding (epistaxis). It is supplied by 5 arteries: superior labial, anterior and posterior ethmoidal, sphenopalatine and greater palatine.  <b>Woodruff ’s plexus  </b>is a venous plexus on the dorsal end of the inferior nasal concha, which may be a source of venous bleeding.


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Nasal cavity
sub_group: Basic parts of nasal cavity
parent: Parts of nasal cavity
memorix_page: 207
object_id: cavitas nasi 1
latin: cavitas nasi sinister
en: Left part of nasal cavity
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,os ethmoidale,gingiva,palatum durum
related_objects:
  os sphenoidale,cavitas nasi 2,pars nasalis pharyngis,os nasale 1,corpus maxillae 1,os ethmoidale,os lacrimale 1,corpus maxillae 2,os ethmoidale,os lacrimale 2

blood_supply:
  arteria palatina descendens,arteria facialis,vena facialis,vena angularis,venae ethmoidales,venae nasales,plexus pharyngeus,arteriae nasales posteriores laterales,rami septales posteriores arteriae nasales,rami septales anteriores arteriae nasales

innervation:
  nervus ethmoidalis posterior,nervus nasociliaris,nervus ophthalmicus,nervus ethmoidalis anterior,posterior nasal branches,infraorbital nerve


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Nasal cavity
sub_group: Basic parts of nasal cavity
parent: Parts of nasal cavity
memorix_page: 207
object_id: cavitas nasi 2
latin: cavitas nasi dexter
en: Right part of nasal cavity
cell_type: 0
syntopy: corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,os ethmoidale,gingiva,palatum durum
related_objects:
  os sphenoidale,cavitas nasi 1,pars nasalis pharyngis,,corpus maxillae 1,os ethmoidale,os lacrimale 1,corpus maxillae 2,os ethmoidale,os lacrimale 2

blood_supply:
  arteria palatina descendens,arteria facialis,vena facialis,vena angularis,venae ethmoidales,venae nasales,plexus pharyngeus,arteriae nasales posteriores laterales,rami septales posteriores arteriae nasales,rami septales anteriores arteriae nasales

innervation:
  nervus ethmoidalis posterior,nervus nasociliaris,nervus ophthalmicus,nervus ethmoidalis anterior,posterior nasal branches,infraorbital nerve


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Paranasal sinuses
sub_group: Parts of the paranasal sinuses
parent: Sinus paranasales *2
en_description: opens into the middle nasal meatus
memorix_page: 208
object_id: sinus frontalis 1,sinus frontalis 2
latin: sinus frontalis
en: Frontal sinus
related_objects: os nasale 1,corpus maxillae 1,os ethmoidale,os lacrimale 1,cavitas nasi 1, cavitas nasi 2
cell_type: 0
clinical_notes:
  <b>During inflammation of the frontal sinus  </b>(frontal sinusitis), palpation of the ophthalmic nerve (N. V1) may produce pain


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Pharynx
sub_group: Nasopharynx divison
parent: Nasopharynx divison
en_description: - communicates with the nasal cavity through the choanae
memorix_page: 209
object_id: pars nasalis pharyngis
latin: epipharynx
en: Nasopharynx
cell_type: 0
syntopy: vertebrae cervicales c6,os sphenoidale,os occipitale,cavitas nasi 2,cavitas nasi 1,
related_objects:
  os occipitale,os hyoideum,atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,os sphenoidale,pars laryngea pharyngis,pars oralis pharyngis,cavitas nasi 1,cavitas nasi 2,sinus frontalis 1,sinus frontalis 2,sinus maxillaris 1,sinus maxillaris 2,cellulae ethmoidales 1,cellulae ethmoidales 2,sinus sphenoidalis 1,sinus sphenoidalis 2


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Pharynx
sub_group: Oropharynx divison
parent: Oropharynx divison
en_description: - communicates with the oral cavity through the isthmus of fauces
memorix_page: 209
object_id: pars oralis pharyngis
latin: pars oralis pharyngis *3
en: Oropharynx
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os occipitale,os hyoideum,atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,os sphenoidale,pars nasalis pharyngis,pars laryngea pharyngis,cavitas nasi 1,cavitas nasi 2,sinus frontalis 1,sinus frontalis 2,sinus maxillaris 1,sinus maxillaris 2,cellulae ethmoidales 1,cellulae ethmoidales 2,sinus sphenoidalis 1,sinus sphenoidalis 2

syntopy:
  linguae distal,musculus palatopharyngeus,palatum durum,gingiva,cartilago epiglottica,os occipitale,axis c2,atlas c1


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Pharynx
sub_group: Laryngopharynx divison
parent: Laryngopharynx divison
en_description: - communicates with the laryngeal cavity through the laryngeal inlet
memorix_page: 209
object_id: pars laryngea pharyngis
latin: hypopharynx / pars laryngea pharyngis
en: Laryngopharynx
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os occipitale,os hyoideum,atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,os sphenoidale,pars oralis pharyngis,pars nasalis pharyngis,cavitas nasi 1,cavitas nasi 2,sinus frontalis 1,sinus frontalis 2,sinus maxillaris 1,sinus maxillaris 2,cellulae ethmoidales 1,cellulae ethmoidales 2,sinus sphenoidalis 1,sinus sphenoidalis 2

syntopy:
  musculus palatopharyngeus,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,Oesophagus,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Laryngeal cavity
parent: Larynx
memorix_page: 210
latin: cavitas laryngis
en: Laryngeal cavity
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  <b>The larynx </b>is <b>a hollow organ attached to the hyoid bone</b>. It <b>communicates cranially with the laryngopharynx and caudally it continues as the trachea</b>. The laryngeal skeleton <b>consists of a system of cartilages </b>connected by ligaments and joints. The movement of the cartilages is provided by skeletal muscles. The larynx has two surfaces: an inner surface covered by mucosa and an outer surface covered by adventitia. The larynx plays a role in <b>breathing </b>and is the main organ of <b>phonation.</b>

general_description:
  <b>The tussigenic zones </b>consist of areas innervated by the vagus nerve that may induce coughing when irritated. They include the larynx, trachea, main bronchi, parietal pleura, diaphragm, pericardium, oesophagus and external acoustic meatus. 

