# content_sensory

system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: facies superolateralis
en_description: - primary motor cortex
latin: gyrus precentralis
en: Precentral gyrus
cell_type: 0
color: d05e00
hit_position: -1.61417,28.73024,-0.56052
hit_normal: -24.86044,6.78127,12.01051
body_rotation: 6.53399,64.10321,13.19088
object_id:
  lobus frontalis 1,lobus frontalis 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,!glandula pituitaria 1,!glandula pituitaria 2,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!corpus mamillare 1,!corpus mamillare 2,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: lobus parietalis
en_description: - primary somatosensory cortex
latin: gyrus postcentralis
en: Postcentral gyrus
cell_type: 0
color: 00d06a
hit_position: -1.70778,28.58591,-0.78673
hit_normal: -25.07114,9.75543,5.61061
body_rotation: 5.77201,74.13729,19.49032
object_id:
  lobus parietalis 1,lobus parietalis 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,!glandula pituitaria 1,!glandula pituitaria 2,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!corpus mamillare 1,!corpus mamillare 2,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: lobus temporalis
en_description: - primary auditory cortex
latin: gyri temporales transversi (Heschli)
en: Transverse temporal gyri of Heschl
cell_type: 0
color: df00c5
hit_position: -1.81782,27.42748,-1.16389
hit_normal: -25.80544,-1.05951,8.22763
body_rotation: 359.52110,70.00083,358.68450
object_id:
  lobus temporalis 1,lobus temporalis 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,!glandula pituitaria 1,!glandula pituitaria 2,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!corpus mamillare 1,!corpus mamillare 2,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: lobus occipitalis
en_description: - visual association cortex
latin: gyrus occipitotemporalis medialis / gyrus lingualis
en: Medial occipitotemporal / lingual gyrus
cell_type: 0
color: 66e2b0
hit_position: -1.17063,26.44294,-1.68181
hit_normal: -9.04370,-11.87544,8.64721
body_rotation: 329.40360,54.96843,324.01820
object_id:
  lobus temporalis 1,lobus occipitalis 1,lobus temporalis 2,lobus occipitalis 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,!glandula pituitaria 1,!glandula pituitaria 2,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!corpus mamillare 1,!corpus mamillare 2,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2


system: CNS
main_group: Telencephalon
sub_group: Cerebral cortex
parent: lobus limbicus
latin: area subcallosa
en: Subcallosal area/gyrus
cell_type: 0
color: 81288c
hit_position: -0.06149,28.10348,-0.50313
hit_normal: 18.58329,1.18466,-2.66621
body_rotation: 359.27050,262.02330,354.80850
object_id:
  gyrus cinguli 1,gyrus cinguli 2,!dura mater cranialis 2,!dura mater cranialis 1,!tentorium cerebelli,!falx cerebri,!diaphragma sellae,!cavum trigeminale,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 1,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars calvaria 2,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii anterior,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii medii,!arachnoidea mater cranialis pars fossa cranii posterior,!pia mater cranialis 1,!pia mater cranialis 2,!medulla oblongata 1,!pons 1,!mesencephalon 1,!hypothalamus 1,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!pons 2,!mesencephalon 2,!medulla oblongata 2,!hypothalamus 2,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1,!infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,!glandula pituitaria 1,!glandula pituitaria 2,!thalamus opticus 1,!thalamus opticus 2,!corpus mamillare 1,!corpus mamillare 2,!cerebellum 1,!cerebellum 2


# content_endocryn

system: Endocrine
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Endocrine glands
sub_group: Hypophysis / pituitary gland
parent: glandulae endocrinae
latin: hypophysis/glandula pituitaria
en: Hypophysis / pituitary gland
cell_type: 1
tags: maingroup_desc
en_description:
  The pituitary gland is a small gland located in the hypophyseal fossa of the sphenoid bone (sella turcica). The pituitary stalk connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus controls the activity of the pituitary gland. The hypophysis and hypothalamus form the hypothalamohypophysial system/axis, which is responsible for the majority of hormonal regulation and is also closely related to the autonomic nervous system. The anterior part of the pituitary gland is called adenohypophysis and is derived from the roof of the stomodeum (ectoderm). The posterior part, termed neurohypophysis, represents a pouch of the diencephalon at the base of the third ventricle (derived from the neuroectoderm).

general_description:
  <b>The hypophysis </b>is attached to a piece of dura mater called the sellar diaphragm (diaphragma sellae) at the hypophysial fossa (sella turcica). The sellar diaphragm contains an opening (the foramen of Pacchioni) for the pituitary stalk. 

  <b>Herring’s bodies (corpuscula neurosecretoria)</b>are synonyms for the secretory granules in the hypothalamohypophysial tract.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Craniopharyngeoma</b> is a tumour derived from the residual embryonic tissue of Rathke’s pouch. It can manifest as a functional lesion of the pituitary gland or as a visual field impairment from compression of the optic chiasm.


system: Endocrine
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.1
main_group: Endocrine glands
sub_group: Hypophysis / pituitary gland
parent: hypophysis/glandula pituitaria
object_id: adenohypophysis
latin: lobus anterior hypophysis
en: Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)
cell_type: 0
master_object: Hypophysis
related_objects:
  os sphenoidale,tuber cinereum 2,tuber cinereum 1,hypothalamus 1,hypothalamus 2,thalamus opticus 2,mesencephalon 2,cerebellum 1,os occipitale,pons 2,pons 1,mesencephalon 1,infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1

general_description:
  <b>The adenohypophysis</b> is derived from Rathke’s pouch, which is a pouch of ectoderm originating from the roof of the stomodeum in the third week of development. Small cavities (Rathke’s follicles) may persist between the distal and intermediate parts as remnants of this pouch. A tumour called a craniopharyngioma can emerge in this area.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Adenohypohyseal tumours</b> can manifest with bitemporal heteronymous hemianopsia as a result of compression of the optic chiasm. Pituitary surgery can be performed through the nasal cavity and sphenoidal sinus. This is termed transsphenoidal surgery. The traditional surgical approach can be replaced by radiotherapy with Leksell´s gamma knife.

syntopy:
  hypothalamus 1,hypothalamus 2,thalamus opticus 1,thalamus opticus 2,medulla oblongata 1,medulla oblongata 2,pons 1,pons 2,mesencephalon 1,mesencephalon 2,chiasma opticum,arteria basilaris,sinus cavernosus,nervus oculomotorius,nervus trochlearis


system: Endocrine
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Endocrine glands
sub_group: Pineal gland / pineal body
parent: glandulae endocrinae
latin: glandula pinealis/corpus pineale
en: Pineal gland / pineal body
cell_type: 1
en_description:
  <b>The pineal gland</b> is an unpaired oval-shaped organ. It is part of epithalamus, which is located the diencephalon. The pineal gland is connected to the habenular commisure by its stalk and is positioned in the quadrigeminal cistern rostral the superior colliculi of the midbrain. <b>Melatonin, the pineal hormone, is secreted primarily in darkness</b> and is involved in<b> the control of circadian rhythm</b>. Information about light from the retina is transmitted to the pineal gland by a branch of the visual pathway that passes through the hypothalamus.

general_description:
  <b> Phylogenetically</b> , the pineal gland represents a remnant of the neuroepiphysis. In some vertebrates, the neuroepiphysis is composed of the pineal gland and the parapineal body situated at the surface of the head and serves as a receptor for light intensity and the day-night cycle. Thus, it is called the parietal eye or pineal eye.

clinical_notes:
  <b> Brain sand </b> (acervulus cerebri) is a term for calcium deposits in the pineal gland. It can be used as an anatomical landmark in radiological </b> studies.

  <b> Pineal gland cysts</b>  can compress the cerebral aqueduct, resulting in hydrocephalus.


system: Endocrine
main_group: Endocrine glands
sub_group: Pineal gland / pineal body
parent: glandula pinealis/corpus pineale
object_id: corpus pineale
latin: glandula pinealis/corpus pineale*2
en: Pineal gland / pineal body*2
cell_type: 0
tags: maingroup_desc
related_objects:
  os sphenoidale,tuber cinereum 2,tuber cinereum 1,hypothalamus 1,hypothalamus 2,thalamus opticus 2,mesencephalon 2,cerebellum 1,os occipitale,pons 2,pons 1,mesencephalon 1,infudibulum neurohypophyseos 2,infudibulum neurohypophyseos 1

syntopy:
  corpus callosum 1,corpus callosum 2,corpus callosum 1,corpus callosum 2,vena magna cerebri,ventriculus tertius


system: Endocrine
main_group: Endocrine glands
sub_group: Thyroid gland
parent: glandula thyroidea
object_id: glandula thyroidea
latin: glandula thyroidea*2
en: Thyroid gland*2
clinical_notes: <b> Goitre (struma)</b> is a term for an enlarged thyroid gland.
cell_type: 0
tags: maingroup_desc
en_description:
  <b>The thyroid gland</b> is composed of two lobes connected by an isthmus. The thyroid gland is situated <b>in front of the trachea </b>and the isthmus is located at</b> the level of the second to fourth tracheal rings</b>. However, in some cases, the thyroid can be located behind the manubrium of the sternum.

related_objects:
  ligamenta anularia,cartilagines tracheales,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,paries membranaceus,pars thoracica oseophagi,pars cervicalis oseophagi,pars laryngea pharyngis,cartilago thyroidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum cricothyroideum lateralis,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,cartilago cricoidea,os hyoideum

general_description:
  <b> Thyroid ima artery / thyroid artery of Neubauer </b> (arteria thyroidea ima) is present in 2 % of cases. It commonly extends from the aortic arch and supplies the inferior part of the thyroid gland. There is a risk of injury to this artery during tracheostomy.

blood_supply:
  arteria thyroidea superior,arteria thyroidea inferior,venae thyroidea superior,vena thyroidea media,vena crycothyroideus,rami pharyngeales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,rami oseophageales arterieae thyroideae inferioris,rami tracheales arterieae thyroideae inferioris 1,rami tracheales arterieae thyroideae inferioris 2,ramus glandularis anterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus glandularis posterior arteriae thyroideae superioris

innervation:
  nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2,nervus laryngeus superior 1,nervus laryngeus superior 2,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 1,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 2

syntopy:
  musculus cricothyroideus recta 1,musculus cricothyroideus recta 2,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 1,musculus cricothyroideus obliqua 2,Trachea,Infrahyoid muscles,arteria carotis interna,vena jugularis interna,Larynx,nervus laryngeus recurrens 1,nervus laryngeus recurrens 2


system: Endocrine
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
main_group: Endocrine glands
sub_group: Parathyroid gland
parent: glandulae endocrinae
latin: glandula parathyroidea
en: Parathyroid gland
cell_type: 1
tags: maingroup_desc
en_description:
  <b>Two parathyroid glands are usually positioned on the medial side of each lobe.</b> Howevever, the location and number of the parathyroid glands can vary. The gland is supported by thickened strips of the surrounding fibrous tissue, especially around the vessels. <b>The thyroid gland secretes the hormones triiodothyronine, thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine), calcitonin and pro-calcitonine. The parathyroid glands produce parathormone.</b>


system: Endocrine
custom_hierarchy: 1.4.1
main_group: Endocrine glands
sub_group: Parathyroid gland
parent: glandula parathyroidea
object_id: glandulae parathyroidae
latin: glandula parathyroidea*2
en: Parathyroid gland*2
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  ligamenta anularia,cartilagines tracheales,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,paries membranaceus,pars thoracica oseophagi,pars cervicalis oseophagi,pars laryngea pharyngis,cartilago thyroidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum cricothyroideum lateralis,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,cartilago cricoidea,os hyoideum,glandula thyroidea


system: Endocrine
custom_hierarchy: 1.6
main_group: Endocrine glands
sub_group: Suprarenal/adrenal glands
parent: glandulae endocrinae
latin: glandulae suprarenales
en: Suprarenal/adrenal glands
cell_type: 1
tags: maingroup_desc
en_description:
  The adrenal gland is a paired organ. The right adrenal gland is triangular in shape and the left adrenal gland is semilunar-shaped. <b>The adrenal glands are positioned on the upper poles of the kidneys (retroperitoneally) at the level of T11-T12. </b>The right adrenal gland is situated more caudally than the left one. <b>Fixation of the adrenal glands is provided by vessels. </b>The adrenal veins leave the glands through the hilum, which is situated on the anterior surface. The adrenal gland is covered by a thin capsule which emits septa into the gland. On cross section, the gland consists of cortex and medulla. <b>The cortex produces mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and androgens. The medulla is responsible for catecholamine secretion.</b>


system: Endocrine
custom_hierarchy: 1.6.1
main_group: Endocrine glands
sub_group: Suprarenal/adrenal glands
parent: glandulae suprarenales
object_id: glandula suprarenalis 1
latin: glandula suprarenalis sinistra
en: Left adremal gland
cell_type: 0
blood_supply: arteria suprarenalis media 1,vena suprarenalis sinistra
innervation: plexus suprarenalis superior 1,plexus suprarenalis medius 1,plexus suprarenalis inferior 1,
syntopy: diaphragm,Kidneys,Liver,Stomach,vena cava inferior,aorta abdominalis
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,ren cap 1,calices minores 1,calices majores 1,pelvis renalis 1,ren 1,ureter pars abdominalis 2,ureter pars abdominalis 1,pyramides renales 1,calices majores 2,calices minores 2,pelvis renalis 2,pyramides renales 2,ren 2,ren cap 2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae thoracales t11,os sacrum


system: Endocrine
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Diffuse neuroendocrine system
en: Diffuse neuroendocrine system
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  <b>The DNES </b>is formed by <b>neuroendocrine cells</b> scattered throughout the epithelium of all organs not considered to be endocrine glands. It is responsible for producing numerous<b> peptides</b> that act both as<b> neurotransmiters and as hormones</b>. They have a wide variety of functions that include the regulation of intestinal movement and the secretion of digestive enzymes in the digestive system and regulation of the development and function of the respiratory system.

general_description:
  <b>The carotid sinus </b>is the enlarged beginning of the internal carotid artery. Baroreceptors that register changes in the blood pressure are located within the wall of the carotid sinus.  

  <b> Tubercle of Zuckerkandl </b> (tuberculum dorsale) is the most dorsal structure of the thyroid lobes.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Carcinoid tumors </b>originate from the cells of the gastrointestinal diffuse neuroendocrine system. They are one of the most common neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Carcinoids often produce serotonin and histamine, the overproduction of which leads to the carcinoid syndrome, which is characterised by flushing, diarrhoea, bronchoconstriction and cardiac changes. 

  <b>Massage of the carotid sinuses</b>can lead to a decrease in heart rate via activation of the vagus nerve. This can be used as the first-line treatment of tachycardia.


system: Endocrine
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.2
main_group: Diffuse neuroendocrine system
sub_group: Paraganglia
parent: Paraganglia
object_id: glomus caroticum
latin: glomus caroticum
en: Carotid body
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - is located at the carotid bifurcation (at level C4)
  - a chemoreceptor
  - contains chromophobe cells

related_objects:
  arteria carotis externa,sinus caroticus,arteria carotis communis sinistra,vena jugularis interna,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,atlas c1


system: Endocrine
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.3
main_group: Diffuse neuroendocrine system
sub_group: Paraganglia
parent: Paraganglia
object_id: paraganglion aorticum abdominale
latin: paraganglion aorticum abdominale
en: Organ of Zuckerkandl
cell_type: 0
en_description:
  - is located at the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery
  - consists of chromaffin cells similar to the medulla of the adrenal gland

related_objects:
  arteria mesenterica inferior,aorta abdominalis,vena cava inferior,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11


system: Endocrine
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.4
main_group: Diffuse neuroendocrine system
sub_group: Paraganglia
parent: Paraganglia
en_description: - a chemoreceptor located in the aortic arch
object_id: glomus aorticus
latin: glomus aorticus/supracardiacum
en: Aortic body
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  arcus aortae,truncus brachiocephalicus,arteria carotis communis sinistra,arteria subclavia sinistra,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae cervicales c7,nervus vagus 1,nervus vagus 2


system: Endocrine
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.6
main_group: Diffuse neuroendocrine system
sub_group: Paraganglia
parent: Paraganglia
en_description: - is located in the superior bulb of the internal jugular vein
object_id: glomus jugulare
latin: glomus jugulare
en: Jugular body
cell_type: 0
related_objects:
  os occipitale,os temporale 1,vena jugularis interna,bulbus superior venae jugularis interane,sinus sigmoideus,os temporale 2


# content_muscular

system: 1
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
latin: Musculi abdominis
en: Muscles of the abdomen
en_description:
   The muscles of the abdomen are organised into <b>three groups </b>(anterior, lateral and posterior) that form the <b>abdominal wall</b>. <b>All the muscles of the abdomen </b>significantly cooperate in their functions. Together with the diaphragm and the muscles of the pelvis, the abdominal muscles produce and <b>maintain intra-abdominal pressure</b>. Intraabdominal pressure is important for stabilisation of the vertebral column, defecation, coughing, vomiting and partuition.

general_description:
  <b>The best exercise for the rectus abdominis </b>is the first 20-30 degrees of sit-ups. After this, the iliopsoas is activated more than the rectus abdominis.


system: 3
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Anterior group of abdominal muscles
parent: Anterior group of abdominal muscles
en_origin: 5th-7th rib, sternum - xiphoid process
en_innervation: intercostal nerves VII-XI, subcostal nerve
memorix_page: 32/1.1,
object_id: musculus rectus abdominis
latin: musculus rectus abdominis
en: Rectus abdominis
related_objects: cartilago costalis, os costale 6, os costale 7, os costale 5, processus xiphoideus,pelvis
bloodsupply_related: arteria epigastrica inferior,arteria epigastrica superior
syntopy_related: os costale 5,corpus sterni,cartilago costalis,musulus obliquus internus abdominis,linea alba,pelvis
en_insertion:
  pubis - body of pubis between the pubic symphysis and pubic tubercle, tendinous intersections (transverse tendinous strips in the muscle, usually three with the lowest at the height of the umbilicus

en_function:
  ventral flexion of the vertebral column (when the pelvis is fixed),
  tilting of the pelvis (when the trunk is fixed), 
  pulls the ribs caudally (an auxiliary expiration muscle), 
  contributes to intra-abdominal pressure

general_description:
   <b>The rectus abdominis </b>is an important muscle for bipedal locomotion (walking, running and jumping). It is a synergist and stabilisation muscle for the iliopsoas. Important is its eccentric function in deceleration of movement while walking downstairs or downhill. Exercising in the gym is usually focused more on concentric contractions. 

   <b>The best exercise for the rectus abdominis </b>is the first 20-30 degrees of sit-ups. After this, the iliopsoas is activated more than the rectus abdominis.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Trigger points in the rectus abdominis </b>are situated just above the pubic symphysis. The rectus abdominis is typically overloaded in its upper part between the xiphoid process and umbilicus. It is usually weakened from the umbilicus to the pubic symphysis. The linea alba may be split in extremely obese patients and in a pregnancy. This is called diastasis.

innervation_related:
  nervus thoracicus septimus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici septimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici octavi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici noni,ramus anterior nervi thoracici decimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,nervus thoracicus octavus,nervus thoracicus nonus,nervus thoracicus decimus,nervus thoracicus undecimus,nervus thoracicus duodecimus


system: 4
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Anterior group of abdominal muscles
parent: Anterior group of abdominal muscles
en_origin: pubis (body) - ventrally to the rectus abdominis
en_insertion: linea alba - caudal part between the pubic
en_function: strengthens the rectus sheath
en_innervation: subcostal nerve
memorix_page: 32/1.2
object_id: musculus pyramidalis
latin: musculus pyramidalis
en: Pyramidalis
bloodsupply_related: arteria epigastrica inferior
syntopy_related: musulus obliquus internus abdominis,pelvis,musculus rectus abdominis,linea alba
innervation_related:
  ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,nervus thoracicus duodecimus


system: 5
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Lateral group of abdominal muscles
parent: Musculi abdominis
en: Lateral group of abdominal muscles
en_description:
   The lateral group of the abdominal muscles is comprised of <b>three muscles</b>. Going from superficial to deep they are as follows: <b>external oblique, internal oblique </b>and <b>transversus abdominis</b>. The internal oblique and transversus abdominis are partially fused together, particularly at their caudal margin, which forms the <b>inguinal falx</b>. The <b>cremaster </b>is a muscle in males that covers the spermatic cord and scrotum. It originates from the caudal fibres of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis.


system: 6
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Lateral group of abdominal muscles
parent: Lateral group of abdominal muscles
en_insertion: hip bone - iliac crest (outer lip), linea alba via its aponeurosis
en_innervation: intercostal nerves V-XI, subcostal nerve
memorix_page: 32/2.1, 33
object_id: musculus obliquus externus abdominis
latin: musculus obliquus externus abdominis
en: External oblique
en_origin:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 156 characters]

en_function:
  ventral flexion of the trunk (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion of the vertebral column to the side of the contracted muscle and rotation to the opposite side (unilateral contraction), contributes to intra-abdominal pressure, an auxiliary muscle of inspiration

related_objects:
  os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,pelvis, linea alba

general_description:
   <b>The inguinal ligament </b>is the strengthened caudal margin of the aponeurosis of the external oblique. It is stretched between the superior anterior iliac spine and pubic tubercle. 

   <b>The direction of the course of the fibres of the external oblique </b>can be remembered as being the same as the direction of the fingers placed into the front trouser pockets.

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior quintae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior sextae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior septimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior octavae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior nonae 1,arteria intercostalis posterior decima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior undecima 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria subcostalis 1,arteria circumflexa ilium profunda,arteria subcostalis 1

innervation_related:
  ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus anterior nervi thoracici quinti,nervus thoracicus quintus,nervus thoracicus sextus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici sexti,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti,nervus thoracicus septimus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici septimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici octavi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici noni,ramus anterior nervi thoracici decimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,nervus thoracicus octavus,nervus thoracicus nonus,nervus thoracicus decimus,nervus thoracicus undecimus,nervus thoracicus duodecimus

syntopy_related:
  os costale 5,os costale 6,os costale 7,costae spuriae 8,clavicula,platysma,musculus latissimus dorsi,musculus serratus posterior inferior,corpus sterni,linea alba,costae spuriae 9,costae spuriae 10,pelvis,musculus serratus anterior,musculus pectoralis major,musculus obliquus externus abdominis,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,cartilago costalis,os costale 5


system: 7
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Lateral group of abdominal muscles
parent: Lateral group of abdominal muscles
en_insertion: 10th-12th rib, linea alba via its aponeurosis, inguinal falx
en_innervation: intercostal nerves VIII-XI, subcostal nerve, iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve
memorix_page: 32/2.2, 33
object_id: musulus obliquus internus abdominis
latin: musculus obliquus internus abdominis
en: Internal oblique
en_origin:
  thoracolumbar fascia (anterior layer), hip bone - iliac crest (intermediate zone), inguinal ligament (lateral half)
  <b>Course of fibres:</b> run in a ventrocranial direction

en_function:
  ventral flexion of the vertebral column when the pelvis is fixed (bilateral contraction), tilting of the pelvis when the trunk is fixed (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion and rotation of the vertebral column to the side of the contracted muscle (unilateral contraction),contributes to intra-abdominal pressure, an auxiliary muscle of expiration

related_objects:
  ligamentum inguinale, pelvis,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae spuriae 10,linea alba,cartilago costalis

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior quintae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior sextae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior septimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior octavae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior nonae 1,arteria intercostalis posterior decima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior undecima 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria subcostalis 1,arteria circumflexa ilium profunda,arteria subcostalis 1,arteria epigastrica inferior,arteria epigastrica superior

innervation_related:
  ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici octavi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici noni,ramus anterior nervi thoracici decimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,nervus thoracicus octavus,nervus thoracicus nonus,nervus thoracicus decimus,nervus thoracicus undecimus,nervus thoracicus duodecimus

syntopy_related:
  costae spuriae 10,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,cartilago costalis,processus xiphoideus,corpus sterni,pelvis,musculus obliquus externus abdominis,linea alba,musculus latissimus dorsi,musculus rectus abdominis


system: 8
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Lateral group of abdominal muscles
parent: Lateral group of abdominal muscles
en_insertion: linea alba via its aponeurosis, inguinal falx
en_innervation: intercostal nerves VII-XI, subcostal nerve, iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve
memorix_page: 32/2.3, 33
object_id: musculus transversus abdominis
latin: musculus transversus abdominis
en: Transversus abdominis / transverse abdominal
en_origin:
  7th-12th rib - internal surface (origins alternate with the origins of the diaphragm), thoracolumbar fascia - anterior layer, hip bone - iliac crest (inner lip), inguinal ligament - lateral part

en_function:
  rotation of the trunk to the side of the contracted muscle (unilateral contraction), stabilises the ribs for optimal function of the diaphragm, contributes to intra-abdominal pressure, an auxiliary muscle of expiration (flattens the abdominal wall)

related_objects:
  costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae spuriae 10, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 8, os costale 7, os costale 6, cartilago costalis,pelvis,linea alba, ligamentum inguinale

general_description:
  <b>The inguinal falx </b>or conjoint tendon (falx inguinalis, tendo conjuncti vus) is formed by an adhesion between the internal oblique and transversus abdominis. 

   <b>The transversus abdominis </b>supports peristalsis and defecation.

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,arteria intercostalis posterior quinta 1,arteria intercostalis posterior septima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior sexta 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior quintae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior sextae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior septimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior octavae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior nonae 1,arteria intercostalis posterior decima 1,arteria intercostalis posterior undecima 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria subcostalis 1,arteria circumflexa ilium profunda,arteria subcostalis 1,arteria epigastrica inferior,arteria epigastrica superior

innervation_related:
  nervus thoracicus septimus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici septimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici octavi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici noni,ramus anterior nervi thoracici decimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,nervus thoracicus octavus,nervus thoracicus nonus,nervus thoracicus decimus,nervus thoracicus undecimus,nervus thoracicus duodecimus

syntopy_related:
  corpus sterni,processus xiphoideus,cartilago costalis,costae spuriae 10,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,pelvis,musulus obliquus internus abdominis,musculus iliocostalis lumborum,musculus rectus abdominis


system: 9
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Posterior group of abdominal muscles
parent: Musculi abdominis
en: Posterior group of abdominal muscles
en_description:
  <b>The quadratus lumborum </b>is the only muscle of the posterior group of the abdominal muscles. According to its function, it can be divided into a lateral and a medial part. <b>The lateral part </b>is a tonic muscle that has a <b>tendency to shorten</b>, and <b>the medial part </b>is part of <b>the deep stabilising system of the lumbar vertebral column</b>.


system: 10
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Posterior group of abdominal muscles
parent: Posterior group of abdominal muscles
en_origin: 12th rib, vertebrae L1-L4 - costal processes
en_insertion: hip bone - iliac crest, iliolumbar ligament
en_innervation: subcostal nerve, anterior rami of L1-L3 (variably L4)
memorix_page: 32/3.1, 34
object_id: musculus quadratus lumborum
latin: musculus quadratus lumborum
en: Quadratus lumborum
en_function:
  extension of the vertebral column (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion of the vertebral column when the pelvis is fixed elevation of the iliac crest when the vertebral column is fixed (unilateral contraction), stabilisation of the 12th rib and interaction with movements of the diaphragm (speech, singing), strong expiration (coughing)

related_objects:
  costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1,,pelvis,vertebrae thoracales t12

general_description:
   <b>Both quadratus lumborum </b>form a functional unit. They may work in a synergic or antagonist manner based on the particular movements. 

   <b>The quadratus lumborum </b>works as an extensor from the neutral position but it is not able to generate extension power from anteflexion to the neutral position.

clinical_notes:
   <b>The quadratus lumborum </b>may be overloaded by carrying or lifting of heavy luggage. 

   <b>Trigger point of the quadratus lumborum </b>is very painful and may imitate the pain of disc herniation or pyelonephritis.

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus lumbalis arteriae iliolumbalis,arteria subcostalis 1,ramus sutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae subcostalis 2,arteria lumbalis prima 2,arteria lumbalis secunda 2,arteria lumbalis tertia 2,arteria lumbalis quarta 2

innervation_related:
  ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,nervus thoracicus duodecimus

syntopy_related:
  pelvis,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,musculus longissimus thoracis,musculus iliocostalis lumborum,musculus psoas major,musculus transversus abdominis


system: 11
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Anterior group of abdominal muscles
parent: Anterior group of abdominal muscles
en_description: The white line is a fibrous structure that is located in the midline of the abdomen.
object_id: linea alba
latin: linea alba
en: Linea alba
related_objects: pelvis,processus xiphoideus, corpus sterni
syntopy_related:
  musculus obliquus externus abdominis,musculus rectus abdominis,musulus obliquus internus abdominis,musculus pyramidalis,musculus transversus abdominis


system: 12
main_group: Muscles of the abdomen
muscle_group: Fasciae of the abdomen
parent: Musculi abdominis
en: Fasciae of the abdomen
en_description:
   The fasciae of the abdomen <b>cover the muscles of the abdomen from both the external and internal side</b>. <b>The fascia of Scarpa </b>is also considered a fascia of the abdomen, although it is thickened subcutaneous connective tissue and not a true fascia.

general_description:
   <b>The femoral septum </b>(septum femorale) is a subdivision of the transversalis fascia in caudal direction from the inguinal ligament. It encloses the vascular space. The transversalis fascia is strengthened in the area of the inguinal ligament and it is fixed to this ligament as the iliopubic tract of Thomson (tractus iliopubicus).


system: 18
main_group: Muscles of the back
latin: Musculi dorsi
en: Muscles of the back
en_description:
  The muscles of the back can be <b>organised into four layers</b>. <b>The muscles of the 1st layer</b> insert on <b>the upper limb</b> and are therefore known as the <b>spinohumeral muscles</b>. The muscles of the <b>2nd layer</b> insert on the <b>scapula</b>, these muscles are thus known as <b>the spinoscapular muscles</b>. The <b>3rd layer</b> of the back muscles inserts on the <b>ribs</b>, thus they are known as <b>the spinocostal muscles</b>. The <b>fourth layer</b> of the back muscles are <b>epaxial muscles</b> and are innervated by the posterior rami of spinal nerves.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The nuchal muscles </b>are some of the most susceptible muscles to become hypertonic. This can be caused by a head posture characterised by chin protraction and head retroflexion. Hypertonia in the nuchal muscles can lead to a disturbance in proprioception of the entire locomotor system. It can also reduce perfusion of the brain, increase the lumbar kyphosis and is one of the main parts of the cervicocranial syndrome. It causes pain during sleep and is often associated with dysfunction of vision and a decrease in the effectiveness of lenses and glasses on visual acuity. 

  <b>When the nuchal muscles are overloaded</b>, the patient complains of pain in the occipital region. The patients report that they can eliminate this pain by themselves using finger pressure or a specific message. Correction of head posture and improvement of the working environment is fundamental to bringing permanent relief.


system: 19
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: 1st layer - Spinohumeral muscles
parent: Musculi dorsi
en: 1st layer - Spinohumeral muscles
en_description:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 332 characters]

general_description:
  <b>The scapula </b>is fixed mainly by the surrounding muscles. The muscles of the scapula affect the position of the head, arms and cervical part of the vertebral column. The position of the scapula depends on the equilibrium between the superior and inferior scapula fixators and the serratus anterior.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The speculum rhomboideum </b>is an aponeurotic field of the trapezius at the level of the vertebra C7.


system: 20
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
brief_parent: musculus trapezius
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: 1st layer - Spinohumeral muscles
parent: 1st layer - Spinohumeral muscles
en_innervation:
  accessory nerve (n. XI),
  anterior rami of the spinal nerves C3-C4

memorix_page: 20/1.1
object_id: musculus trapezius pars descendens
latin: musculus trapezius
en: Trapezius
en_function:
  external rotation of the scapula during simultaneous contraction of the ascending and the descending part (inferior angle rotates laterally), which produces elevation of the arm above the horizontal line (synergist of the Serratus anterior)

clinical_notes:
  <b>The ascending part of the trapezius </b>is typically weakened concurrently with the serratus anterior. 

  <b>The descending part of the trapezius </b>may be overloaded by carrying heavy luggage. 

  <b>The descending part of the trapezius </b>contains the so-called “key latent trigger point”, which has a potential for chaining and pain accenting. This weak point of the trapezius is termed the key perpetuating factor and therapy must be targeted to the primary trigger point, otherwise it is not successful. 

  <b>The transverse part of the trapezius </b>usually contains so-called “hypertonic fibres”, which are typically present when the antagonist (pectoralis major) shortens and serratus anterior weakens.


system: 21
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.1
brief_parent: musculus trapezius
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: 1st layer - Spinohumeral muscles
parent: musculus trapezius
en_insertion:
  clavicle - acromial end,
  scapula - acromion

memorix_page: 21/1
object_id: musculus trapezius pars descendens
latin: musculus trapezius pars descendens
en: Trapezius Descending / superior part
bloodsupply_related: arteria occipitalis,ramus descendens arteriae occipitais,arteria dorsalis scapulae
en_origin:
  occipital bone - superior nuchal line,
  occipital bone - external occipital protuberance,
  vertebrae C1-C6 - spinous processes (via the nuchal ligament)

en_function:
  elevation of the scapula, 
  dorsal flexion of the head (when the scapula is fixed, bilateral contraction), 
  a lateral exam of the head (when the scapula is fixed, unilateral contraction), 
  fixates the scapula to the vertebral column

related_objects:
  atlas c1, os occipitale, axis c2, vertebrae cervicales c3, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c6,clavicula

innervation_related:
  ramus anterior nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis terti,ramus externus nervi accessoriiq,nervus accessorius

syntopy_related:
  atlas c1,os occipitale,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,clavicula,scapula,musculus splenius capitis,musculus sternocleidomastoideus,platysma,musculus deltoideus pars clavicularis,musculus deltoideus pars acromialis,musculus deltoideus pars spinalis,musculus infraspinatus,musculus rhomboideus major,musculus latissimus dorsi


system: 22
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.2
brief_parent: musculus trapezius
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: 1st layer - Spinohumeral muscles
parent: musculus trapezius
en_origin: vertebrae C7-T3 - spinous processes
en_insertion:
  scapula - spine of scapula (lateral part - superior margin),
  scapula - acromion

en_function: retraction of the scapula and its fixation to the vertebral column
memorix_page: 21/2
object_id: musculus trapezius pars transversa
latin: musculus trapezius pars transversa
en: Trapezius Transverse / middle part
bloodsupply_related: arteria occipitalis,ramus descendens arteriae occipitais,arteria dorsalis scapulae
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t4,scapula

innervation_related:
  ramus anterior nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis terti,ramus externus nervi accessoriiq,nervus accessorius

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae cervicales c7,scapula,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,musculus splenius capitis,musculus sternocleidomastoideus,platysma,musculus deltoideus pars clavicularis,musculus deltoideus pars acromialis,musculus deltoideus pars spinalis,musculus infraspinatus,musculus rhomboideus major,musculus latissimus dorsi


system: 23
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.3
brief_parent: musculus trapezius
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: 1st layer - Spinohumeral muscles
parent: musculus trapezius
en_origin: vertebrae T4-T12 - spinous processes
en_insertion: scapula - spine of scapula (medial part to the deltoid tubercle)
en_function: depression of the scapula and its fixation to the vertebral column
memorix_page: 21/3
object_id: musculus trapezius pars ascendens
latin: musculus trapezius pars ascendens
en: Trapezius Ascending / inferior part
bloodsupply_related: arteria occipitalis,ramus descendens arteriae occipitais,arteria dorsalis scapulae
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t12,scapula

innervation_related:
  ramus anterior nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis terti,ramus externus nervi accessoriiq,nervus accessorius

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,scapula,musculus splenius capitis,musculus sternocleidomastoideus,platysma,musculus deltoideus pars clavicularis,musculus deltoideus pars acromialis,musculus deltoideus pars spinalis,musculus infraspinatus,musculus rhomboideus major,musculus latissimus dorsi


system: 24
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: 1st layer - Spinohumeral muscles
parent: 1st layer - Spinohumeral muscles
en_insertion: humerus - crest of lesser tubercle
en_innervation: thoracodorsal nerve
memorix_page: 21
object_id: musculus latissimus dorsi
latin: musculus latissimus dorsi
en: Latissimus dorsi
clinical_notes: <b>Chronic cough </b>leads to overloading of the lateral portion of the latissimus dorsi.
innervation_related: nervus thoracodorsalis
en_origin:
  vertebrae T7-S5 - spinous processes and median sacral crest,
  thoracolumbar fascia - posterior layer, 
  hip bone - posterior superior iliac spine and iliac crest (outer lip), 
  10th-12th rib,
  inferior angle of scapula

en_function:
  internal rotation, adduction and dorsal flexion of the arm, auxiliary inspiration muscle when the upper limb is fixed (elevates the ribs), auxiliary expiration muscle
  - during strong expiration (cough) intensifies the curvature of the thoracic vertebral column and therefore reduces the volume of the thorax

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l5, os sacrum,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12, pelvis, scapula,  costae spuriae 9,humerus

general_description:
  <b>The tendon of the latissimus dorsi </b>is able to rotate through an angle of 180 deg. The more caudal fibres insert on the proximal portion of the crest of the lesser tubercle and the cranial fi bres insert to the distal portion of the crest of the lesser tubercle. 