  <b>The mechanism of sneezing </b>is very similar to coughing. The difference is that during a sneeze, the uvula is depressed and most of the air is forced out through the nose. The fifth cranial nerve innervating the nasal mucosa provides the afferent limb of the sneeze reflex. 

  <b>During swallowing </b>the airways are closed by elevation of the pharynx by the suprahyoid muscles and the thyrohyoid with subsequent closure of the laryngeal inlet by the epiglottis. 

  <b>Closure of the laryngeal inlet </b>is caused by contractions of the aryepiglottic part of the oblique arytenoid, the thyroepiglottic part of the thyroarytenoid and by descent of the root of the tongue. 
  <b>Closure of the rima glottidis </b>is caused by contraction of the lateral cricoarytenoid and the oblique and transverse arytenoids.

  <b>Laryngeal oedema </b>( <i>oedema glottidis/laryngis</i>) is inflammation located under the mucosa of the laryngeal cavity.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Laryngoscopy </b>is an examination of the laryngeal cavity. It can be performed directly with a laryngoscope or indirectly using a mirror.


system: respiratory
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Laryngeal cavity
parent: cavitas laryngis
object_id: tunica mucosa laryngis
latin: tunica mucosa laryngis
en: Mucosa of Larynx
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os hyoideum,atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,pars oralis pharyngis,tunica mucosa trachealia,cartilago epiglottica, os sphenoidale, os occipitale

blood_supply:
  arteria laryngea superior,arteria laryngea inferior,venae thyroidea superior,vena thyroidea media,vena laryngea superior,vena crycothyroideus,rami pharyngeales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,arteria thyroidea inferior,arteria thyroidea superior,ramus sternocleidomasoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus infrahyoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis posterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis anterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus cricothyroideus arteriae thyroideae superioris

innervation:
  rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 2,nervus laryngeus superior 2,nervus laryngeus superior 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 2,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 1

syntopy:
  arteria carotis communis sinistra,vena jugularis interna,arteria carotis communis dextra,glandula thyroidea,os hyoideum,Trachea,pars laryngea pharyngis


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Laryngeal cavity
parent: tunica mucosa laryngis
en_description: - an opening in the ventral wall of the laryngopharynx that connects the pharynx to the larynx
memorix_page: 210
latin: aditus laryngis
en: Laryngeal inlet
cell_type: 0
color: 77b012
hit_position: -0.12406,-0.02981,22.52730
hit_normal: 0.93571,16.81627,8.56356
body_rotation: 331.28360,182.07780,359.00130
object_id:
  tunica mucosa laryngis,!pars laryngea pharyngis,!pars oralis pharyngis,!atlas c1,!axis c2,!vertebrae cervicales c3,!vertebrae cervicales c4,!vertebrae cervicales c5,!vertebrae cervicales c6,!vertebrae cervicales c7


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Laryngeal cavity
parent: tunica mucosa laryngis
en_description: - a space between the laryngeal inlet and the rima vestibuli
memorix_page: 210
latin: vestibulum laryngis
en: Laryngeal vestibule
cell_type: 0
color: 8812b0
hit_position: 0.03701,0.01782,22.19191
hit_normal: 0.12240,13.84821,14.32677
body_rotation: 312.92860,179.10980,0.65180
object_id:
  tunica mucosa laryngis,!pars laryngea pharyngis,!pars oralis pharyngis,!rima vestibuli,!glottis,!atlas c1,!axis c2,!vertebrae cervicales c3,!vertebrae cervicales c4,!vertebrae cervicales c5,!vertebrae cervicales c6,!vertebrae cervicales c7


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Laryngeal cavity
parent: tunica mucosa laryngis
en_description: - paired mucosal folds
memorix_page: 210
latin: plicae vestibulares
en: Vestibular folds
cell_type: 0
color: c0be19
hit_position: -0.02541,0.12107,21.98430
hit_normal: 0.41936,6.89530,7.73797
body_rotation: 311.07970,181.34140,358.98870
object_id:
  tunica mucosa laryngis,!pars laryngea pharyngis,!pars oralis pharyngis,!rima vestibuli,!glottis,!atlas c1,!axis c2,!vertebrae cervicales c3,!vertebrae cervicales c4,!vertebrae cervicales c5,!vertebrae cervicales c6,!vertebrae cervicales c7,!os occipitale


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Laryngeal cavity
parent: plicae vestibulares
en_description: - ligaments forming the vestibular folds
memorix_page: 210
object_id: ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2
latin: ligamenta vestibularia
en: Vestibular ligaments / false vocal cords
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os hyoideum,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago cricoidea,membrana quadrangularis 1,cartilago corniculata 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,cartilago cricoidea,membrana quadrangularis 2,cartilago corniculata 2


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Laryngeal cavity
parent: plicae vestibulares
en_description: - a space between the vestibular folds
memorix_page: 210
object_id: rima vestibuli
latin: rima vestibuli
en: Rima vestibuli
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago cricoidea,membrana quadrangularis 1,cartilago corniculata 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,cartilago cricoidea,membrana quadrangularis 2,cartilago corniculata 2

blood_supply:
  arteria laryngea superior,arteria laryngea inferior,venae thyroidea superior,vena thyroidea media,vena laryngea superior,vena crycothyroideus,rami pharyngeales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,arteria thyroidea inferior,arteria thyroidea superior,ramus sternocleidomasoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus infrahyoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis posterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis anterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus cricothyroideus arteriae thyroideae superioris

innervation:
  rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 2,nervus laryngeus superior 2,nervus laryngeus superior 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 1,ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris 2,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 1

syntopy:
  arteria carotis communis sinistra,vena jugularis interna,arteria carotis communis dextra,glandula thyroidea,os hyoideum,Trachea,pars laryngea pharyngis