  <b>The posterior axillary fold </b> (plica axillaris posterior) is formed by the fused tendons of the latissimus dorsi and teres major. 

  <b>The latissimus dorsi </b>is innervated and supplied by the thoracodorsal nerve and vessels entering the muscle in its insertion. Thus, it is possible to cut this muscle at its origin, shift it and use in reconstructive surgery.

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria thoracodorsalis,arteria intercostalis posterior nona 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior nonae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1,arteria intercostalis posterior decima 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior decimae 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1,arteria lumbalis prima 1,arteria lumbalis tertia 1,arteria lumbalis secunda 1

syntopy_related:
  scapula,humerus,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,os sacrum,pelvis,musculus serratus anterior,musculus serratus posterior inferior,musculus obliquus externus abdominis,musculus infraspinatus,musculus teres major,caput longum musculi tricipitis brachii,musculus trapezius pars descendens,musculus trapezius pars transversa,musculus trapezius pars ascendens


system: 26
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: 2nd layer - Spinoscapular muscles
parent: 2nd layer - Spinoscapular muscles
en_origin: vertebrae T2-T5 - spinous processes
en_insertion: scapula - caudal 2/3 of the medial border
en_function: elevation and retraction of the scapula, backdraw of elevated arm (180°)
en_innervation: dorsal scapular nerve
memorix_page: 22
object_id: musculus rhomboideus major
latin: musculus rhomboideus major
en: Rhomboid major
innervation_related: nervus dorsalis scapulae
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2,scapula

general_description:
  <b>The rhomboid major and minor </b>are responsible for stabilisation of the cervicothoracic transition. These muscles tend to weaken and it is important to stretch and exercise them together with the pectoral muscles. However, the weak rhomboid muscles often contain painful trigger points.

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria transversa colli,arteria dorsalis scapulae,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae thoracales t2,scapula,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,musculus rhomboideus minor,musculus splenius cervicis,musculus longissimus thoracis,musculus trapezius pars descendens,musculus trapezius pars transversa,musculus trapezius pars ascendens


system: 27
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: 2nd layer - Spinoscapular muscles
parent: 2nd layer - Spinoscapular muscles
en_origin: vertebrae C6-C7 - spinous processes
en_insertion: scapula - cranial 1/3 of the medial border (cranially to the rhomboid major)
en_function: elevation and retraction of the scapula
en_innervation: dorsal scapular nerve
memorix_page: 22
object_id: musculus rhomboideus minor
latin: musculus rhomboideus minor
en: Rhomboid minor
related_objects: vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae thoracales t2,scapula
innervation_related: nervus dorsalis scapulae
bloodsupply_related:
  arteria transversa colli,arteria dorsalis scapulae,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1

syntopy_related:
  scapula,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,musculus iliocostalis cervicis,musculus longissimus thoracis,musculus splenius cervicis,musculus serratus posterius superior,musculus rhomboideus major


system: 28
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: 2nd layer - Spinoscapular muscles
parent: 2nd layer - Spinoscapular muscles
en_origin: vertebrae C1-C4 - transverse processes (posterior tubercle)
en_insertion: scapula - superior angle, upper margin of medial border of scapula
en_innervation: anterior rami of the spinal nerves C3-C4, dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
memorix_page: 22
object_id: musculus levator scapulae
latin: musculus levator scapulae
en: Levator scapulae
related_objects: atlas c1, axis c2, vertebrae cervicales c3, vertebrae cervicales c4,scapula
en_function:
  elevation of the scapula, lateroflexion of the vertebral column (when the scapula is fixed), internal rotation of the scapula (lateral rotation of the inferior angle), antagonist of the trapezius and serratus anterior

clinical_notes:
  <b>Upper crossed syndrome </b>is caused by a muscular imbalance with the accentuated thoracic kyphosis and cervical lordosis (descending part of the trapezius, levator scapulae and sternocleidomastoid, and inferior part of the major pectoralis are shortened; the nuchal muscles, rhomboids and superior part of the major pectoralis are weakened). 

  <b>The levator scapulae </b>is typically overloaded by carrying of heavy luggage or by a constant arm elevation (computer working and long lasting use of a mouse). Similarly to the trapezius, this muscle is very sensitive to cold air conditions (leading to painful spasms).

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria dorsalis scapulae,arteria cervicalis ascendens,arteria transversa colli,truncus thyrocervicalis

innervation_related:
  ramus anterior nervi cervicalis terti,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis quarti,nervus dorsalis scapulae

syntopy_related:
  scapula,atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,musculus sternocleidomastoideus,musculus splenius capitis,musculus splenius cervicis,musculus scalenus posterior,musculus serratus posterius superior,musculus trapezius pars transversa,musculus trapezius pars ascendens,musculus trapezius pars descendens


system: 30
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: 3rd layer - Spinocostal muscles
parent: 3rd layer - Spinocostal muscles
en_origin: vertebrae C6-T2 - spinous processes
en_insertion: 2nd-5th rib - angle of rib
en_function: elevation of the ribs - auxiliary inspiration muscle
en_innervation: intercostal nerves I-IV
memorix_page: 22
object_id: musculus serratus posterius superior
latin: musculus serratus posterior superior
en: Serratus posterior superior
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5

clinical_notes:
  <b>The posterior superior serratus </b>is palpable in the depth of the back in a maximal scapular abduction. This muscle is typically overloaded in constant forward position of the head and in paradoxical breathing. It's trigger point irradiation typically emits under the scapula, to the posterior part of the arm, into the triceps, elbow, ulnar part of the forearm, to the 5th finger. It is important to note this disorder and differentiate it from radicular syndromes of C8 and T1.

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria intercostalis posterior quarta 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,arteria intercostalis posterior tertia 1

innervation_related:
  nervus thoracicus tertius,ramus anterior nervi thoracici tertii,ramus collateralis nervus intercostali primus,nervus intercostalis primus,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici secundi,nervus thoracicus secundus

syntopy_related:
  os costale 4,os costale 5,os costale 3,costa secunda 2,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,scapula,musculus iliocostalis thoracis,musculus iliocostalis cervicis,musculus longissimus cervicis,musculus splenius cervicis,musculus splenius capitis,musculus levator scapulae,musculus rhomboideus minor


system: 31
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: 3rd layer - Spinocostal muscles
parent: 3rd layer - Spinocostal muscles
en_origin: vertebrae T11-L2 - spinous processes
en_insertion: 9th-12th rib
en_innervation: intercostal nerves IX-XI, subcostal nerve
memorix_page: 22
object_id: musculus serratus posterior inferior
latin: musculus serratus posterior inferior
en: Serratus posterior inferior
en_function:
  auxiliary inspiration muscle (fixates the caudal ribs and therefore aids the function of the diaphragm)

related_objects:
  vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae thoracales t11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae spuriae 10, costae spuriae 9

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria subcostalis 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1,arteria intercostalis posterior undecima 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae subcostalis 1,arteria subcostalis 1

innervation_related:
  nervus thoracicus decimus,nervus thoracicus undecimus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici undecimi,nervus thoracicus duodecimus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici noni,ramus anterior nervi thoracici decimi

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t10,costae spuriae 9,costae spuriae 10,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,musculus obliquus externus abdominis,musculus intercostales interni,musculus iliocostalis lumborum,musculus longissimus thoracis,musculus latissimus dorsi


system: 32
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: Musculi dorsi
latin: Musculi dorsi proprii
en: Deep muscles of the back
en_description:
  <b>The deepest layer of back muscles</b>, <b>the fourth layer</b>, differs from the other layers in both its structure and development. These muscles are known as  <b>epaxial muscles</b>, a term which reflects their embryological origin from the dorsal part of the myotomes. They are innervated by the <b>posterior rami of spinal nerves</b>. Almost all the deep back muscles insert and originate on the vertebrae (hence their other name, the intrinsic back muscles). The deep back muscles are further divided into <b>5 muscle systems</b>. However, they all share a common function of <b>extension of the vertebral column</b>. The more superficial subgroups of the deep back muscles, which include the spinotransverse and spinospinous systems, have <b>sectional organisation</b>. They act over several vertebral levels, providing stability for particular sections of the vertebral column. The deeper muscles of the deep back muscles have  b>segmental organisation</b>. This means that they connect and provide stability to adjacent vertebrae.

general_description:
  <b>The rhombus of Michaelis </b>is a rhombus-shaped area in the lumbar region. Its superior corner is formed by the spinous process of vertebra L4, the lateral corners are formed by the superior posterior iliac spines and the inferior corner is located in the region of the sacrococcygeal transition (at the superior margin of the intergluteal cleft). If symmetrical, it indicates physiological development of the pelvis.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The deep back muscles </b>tend to weaken and atrophy. This is common for many people of modern society. The superficial muscles are hyperactive and the deep and stabilisation muscles become weakened. 

  <b>The erector spinae </b>is typically overloaded and hypertonic in the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral regions.


system: 33
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: Musculi dorsi proprii
en: Spinotransverse system
en_description:
  The spinotransverse system is a group of muscles whose <b>fibers course from the spinous processes of the caudal vertebrae to the transverse processes of the cranial vertebrae</b>.
  These muscles have the shape of the letter V.

general_description:
  <b>The erector spinae </b>is a muscular complex alongside the vertebral column which is formed by (in a lateromedial direction): iliocostalis, longissimus and spinalis. 

  <b>The sacrospinal system </b>is another term for the longissimus and iliocostalis regarding the origin and course of these muscles.


system: 35
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus splenius
en_origin:
  nuchal ligament (caudal part),
  vertebrae C7-T4 - spinous processes

en_innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves (inferior cervical segments)
memorix_page: 23/1.1
object_id: musculus splenius capitis
latin: musculus splenius capitis
en: Splenius capitis
clinical_notes: <b>The splenius capitis and sternocleidomastoid </b>may cause transferred pain in the vertex.
bloodsupply_related: arteria occipitalis,ramus descendens arteriae occipitais
en_insertion:
  temporal bone - mastoid process,
  occipital bone - occipital plane
  (below the lateral third of the superior nuchal line)

en_function:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 152 characters]

related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c3, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t3,os temporale 1, os occipitale,axis c2

innervation_related:
  ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis terti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis secundi

syntopy_related:
  atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,os temporale 1,os occipitale,musculus splenius capitis,


system: 36
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus splenius
en_origin: vertebrae T3-T6 - spinous processes
en_insertion: vertebrae C1-C3 - transverse processes
en_innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves (caudal cervical and cranial thoracic segments)
memorix_page: 23/1.2
object_id: musculus splenius cervicis
latin: musculus splenius cervicis
en: Splenius cervicis
en_function:
  dorsal flexion of the head (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion and rotation of the head to the side of the contracted muscle (unilateral contraction)
  - these are common functions for both parts of the splenius

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t6,atlas c1, axis c2, vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria cervicalis profunda,arteria dorsalis scapulae,arteria cervicalis profunda,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1

innervation_related:
  ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici primi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis terti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis septimi,musculus splenius cervicis

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,axis c2,atlas c1,musculus splenius cervicis,


system: 38
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus longissimus
memorix_page: 24/2.1
object_id: musculus longissimus thoracis
latin: musculus longissimus thoracis
en: Longissimus thoracis
en_origin:
  erector spinae aponeurosis (large common tendon), spinous processes T11-L5,
  sacrum - median sacral crest

en_insertion:
  vertebrae L1-L5 - costal processes,
  vertebrae T1-T12 - transverse processes,
  3rd-12th rib,
  thoracolumbar fascia - middle layer

related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l5, os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, pelvis, vertebrae lumbales l1, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae spuriae 10, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 8, os costale 7, os costale 6, os costale 5, os costale 4, os costale 3, costa secunda 2,vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l5, os sacrum,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1,ramus sutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae subcostalis 2,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 1,arteria sacralis mediana,arteriae sacrales laterales

innervation_related:
  ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis terti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis secundi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici primi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae thoracales t1,os costale 3,os costale 4,os costale 5,os costale 6,os costale 7,costae spuriae 8,costae spuriae 9,costae spuriae 10,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,costa secunda 2,costa prima 1,musculus iliocostalis lumborum,musculus serratus posterior inferior,musculus spinalis thoracis,musculus longissimus cervicis,musculus serratus posterius superior,musculus iliocostalis cervicis,musculus iliocostalis thoracis


system: 39
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus longissimus
en_origin: vertebrae T1-T5 - transverse processes
en_insertion: vertebrae C2-C6 - transverse processes
memorix_page: 24/2.2
object_id: musculus longissimus cervicis
latin: musculus longissimus cervicis
en: Longissimus cervicis
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,axis c2, vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,,vertebrae cervicales c7

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria occipitalis,ramus descendens arteriae occipitais,arteria vertebralis 1,arteria cervicalis profunda,arteria dorsalis scapulae

innervation_related:
  ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis terti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis secundi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici primi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2,musculi levatores costarum longi,musculus splenius cervicis,musculus serratus posterius superior,musculus longissimus thoracis


system: 40
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.3
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus longissimus
en_origin:
  vertebrae T1-T5 - transverse processes,
  vertebrae C2-C6 - articular processes

en_insertion: occipital bone - mastoid process
memorix_page: 24/2.3
object_id: musculus longissimus capitis
latin: musculus longissimus capitis
en: Longissimus capitis
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6, atlas c1, axis c2,os temporale 1

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria occipitalis,ramus descendens arteriae occipitais,arteria vertebralis 1,arteria cervicalis profunda,arteria dorsalis scapulae

innervation_related:
  ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis terti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis secundi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici primi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi

syntopy_related:
  atlas c1,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2,os temporale 1,musculus longissimus cervicis,musculus splenius cervicis


system: 43
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus iliocostalis lumborum
en_insertion: 6th-12th rib - angle of rib
memorix_page: 24/3.1.1
object_id: musculus iliocostalis lumborum
latin: iliocostalis lumborum pars lumbalis
en: Iliocostal muscle lumbar part
en_origin:
  erector spinae aponeurosis (large common tendon),
  sacrum - lateral sacral crest,
  hip bone - outer lip of iliac crest

related_objects:
  pelvis, os sacrum,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12, costae spuriae 10, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 8, os costale 7, os costale 6,vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1,

bloodsupply_related:
  arteriae sacrales laterales,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 1,ramus sutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae subcostalis 2,arteria lumbalis tertia 2,arteria lumbalis quarta 2

innervation_related:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1222 characters]

syntopy_related:
  pelvis,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae spuriae 10,costae spuriae 9,os costale 7,costae spuriae 8,os costale 6,musculus iliocostalis cervicis,musculus serratus posterius superior,musculus serratus anterior,musculus serratus posterior inferior


system: 44
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus iliocostalis lumborum
en_origin: 6th-12th rib - angle of rib (mediocranially to the insertion of the lumbar part)
en_insertion:
  1st-6th rib - angle of rib,
  vertebra C7 - transverse process

memorix_page: 24/3.1.2
object_id: musculus iliocostalis thoracis
latin: iliocostalis lumborum pars thoracica
en: Iliocostal muscle thoracic part
related_objects:
  costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae spuriae 10, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 8, os costale 7, os costale 6,os costale 6, os costale 5, os costale 4, os costale 3, costa secunda 2, costa prima 1

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1

innervation_related:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1222 characters]

syntopy_related:
  costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae spuriae 10,costae spuriae 9,costae spuriae 8,os costale 7,os costale 6,os costale 5,os costale 4,os costale 3,costa prima 1,costa secunda 2,musculus serratus anterior,musculus levator scapulae,musculus iliocostalis cervicis,musculus longissimus thoracis,musculus intercostales interni,musculus iliocostalis lumborum


system: 45
custom_hierarchy: 1.3.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus iliocostalis
en_origin:
  3rd-6th rib - angle of rib
  (medial to the insertion of the thoracic part)

en_insertion: vertebrae C4-C6 - transverse processes
memorix_page: 24/3.2
object_id: musculus iliocostalis cervicis
latin: musculus iliocostalis cervicis
en: Iliocostalis cervicis
bloodsupply_related: arteria occipitalis, arteria cervicalis profunda,arteria vertebralis 1
related_objects:
  os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 3,vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4,os costale 7,vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1,

innervation_related:
  ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti

syntopy_related:
  os costale 7,musculus iliocostalis cervicis,os costale 6,os costale 5,os costale 4,os costale 3,costa secunda 2,costa prima 1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c4,musculus longissimus cervicis,musculus scalenus posterior,musculus serratus posterius superior,musculus longissimus thoracis,musculus iliocostalis thoracis,musculus rhomboideus minor,musculus rhomboideus major


system: 48
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus spinalis
en_description: - fuses with the longissimus thoracis (they are very difficult to differentiate)
en_origin: vertebrae T11-L2 - spinous processes
en_insertion: 4-8 cranial thoracic vertebrae - spinous processes
memorix_page: 25/1.1
object_id: musculus spinalis thoracis
latin: musculus spinalis thoracis
en: Spinalis thoracis
related_objects:
  vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2

innervation_related:
  nervus occipitalis tertius,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t2,musculus semispinalis thoracis,musculus longissimus thoracis,musculus splenius capitis,musculus splenius cervicis


system: 49
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus spinalis
en_description: - a variable muscle
en_origin: nuchal ligament, vertebrae C7-T2 - spinous processes
en_insertion: axis (C2) - spinous process, vertebrae C3 and C4 - spinous processes (variable insertion))
memorix_page: 25/1.2
object_id: musculus spinalis cervicis
latin: musculus spinalis cervicis
en: Spinalis cervicis
bloodsupply_related: arteria cervicalis profunda
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5,axis c2, vertebrae cervicales c3, vertebrae cervicales c4

innervation_related:
  ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi

syntopy_related:
  axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,musculus spinalis thoracis,musculus semispinalis capitis,musculus semispinalis thoracis,musculus semispinalis cervicis


system: 51
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: Musculi dorsi proprii
en: Transversospinal system
en_description:
  The course of the fibres of the transversospinal system runs from the transverse processes of the caudal vertebrae to the spinous processes of the cranial vertebrae.
  These muscles are shaped like the letter A.


system: 52
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: Transversospinal system
en_innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves
latin: musculus semispinalis
en: Semispinalis
en_function:
  <b>Function of the whole muscle:</b>
  dorsal flexion of the vertebral column and head (bilateral contraction),
  lateroflexion of the vertebral column and head to the side of the contracted muscle and rotation of the vertebral column and head to the opposite side (unilateral contraction)


system: 53
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus semispinalis
en_origin: vertebrae T1-T6 - transverse processes
en_insertion: vertebrae C2-C6 - spinous processes
memorix_page: 25/1.2
object_id: musculus semispinalis cervicis
latin: musculus semispinalis cervicis
en: Semispinalis cervicis
related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t6,axis c2, vertebrae cervicales c3, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c6

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria cervicalis profunda,arteria vertebralis 1,,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1

innervation_related:
  ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae cervicales c5,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,musculus spinalis thoracis,musculus spinalis cervicis,musculus semispinalis capitis,musculus multifidus


system: 54
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.3
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus semispinalis
en_insertion: occipital bone - the inferior nuchal line
memorix_page: 25/1.3
object_id: musculus semispinalis capitis
latin: musculus semispinalis capitis
en: Semispinalis capitis
en_origin:
  vertebrae T6-C7 - transverse processes
  vertebrae C4-C6 - articular processes
  vertebrae C7-T1 - spinous processes (variably)

related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c3, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t6,os occipitale

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria cervicalis profunda,arteria vertebralis 1,,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 2

innervation_related:
  ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2,atlas c1,os occipitale,musculus splenius capitis,musculus splenius cervicis,musculus obliquus capitis superior,musculus rectus capitis posterior minor,musculus longissimus capitis,musculus spinalis cervicis,musculus semispinalis cervicis


system: 55
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.1
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculus semispinalis
en_origin: vertebrae T6-T10 - transverse processes
en_insertion: vertebrae C6-T4 - spinous processes
memorix_page: 25/1.1
object_id: musculus semispinalis thoracis
latin: musculus semispinalis thoracis
en: Semispinalis thoracis
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t4,,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria cervicalis profunda,arteria vertebralis 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1

innervation_related:
  ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,musculus spinalis cervicis,musculus spinalis thoracis,musculus multifidus,musculus splenius capitis


system: 56
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: Transversospinal system
en_innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves
memorix_page: 26/2
object_id: musculus multifidus
latin: musculi multifidi
en: Multifidi
en_description:
  - short muscles located very deeply in the back
  - fill the space lateral to the spinous processes of the vertebrae
  - are most distinct at the level of the lumbar vertebral column

en_origin:
  sacrum - dorsal surface, posterior sacroiliac ligament, hip bone - posterior superior iliac spine,
  vertebrae L1-L5 - mammillary processes (costal processes)
  vertebrae T1-T12 - transverse processes
  vertebrae C4-C7 - articular processes

en_insertion:
  spinous processes of vertebrae
  - superficial multifidi 3-4 vertebrae above their origin,
  the deepest multifidi to the adjacent vertebra of their origin

en_function:
  dorsal flexion of the vertebral column (bilateral contraction),
  rotation of the vertebral column to the opposite side
  of the contracted muscles (unilateral contraction)

related_objects:
  pelvis, os sacrum, vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4,pelvis, os sacrum, vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c3, axis c2

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria cervicalis profunda,arteria vertebralis 1,arteriae sacrales laterales,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1

innervation_related:
  ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni

syntopy_related:
  axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5,os sacrum,musculus spinalis thoracis,musculus longissimus thoracis,musculus spinalis cervicis,musculus semispinalis cervicis


system: 58
custom_hierarchy: 3.3.1
brief_parent: musculi rotatores
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi rotatores
en_origin: vertebrae - transverse processes
en_insertion: vertebrae - vertebral arches (next to spinous process)
object_id: musculi rotatores brevis
latin: musculi rotatores breves
en: Rotatores breves muscle
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t12

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 1

innervation_related:
  ramus posterior nervi thoracici primi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11


system: 59
custom_hierarchy: 3.3.2
brief_parent: musculi rotatores
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi rotatores
en_origin: vertebrae - transverse processes
en_insertion: vertebrae - vertebrae above
object_id: musculi rotatores longi
latin: musculi rotatores longi
en: Rotatores longi muscle
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t12

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 1

innervation_related:
  ramus posterior nervi thoracici primi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11


system: 62
custom_hierarchy: 4.1.1
brief_parent: musculi interspinales
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi interspinales
object_id: musculi interspinales cervicis
latin: musculi interspinales cervicis
en: Interspinales muscles of cervical spine
bloodsupply_related: arteria cervicalis profunda,arteria vertebralis 1,arteria occipitalis
related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c3, axis c2, atlas c1,vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c3, axis c2, atlas c1

innervation_related:
  nervus occpitalis major,nervus occipitalis tertius,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti,musculi interspinales cervicis

syntopy_related:
  atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7


system: 63
custom_hierarchy: 4.1.2
brief_parent: musculi interspinales
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi interspinales
object_id: musculi interspinale lumborum
latin: musculi interspinales lumborum
en: Interspinales muscles of lumbar spine
related_objects:
  vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l5

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus lumbalis arteriae iliolumbalis,arteria lumbalis quarta 2,arteria lumbalis tertia 2,arteria lumbalis secunda 2,arteria lumbalis prima 2

innervation_related:
  ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,musculi interspinale lumborum

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l5


system: 64
custom_hierarchy: 4.1.3
brief_parent: musculi interspinales
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi interspinales
object_id: musculi interspinale thoracis
latin: musculi interspinales thoracis
en: Interspinales muscles of thoracic spine
related_objects:
  vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1

innervation_related:
  ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae lumbales l1


system: 65
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
brief_parent: musculi intertransversarii
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: System of short muscles
en_function: lateroflexion of the vertebral column
en_innervation: anterior and posterior rami of spinal nerves
memorix_page: 26/2
latin: musculi intertransversarii
en: Intertransversarii
en_description:
  - a system of muscles that are located between transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae 
  - are most developed in the cervical part of the vertebral column 
  - in other parts of the vertebral column they are poorly developed


system: 66
custom_hierarchy: 4.2.1
brief_parent: musculi intertransversarii
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi intertransversarii
object_id: musculi intertransversarii anteriores cervicis
latin: musculi intertransversarii anteriores cervicis
en: Anterior Intertransversarii of cervical spine
related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 285 characters]

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1

innervation_related:
  ramus anterior nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis quinti,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis terti,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis secundi,musculi intertransversarii anteriores cervicis

syntopy_related:
  atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7


system: 67
custom_hierarchy: 4.2.2
brief_parent: musculi intertransversarii
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi intertransversarii
object_id: musculi intertransversarii posteriores cervicis
latin: musculi intertransversarii posteriores cervicis
en: Posterior Intertransversarii of cervical spine
related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 285 characters]

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus cutaneous medialis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1

innervation_related:
  ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis secundi,ramus posterior nervi cervicalis secundi,ramus posterior nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus posterior nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus posterior nervi cervicalis terti,ramus posterior nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus posterior nervi cervicalis quinti

syntopy_related:
  atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7


system: 68
custom_hierarchy: 4.2.3
brief_parent: musculi intertransversarii
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi intertransversarii
object_id: musculi intertransversarii laterales lumborum
latin: musculi intertransversarii laterales lumborum
en: Lateral Intertransversarii of lumbar spine
related_objects:
  vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t12,os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t12,os sacrum

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus lumbalis arteriae iliolumbalis,arteria lumbalis quarta 2,arteria lumbalis tertia 2,arteria lumbalis secunda 2,arteria lumbalis prima 2

innervation_related:
  radix anterior nervi lumbalis quinti,radix anterior nervi lumbalis quarti,radix anterior nervi lumbalis tertii,radix anterior nervi lumbalis secundi,radix anterior nervi lumbalis primi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici duodecimi

syntopy_related:
  os sacrum,vertebrae lumbales l5,vertebrae lumbales l4,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12


system: 70
custom_hierarchy: 4.2.5
brief_parent: musculi intertransversarii
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: musculi intertransversarii
object_id: musculi intertransversarii thoracis
latin: musculi intertransversarii thoracis
en: Intertransversarii of thoracic spine
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7

innervation_related:
  ramus posterior nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici decimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici noni,ramus posterior nervi thoracici octavi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici septimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici sexti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici quinti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici quarti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici tertii,ramus posterior nervi thoracici secundi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici primi,ramus posterior nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis octavi

syntopy_related:
  atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4,vertebrae thoracales t5,vertebrae thoracales t6,vertebrae thoracales t7,vertebrae thoracales t8,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae thoracales t12


system: 71
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Deep muscles of the back
parent: Musculi dorsi proprii
latin: musculi suboccipitales
en: Suboccipital muscles
en_description:
  - suboccipital muscles are a system of deep muscles of the neck located between the first two vertebrae and the occipital bone 
  - these muscles form the suboccipital triangle


system: 76
main_group: Muscles of the back
muscle_group: Fasciae of the back
parent: Musculi dorsi
en: Fasciae of the back
en_description:
  The superficial back muscles are covered by <b>the superficial fascia of the back</b>. <b>The thoracolumbar fascia </b>is located deeply in the caudal part of the back and forms the aponeurotic origin of the latissimus dorsi from which the lateral muscles of the abdominal wall originate. <b>The middle layer of the thoracolumbar fascia </b>develops from the horizontal myoseptum and forms the <b>borderline between the epaxial and hypaxial muscles</b>.

general_description:
  <b>The nuchal fascia </b>separates the trapezius and rhomboids from the deep back muscles. Laterally it continues to the superficial lamina of the cervical fascia and in the midline it is strengthened by the nuchal ligament. The nuchal fascia covers the trapezius. Its superficial part attaches to the highest nuchal line and is called the superficial fascia of the back (fascia dorsi superficialis).


system: 84
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: musculi cranii
latin: musculi faciei
en: Facial muscles
en_description:
  The facial muscles are derived from the second pharyngeal arch. They are <b>inserted into the skin of the head </b>and therefore form wrinkles and <b>control facial expression</b>. All facial muscles are <b>innervated by branches of the facial nerve (n. VII)</b>.

general_description:
  <b>SMAS </b>is an abbreviation for the superficial muscular-aponeurotic system. It is a fibromuscular layer found on the head that covers the facial muscles. It is more developed over the calvaria is the epicranial aponeurosis (galea aponeurotica) and on the face.

  <b>The thin subgaleal connective tissue</b> a low-resistance area that facilitates scalping (removing the scalp from the bone).


system: 86
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.1
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: musculus epicranius
en_origin: occipital and frontal bellies
memorix_page: 7/1
object_id: aponeurosis epicranialis
latin: galea aponeurotica
en: Epicranial aponeurosis
en_description:
  - forms the largest middle part of the muscle
  - an aponeurotic tendinous structure
  - is connected to the periosteum of the cranial vault by
  tenuous fibrous tissue, thus is freely movable over the skull

related_objects:
  os parietale 1, os frontale, venter frontalis musculus occipitofrontalis, venter occipitalis musculus occipitofrontalis


system: 88
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.2.1
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: musculus occipitofrontalis
en_origin: epicranial aponeurosis - ventral margin
en_insertion: skin of the eyebrows and glabella
en_innervation: facial nerve - temporal branches
memorix_page: 7/2.1.
object_id: venter frontalis musculus occipitofrontalis
latin: venter frontalis musculi occipitofrontalis
en: Frontal belly (Occipitofrontalis)
bloodsupply_related: ramus frontalis arteriae temporalis superficialis,arteria supraorbitalis,arteria supratrochlearis
innervation_related: rami temporales nervi facialis,nervus facialis
en_function:
  elevates the skin of the forehead, forms horizontal wrinkles of the forehead, contributes to elevation of the upper eyelid and creates expressions of attention and astonishment

related_objects:
  os parietale 1, os frontale, ,venter frontalis musculus occipitofrontalis, venter occipitalis musculus occipitofrontalis,aponeurosis epicranialis

syntopy_related:
  musculus orbicularis oculi,musculus procerus,musculus depressor supercilii,aponeurosis epicranialis,musculus temporalis,os frontale


system: 89
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.2.2
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: musculus occipitofrontalis
en_origin: occipital bone - highest nuchal line (lateral 2/3)
en_insertion: epicranial aponeurosis - dorsal margin
en_innervation: facial nerve - occipital branch of the posterior auricular nerve
memorix_page: 7/2.2
object_id: venter occipitalis musculus occipitofrontalis
latin: venter occipitalis musculi occipitofrontalis
en: Occipital belly (Occipitofrontalis)
innervation_related: ramus occipitalis nervi auricularis posterioris,nervus facialis
syntopy_related: musculus trapezius pars descendens,aponeurosis epicranialis,os parietale 1,os occipitale
en_function:
  pulls the epicranial aponeurosis dorsally, stabilises the epicranial aponeurosis and assists the frontal belly in the elevation of the upper eyelids

related_objects:
  os parietale 1, os frontale, venter frontalis musculus occipitofrontalis, venter occipitalis musculus occipitofrontalis,aponeurosis epicranialis,os occipitale


system: 90
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.3
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: musculus epicranius
en_origin: auricle - internal aspect
en_insertion: epicranial aponeurosis - at the height of the superior temporal line
en_function: movements of the auricle - cranially, ventrally and dorsally
en_innervation: facial nerve - occipital branch of the posterior auricular nerve
memorix_page: 6/1.1.2
object_id: musculus temporoparietalis
latin: musculus temporoparietalis
en: Temporoparietalis
related_objects: auricula,aponeurosis epicranialis,os temporale 1, os parietale 1, os frontale, os sphenoidale
innervation_related: ramus occipitalis nervi auricularis posterioris
clinical_notes:
  <b>Trigger points in the temporoparietalis may</b> be activated by disorders of the temporomandibular joint and can occur in the cervicocranial syndrome.

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus parietalis arteriae temporalis superficialis,arteria auricularis posterior,arteria occipitalis

syntopy_related:
  musculus auricularis anterior,musculus auricularis superior,musculus temporalis,os frontale,os sphenoidale,os parietale 1,os temporale 1,musculus temporoparietalis


system: 91
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: musculi faciei
en: Auricular muscle group
en_description:
  <b>The intrinsic muscles of the external ear </b>are <b>rudimentary muscles </b>that originate and insert on the lateral surface of the auricle. <b>The extrinsic muscles of the external ear </b>insert on <b>the root of the auricle</b>. The extrinsic muscles consist of the anterior, superior and posterior auricularis as well as the temporoparietalis. Their common function is <b>movement of the auricle</b>. They have no practical importance in humans.


system: 92
custom_hierarchy: 4.1.1
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Extrinsic muscles of external ear
en_origin: temporal fascia
en_insertion: auricle - spine of helix
en_function: cranial and ventral movements of the auricle
en_innervation: facial nerve - temporal branches
memorix_page: 6/4.1
object_id: musculus auricularis anterior
latin: musculus auricularis anterior
en: Auricularis anterior
related_objects: auricula
innervation_related: rami temporales nervi facialis,nervus facialis
syntopy_related: musculus temporoparietalis,musculus temporalis,os temporale 1
bloodsupply_related:
  arteria zygomaticoorbitalis,rami auriculares anteriores arteriae temporalis superficialis,arteria temporalis superficialis


system: 93
custom_hierarchy: 4.1.2
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Extrinsic muscles of external ear
en_origin: epicranial aponeurosis
en_insertion: auricle - eminence of triangular fossa
en_function: cranial movement of the auricle
en_innervation: facial nerve - temporal branches
memorix_page: 6/4.2
object_id: musculus auricularis superior
latin: musculus auricularis superior
en: Auricularis superior
related_objects: aponeurosis epicranialis,auricula,os temporale 1, os parietale 1, os frontale, os sphenoidale
innervation_related: rami temporales nervi facialis,nervus facialis
syntopy_related: os frontale,musculus auricularis superior,musculus temporalis,os parietale 1
bloodsupply_related:
  ramus frontalis arteriae temporalis superficialis,ramus parietalis arteriae temporalis superficialis,arteria temporalis media,rami auriculares anteriores arteriae temporalis superficialis


system: 95
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: musculi faciei
en: Nasal muscle group
en_description:
  <b>The nasal muscle group </b>consists of three muscles that insert and act on the nose. <b>The nasalis </b>has two parts according to the course of its fibers: the transverse part (compressor naris) and the alar part (dilatator naris). The transverse part <b>constricts the nostrils </b>and the alar part <b>dilates </b>them.


system: 96
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Nasal muscle group
en_function: is responsible for "flaring" of the nostrils
latin: musculus nasalis
en: Nasalis
general_description:
  <b>Compressor naris </b>is an obsolete term for the transverse part of the nasalis.