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Laryngeal cavity
parent: glottis
en_description: - the lateral recess of the glottis
memorix_page: 210
latin: ventriculus laryngis
en: Laryngeal ventricle
cell_type: 0
color: 12d1be
object_id:
  tunica mucosa laryngis,!cartilago thyroidea,!musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,!musculus thyroarytenoideus 2


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Laryngeal cavity
parent: tunica mucosa laryngis
en_description: - paired mucous folds between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages
latin: plicae vocales
en: Vocal folds / true vocal cords
cell_type: 0
color: d19012
hit_position: 0.09705,0.44721,22.02517
hit_normal: 0.09818,3.82262,8.39565
body_rotation: 296.13220,182.69590,357.57930
object_id:
  tunica mucosa laryngis,!pars laryngea pharyngis,!pars oralis pharyngis,!rima vestibuli,!glottis,!atlas c1,!axis c2,!vertebrae cervicales c3,!vertebrae cervicales c4,!vertebrae cervicales c5,!vertebrae cervicales c6,!vertebrae cervicales c7,!os occipitale

general_description:
  <b>Voice change </b>(voice mutation) in males is caused by increased production of testosterone resulting in rapid growth of the vocal folds and a decrease of the pitch of voice.

  <b>Phonation </b>(voice production) is made possible by tensing the vocal folds and narrowing the rima glottidis. 

  <b>Ventilation </b>can only occur when the vocal folds are relaxed and the rima glottidis is open.


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 5.2
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Laryngeal cavity
parent: plicae vocales
en_description: - a space between the vocal folds
memorix_page: 210
object_id: rima glottidis
latin: Rima glottidis
en: Rima glottidis
related_objects: tunica mucosa laryngis
cell_type: 0
general_description:
  <b>The rima glottidis </b>is the narrowest part of the laryngeal cavity in adults. In children, the width is almost equal to the infraglottic cavity.

  <b>The rima glottidis has three parts: </b>
  <b>Intramembranous part </b>- between the vocal ligaments 
  <b>Intercartilaginous part </b>- between the vocal processes
  <b>Interarytenoid part </b>- between the arytenoid cartilages 

  <b>A cough </b>(<i>tussis</i>) is an expiratory reflex to clean the lower airways of phlegm, sputum and foreign bodies irritating or blocking the airways. A cough begins with a deep breath, followed by strong contraction of the abdominal and expiratory muscles against a closed rima glottidis. The rima glottidis suddenly opens and air is forced out.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The laryngeal inlet and rima glottidis </b>are narrow sections where foreign bodies may get stuck resulting in coughing and/or choking. 

  <b>Laryngospasm </b>is a spasmodic muscular contraction caused by irritation of the laryngeal mucosa closing the rima glottidis. This can result from trauma, foreign object aspiration, inflammation or allergy.

blood_supply:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 525 characters]

innervation:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 371 characters]

syntopy:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 151 characters]


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Laryngeal cavity
parent: tunica mucosa laryngis
en_description: - a space below the rima glottidis
memorix_page: 210
latin: cavitas infraglottica
en: Infraglottic cavity
cell_type: 0
color: 26abcd
hit_position: 0.01626,0.31162,21.67095
hit_normal: -0.14511,5.15356,-1.57359
body_rotation: 17.62523,177.13600,359.13210
object_id:
  tunica mucosa laryngis,!tunica mucosa trachealia,!cartilago cricoidea,!paries membranaceus,!cartilagines tracheales,!ligamenta anularia,!musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,!musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,!vertebrae cervicales c5,!vertebrae cervicales c6,!vertebrae cervicales c7


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Cartilages of the Larynx
parent: Larynx
memorix_page: 211
en: Cartilages of the Larynx
cell_type: 1
clinical_notes:
  <b>Cricothyrotomy </b>(goniopuncture or coniotomy) is performed by a transverse incision through the middle cricothyroid ligament and the conus elasticus. 

  <b>Needle cricothyrotomy </b>(coniotomy) is performed by inserting a needle into the laryngeal cavity through the cricothyroid ligament and the conus elasticus. 

  <b>Both cricothyrotomy and needle cricothyrotomy </b>are life-saving procedures.


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Cartilages of the Larynx
parent: Cartilages of the Larynx
en_description: - hyaline, unpaired
memorix_page: 211
object_id: cartilago thyroidea
latin: cartilago thyroidea
en: Thyroid cartilage
cell_type: 2
related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,cartilago corniculata 1,cartilago corniculata 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2

clinical_notes:
  <b>Injury of the recurrent laryngeal nerve </b>occurs as a complication of thyroid surgery due to its close topographical relation to the thyroid gland. Unilateral injury may result in a quiet voice. Bilateral injury causes difficulty in breathing as a result of paralysis of the posterior cricoarytenoid.

blood_supply:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 525 characters]

innervation:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 371 characters]

syntopy:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 151 characters]


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.5
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Cartilages of the Larynx
parent: cartilago thyroidea
memorix_page: 211
latin: cornua superiora et inferiora
en: Superior and inferior horns
cell_type: 0
color: 286eb7
hit_position: -0.50932,0.61683,22.05226
hit_normal: 0.09312,23.04068,2.11855
body_rotation: 355.53880,176.05510,0.30733
object_id:
  cartilago thyroidea,!atlas c1,!axis c2,!vertebrae cervicales c3,!vertebrae cervicales c4,!vertebrae cervicales c5,!vertebrae cervicales c6,!vertebrae cervicales c7


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Cartilages of the Larynx
parent: Cartilages of the Larynx
en_description:
  - hyaline, unpaired
  - the only completely closed cartilage around the larynx

memorix_page: 211
object_id: cartilago cricoidea
latin: cartilago cricoidea
en: Cricoid cartilage
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 2,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,cartilago corniculata 1,cartilago corniculata 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2,cartilago thyroidea

general_description:
  <b>The cricoid cartilage </b>(<i>cartilago cricoidea </i>from the Greek word “cricoides”, meaning “ring-shaped”) was named after its resemblance to a signet ring.

  <b>The anastomosis of Galen </b>is an anastomosis between the sensory branches of the superior laryngeal nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve. It is located on the dorsal side of the cricoid cartilage.

blood_supply:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 525 characters]

innervation:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 371 characters]

syntopy:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 151 characters]


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Cartilages of the Larynx
parent: facies articularis thyroidea
en_description: - on the lateral border of the lamina and arch
memorix_page: 211
latin: facies articularis arytenoidea
en: Thyroid articular surface
cell_type: 0
color: 55c2d0
hit_position: -0.35211,0.64023,21.61298
hit_normal: -8.84231,11.18516,12.63902
body_rotation: 331.37870,128.82430,30.76367
object_id:
  cartilago cricoidea,!vertebrae cervicales c4,!vertebrae cervicales c5,!vertebrae cervicales c6,!vertebrae cervicales c7,!musculus arytenoideus obliquus


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Cartilages of the Larynx
parent: Cartilages of the Larynx
en_description: - hyaline, paired
memorix_page: 211
object_id: cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,!pars laryngea pharyngis,!cartilago thyroidea
latin: cartilago arytenoidea
en: Arytenoid cartilage
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago corniculata 1,cartilago corniculata 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2,cartilago thyroideaos hyoideum,

clinical_notes:
  <b>Palsy of the posterior cricoarytenoid </b>prevents patency through the rima glottidis during inspiration.

blood_supply:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 525 characters]

innervation:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 371 characters]

syntopy:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 151 characters]


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.1
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Cartilages of the Larynx
parent: basis
en_description: - points ventromedially
memorix_page: 211
latin: processus vocalis
en: Vocal process
cell_type: 0
color: c365d4
hit_position: -0.21052,0.69744,21.93843
hit_normal: -4.18278,-3.89587,-0.48934
body_rotation: 355.76440,45.21113,355.74480
object_id:
  cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,!pars laryngea pharyngis,!cartilago thyroidea,!musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,!musculus thyroarytenoideus 2


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.2
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Cartilages of the Larynx
parent: basis
en_description: - points dorsolaterally
memorix_page: 211
latin: processus muscularis
en: Muscular process
cell_type: 0
color: e73849
hit_position: -0.21237,0.69553,21.93004
hit_normal: -16.15284,6.08510,0.03898
body_rotation: 0.00080,107.68380,-0.00250
object_id:
  cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,!pars laryngea pharyngis,!cartilago thyroidea,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.3
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Cartilages of the Larynx
parent: basis
en_description: - concave
memorix_page: 211
latin: facies articularis cricoidea *2
en: Cricoid articular surface *2
cell_type: 0
color: 86d465
hit_position: -0.21496,0.70840,21.92478
hit_normal: -10.68946,4.49768,-8.62263
body_rotation: 11.29949,105.60860,324.95560
object_id:
  cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,!pars laryngea pharyngis,!cartilago thyroidea,!cartilago cricoidea!articulatio cricothyroidea,!articulatio cricoarytenoidea,!musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Cartilages of the Larynx
parent: Cartilages of the Larynx
en_description:
  - cartilage of the epiglottis
  - elastic, unpaired

memorix_page: 211
object_id: cartilago epiglottica
latin: cartilago epiglottica
en: Epiglottic cartilage
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os hyoideum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2,tunica mucosa laryngis,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,cartilago corniculata 1,cartilago corniculata 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2,cartilago thyroidea

general_description:
  <b>Taste receptors </b>are located in the mucosa of the dorsal side of the epiglottis and the aryepiglottic fold.

blood_supply:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 525 characters]

innervation:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 371 characters]

syntopy:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 151 characters]


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Cartilages of the Larynx
parent: cartilago epiglottica
en_description: - protrudes dorsocranially into the pharynx
memorix_page: 211
latin: Lamina *33
en: Lamina *2
cell_type: 0
color: 69a38f
hit_position: 0.04451,-0.08941,22.36227
hit_normal: -0.44816,10.12794,2.08830
body_rotation: 349.26150,174.80480,0.97056
object_id:
  cartilago epiglottica,!tunica mucosa laryngis,!pars laryngea pharyngis,!vertebrae cervicales c3,!vertebrae cervicales c4,!vertebrae cervicales c5,!vertebrae cervicales c6,!vertebrae cervicales c7


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Cartilages of the Larynx
parent: Cartilages of the Larynx
memorix_page: 211
object_id: cartilago corniculata 1,cartilago corniculata 2
latin: cartilago corniculata
en: Corniculate cartilage
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - elastic, paired
  - attaches to the apex of the arytenoid cartilage
  - forms the corniculate tubercle

related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2,cartilago thyroidea