  <b>Dilatator nasi </b>is an obsolete term for the alar part of the nasalis.


system: 97
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.1
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: musculus nasalis
en_origin: maxilla - anterior surface
en_insertion: dorsal aponeurosis of the nose
en_function: constricts the nostrils
en_innervation: facial nerve - buccal branches
memorix_page: 6/3.1
object_id: musculus nasalis pars transversa
latin: musculus nasalis pars transversa
en: Nasalis transverse part
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,os nasale 1
innervation_related: rami buccalis nervi facialis,nervus facialis
bloodsupply_related:
  arteria infraorbitalis,arteria dorsalis nasi,arteriae nasales posteriores laterales,ramus septi nasi arteriae facialis,ramus lateralis nasi

syntopy_related:
  concha nasi inferior 2,concha nasi inferior 1,vomer,musculus nasalis pars transversa,musculus levator labii superioris alaeque nasi,musculus nasalis pars alaris,musculus procerus,musculus depressor septi nasi,corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1


system: 98
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.2
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: musculus nasalis
en_origin: maxilla - anterior surface
en_insertion: skin of the nasal wing,
en_function: dilates the nostrils
en_innervation: facial nerve - buccal branches
object_id: musculus nasalis pars alaris
latin: musculus nasalis pars alaris
en: Nasalis alar part
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,os nasale 1
innervation_related: rami buccalis nervi facialis,nervus facialis
bloodsupply_related:
  arteria infraorbitalis,arteriae nasales posteriores laterales,ramus septi nasi arteriae facialis,ramus lateralis nasi

syntopy_related:
  concha nasi inferior 2,concha nasi inferior 1,vomer,musculus nasalis pars transversa,musculus levator labii superioris alaeque nasi,musculus nasalis pars alaris,musculus procerus,musculus depressor septi nasi,corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1


system: 99
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Nasal muscle group
en_origin: maxilla - frontal process
en_insertion:
  skin of the nasal wing (major alar cartilage),
  lateral part of the upper lip

en_innervation: facial nerve - buccal branches
memorix_page: 6/3.2
object_id: musculus levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
latin: musculus levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
en: Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,os nasale 1
innervation_related: rami buccalis nervi facialis,nervus facialis
syntopy_related: musculus levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
en_function:
  dilates the nostrils, elevates the upper lip, elevates and smooths out the nasolabial sulcus produces an expression of discontent

general_description:
  <b>The muscle of Elvis </b>is a laic term used for the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi. Its contraction produces facial expression famously associated with Elvis Presley.

  <b>The levator labii superioris alaeque nasi </b>has the longest name of any muscle of the human body.

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria dorsalis nasi,arteriae nasales posteriores laterales,ramus septi nasi arteriae facialis,arteria infraorbitalis,arteria angularis,ramus lateralis nasi


system: 100
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Nasal muscle group
en_origin: incisive fossa on the anterior surface of the maxilla
en_insertion:
  nasal septum - mobile part
  nasalis - alar part (dorsal aspect)

en_innervation: facial nerve - buccal branch and zygomatic branch
memorix_page: 6/3.3
object_id: musculus depressor septi nasi
latin: musculus depressor septi nasi
en: Depressor septi nasi
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,corpus maxillae 1,os nasale 2,os nasale 1
innervation_related: rami zygomatici nervi facialis,rami buccalis nervi facialis,nervus facialis
syntopy_related: Depressor septi nasi
en_function:
  depresses the nasal septum, dilates the nares, moves the apex of the nose during movements of the upper lip (e.g. during speech)

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria labialis superior,arteria dorsalis nasi,arteriae nasales posteriores laterales,ramus septi nasi arteriae facialis,arteria angularis,ramus lateralis nasi


system: 102
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
brief_parent: musculus orbicularis oculi
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Circumorbital and palpebral muscle groups
en_innervation: facial nerve - temporal and zygomatic branches
memorix_page: 6/2.1
object_id: musculus orbicularis oculi
latin: musculus orbicularis oculi
en: Orbicularis oculi
related_objects: os lacrimale 1, os frontale, corpus maxillae 1,os zygomaticum 1
innervation_related: nervus facialis,rami temporales nervi facialis,rami zygomatici nervi facialis
en_function:
  firm closure of the eyelids, creates wrinkles extending outwards from the lateral angle of the eye (crow's feet)

clinical_notes:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 247 characters]

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria infraorbitalis,arteria facialis,arteria angularis,arteria ophthalmica,arteria supraorbitalis,arcus palpebralis superior

syntopy_related:
  musculus zigomaticus major,musculus levator labii superioris alaeque nasi,musculus levator labii superioris,musculus zigomaticus minor,musculus temporalis,musculus depressor supercilii,os lacrimale 1,corpus maxillae 1,os nasale 1,os frontale,os zygomaticum 1


system: 106
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Circumorbital and palpebral muscle groups
en_origin: fascia of the dorsum of the nose
en_insertion: skin of the inferior part of the forehead
en_function: forms a horizontal wrinkle on the root of the nose, located over the glabella
en_innervation: facial nerve - buccal branches
memorix_page: 9
object_id: musculus procerus
latin: musculus procerus
en: Procerus
related_objects: os frontale,os nasale 1, os nasale 2
innervation_related: rami buccalis nervi facialis,nervus facialis
syntopy_related:
  os nasale 2,os nasale 1,musculus nasalis pars transversa,musculus levator labii superioris alaeque nasi,musculus orbicularis oculi,venter frontalis musculus occipitofrontalis,musculus depressor supercilii,os frontale


system: 110
custom_hierarchy: 5.1
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Buccolabial muscle group
en_insertion: labial part: fuses with the contralateral part, in the skin of the lips
en_innervation: facial nerve - buccal branches
memorix_page: 6/5.1
object_id: musculus orbicularis oris
latin: musculus orbicularis oris
en: Orbicularis oris
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,mandibula
innervation_related: rami buccalis nervi facialis,nervus facialis
en_origin:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 137 characters]

en_function:
  closes the lips, presses the lips against the teeth, with stronger contraction of the marginal part it protrudes the lips (puckers the lips)

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria labialis inferior,arteria labialis superior,arteria transversa faciei,ramus mentalis arteriae alveolaris inferioris,arteria infraorbitalis

syntopy_related:
  corpus maxillae 2,corpus maxillae 1,musculus depressor anguli oris,musculus risorius,musculus zigomaticus major,musculus zigomaticus minor,musculus levator labii superioris,musculus levator labii superioris alaeque nasi,musculus nasalis pars alaris,musculus depressor septi nasi,musculus depressor labii inferioris,musculus mentalis,mandibula


system: 114
custom_hierarchy: 5.2
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Buccolabial muscle group
en_origin: maxilla - under the caudal border of the orbit, but above the infraorbital foramen
en_insertion: upper lip and skin of the nasolabial sulcus
en_function: elevates the nasolabial sulcus, expressing happiness
en_innervation: facial nerve - buccal branches
memorix_page: 6/5.2
object_id: musculus levator labii superioris
latin: musculus levator labii superioris
en: Levator labii superioris
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1
bloodsupply_related: arteria facialis,arteria infraorbitalis,arteria maxillaris
innervation_related: rami buccalis nervi facialis,nervus facialis
syntopy_related: musculus levator labii superioris
general_description:
  <b>The levator labii superioris </b>is divided according to its origins into:
  1 <b>angular part </b>(pars angularis) - originates on the frontal process of the maxilla
  2 <b>infraorbital part</b>( pars infraorbitalis) - originates above the infraorbital foramen
  3 <b>zygomatic part </b>(pars zygomatica) - originates on the zygomatic bone, behind the zygomaticomaxillary suture


system: 115
custom_hierarchy: 5.3
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Buccolabial muscle group
en_origin: zygomatic bone - medial to the zygomaticus major
en_insertion: upper lip
en_innervation: facial nerve - zygomatic branches
memorix_page: 6/5.3
object_id: musculus zigomaticus minor
latin: musculus zygomaticus minor
en: Zygomaticus minor
related_objects: os zygomaticum 1,musculus orbicularis oris,corpus maxillae 1
bloodsupply_related: arteria facialis,arteria infraorbitalis,arteria maxillaris
innervation_related: rami zygomatici nervi facialis,nervus facialis
en_function:
  elevates the lateral third of the nasolabial sulcus, producing a smile and an expression of compassion

syntopy_related:
  musculus orbicularis oculi,musculus levator labii superioris,musculus orbicularis oris,os zygomaticum 1,musculus zigomaticus major


system: 116
custom_hierarchy: 5.4
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Buccolabial muscle group
en_origin: zygomatic bone - temporal process (laterally to the zygomaticus minor)
en_insertion: modiolus
en_function: pulls the angle of the mouth laterocranially, producing an expression of an ironic smile
en_innervation: facial nerve - zygomatic branches
memorix_page: 6/5.4
object_id: musculus zigomaticus major
latin: musculus zygomaticus major
en: Zygomaticus major
related_objects: os zygomaticum 1,musculus orbicularis oris,corpus maxillae 1
bloodsupply_related: arteria facialis,arteria infraorbitalis,arteria maxillaris
innervation_related: rami zygomatici nervi facialis,nervus facialis
syntopy_related:
  corpus maxillae 1,musculus buccinator,musculus orbicularis oris,os zygomaticum 1,musculus orbicularis oculi,musculus zigomaticus minor,pars superfacialis musculi masseteris


system: 119
custom_hierarchy: 5.7
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Buccolabial muscle group
en_origin: mandible - inferior border
en_insertion: modiolus
en_function: depresses the angle of the mouth, producing an expression of sadness
en_innervation: facial nerve - marginal mandibular branch
memorix_page: 6/5.7
object_id: musculus depressor anguli oris
latin: musculus depressor anguli oris
en: Depressor anguli oris
related_objects: mandibula,musculus orbicularis oris
bloodsupply_related: arteria facialis,arteria labialis inferior,arteria submentalis
innervation_related: ramus marginalis mandibulae nervi facialis,nervus facialis
syntopy_related:
  pars superfacialis musculi masseteris,musculus risorius,musculus orbicularis oris,musculus depressor labii inferioris,mandibula


system: 120
custom_hierarchy: 5.8
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Buccolabial muscle group
en_origin: mandible - inferior border (under the depressor anguli oris)
en_insertion: skin of the lower lip
en_function: depresses the lower lip and pulls the lower lip laterally, producing an expression of contempt
en_innervation: facial nerve - marginal mandibular branch
memorix_page: 6/5.8
object_id: musculus depressor labii inferioris
latin: musculus depressor labii inferioris
en: Depressor labii inferioris
related_objects: mandibula,musculus orbicularis oris
innervation_related: ramus marginalis mandibulae nervi facialis,nervus facialis
syntopy_related: musculus depressor anguli oris,mandibula,musculus orbicularis oris,musculus mentalis
bloodsupply_related:
  arteria facialis,arteria labialis inferior,arteria submentalis,ramus mentalis arteriae alveolaris inferioris


system: 121
custom_hierarchy: 5.9
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Buccolabial muscle group
en_origin: mandible - alveolar yoke of the second incisor
en_insertion: skin of the chin (fibres run mediocaudally)
en_function: pulls the lower lip upwards and forward, producing an expression of scorn
en_innervation: facial nerve - marginal mandibular branch
memorix_page: 6/5.9
object_id: musculus mentalis
latin: musculus mentalis
en: Mentalis
related_objects: mandibula
innervation_related: ramus marginalis mandibulae nervi facialis,nervus facialis
general_description:
  <b> The mentalis </b>is also known as the muscle of pride. Its contraction creates an expression of scorn.

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria facialis,arteria labialis inferior,arteria submentalis,ramus mentalis arteriae alveolaris inferioris

syntopy_related:
  musculus depressor anguli oris,musculus orbicularis oris,musculus depressor labii inferioris,mandibula


system: 122
custom_hierarchy: 5.10
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: Buccolabial muscle group
en_insertion: modiolus, fibres of the orbicularis oris of both the upper and lower lips
en_innervation: facial nerve - buccal branches
memorix_page: 6/5.10
object_id: musculus buccinator
latin: musculus buccinator
en: Buccinator
related_objects: mandibula,corpus maxillae 1,Orbicularis oris
general_description: <b>The buccinator </b>is also known as the trumpeters muscle.
bloodsupply_related: arteria buccalis,arteria facialis
innervation_related: rami buccalis nervi facialis,nervus facialis
en_origin:
  maxilla and mandible - alveolar yokes of the molars, pterygomandibular raphe (fibres running from the pterygoid hamulus to the medial surface of the border between the body and ramus of the mandible)

en_function:
  presses the cheeks against the teeth and gums (moves food between the molars), squeezes air out of the oral cavity when the mouth is open, prevents compression of the cheeks during mastication (chewing)

clinical_notes:
  <b>Both central and peripheral palsies of the facial nerve </b>(n. VII) cause impairment and weakness of the buccinator.This leads to an inability to puff out the cheeks and whistle.

syntopy_related:
  corpus maxillae 1,pars superfacialis musculi masseteris,os zygomaticum 1,musculus zigomaticus minor,musculus zigomaticus major,musculus orbicularis oris,musculus depressor anguli oris,mandibula


system: 125
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Masticatory muscles
parent: Musculi masticatorii
en_origin: temporal fossa, parietal bone - inferior temporal line
en_insertion: mandible - coronoid process and temporal crest
en_innervation: mandibular nerve (n. V3) - deep temporal nerves
memorix_page: 12/1
object_id: musculus temporalis
latin: musculus temporalis
en: Temporalis / temporal muscle
related_objects: os parietale 1,os sphenoidale,mandibula,os frontale
bloodsupply_related: arteria temporalis profundis posterior,arteria temporalis media
en_function:
  elevates the mandible (anterior fibers), retracts the mandible (posterior fibers), maintains the static position of the mandible (closed mouth), generates static tension in the masticatory muscles

general_description:
  <b>The temporalis </b>maintains a degree of muscle tone during mastication. Thus, it typically atrophies in people without teeth.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The temporalis </b>is a wide muscle that has a predilection to develop trigger points. Pain from its anterior part typically radiates above the orbit and into the superior canines.Trigger points located in front of the auricle radiate into the superior molars.

innervation_related:
  nervus temporalis profunda posterior,divisio anterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus temporalis profunda anterior

syntopy_related:
  os temporale 1,musculus auricularis superior,musculus temporoparietalis,musculus auricularis anterior,venter frontalis musculus occipitofrontalis,aponeurosis epicranialis,os parietale 1,os frontale


system: 127
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Masticatory muscles
parent: musculus masseter
en_origin: zygomatic process of maxilla, zygomatic arch (anterior part)
en_insertion:
  <b>Course of fibres:</b> dorsocaudal
  mandible - masseteric tuberosity

en_function: elevates the mandible, protracts the mandible (only the superficial part)
memorix_page: 12/1
object_id: pars superfacialis musculi masseteris
latin: pars superficialis musculi masseteris
en: Masseter superficial part
related_objects: corpus maxillae 1,os zygomaticum 1,mandibula
bloodsupply_related: arteria masseterica
innervation_related: divisio anterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus massetericus
syntopy_related:
  os temporale 1,pars profunda musculi masseteris,os zygomaticum 1,musculus zigomaticus major,musculus risorius,musculus depressor anguli oris,mandibula


system: 128
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Masticatory muscles
parent: musculus masseter
en_origin: zygomatic arch (posterior part)
en_function: elevates the mandible
memorix_page: 12/2
object_id: pars profunda musculi masseteris
latin: pars profunda musculi masseteris
en: Masseter deep part
related_objects: os zygomaticum 1,os temporale 1,mandibula
bloodsupply_related: arteria masseterica
innervation_related: divisio anterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mandibularis,nervus massetericus
syntopy_related: os zygomaticum 1,os temporale 1,pars superfacialis musculi masseteris,mandibula
en_insertion:
  <b>Course of fibers:</b> caudal (ventrocaudal in newborns)
  mandible - ramus of mandible (deep part) and coronoid process


system: 139
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the head
muscle_group: Facial muscles
parent: musculi faciei
en: Epicranial muscle group
en_description:
  <b>The epicranius </b>is a <b>flat muscle of the cranial vault</b>. It consists of two main parts connected by a flat tendon called the <b>epicranial aponeurosis</b>.


system: 141
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
latin: Musculi membri inferioris
en: Muscles of the lower limb
en_description:
  The muscles of the lower limb can be divided into <b>four groups, </b>according to their location: <b>the muscles of hip joint, the muscles of thigh, the muscles of leg and the muscles of foot</b>. The muscles of the lower limb enable <b>standing and walking</b>.


system: 142
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: Musculi membri inferioris
en: Muscles of the hip joint
en_description:
  <b>The muscles of the hip joint </b>can be divided into two groups: <b>anterior and posterior</b>. The posterior group is further divided into two layers: <b>superficial layer and deep or pelvitrochanteric layer</b>.

clinical_notes:
   <b>Trigger points in muscles of the pelvic girdle </b>never cause referred pain distal to the knee joint. Muscles of the pectoral girdle, however, often cause pain distal to the elbow joint.


system: 143
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
brief_parent: musculus iliopsoas
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: Anterior Group of hip joint
memorix_page: 52/1.1
object_id: musculus iliopsoas
latin: musculus iliopsoas
en: Iliopsoas
related_objects: musculus psoas major, musculus iliacus,os femoris
innervation_related: nervus femoralis,nervus ilioinguinalis,nervus cutaneus femoris lateralis
syntopy_related: musculus sartorius,musculus pectineus,os femoris,pelvis,musculus psoas major,musculus iliacus
en_innervation:
  Innervation (T12-L4): femoral nerve (iliacus), lumbar plexus - branches of the spinal nerves L1-L3 (psoas major and psoas minor)

general_description:
   <b>The iliopsoas </b>is necessary for walking. The muscle also fixes the supporting limb. In a standing position the muscle prevents the torso from falling backwards and increases the lumbar lordosis. Permanent asymmetry can cause deviation of the vertebral column. 

clinical_notes:
   <b>If a patient wants to indicate the location of pain caused by a trigger point in the iliopsoas</b>, he will move his hand alongside the vertebral column in the vertical direction from the level of the vertebra T11 to the sacrum. Contrarily, if the patient moves his hand in the horizontal direction, it is probably the result of trigger points in the rectus abdominis. 

   <b>The iliopsoas </b>courses very close to the internal organs. Thus pathology of the iliopsoas may mimic a disease in the internal organs. When the right iliopsoas is injured, pain is felt in the right lower quadrant which can mimic appendicitis. Hypertrophy of the iliopsoas can make passage through the colon difficult. 

   <b>Hypertrophy of the iliopsoas </b>can compress the femoral nerve and lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh at the muscular space (lacuna musculorum) and the genitofemoral nerve at the vascular space (lacuna vasculorum) under the inguinal ligament. 