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Ligaments of the Larynx
parent: Extrinsic membranes - true ligaments
en_description: - connects the stalk of the epiglottis to the internal surface of the thyroid cartilage
memorix_page: 212
object_id: ligamentum thyroepiglotticum
latin: ligamentum thyroepiglotticum
en: Thyro-epiglottic ligament
cell_type: 0
master_object: cartilago epiglottica
related_objects:
  os hyoideum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Ligaments of the Larynx
parent: membrana fibroelastica laryngis
memorix_page: 212
object_id: membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2
latin: membrana quadrangularis
en: Quadrangular membrane
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - extends from the vestibular fold up to the lateral margin of the epiglottic cartilage
  - its cranial margin underlies the aryepiglottic fold

related_objects:
  os hyoideum,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2,cartilago thyroidea


system: respiratory
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
parent: musculus cricothyroideus
memorix_page: 213
object_id: musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2
latin: pars recta m. cricothyroidei
en: Cricothyroid straight part
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2,cartilago thyroidea

blood_supply:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 525 characters]

innervation:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 371 characters]


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Larynx
sub_group: Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
parent: Lateral group of crycothyroid
memorix_page: 213
object_id: musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2
latin: musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis
en: Lateral cricoarytenoid
cell_type: 0
en_description:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 280 characters]

related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,musculus thyroarytenoideus 1,musculus thyroarytenoideus 2,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 1,musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2,musculus arytenoideus obliquus,musculus arytenoideus transversus,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 1,musculus arytenoideus epiglottica 2

blood_supply:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 525 characters]

innervation:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 371 characters]


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Trachea
sub_group: Internal structure of trachea
parent: Internal structure of trachea
memorix_page: 214
object_id: tunica mucosa trachealia
latin: tunica mucosa trachealia
en: Mucosa and submucosa of trachea
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago thyroidea,cartilago cricoidea,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,os hyoideum,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,atlas c1,axis c2,bronchus principalis dexter,bronchus principalis sinister,membrana thyrohyoidea

blood_supply:
  rami tracheales arterieae thyroideae inferioris 2,rami tracheales arterieae thyroideae inferioris 1,rami pharyngeales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,rami oseophageales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,arteria thyroidea inferior,arteria laryngea inferior,ramus bronchiales superiore aortae thoracicae descendentis,ramus bronchiales inferiores aortae thoracicae descendentis,vena thyroidea inferior 1,vena thyroidea inferior 2,vena laryngea inferior,venae oesophageales

innervation:
  plexus oesophageus,rami tracheales nervi laryngei recurrentis,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 2,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2

syntopy:
  Oesophagus,Larynx,glandula thyroidea,arteria subclavia sinistra,arteria carotis communis sinistra,truncus brachiocephalicus,arcus aortae,rami tracheales nervi laryngei recurrentis,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 2,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,vena cava superior,vena azygos


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Trachea
sub_group: External structure of trachea
parent: Trachea
memorix_page: 214
en: External structure of trachea
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The trachea is <b>connected to the larynx at the level of the vertebra C6</b>. It passes through the superior mediastinum and <b>bifurcates into the two main bronchi </b>at the <b>level of the vertebra T4</b>. It is <b>composed of 15-20 hyaline</b>, <b>C-shaped </b>dorsally opened <b>cartilages</b>, which are interconnected by a fibromuscular membrane.

general_description:
  <b>Proportions of the trachea:
  </b>length 10-11 cm,
  diameter 14-18 mm. 

  <b>The ventral surface of the oesophagus </b>is in contact with the flexible membranous wall of the trachea <i>(paries membranaceus tracheae)</i>. This allows ventral extension of the esophageal wall during swallowing.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Tracheotomy </b>is a surgical procedure in which a horizontal or longitudinal incision through the ventral side of the trachea is performed. An upper tracheotomy <i>(tracheotomia superior) </i>is performed below the cricoid cartilage and above the isthmus of the thyroid gland. A lower tracheotomy (tracheotomia inferior) is performed below the isthmus of the thyroid gland at the level of the third tracheal cartilage. The resulting hole (stoma) of tracheotomy is called a tracheostomy. 

  <b>A congenital tracheo-oesophageal fistula </b>is a persisting communication between the respiratory and digestive tracts caused by incomplete separation of the oesophagus and the trachea. 

  <b>Endotracheal intubation </b>is the placement of a tube into the trachea through the oral cavity (orotracheal intubation) or the nasal cavity (nasotracheal intubation) to allow ventilation. 

  <b>Postintubation tracheal stenosis </b>occurs in 1 % of intubated patients. It usually becomes symptomatic after 3 months of intubation. Patients usually present with emphysema and inspiratory stridor. The stenosis can be treated by interventional bronchoscopy or by surgical resection of the trachea. 

  <b>75 % of aspirated foreign bodies </b>enter the right main bronchus due to its wider diameter and its direct continuity with the trachea.


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: Bronchi
memorix_page: 215
latin: arbor bronchialis
en: Bronchial tree
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The bronchi <b>arise from the tracheal bifurcation </b>at the level of the sternal angle and <b>successively divide to form the bronchial tree</b>. <b>The main bronchi </b>run in the mediastinum and <b>divide into the lobar bronchi </b>in the hilum of the lung. Peripheral parts of the bronchial tree are located within the lung tissue itself. Cartilaginous rings are incomplete, dorsally opened C-shaped rings in the primary bronchi. They become irregular and infrequent towards the periphery of the bronchial tree.

general_description:
  <b>The broncho pericardial membrane </b>extends between the main bronchi, oesophagus and the dorsal side of the pericardium, and forms the borderline between the anterior and posterior mediastinum.

  <b>Length of the main bronchi: </b>The right main bronchus is about 3 cm, while the left main bronchus is 4-5 cm. 

  <b>Intrapulmonary lymph nodes </b>are located around the branching points of the segmental bronchi in the lungs. 

  <b>Bronchopulmonary lymph nodes </b>are located around the lobar bronchi in the hilum of the lung. <b>Tracheobronchial lymph nodes </b>are located around the tracheal bifurcation.