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus iliacus arteriae iliolumbalis,arteria circumflexa ilium profunda,arteria iliaca externa,arteria femoralis


system: 144
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.1
brief_parent: musculus iliopsoas
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: musculus iliopsoas
en_insertion: femur - lesser trochanter
object_id: musculus psoas major
latin: musculus psoas major
en: Psoas major
innervation_related: nervus femoralis,nervus ilioinguinalis,nervus cutaneus femoris lateralis
en_origin:
  vertebral bodies of T12-L5,
  intervertebral discs (as 5 digitations),
  vertebrae L1-L5 - coastal processes

en_function:
  - flexion and external rotation of the thigh
  - ventral flexion of the lumbar vertebral column
  - lateral exion of the trunk to the side of the contracted muscle
  - rotation to the opposite side (unilateral contraction)

related_objects:
  vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae lumbales l5,os femoris,vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l5, os sacrum, musculus iliopsoas,musculus iliacus, pelvis

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus iliacus arteriae iliolumbalis,arteria circumflexa ilium profunda,arteria iliaca externa,arteria femoralis

syntopy_related:
  musculus quadratus lumborum,pelvis,musculus iliacus,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae lumbales l3,vertebrae lumbales l4,musculus psoas minor,musculus iliopsoas


system: 145
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.2
brief_parent: musculus iliopsoas
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: musculus iliopsoas
en_origin:
  vertebral bodies of T12 and L1 and
  the intervertebral discs between them

en_insertion: iliopubic ramus
en_function: ventral flexion of the lumbar vertebral column
object_id: musculus psoas minor
latin: musculus psoas minor
en: Psoas minor
bloodsupply_related: arteria circumflexa ilium profunda,arteria iliaca externa,arteria femoralis
innervation_related: nervus femoralis,nervus ilioinguinalis,nervus cutaneus femoris lateralis
syntopy_related: pelvis,musculus psoas major,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae thoracales t12
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae lumbales l1,pelvis,vertebrae thoracales t12, vertebrae lumbales l1, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l5,

general_description:
   <b>The psoas minor </b>is a variable muscle which is bilaterally present in 40-50 % of the population.


system: 148
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: Superficial layer *1
en_insertion:
  femur - gluteal tuberosity,
  tibia - lateral condyle (via the iliotibial tract)

en_innervation: inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S1, variably L4-S2)
memorix_page: 52/2.1
object_id: musculus gluteus maximus
latin: musculus gluteus maximus
en: Gluteus maximus
related_objects: os sacrum, os coccygis, pelvis,os femoris,tibia,musculus tensor fasciae lateae,tractus iliotibialis
clinical_notes: <b>Walking uphill, upstairs or jumping </b>is not possible when the gluteus maximus is injured.
bloodsupply_related: arteria glutea superior,arteria glutea inferior
innervation_related: nervus gluteus inferior
en_origin:
  gluteal surface of the ilium - dorsal to the posterior gluteal line, iliac crest - outer lip, thoracolumbar fascia - posterior layer, sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament, gluteal aponeurosis

en_function:
  abduction of the thigh (cranial fibers), extension, external rotation and adduction of the thigh (caudal fibers), maintains extension of the knee joint (by stretching the iliotibial tract), keeps the pelvis in retroversion, maintains the erect standing position and provides lateral stability to the trunk (most important function)

general_description:
  <b>The gluteus maximus </b>is one of the biggest muscles in the human body. The muscle has role in maintaining an upright posture. In the stance phase of the gait, the muscle prevents flexion at the hip joint. 

  <b>The gluteal aponeurosis </b>(aponeurosis glutea) is a thick fibrous membrane, located in the superior gluteal region between the iliac crest and the superolateral border of the gluteus maximus. It is part of the gluteal fascia and forms part of the origin of the gluteus maximus and medius. 

syntopy_related:
  musculus latissimus dorsi,musculus piriformis,musculus gluteus medius,tractus iliotobialis,musculus vastus lateralis,caput longum musculi biceps femoris,pelvis,os femoris


system: 149
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: Superficial layer *1
en_insertion: femur - greater trochanter
en_innervation: superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
memorix_page: 52/2.2
object_id: musculus gluteus medius
latin: musculus gluteus medius
en: Gluteus medius
related_objects: pelvis,os femoris
bloodsupply_related: arteria glutea superior
innervation_related: nervus gluteus inferior
en_origin:
  gluteal surface of the ilium - between the posterior and anterior gluteal lines, iliac crest - outer lip

en_function:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 191 characters]

general_description:
  <b>Sleeping on the side</b>, in the long term, can cause excessive stretching of the gluteus medius. Putting a pillow between the thighs is a suitable prevention. This is especially important for women with a wide pelvis.

syntopy_related:
  musculus tensor fasciae lateae,tractus iliotobialis,pelvis,musculus gluteus minimus,musculus gluteus maximus,os femoris


system: 152
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: Posterior group *1
en: Deep layer - pelvitrochanteric muscles
en_description:
  The muscles of the deep layer are called <b>the pelvic trochanter muscles</b>. They are short muscles with <b>insertions around the greater trochanter</b>. They maintain <b>stability of the hip joint </b>and have important <b>postural functions</b>.


system: 153
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: Deep layer - pelvitrochanteric muscles
en_origin: sacrum (S2-S4) - pelvic surface
en_insertion: femur - greater trochanter
en_function: external rotation of the extended thigh, abduction of the flexed thigh
en_innervation: nerve to the piriformis and direct branches from the sacral plexus (L4-S2)
memorix_page: 52/2.5
object_id: musculus piriformis
latin: musculus piriformis
en: Piriformis
related_objects: os sacrum,os femoris,pelvis
bloodsupply_related: arteria pudenda interna,arteria glutea inferior,arteria glutea superior
innervation_related: nervus musculi piriformis,truncus lumbosacralis,nervus sacralis secundus,nervus sacralis primus
general_description:
   <b>The piriformis </b>divides the greater sciatic foramen into the suprapiriform foramen and the infrapiriform foramen .

clinical_notes:
   <b>The piriformis </b>has a tendency to become hypertonic and the gluteus maximus has a tendency to become hypotonic. As a result, internal rotation of the thigh is limited and the muscles are painful on palpation. 

   <b>The piriformis </b>may cause entrapment syndromes of all the blood vessels and nerves passing through the suprapiriform and infrapiriform foramina. The piriformis may cause symptoms of sciatica, a condition known as the piriformis syndrome. The piriformis syndrome is also referred to as “wallet sciatica“ or “fat wallet syndrome“since this condition can be caused or aggravated by sitting with a large wallet in the back pocket on 
  the affected side.


system: 154
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: Deep layer - pelvitrochanteric muscles
en_origin: ischial spine
en_insertion: femur - greater trochanter (on a small facet above the trochanteric fossa)
en_function: external rotation of the extended thigh, abduction of the flexed thigh
en_innervation: nerve to the obturator internus and direct branches from the sacral plexus (L4-S2)
memorix_page: 52/2.6
object_id: musculus gemellus superior
latin: musculus gemellus superior
en: Gemellus superior
related_objects: pelvis,os femoris
bloodsupply_related: arteria pudenda interna,arteria glutea inferior
syntopy_related: musculus piriformis,tractus iliotobialis,pelvis,musculus gluteus maximus
general_description:
  <b>The triceps coxae </b>is an obsolete term for the superior gemellus, obturator internus and inferior gemellus, which insert via a common tendon on a small facet on the greater trochanter of the femur, located above the trochanteric fossa.

innervation_related:
  nervus lumbalis quartus,nervus lumbalis quintus,nervus sacralis secundus,nervus sacralis primus,truncus lumbosacralis,nervus musculi obturatorii interni


system: 157
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.5
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hip joint
parent: Deep layer - pelvitrochanteric muscles
en_origin: ischial tuberosity
en_insertion: femur - intertrochanteric crest (including the quadrate tubercle)
en_function: external rotation of the thigh
en_innervation: nerve to the quadratus femoris and direct branches from the sacral plexus (L4-S2)
memorix_page: 52/2.9
object_id: musculus quadratus femoris
latin: musculus quadratus femoris
en: Quadratus femoris
related_objects: pelvis,os femoris
bloodsupply_related: arteria glutea inferior
innervation_related:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 152 characters]

syntopy_related:
  musculus obturatorius externus,musculus gemellus inferior,pelvis,musculus semimembranosus,os femoris


system: 158
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Musculi femoris
en: Anterior group *2
en_description:
  <b>The anterior group of the thigh muscles</b> covers the entire anterior surface of the thigh and have a common innerva on from<b> the femoral nerve. The quadriceps femoris</b> is comprised of <b>four heads:</b> rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and vastus medialis. <b>The rectus femoris </b>can be further divided into two heads:<b> straight head and reflected head. </b>The rectus femoris is the only head of the quadriceps femoris that acts not only at the<b> knee joint,</b> but also at the<b> hip joint.</b>


system: 159
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Anterior group *2
en_origin: ilium - anterior superior iliac spine
en_insertion:
  tibia - medial condyle
  (via the pes anserinus major)

en_innervation: femoral nerve (L2-L3)
memorix_page: 56/1.1
object_id: musculus sartorius
latin: musculus sartorius
en: Sartorius
related_objects: pelvis,tibia
innervation_related: nervus femoralis,rami musculares nervi femoralis
en_function:
  flexion, abduction and external rotation of the thigh,
  flexion of the leg,
  internal rotation of the flexed leg

clinical_notes:
   <b>The sartorius </b>can compress the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh below the anterior superior iliac spine. 

   <b>Pain in the sartorius </b>is usually not located as deeply as pain in most muscles. It is described as a sharp or tingling pain.

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria femoralis,arteria circumflexa ilium superficialis,ramus articularis arteria genus descendens,arteria genus descendens,arteria profunda femoris

syntopy_related:
  musculus rectus femoris,pelvis,musculus adductor longus,musculus gracilis,musculus vastus medialis,tibia


system: 160
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Anterior group *2
en_insertion: tibial tuberosity - via the patellar ligament
en_innervation: femoral nerve (L2-L4)
memorix_page: 56/1.2
latin: musculus quadriceps femoris
en: Quadriceps femoris
en_function:
  extension of the leg,control of flexion of the leg (the muscle often works in a state of eccentric contraction),flexion of the thigh (rectus femoris only)

clinical_notes:
   <b>Trigger points in any part of the quadriceps femoris </b>can cause a displacement in the position of the patella.

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria femoralis,arteria circumflexa ilium superficialis,arteriae perforantes,arteria profunda femoris,arteria genus descendens


system: 162
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.1
brief_parent: musculus rectus femoris
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: musculus quadriceps femoris
en_insertion: tibial tuberosity - via the patellar ligament
en_innervation: femoral nerve (L2-L4)
object_id: musculus rectus femoris
latin: musculus rectus femoris
en: Rectus femoris
related_objects: pelvis,tibia, tendon quadriceps femoris,ligamentum patellae,os femoris
bloodsupply_related: arteria femoralis,arteria circumflexa ilium superficialis,arteria circumflexa femoris lateralis
en_function:
  extension of the leg,
  control of flexion of the leg
  (the muscle often works in a state
  of eccentric contraction),
  flexion of the thigh (rectus femoris only)

innervation_related:
  ramus infrapatellaris nervi sapheni,rami musculares nervi femoralis,rami cutanei cruris mediales,nervus saphenus,nervus femoralis

syntopy_related:
  musculus sartorius,patella,ligamentum patellae,pelvis,musculus vastus intermedius,musculus vastus lateralis,musculus vastus medialis


system: 165
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.2
brief_parent: musculus rectus femoris
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: musculus quadriceps femoris
en_origin: femur - anterior and lateral surfaces
object_id: musculus vastus intermedius
latin: musculus vastus intermedius
en: Vastus intermedius
related_objects: os femoris,tibia,ligamentum patellae,pelvis
bloodsupply_related: arteria profunda femoris
innervation_related:
  ramus infrapatellaris nervi sapheni,rami musculares nervi femoralis,rami cutanei cruris mediales,nervus saphenus,nervus femoralis

syntopy_related:
  patella,musculus vastus medialis,musculus rectus femoris,musculus vastus lateralis,pelvis,os femoris


system: 166
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.3
brief_parent: musculus rectus femoris
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: musculus quadriceps femoris
object_id: musculus vastus lateralis
latin: musculus vastus lateralis
en: Vastus lateralis
related_objects: os femoris,tibia,ligamentum patellae,pelvis
en_origin:
  femur - linea aspera (proximal half of the lateral lip),
  femur - intertrochanteric line (proximal part)

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria femoralis,arteria circumflexa ilium superficialis,arteriae perforantes,arteria profunda femoris

innervation_related:
  ramus infrapatellaris nervi sapheni,rami musculares nervi femoralis,rami cutanei cruris mediales,nervus saphenus,nervus femoralis

syntopy_related:
  caput longum musculi biceps femoris,caput breve musculi biceps femoris,pelvis,musculus tensor fasciae lateae,tractus iliotobialis,os femoris,patella,ligamentum patellae,musculus rectus femoris


system: 167
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.4
brief_parent: musculus rectus femoris
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: musculus quadriceps femoris
en_origin:
  femur - linea aspera (medial lip),
  femur - intertrochanteric line (distal part)

object_id: musculus vastus medialis
latin: musculus vastus medialis
en: Vastus medialis
related_objects: os femoris,tibia,ligamentum patellae,pelvis
bloodsupply_related: arteria femoralis,arteria profunda femoris,arteria genus descendens
clinical_notes:
   <b>Pain in the ventral part of the knee </b>can be caused by a variety of disorders or an imbalance in the rectus femoris or vastus medialis. 

   <b>Presence of even a small amount of fluid </b>(less than 10 ml is enough) in the cavity of the knee joint significantly weakens the vastus medialis. 20 ml of the fluid significantly weakens the vastus lateralis. 

innervation_related:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 129 characters]

syntopy_related:
  musculus vastus intermedius,musculus pectineus,pelvis,os femoris,musculus sartorius,musculus rectus femoris,ligamentum patellae,patella


system: 168
custom_hierarchy: 1.2.3.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: musculus vastus intermedius
en_origin: femur
en_insertion: articular capsule
en_innervation: femoral nerve (L2-L4)
object_id: musculus articularis genus
latin: musculus articularis genus
en: Articularis genus
related_objects: os femoris,capsula articulationis genus,bursa suprapatellaris
syntopy_related: musculus rectus femoris,musculus vastus lateralis,os femoris
en_description:
  - The articularis genus is a deep, cleaved portion of the vastus intermedius. The muscle tightens capsule of the knee joint.

general_description:
   <b>The articularis genus </b>is a deep, cleaved portion of the vastus intermedius. The muscle tightens capsule of the knee joint.

innervation_related:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 129 characters]


system: 169
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Musculi femoris
en: Medial group
en_description:
   The muscles in the medial group are <b>adductors</b>. The common innervation of the medial group is from the <b>obturator nerve</b>. However, two diplo neural muscles belong to this group: the pectineus and adductor magnus. The adductor magnus can be divided into two unnamed parts (adductor part and extensor part), each with its own innervation.

clinical_notes:
   <b>The medial group of the thigh muscles </b>are often acutely overloaded when a patient slips or keeps balance in situations close to falling. The adductors hypertonus is often related to the pelvic floor muscles dysfunction or the hip joint pathologies.


system: 170
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Medial group
en_origin: pubis - pecten pubis
en_insertion: femur - pectineal line
en_function: adduction, flexion and external rotation of the thigh
en_innervation: femoral nerve (L2-L3), obturator nerve (L2-L3)
memorix_page: 56/2.1
object_id: musculus pectineus
latin: musculus pectineus
en: Pectineus
related_objects: pelvis,os femoris
innervation_related: nervus femoralis,nervus obturatorius
clinical_notes:
   <b>Trigger points in the pectineus </b>cause a persistent pain under the inguinal ligament, deep in the groin and in the area of the hip joint. Overload of this muscle is very common after total hip replacement.

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria circumflexa femoris medialis,arteria obturatoria,arteria circumflexa femoris medialis ramus descendens

syntopy_related:
  musculus vastus medialis,musculus aductor brevis,musculus psoas major,musculus iliopsoas,musculus adductor longus,pelvis,os femoris


system: 171
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Medial group
en_origin: pubis - in between the pubic tubercle and pubic symphysis
en_insertion: femur - linea aspera (middle 1/3 of the medial lip)
en_function: adduction, flexion and external rotation of the thigh
en_innervation: obturator nerve (L2-L3)
memorix_page: 56/2.2
object_id: musculus adductor longus
latin: musculus adductor longus
en: Adductor longus
related_objects: pelvis,os femoris
bloodsupply_related: arteria profunda femoris,arteria obturatoria
innervation_related: nervus obturatorius
general_description:
   <b>Adductor overload </b>may occur in women from sexual intercourse by pressing their partners tightly with their thighs. Treatment involves changing the position of sexual intercourse or a combined program of relaxing and fitness exercises for the adductors. Hypertonic adductors significantly limit the range of movements of abduction, often less than half that of physiological range, however patients are not usually aware of this limitation.

syntopy_related:
  musculus adductor magnus,patella,pelvis,musculus gracilis,musculus pectineus,musculus vastus medialis,os femoris


system: 172
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Medial group
en_origin: pubis - body and inferior pubic ramus
en_insertion: tibia - medial condyle (via the pes anserinus major)
en_function: adduction of the thigh, flexion of the leg, internal rotation of the flexed leg
en_innervation: obturator nerve (L2-L4)
memorix_page: 56/2.3
object_id: musculus gracilis,musculus gracilis f
latin: musculus gracilis
en: Gracilis
related_objects: pelvis,tibia,os femoris
bloodsupply_related: arteria profunda femoris,arteria obturatoria
innervation_related: nervus obturatorius
clinical_notes:
   <b>Trigger points in the gracilis </b>cause superficial burning and pungent pain, which does not decrease at rest in any position. On the contrary, walking causes pain release.

syntopy_related:
  musculus semimembranosus,musculus adductor magnus,musculus adductor longus,musculus sartorius,musculus semitendinosus,os femoris,tibia,pelvis


system: 173
custom_hierarchy: 2.4
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Medial group
en_origin: pubis - inferior pubic ramus
en_insertion: femur - linea aspera (proximal 1/3 of the medial lip)
en_function: adduction, flexion and external rotation of the thigh
en_innervation: obturator nerve (L2-L4)
memorix_page: 56/2.4
object_id: musculus aductor brevis
latin: musculus adductor brevis
en: Adductor brevis
related_objects: pelvis,os femoris
bloodsupply_related: arteria profunda femoris
innervation_related: nervus obturatorius
syntopy_related:
  musculus adductor magnus,musculus aductor minimus,musculus pectineus,musculus gracilis,musculus adductor longus,os femoris,pelvis


system: 174
custom_hierarchy: 2.5
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Medial group
memorix_page: 56/2.5
object_id: musculus adductor magnus
latin: musculus adductor magnus
en: Adductor magnus
related_objects: pelvis,os femoris
clinical_notes:
   <b>Trigger points in the proximal part of the adductor magnus </b>cause pain, which is perceived in the area of the pubic symphysis or even in the vagina, rectum or urinary bladder.