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: arbor bronchialis
en_description: - shorter, wider, more vertical and less deviated from the tracheal axis
memorix_page: 215
object_id: bronchus principalis dexter
latin: bronchus principalis dexter
en: Right main (primary) bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis dexter
innervation: nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1
related_objects:
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blood_supply:
  arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 2,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 2,arteria intercostalis posterior octava 2,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 2,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 2,arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 2,aorta thoracica,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 1,vena intercostalis posterior octava 1,vena intercostalis posterior septima 1,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 2,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 2,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 2,vena intercostalis posterior septima 2,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena azygos

syntopy:
  Pulmonary arteries,Pulmonary veins,arcus aortae,vena azygos,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,Oesophagus


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: bronchus principalis dexter
memorix_page: 215
object_id: bronchus lobaris superior dexter
latin: bronchus lobaris superior dexter
en: Right superior lobar bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis dexter
innervation: nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1
related_objects:
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blood_supply:
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syntopy:
  Pulmonary arteries,Pulmonary veins,arcus aortae,vena azygos,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2,Oesophagus


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Bronchi
sub_group: Bronchial tree
parent: arbor bronchialis
en_description: - longer, narrower, laterocranially concave and more deviated from the tracheal axis
memorix_page: 215
object_id: bronchus principalis sinister
latin: bronchus principalis sinister
en: Left main (primary) bronchus
cell_type: 0
master_object: bronchus principalis sinister
innervation: nervus vagus 2,nervus vagus 1
related_objects:
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blood_supply:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 966 characters]

syntopy:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 100 characters]


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Basic parts of the Lungs
parent: pulmonis dextrum *1
en_description: - the concave base resting on the diaphragm
memorix_page: 216
latin: basis pulmonis dextrum*1
en: Base of lung *1
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system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Basic parts of the Lungs
parent: pulmonis dextrum *1
en_description: projects towards the cervical pleura
memorix_page: 216
latin: apex pulmonis dextrum *1
en: Apex of lung *1
cell_type: 0
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system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Basic parts of the Lungs
parent: pulmonis dextrum *1
en_description: - a place where the structures of the root of the lung enter the lung
memorix_page: 216
latin: hilum pulmonis dextrum *1
en: Hilum of lung *1
cell_type: 0
object_id:
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system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Basic parts of the Lungs
parent: pulmonis dextrum *1
en_description: - the vessels, lymphatics, nerves, and bronchi passing through the hilum
memorix_page: 216
latin: radix pulmonis dextrum *1
en: Root of lung *1
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system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Basic parts of the Lungs
parent: pulmonis sinistrum *1
en_description: - the concave base resting on the diaphragm
memorix_page: 216
latin: basis pulmonis sinistrum *2
en: Base of lung *2
cell_type: 0
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system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Basic parts of the Lungs
parent: pulmonis sinistrum *1
en_description: projects towards the cervical pleura
memorix_page: 216
latin: apex pulmonis sinistrum *2
en: Apex of lung *2
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object_id:
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system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Basic parts of the Lungs
parent: pulmonis sinistrum *1
en_description: - a place where the structures of the root of the lung enter the lung
memorix_page: 216
latin: hilum pulmonis sinistrum *2
en: Hilum of lung *2
cell_type: 0
object_id:
  hilum pulmonis sinistri,!pleura pulmonis dextri,!pleura pulmonis sinistri,!pleura viscelaris pulmonis sinistri,!pleura visceralis pulmonis dextri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Basic parts of the Lungs
parent: pulmonis sinistrum *1
en_description: - the vessels, lymphatics, nerves, and bronchi passing through the hilum
memorix_page: 216
latin: radix pulmonis sinistrum *2
en: Root of lung *2
cell_type: 0
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hit_normal: -20.39826,0.13393,23.69961
body_rotation: 357.69460,-39.63188,-358.09190
object_id:
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system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Surfaces and borders
parent: pulmonis sinistrum *2
en_description: - faces the ribs
memorix_page: 216
latin: facies costalis *3
en: Costal surface
cell_type: 0
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object_id:
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system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Surfaces and borders
parent: pulmonis sinistrum *2
en_description: - faces the diaphragm
memorix_page: 216
latin: facies diaphragmatica *3
en: Diaphragmatic surface
cell_type: 0
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body_rotation: 335.07850,294.73900,42.44281
object_id:
  lobus superior pulmo sinister,lobus inferior pulmo sinister,!pleura pulmonis dextri,!pleura pulmonis sinistri,!pleura viscelaris pulmonis sinistri,!pleura visceralis pulmonis dextri,!fissura horizontalis pulmonis dextri,!fissura obliqua pulmo sinister,!fissura obliqua pulmonis dextri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Surfaces and borders
parent: pulmonis dextrum *2
en_description: - faces the ribs
memorix_page: 216
latin: facies costalis *4
en: Costal surface
cell_type: 0
color: 4071d1
hit_position: 4.05497,15.48155,-0.45678
hit_normal: 49.51322,5.31173,2.85475
body_rotation: 0.16048,-271.80420,-354.91850
object_id:
  lobus superior pulmonis dextri,lobus medius pulmonis dextri,lobus inferior pulmonis dextri,!pleura pulmonis dextri,!pleura pulmonis sinistri,!pleura viscelaris pulmonis sinistri,!pleura visceralis pulmonis dextri,!fissura horizontalis pulmonis dextri,!fissura obliqua pulmo sinister,!fissura obliqua pulmonis dextri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Pulmonary lobes
parent: Pulmones
memorix_page: 217
latin: lobi pulmonis
en: Pulmonary lobes
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The lung is a <b>paired organ covered with the pleura </b>and located in the <b>pleural cavity</b>. Pulmonary tissue consists of the bronchial tree, connective tissue (the pulmonary intersti ti um), vessels, nerves and lymphatic nodes. The lungs are divided into <b>lobes each with its own lobar bronchus</b>. The lobes are further divided into segments, defined as the area ventilated by a segmental bronchus and perfused by a branch of the pulmonary artery. The <b>right lung has 3 lobes </b>and 10 segments; the left lung has <b>2 lobes </b>and usually 8 segments.

general_description:
  <b>The pulmonary interstitialium </b>is the connective tissue supporting the alveoli. It can be divided into: 
  1. peribronchial and perihilar fibrous tissue 
  2. interalveolar (or more simply alveolar), interlobular and intersegmental septa.