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria profunda femoris,arteria superior medialis genus,arteria genus descendens,ramus articularis arteria genus descendens,ramus saphenous arteria genus descendens

syntopy_related:
  musculus aductor brevis,musculus adductor longus,musculus gracilis,musculus semimembranosus,caput longum musculi biceps femoris,os femoris,pelvis


system: 175
custom_hierarchy: 2.5.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: musculus adductor magnus
en_origin: pubis - inferior pubic ramus
en_insertion: femur - linea aspera (medial lip)
en_function: adduction and flexion of the thigh
en_innervation: obturator nerve (L2-L4)
latin: musculus adductor magnus (pars adductoria)
en: Adductor magnus - adductor part
related_objects: pelvis,os femoris
general_description:
  <b>The adductor minimus </b>is a lateroproximal part of the adductor magnus. The passage of the first perforating artery (branch of the deep femoral artery) separates these two muscles. Its fibres cross the fibres of the adductor magnus.


system: 176
custom_hierarchy: 2.6
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Medial group
en_insertion: femur - trochanteric fossa
en_function: external rotation of the thigh, accessory flexion of the thigh
en_innervation: obturator nerve (L3-L4)
memorix_page: 56/5.6
object_id: musculus obturatorius externus
latin: musculus obturatorius externus
en: Obturator externus
related_objects: membrana obturatoria,pelvis,os femoris
innervation_related: nervus obturatorius
syntopy_related: musculus gemellus inferior,musculus aductor minimus,musculus quadratus femoris,pelvis,os femoris
en_origin:
  external surface of the obturator membrane, obturator foramen (bony margins)
  <b>Course of fibers:</b> run dorsally to the neck of the femur

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria obturatoria,arteria circumflexa femoris medialis,arteria circumflexa femoris medialis ramus descendens


system: 177
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Musculi femoris
en: Posterior group *2
en_description:
  The posterior group of the thigh muscles are <b>extensors of the hip joint and flexors of the knee joint</b>. This group consists of <b>three muscles that have a common innervation from the sciatic nerve</b>. <b>The biceps femoris </b>has a long and short head. If the sciatic nerve divides proximally (<b>a high division of the sciatic nerve</b>), the biceps femoris is a <b>diploneural muscle</b>, innervated by both the tibial and fibular nerves.


system: 178
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Posterior group *2
en_insertion: fibula - head of fibula
en_innervation: sciatic nerve (L5-S1, variably L4-S2), tibial nerve
memorix_page: 56/3.1
latin: musculus biceps femoris
en: Biceps femoris
en_function:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 132 characters]

general_description:
   <b>Hamstrings </b>is a common term for the semitendinosus, semimembranosus and the long head of the biceps femoris. 

   <b>The hamstrings and the gluteus maximus </b>work together to prevent flexion strength (gravitation) and by eccentric contraction end the swing phase of gait. 

clinical_notes:
   <b>The biceps femoris </b>is often injured (stretched or torn) during sprinting disciplines and sports games.


system: 179
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: musculus biceps femoris
en_origin: ischial tuberosity
object_id: caput longum musculi biceps femoris
latin: caput longum musculi bicipitis femoris
en: Long head of biceps femoris
related_objects: pelvis,corpus fibula,os femoris, tibia
innervation_related: nervus ischiadicus,nervus tibialis
bloodsupply_related:
  arteria glutea inferior,arteriae perforantes,arteria inferior lateralis genus,arteriae surales,arteria superior lateralis genus

syntopy_related:
  musculus adductor magnus,musculus semimembranosus,corpus fibula,os femoris,musculus semitendinosus,pelvis


system: 181
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Posterior group *2
en_origin: ischial tuberosity
en_insertion: tibia - medial condyle (via the pes anserinus major)
en_innervation: sciatic nerve - tibial nerve (L4-S1)
memorix_page: 56/3.2
object_id: musculus semitendinosus
latin: musculus semitendinosus
en: Semitendinosus
related_objects: pelvis,tibia,os femoris
innervation_related: nervus ischiadicus,nervus tibialis
en_function:
  flexion of the leg,internal rotation of the flexed leg,
  extension and internal rotation of the thigh,

bloodsupply_related:
  arteriae perforantes,arteria circumflexa femoris medialis ramus descendens,arteria circumflexa femoris medialis,arteria glutea inferior,arteria inferior medialis genus

syntopy_related:
  musculus adductor magnus,musculus gracilis,pelvis,caput longum musculi biceps femoris,os femoris,tibia,musculus semimembranosus


system: 182
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Posterior group *2
en_origin: ischial tuberosity
en_insertion: tibia - medial condyle (2 insertions), femur - lateral condyle (via the oblique popliteal ligament)
en_innervation: sciatic nerve - tibial nerve (L4-S1)
memorix_page: 56/3.3
object_id: musculus semimembranosus
latin: musculus semimembranosus
en: Semimembranosus
related_objects: pelvis,tibia, os femoris
bloodsupply_related: arteria superior medialis genus,arteriae perforantes
innervation_related: nervus ischiadicus,nervus tibialis
syntopy_related: tibia,os femoris,pelvis,musculus adductor magnus,musculus semitendinosus,musculus gracilis
en_function:
  flexion of the leg, internal rotation of the flexed leg, extension and internal rotation of the thigh

general_description:
   <b>The major pes anserinus </b>”goosefoot”, pes anserinus major) is the insertion of the conjoined tendons of the sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus on the medial condyle of the tibia. 

   <b>The deep pes anserinus </b>(pes anserinus profundus) consists of three insertions of the semimembranosus. Two insertions are on the medial condyle of the tibia and the third attaches to the lateral condyle of the femur via the oblique popliteal ligament.


system: 183
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Musculi membri inferioris
latin: Musculi cruris
en: Muscles of the leg
en_description:
  The muscles of the leg are organised into <b>three groups</b>: the anterior, lateral and posterior groups. The anterior group is innervated by the <b>deep fibular nerve</b>, the lateral group is innervated by the <b>superficial fibular nerve</b>, and the posterior group is innervated by the <b>tibial nerve</b>.

general_description:
   <b>The dorsal aponeurosis </b>(aponeurosis dorsalis) is a fibrous structure on the back of the toes which attaches to the middle and distal phalanges. The extensor digitorum longus and brevis, lumbricals and interossei are attached to the phalanges by means of the dorsal aponeurosis. 

   <b>The achilles tendon </b>is a term for the calcaneal tendon.


system: 185
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Anterior group *3
en_insertion:
  base of the 1st metatarsal,
  medial cuneiform (plantar surface)

en_innervation: deep fibular nerve (L4)
memorix_page: 60/1.1
object_id: musculus tibialis anterior
latin: musculus tibialis anterior
en: Tibialis anterior
innervation_related: nervus fibularis profundus
en_origin:
  tibia - lateral condyle,
  tibia - body (lateral surface - proximal 2/3), interosseous membrane of leg

en_function:
  dorsal flexion and supination of the foot,
  maintains the longitudinal and transverse arches of the foot

related_objects:
  membrana interossea cruris,tibia,os metatarsale hallucis 1,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os cuboideum, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os metatarsale 3, os metatarsale 2, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os cuneiforme mediale, os cuneiforme intermedium, os cuneiforme laterale, os naviculare, os calcis, os talus, tibia, corpus fibula

general_description:
   <b>The tibialis anterior </b>prevents plantar flexion of the foot at the beginning of the stance phase of gait. In addition, it helps prevent the toes from coming into contact with the ground during the swing phase of gait.

clinical_notes:
   <b>Trigger points in the tibialis anterior </b>cause pain on the ventromedial surface of the ankle and on the dorsal and medial surfaces of the big toe. The trigger points are usually situated in the proximal third of the muscle and they are very painful. They can be caused by driving for long periods of time with high positioned pedals.

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria tibialis anterior,arteria recurrens tibialis anterior,arteria dorsalis pedis,arteria malleolaris anterior medialis,arteria malleolaris anterior medialis

syntopy_related:
  vagina tendinis musculi tibialis anterioris,musculus extensor digitorum longus,musculus extensor hallucis longus,retinaculum musculorum extensorum inferius pedis,retinaculum musculorum extensorum superius,tibia,os talus,os cuneiforme mediale,os metatarsale hallucis 1


system: 186
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Anterior group *3
en_function: extension of the 2nd-5th toe, dorsal flexion and accessory pronation of the foot
en_innervation: deep fibular nerve (L4-S1)
memorix_page: 60/1.2
object_id: musculus extensor digitorum longus
latin: musculus extensor digitorum longus
en: Extensor digitorum longus
innervation_related: nervus fibularis profundus
en_origin:
  tibia - lateral condyle,
  fibula - body (medial surface - proximal 3/4),interosseous membrane of leg, anterior intermuscular septum of leg

en_insertion:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 104 characters]

related_objects:
  tibia, corpus fibula,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os cuboideum, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os metatarsale 3, os metatarsale 2, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os cuneiforme mediale, os cuneiforme intermedium, os cuneiforme laterale, os naviculare, os calcis, os talus, tibia, corpus fibula

general_description:
   <b>The fibularis tertius </b>is part of the extensor digitorum longus, which inserts on the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone by a slim and often doubled tendon. The muscle is present in 92 % of cases and is innervated by the deep fibular nerve. It helps the extensor digitorum longus in extension of the toes and pronation of the foot.

clinical_notes:
   <b>The extensor digitorum longus is called the "mallet toe muscle".</b>The muscle is more effective during walking as a dorsal flexor of the foot when the metatarsophalangeal joints are fully extended. If the muscle is used for dorsiflexion of the foot instead of the tibialis anterior, a deformity called mallet toe may develop.

   <b>A hypertonic extensor digitorum longus </b>can compress the deep fibular nerve against the fibula.

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria tibialis anterior,arteria recurrens tibialis anterior,arteria dorsalis pedis,arteria malleolaris anterior medialis,arteria malleolaris anterior medialis,arteriae digitales plantares propriae,arteriae digitales plantares propriae,arteriae digitales dorsales

syntopy_related:
  musculus extensor hallucis brevis,musculus extensor digitorum brevis,musculus fibularis longus,musculus extensor hallucis longus,corpus fibula,tibia,musculus fibularis tertius,retinaculum musculorum extensorum superius,vagina tendinum musculi extensoris digitorum longi,phalanx distalis pedis 4,phalanx distalis pedis 5,phalanx distalis pedis 3,phalanx distalis pedis 2


system: 187
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Anterior group *3
en_origin: fibula - medial surface (middle 2/4),interosseous membrane of leg
en_insertion: dorsal aponeurosis of the big toe, distal phalanx of the big toe
en_function: extension of the big toe, accessory dorsiflexion of the foot
en_innervation: deep fibular nerve (L4-L5, variably S1)
memorix_page: 60/1.3
object_id: musculus extensor hallucis longus
latin: musculus extensor hallucis longus
en: Extensor hallucis longus
innervation_related: nervus fibularis profundus
related_objects:
  corpus fibula,phalanx distalis hallucis 1,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

bloodsupply_related:
  arteriae digitales dorsales,arteriae metatarsales dorsales,arteria tibialis anterior,arteria dorsalis pedis,arteriaa tarsales mediales

syntopy_related:
  retinaculum musculorum extensorum superius,vagina tendinis musculi extensor hallucis longi,phalanx distalis hallucis 1,musculus extensor digitorum longus,musculus tibialis anterior,tibia


system: 188
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Anterior group *3
en_origin: distal anterior surface of the fibula also the interosseous membrane
en_insertion: dorsal surface of metatarsal 5
en_function: dorsiflexion and eversion of the foot
en_innervation: deep fibular nerve
object_id: musculus fibularis tertius
latin: musculus fibularis tertius
en: Peroneus tertius
innervation_related: nervus fibularis profundus
related_objects:
  corpus fibula,os metatarsale 5,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria malleolaris anterior lateralis,arteria tarsalis lateralis,arteriae metatarsales dorsales,arteria arcuata,arteriae metatarsales dorsales

syntopy_related:
  os metatarsale 5,vagina tendinum muscularis fibularis tertii,retinaculum musculorum extensorum superius,musculus extensor digitorum longus,corpus fibula,musculus fibularis tertius


system: 189
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Musculi cruris
en: Lateral group *1
en_description:
  The lateral group of the leg muscles consists of two fibular muscles that originate on the <b>lateral surface of the fibula</b>. Both muscles run <b>behind the lateral malleolus in a common tendinous sheath under the superior and inferior fibular retinaculum</b>. Muscles of the lateral group are innervated by the <b>superficial fibular nerve </b>and their common function is <b>eversion of the foot</b>. The fibularis longus maintains the longitudinal and transverse arches of the foot.

clinical_notes:
  <b>A hypertonic extensor digitorum longus </b>can compress the deep fibular nerve against the fibula.


system: 190
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Lateral group *1
en_insertion: base of the 1st metatarsal, medial cuneiform (plantar surface)
en_innervation: superficial fibular nerve (L5-S1)
memorix_page: 60/2.1
object_id: musculus fibularis longus
latin: musculus fibularis longus
en: Fibularis longus
bloodsupply_related: arteria fibularis
innervation_related: nervus fibularis superficialis
en_origin:
  fibula - head of fibula,
  fibula - body (lateral surface - proximal 1/2)
  <b>Course of fibers:</b> through the malleolar groove of the fibula (in the common tendinous sheath with the fibularis brevis), through a groove for the tendon on the plantar surface of the cuboid (in the tendinous sheath)

en_function:
  plantar flexion, pronation and abduction of the foot (eversion of the foot), holds both the longitudinal and transverse arch of the foot

related_objects:
  corpus fibula,os metatarsale hallucis 2,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

clinical_notes:
   <b>Weakening of the fibular muscles </b>predisposes to ankle instability syndrome and sprained ankles. A trigger point in the fibular muscles causes pain in the area of the lateral malleolus. 

   <b>A hypertonic fibularis longus </b>can compress the common fibular nerve against the fibula.

syntopy_related:
  vagina communis tendinum musculorum fibularium,musculus extensor digitorum brevis,musculus abductor digiti minimi,os cuboideum,retinaculum musculorum extensorum inferius pedis,retinaculum musculorum fibularium superius,corpus fibula,musculus fibularis brevis,musculus extensor digitorum longus,musculus soleus


system: 191
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Lateral group *1
en_origin: fibula - body (lateral surface - distal 1/2)
en_insertion: base of the 5th metatarsal - tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal
en_function: plantar flexion, pronation and abduction of the foot (eversion of the foot)
en_innervation: superficial fibular nerve (L5-S1)
memorix_page: 60/2.2
object_id: musculus fibularis brevis
latin: musculus fibularis brevis
en: Fibularis brevis
bloodsupply_related: arteria tibialis anterior
innervation_related: nervus fibularis superficialis
related_objects:
  corpus fibula,os metatarsale 5,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

clinical_notes:
   <b>The fibularis brevis </b>often develops trigger points following ankle sprains or immobilisation in plaster.

syntopy_related:
  os metatarsale 5,retinaculum musculorum extensorum inferius pedis,retinaculum musculorum fibularium superius,vagina communis tendinum musculorum fibularium,musculus fibularis longus,musculus fibularis tertius,corpus fibula


system: 194
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.1
brief_parent: musculus triceps surae
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Superficial layer *2
en_insertion: calcaneus - calcaneal tuberosity (via the Achilles/calcaneal tendon)
en_function: plantar flexion of the foot, flexion of the leg (only gastrocnemius), stabilizes the knee joint
en_innervation: tibial nerve (L5-S3)
memorix_page: 60/3.1
latin: musculus triceps surae
en: Triceps surae
clinical_notes:
   <b>Trigger points in the gastrocnemius </b>can cause pain from the distal dorsal part of the thigh to the midpoint of the sole (but omitting the heel). They often cause muscle spasms in the night and can cause pain during walking (intermittent claudication).


system: 195
brief_parent: musculus triceps surae
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: musculus triceps surae
en_origin:
  femur - lateral epicondyle
  (external supracondylar tubercle)

object_id: musculus gastrocnemius caput laterale
latin: caput laterale musculi gastrocnemii
en: Lateral h. of gastrocnemius
related_objects: os femoris,tendon achillis,tibia, corpus fibula, os talus, os calcis
bloodsupply_related: arteria tibialis posterior,rami musculares arteriae tibialis posterioris
innervation_related: nervus tibialis
syntopy_related: tendon achillis,musculus soleus,musculus gastrocnemius caput mediale,musculus plantaris,os femoris
general_description:
   <b>The fabella </b>is a sesamoid bone present in 25 % of cases. The word flabella means “green bean”. This bone can be found at the origin of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius at the level of the lateral condyle of the femur. It can cause pain during flexion of the leg.


system: 197
brief_parent: musculus triceps surae
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: musculus triceps surae
object_id: musculus soleus
latin: musculus soleus
en: Soleus
related_objects: corpus fibula, tibia,os calcis,tibia, corpus fibula, os talus, os calcis
general_description: <b>The gastrocnemius and soleus </b>are sometimes described as being separate individual muscles.
bloodsupply_related: arteria tibialis posterior,rami musculares arteriae tibialis posterioris
innervation_related: nervus tibialis
en_origin:
  fibula - head of fibula,
  tibia - soleal line,
  tibia - posterior surface (proximal 1/4),
  tendinous arch of soleus

clinical_notes:
   <b>Pain from the soleus </b>is located in the whole area of the heel, the Achilles tendon and the ipsilateral sacroiliac joint. Such pain is quite common for recreational runners.

syntopy_related:
  os calcis,tendon achillis,musculus gastrocnemius caput mediale,musculus gastrocnemius caput laterale,corpus fibula


system: 198
brief_parent: musculus triceps surae
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: musculus triceps surae
en_insertion: calcaneus - calcaneal tuberosity
object_id: tendon achillis
latin: tendo calcaneus Achillis
en: Tendo calcaneus
innervation_related: nervus tibialis
en_description:
  The Achilles tendon is a tendon situated on the back of the leg, and the thickest in the human body.