  <b>Surfactant </b>is a superficial layer of proteins and phospholipids lining the alveoli. It reduces surface tension, which prevents the alveoli from collapsing. It is an acronym from <b>SURF</b>ace <b>ACT</b>ive <b>A</b>ge<b>NT</b>. 

  <b>The airways of the lungs </b>ramify as the bronchial tree (first 14 levels), 
  which serves for the air conduction, and then as the alveolar tree (other 9 levels) which serves for the air conduction and respiration. <b>The medial basal segment S VII </b>(<i>segmentum basale mediale</i>) of the left lung is present in approximately 10 % of cases. In the other cases, it is incorporated into S VIII.

  There are many <b>anastomoses </b>between the pulmonary and bronchial vascular beds (arterio-arterial and veno-venous) as well as between the arteries and veins in the pulmonary bed (arterio-venous). These connections may functions as right left shunts. 

  <b>Nociceptive neurons </b>(neurons perceiving the pain) are present in small numbers in the lungs and visceral pleura (lungs and visceral pleura do not have pain sensation). The only exception is the area around the hilum of the lung supplied by the vagus nerve.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Pulmonary embolism </b>is a life threatening condition, which occurs due to obstruction of the pulmonary artery or any of its branches. In most cases it is due to a thromboembolism originating in the pelvic veins or the deep veins of the leg. Infrequently other types of embolism may occur, such as fat embolism (from fractures), amniotic fluid embolism (during delivery), air embolism (during injury) and tumour cell embolism.


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Pulmonary lobes
parent: lobi pulmonis
memorix_page: 217
object_id: lobus superior pulmonis dextri
latin: lobus superior pulmonis dextri*1
en: Superior lobe of the right lung*1
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
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blood_supply:
  truncus pulmonaris,Pulmonary arteries of the right side,Pulmonary veins of the right side,venae bronchiales 2,vena azygos,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena intercostalis posterior secunda 2,vena intercostalis posterior tertia 2,vena intercostalis superior dextra,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 2,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 2,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 2,vena intercostalis posterior septima 2,vena intercostalis posterior octava 2

innervation:
  nervus vagus 1,plexus pulmonalis posterior 2,plexus pulmonalis posterior 1,plexus pulmonalis anterior 2,plexus pulmonalis anterior 1,nervus vagus 2

syntopy:
  costa prima 1_r,costa secunda 2_r,os costale 3_r,os costale 4_r,os costale 5_r,os costale 6_r,os costale 7_r,arteria subclavia dextra,pericardium fibrosum,diaphragm,superior vena cava,Oesophagus,azygos vein


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Pulmonary lobes
parent: lobi pulmonis
memorix_page: 217
object_id: lobus superior pulmo sinister
latin: lobus superior pulmonis sinistri *2
en: Superior lobe of the left lung *2
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 418 characters]

blood_supply:
  truncus pulmonaris,Pulmonary arteries of the left side,Pulmonary veins of the left side,ramus bronchiales superiore aortae thoracicae descendentis,ramus bronchiales inferiores aortae thoracicae descendentis,venae bronchiales 1,vena azygos,vena hemiazygos accessoria,vena intercostalis posterior tertia 1,vena intercostalis superior sinistra,vena intercostalis posterior quarta 1,vena intercostalis posterior quinta 1,vena intercostalis posterior sexta 1,vena intercostalis posterior septima 1,vena intercostalis posterior octava 1

innervation:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 147 characters]

syntopy:
  costa prima 1_l,costa secunda 2_l,os costale 3_l,os costale 4_l,os costale 5_l,os costale 6_l,os costale 7_l,arteria subclavia sinistra,pericardium fibrosum,diaphragm,vena brachiocephalica sinistra,arcus aortae,aorta thoracica,Oesophagus


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.1
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Bronchopulmonary segments
parent: lobus superior *3
memorix_page: 217
object_id: segmentum apicale 1
latin: S I - segmentum apicale
en: Apical segment
cell_type: 0
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system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Bronchopulmonary segments
parent: lobus superior *4
memorix_page: 217
object_id: segmentum apicoposterius 2
latin: S I + II - segmentum apicoposterius
en: Apicoposterior segment
cell_type: 0
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system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Syntopy
parent: On the right lung
memorix_page: 218
latin: sulcus costae primae *1
en: Groove for first rib
cell_type: 0
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system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Syntopy
parent: On the right lung
memorix_page: 218
latin: impressio cardiaca *1
en: Cardiac impression
cell_type: 0
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object_id:
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system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Lungs
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en: Groove for first rib
cell_type: 0
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object_id:
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system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 8
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Structures in the hilum of the lung
parent: Pulmones
memorix_page: 219
en: Structures in the hilum of the lung
cell_type: 1
general_description:
  <b>A mnemonic for remembering the arrangement of the structures in the hilum of the lung </b>(<b>B</b>ronchus, <b>A</b>rtery, <b>V</b>ein in a craniocaudal direction): <b>BRIGHT IS RIGHT </b>- bronchus on the right is cranial - but not on the left side

  <b>A mnemonic for remembering the position of the vagus and phrenic nerves in relation to the hilum: Vagus nerve </b>- behind the hilum of the lung (“vagus stays in the back”) <b>Phrenic nerve </b>- in front of the hilum of the lung (“<b>phr</b>enic is in the <b>fr</b>ont”)


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Structures in the hilum of the lung
parent: Structures in the hilum of the lung
memorix_page: 219
object_id: hilum pulmoris dextri
latin: hilum pulmonis dextrum
en: Hilum of right lung
cell_type: 5
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system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Lungs
sub_group: Structures in the hilum of the lung
parent: Structures in the hilum of the lung
memorix_page: 219
object_id: hilum pulmonis sinistri
latin: hilum pulmonis sinistrum
en: Hilum of left lung
cell_type: 5
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system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Pleura
sub_group: Basic parts of the Pleura
parent: Pleura
memorix_page: 220
en: Basic parts of the Pleura
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  The pleura is a <b>smooth glossy membrane </b>lining the thoracic cavity. It <b>consists of a layer of loose subserosal tissue </b>covered by the <b>mesothelium</b>. It is divided into the <b>visceral pleura</b>, which is firmly <b>attached to the surface of the lungs </b>and extends into the interlobar fissures, and the <b>parietal pleura</b>, which <b>covers the inner surface of the thoracic cavity</b>. The <b>pleural cavity is located between these two layers; it </b>contains a small amount of <b>pleural fluid </b>(approximately 15 ml). This permits <b>smooth movements </b>of the lungs and pleura <b>during breathing </b>and <b>ensures negative pressure </b>in the thoracic cavity, keeping the lungs under tension.

general_description:
  <b>Pleural villi </b>are appendages on the visceral pleura around the margins of the pulmonary lobes. The lungs expand into the <b>recesses of the parietal pleura </b>during maximal inspiration. 

  <b>The parietal and visceral pleura </b>are attached to the surrounding structures by several interconnected layers: - the fibrous layer of the pleura (subserosa, subserosal layer) - a layer of loose connective tissue under the pleura (subpleural layer) - intersti ti um of the lung, endothoracic fascia and the intersti ti al connective tissue of the mediastinum .

  <b>The phrenicopleural fascia </b>is a solid adhesion of the endothoracic fascia on the upper surface of the diaphragm to a layer of the subpleural connective tissue and a fibrous layer of the diaphragmatic part of the parietal pleura. Due to this solid adhesion, this diaphragmatic part of the parietal pleura is inseparable from the diaphragm. 

  <b>The parietal pleura </b>contains many pain receptors (“parietal pleura hurts”). In contrast, the visceral pleura contains many mechanoreceptors (“visceral pleura and lungs do not hurt”).

clinical_notes:
  <b>Pneumothorax </b>is an accumulation of gas in the pleural cavity. The cause may be: injury to the thorax, rupture of a subpleural bullae, or iatrogenic (e.g. cannulation of the subclavian vein or puncture of the pleural cavity).

  <b>Fluidothorax </b>is a collection of fluid in the pleural cavity. It may be classified as haemothorax (blood), chylothorax (lymph) or pyothorax (pus and bacteria). If the fluid contains a high content of protein, it is called an exudate. If it is poor in protein, it is called a transudate. 

  <b>Thoracentesis </b>(pleural tap) is a procedure to remove fluid or air from the pleural cavity. A tube is inserted through the 2nd or 3rd intercostal space in the midclavicular line (half-sitting position) for pneumothorax, or through the 6th intercostal space in the anterior or middle axillary line (sitting position) for fluidothorax. It is frequently performed under ultrasound guidance.


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Pleura
sub_group: Basic parts of the Pleura
parent: pleura visceralis
object_id: pleura visceralis pulmonis dextri
latin: pleura visceralis pulmonis dextri
en: Visceral pleura of right lung
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  lobus superior pulmonis dextri,lobus medius pulmonis dextri,lobus inferior pulmonis dextri,hilum pulmoris dextri,ligamentum pulmonalepulmonis dextri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Pleura
sub_group: Basic parts of the Pleura
parent: pleura visceralis
object_id: pleura viscelaris pulmonis sinistri
latin: pleura viscelaris pulmonis sinistri
en: Visceral pleuraof left lung
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  lobus superior pulmo sinister,lobus inferior pulmo sinister,hilum pulmonis sinistri,ligamentum pulmonale pulmonis sinistri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Pleura
sub_group: Basic parts of the Pleura
parent: Basic parts of the Pleura
memorix_page: 220
object_id: pleura pulmonis dextri
latin: pleura parietalis dextri
en: Parietal pleura of the right lung
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  lobus superior pulmonis dextri,lobus medius pulmonis dextri,lobus inferior pulmonis dextri,hilum pulmoris dextri,ligamentum pulmonalepulmonis dextri,pleura visceralis pulmonis dextri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Pleura
sub_group: Basic parts of the Pleura
parent: Basic parts of the Pleura
memorix_page: 220
object_id: pleura pulmonis sinistri
latin: pleura parietalis sinistri
en: Parietal pleura of the left lung
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  lobus superior pulmo sinister,lobus inferior pulmo sinister,hilum pulmonis sinistri,ligamentum pulmonale pulmonis sinistri,pleura viscelaris pulmonis sinistri


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Pleura
sub_group: Pleural cupula / dome of pleura
parent: cupula pleurae
en_description:
  - fascia of Sibson (membrana suprapleuralis)
  - the continuation of the endothoracic fascia

memorix_page: 220
en: Suprapleural membrane
cell_type: 0
general_description:
  <b>The fascia of Sibson </b>is a continuation of the endothoracic fascia covering the pleural cupula. It extends from the transverse processes of the 6th and 7th cervical vertebrae to the 1st rib.


system: respiratory
custom_hierarchy: 4.3
main_group: Pleura
sub_group: Borders and projections of the pleura
parent: Dorsal border
memorix_page: 221
en: 12th rib
cell_type: 4
en_description:
  (reaches also 2 cm below its level) - paravertebral line
  - the lowest and narrowest part of the pleural cavity