related_objects:
  musculus gastrocnemius caput laterale,musculus gastrocnemius caput mediale,os calcis,tibia, corpus fibula, os talus, os calcis

syntopy_related:
  os calcis,musculus soleus,musculus gastrocnemius caput laterale,musculus gastrocnemius caput mediale


system: 200
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Posterior group *3
en: Deep layer
en_description:
  The deep layer of the leg muscles consists of <b>four muscles</b>. The tendons of these muscles (except the popliteus) <b>run behind the medial malleolus through the malleolar canal under the flexor retinaculum in three separate tendon sheaths</b>. The muscles of the deep layer act as <b>flexors of the foot and toes </b>and have a common innervation from <b>the tibial nerve</b>.


system: 201
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Deep layer
en_origin: femur - lateral condyle (groove for the popliteus)
en_insertion: tibia - posterior surface (above the soleal line)
en_innervation: tibial nerve (L4-S1)
memorix_page: 60/3.3
object_id: musculus popliteus
latin: musculus popliteus
en: Popliteus
related_objects: os femoris,tibia,tibia, corpus fibula, os talus, os calcis
innervation_related: nervus tibialis
en_function:
  flexion of the leg (“unlocks” the knee joint), internal rotation of the flexed leg, influences the movements of the lateral meniscus of the knee joint

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria reccurens tibiali sposterior,arteria inferior medialis genus,arteria inferior lateralis genus,arteria tibialis posterior,

syntopy_related:
  musculus gastrocnemius caput mediale,caput longum musculi biceps femoris,caput breve musculi biceps femoris,os femoris,tibia


system: 202
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Deep layer
en_origin: tibia and fibula - posterior surface (proximal 2/3),interosseous membrane of leg
en_innervation: tibial nerve (L5-S1, variably S2)
memorix_page: 60/3.4
object_id: musculus tibialis posterior
latin: musculus tibialis posterior
en: Tibialis posterior
bloodsupply_related: rami musculares arteriae tibialis posterioris,arteria tibialis posterior
innervation_related: nervus tibialis
en_insertion:
  navicular - tuberosity of the navicular, medial cuneiform - plantar surface (medial part of the tendon)

en_function:
  plantar flexion, supination and adduction of the foot (inversion of the foot), holds the longitudinal arch of the foot

related_objects:
  tibia, corpus fibula,os naviculare, os cuneiforme mediale, os metatarsale 4, os metatarsale 3, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme intermedium, os metatarsale 2,tibia, corpus fibula, os talus, os calcis

syntopy_related:
  musculus soleus,tibia,corpus fibula,musculus flexor digitorum longus,os metatarsale 4,os metatarsale 3,os metatarsale 2,retinaculum musculorum extensorum inferius pedis,vagina tendinis musculi tibialis posterioris


system: 203
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Deep layer
en_origin: tibia - posterior surface (middle 2/4), interosseous membrane of leg
en_insertion: four tendons for the 2nd-5th toes (insertion on the bases of the distal phalanges)
en_innervation: tibial nerve (L5-S2)
memorix_page: 60/3.5
object_id: musculus flexor digitorum longus
latin: musculus flexor digitorum longus
en: Flexor digitorum longus
bloodsupply_related: rami musculares arteriae tibialis posterioris,arteria tibialis posterior
innervation_related: nervus tibialis
en_function:
  flexion of the toes at the metatarsophalangeal joint and proximal and distal interphalangeal joints, plantar flexion, supination and adduction of the foot (inversion of the foot), helps to hold the longitudinal arch of the foot

related_objects:
  tibia,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2,tibia, corpus fibula, os talus, os calcis

general_description:
   <b>The bursa of the calcaneal tendon </b>is located near the insertion of the calcaneal tendon on the calcaneal tuberosity at the triangle of Kager. <b>The quadratus plantae </b>stabilises the oblique course of the flexor digitorum longus tendons on the sole. It is sometimes called the accessory flexor of the foot. <b>For proper function of the gastrocnemius </b>it is important to avoid positions in which the muscle is passively shortened such as occurs by wearing high-heeled footwear and sitting with support for only the distal part of the sole.

syntopy_related:
  vaginae tendinum digitorum pedis,phalanx distalis pedis 2,phalanx distalis pedis 3,phalanx distalis pedis 4,phalanx distalis pedis 5,vagina tendinum musculi flexor digitorum longus,musculus soleus,tibia


system: 204
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.4
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the leg
parent: Deep layer
en_origin: fibula - posterior surface (distal 2/3), interosseous membrane of leg
en_insertion: base of the distal phalanx of the big toe
en_innervation: tibial nerve (L5-S2)
memorix_page: 60/3.6
object_id: musculus flexor hallucis longus
latin: musculus flexor hallucis longus
en: Flexor hallucis longus
bloodsupply_related: rami musculares arteriae tibialis posterioris,arteria tibialis posterior,arteria fibularis
innervation_related: nervus tibialis
en_function:
  flexion of the big toe at metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints, plantar flexion, supination and adduction of the foot (inversion of the foot),helps to hold the longitudinal arch of the foot

related_objects:
  corpus fibula,phalanx distalis hallucis 1,tibia, corpus fibula, os talus, os calcis, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale, os naviculare,os cuneiforme intermedium

clinical_notes:
   <b>The flexor hallucis longus </b>plays a significant role in the development of hallux valgus. Shoes which force the great toe inwards to the valgus deformity are not recommended, especially in puberty and in young adults.

syntopy_related:
  musculus abductor hallucis,vaginae tendinum digitorum pedis,phalanx distalis hallucis 1,vagina tendinum musculi flexor hallucis longus,corpus fibula


system: 205
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Musculi membri inferioris
latin: Musculi pedis
en: Muscles of the foot
en_description:
  The muscles of the foot are organised into six groups: <b>dorsal, medial </b>(group of the big toe), <b>lateral </b>(group of the little toe), <b>middle</b>, <b>interossei </b>and <b>lumbricals</b>.

general_description:
  <b>A mnemonic </b>for the muscle groups of the great and little toe is as follows:

  <b>HAFA MAFO</b>
  <b>H </b>- Hallux (big toe)
  <b>A </b>- Abductor hallucis
  <b>F </b>- Flexor hallucis brevis
  <b>A </b>- Adductor hallucis
  <b>M </b>- Digitus Minimus (little toe)
  <b>A </b>- Abductor digiti minimi
  <b>F </b>- Flexor digiti minimi
  <b>O </b>- Opponens digiti minimi

  <b>During walking, the muscles of the foot </b>enable flexibility for shock absorption. They are also tough when compressive strength is working in rebounding. They are physiologically inactive when standing on both lower limbs.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Trigger points in the abductor hallucis, abductor digiti minimi and flexor digitorum brevis </b>cause intense pain that is present at rest and limits walking. The pain forced the patient to seek medical help.


system: 206
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Musculi pedis
en: Dorsal group
en_description:
  <b>The dorsal group of the foot muscles consists of two short muscles on the dorsum of the foot</b>. These muscles are <b>extensors of the toes </b>and have a common innervation from the <b>deep fibular nerve</b>.


system: 207
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Dorsal group
en_origin: calcaneus - dorsal surface
en_function: extension of the2nd-4th toe (variably the 5th toe)
en_innervation: deep fibular nerve (L4-S1)
memorix_page: 64/1.1
object_id: musculus extensor digitorum brevis
latin: musculus extensor digitorum brevis
en: Extensor digitorum brevis
bloodsupply_related: arteria fibularis,arteria tibialis anterior,arteria dorsalis pedis
innervation_related: nervus fibularis profundus
en_insertion:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 105 characters]

related_objects:
  os calcis,phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 2,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

clinical_notes:
  <b>The extensor digitorum brevis </b>and extensor hallucis brevis are often shortened and overloaded. One of the causes of this is wearing heavy shoes (e.g. medical shoes).

syntopy_related:
  retinaculum musculorum extensorum inferius pedis,phalanx media pedis 2,phalanx media pedis 3,phalanx media pedis 4,os calcis


system: 208
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Dorsal group
en_origin: calcaneus - dorsal surface
en_insertion: dorsal aponeurosis of the big toe
en_function: extension of the big toe (only in the metatarsophalangeal joint)
en_innervation: deep fibular nerve (L4-S1)
memorix_page: 64/1.2
object_id: musculus extensor hallucis brevis
latin: musculus extensor hallucis brevis
en: Extensor hallucis brevis
bloodsupply_related: arteria dorsalis pedis
innervation_related: nervus fibularis profundus
related_objects:
  os calcis,phalanx proximalis hallucis 1,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

clinical_notes:
  <b>Traction of the lateral head of the flexor hallucis brevis </b>and the abductor hallucis is the main cause of hallux valgus development.

syntopy_related:
  musculus extensor digitorum longus,vagina tendinum musculi extensoris digitorum longi,phalanx proximalis hallucis 1,os calcis


system: 209
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Musculi pedis
en: Medial group (group of the great toe)
en_description:
  The medial group (of the great toe) comprises of <b>three muscles</b>. Two of these muscles (flexor hallucis brevis and adductor hallucis) have two heads. All muscles of the medial group are innervated by the <b>tibial nerve </b>(via the medial and lateral plantar nerve).


system: 210
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Medial group (group of the great toe)
en_origin: calcaneus - calcaneal tuberosity (medial process)
en_insertion: base of the proximal phalanx of the big toe,medial sesamoid bone of the big toe
en_innervation: tibial nerve - medial plantar nerve (L5-S1)
memorix_page: 64/2.1
object_id: musculus abductor hallucis
latin: musculus abductor hallucis
en: Abductor hallucis
bloodsupply_related: arteria plantaris medialis,ramus superficialis arteriae plantaris medialis
innervation_related: nervus tibialis,nervus plantaris medialis
syntopy_related: musculus abductor hallucis
en_function:
  abduction and flexion of the big toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint, helps to hold the longitudinal arch of the foot

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 629 characters]

general_description:
  <b>Despite its name, the main function of the abductor hallucis </b>is flexion of the big toe. The muscle is able to produce abduction in only about 20 % of the population.

  <b>The adductor hallucis </b>is responsible for stabilisation of the metatarsal bones in the transverse plane. It Also participates in maintenance of the transverse foot arch.

  <b>The abductor hallucis </b>is an important muscle for stabilisation of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot.

  <b>When hallux valgus deformity is significantly developed</b>, the abductor hallucis loses its ability to pull the great toe away and its traction can even enlarge the deformity.

  <b>Trigger point in the transverse head of the adductor hallucis </b>causes numbness and swelling in the area of the heads of the metatarsal bones.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The abductor hallucis </b>can compress the tibial nerve and its branches(medial and lateral plantar nerves)as they leave the malleolar canal.

  <b>Trigger points in the abductor hallucis </b>cause pain on the medial edge of the sole that is maximal on the heel which differs from trigger points in the soleus, where the heel pain is diffuse. The muscle is often overloaded in people with flat feet.


system: 211
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Medial group (group of the great toe)
en_function: flexion of the big toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint
en_innervation: tibial nerve - medial plantar nerve (S1-S2)
memorix_page: 64/2.2
object_id: Musculus flexor hallucis brevis
latin: musculus flexor hallucis brevis
en: Flexor hallucis brevis
bloodsupply_related: ramus superficialis arteriae plantaris medialis,ramus superficialis arteriae plantaris medialis
innervation_related: nervus tibialis,nervus plantaris medialis
en_origin:
  1 <b>Medial head </b> (caput mediale): intermediate cuneiform bone and base of the 2nd-4th metatarsals
  2  <b>Lateral head  </b>(caput laterale): cuboid and lateral cuneiform - plantar surface

en_insertion:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 100 characters]

related_objects:
  os cuboideum,phalanx proximalis hallucis 1,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

syntopy_related:
  retinaculum musculorum extensorum inferius pedis,phalanx proximalis hallucis 1,os calcis,vagina tendinum musculi flexor digitorum longus,os talus


system: 212
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Medial group (group of the great toe)
en_insertion: base of the proximal phalanx of the big toe (plantar surface), lateral sesamoid bone of the big toe
en_function: adduction of the big toe accessory flexion of the toes at the metatarsophalangeal joints
en_innervation: tibial nerve - lateral plantar nerve (S1-S2)
memorix_page: 64/2.3
latin: musculus adductor hallucis
en: Adductor hallucis
innervation_related: nervus tibialis,nervus plantaris medialis
bloodsupply_related:
  arteria plantaris medialis,arteria plantaris lateralis,arcus plantaris profundus,arteriae metatarsales plantares


system: 213
custom_hierarchy: 2.3.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculus adductor hallucis
en_origin: 3rd-5th metatarsophalangeal joints
object_id: caput transversum musculi adductoris hallucis
latin: caput transversum musculi adductoris hallucis
en: Adductor hallucis Transverse head
related_objects:
  os metatarsale 3, os metatarsale 4, os metatarsale 5,phalanx proximalis hallucis 1,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

syntopy_related:
  musculus lumbricales primus,musculus lumbricales secundus,musculus lumbricales tertius,musculus lumbricales quartius,os metatarsale 5,os metatarsale 4,os metatarsale 3,phalanx proximalis hallucis 1,caput transversum musculi adductoris hallucis


system: 214
custom_hierarchy: 2.3.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculus adductor hallucis
en_origin:
  base of the 2nd-4th metatarsal,
  cuboid - plantar surface,
  cuneiforms - plantar surface

object_id: caput obliquum musculus abductor hallucis
latin: caput obliquum musculi adductoris hallucis
en: Adductor hallucis Oblique head
related_objects:
  os metatarsale 3, os metatarsale 4, os metatarsale 5,phalanx proximalis hallucis 1,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

syntopy_related:
  caput transversum musculi adductoris hallucis,musculus flexor digitorum longus,phalanx proximalis hallucis 1,musculus lumbricales primus,musculus lumbricales secundus,musculus lumbricales tertius,os cuboideum


system: 215
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Musculi pedis
en: Lateral group *2
en_description:
  The lateral group of the foot muscles consists of <b>three small muscles </b>that share <b>flexion of the little toe </b>as their main function. Their common innervation is from <b>the lateral plantar nerve </b>(a branch of the tibial nerve).


system: 216
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Lateral group *2
en_origin: calcaneus - calcaneal tuberosity, plantar aponeurosis
en_insertion: base of the proximal phalanx of the little toe, tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal
en_function: abduction and flexion of the little toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint
en_innervation: tibial nerve - lateral plantar nerve (S1-S2)
memorix_page: 64/3.1
object_id: musculus abductor digiti minimi
latin: musculus abductor digiti minimi
en: Abductor digiti minimi
bloodsupply_related: arteria plantaris lateralis
innervation_related: nervus plantaris lateralis,nervus tibialis
related_objects:
  os calcis,phalanx proximalis pedis 5,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

general_description:
  <b>The abductor digiti minimi </b>is an important muscle for stabilisation of the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Trigger points in the abductor digiti minimi </b>cause pain under the fifth metatarsophalangeal joint.

syntopy_related:
  os metatarsale 5,musculus fibularis brevis,musculus fibularis longus,musculus quadratus plantae,phalanx proximalis pedis 5,os calcis


system: 217
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Lateral group *2
en_origin: base of the 5th metatarsal
en_insertion: base of the proximal phalanx of the little toe
en_function: flexion of the little toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint
en_innervation: tibial nerve - lateral plantar nerve (S1-S2)
memorix_page: 64/3.2
object_id: musculus flexor digiti minimi brevis pedis
latin: musculus flexor digiti minimi brevis
en: Flexor digiti minimi brevis
bloodsupply_related: arteria arcuata,arteria plantaris lateralis,arteria tarsalis lateralis
innervation_related: nervus plantaris lateralis,nervus tibialis
related_objects:
  os metatarsale 5,phalanx proximalis pedis 5,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

general_description:
  <b>The flexor digiti minimi brevis </b>is developed from the opponens digiti minimi as we know it in monkeys. It corresponds to the opponens digiti minimi of the hand.

syntopy_related:
  musculus abductor digiti minimi,vaginae tendinum digitorum pedis,phalanx proximalis pedis 5,os metatarsale 5


system: 219
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Musculi pedis
en: Middle group
en_description:
  The middle group of the foot muscles consists of <b>2 muscles </b>which <b>maintain the longitudinal arch of the foot</b>. Their common innervation is from the <b>lateral and medial plantar nerves</b>, which are branches of the tibial nerve.


system: 220
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Middle group
en_origin: calcaneus - calcaneal tuberosity (medial process)
en_insertion: four tendons to the 2nd-5th toes (with bifurcated insertion on the bases of the middle phalanges)
en_function: flexion of the 2nd-5th toes at the metatarsophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints
en_innervation: tibial nerve - medial plantar nerve (L5-S1)
memorix_page: 64/4.1
object_id: musculus flexor digitorum brevis
latin: musculus flexor digitorum brevis
en: Flexor digitorum brevis
innervation_related: nervus tibialis,nervus plantaris medialis
related_objects:
  os calcis,phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 2,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

general_description:
  <b>Tendinous chiasm </b>(chiasma tendinum)is a crossing of tendons. The Bifurcated tendons of the flexor digitorum brevis are crossed and insert on the middle phalanges.The tendons of the flexor digitorum longus pass through these bifurcations to insert on the distal phalanx.This is an example of a tendinous chiasm.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Trigger points in the flexor digitorum brevis </b>cause pain under the second, third and fourth metatarsophalangeal joint. The pain never spreads distally to the toes or proximally to the sole. Trigger point in the extensor digitorum brevis causes pain on the lateral part of the foot dorsum (instep).

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria plantaris medialis,arteria plantaris lateralis,arcus plantaris profundus,arteriae metatarsales plantares,arteriae digitales plantares propriae

syntopy_related:
  musculus abductor hallucis,musculus abductor digiti minimi,musculus lumbricales primus,musculus lumbricales secundus,musculus lumbricales tertius,musculus lumbricales quartius,phalanx media pedis 2,phalanx media pedis 3,phalanx media pedis 4,phalanx media pedis 5,vaginae tendinum digitorum pedis,os calcis


system: 221
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Middle group
en_origin: calcaneus - plantar surface, long plantar ligament
en_innervation: tibial nerve - lateral plantar nerve (S1-S2)
memorix_page: 64/4.2
object_id: musculus quadratus plantae
latin: musculus quadratus plantae
en: Quadratus plantae
bloodsupply_related: arteria plantaris medialis,arteria plantaris lateralis,arcus plantaris profundus
innervation_related: nervus tibialis,nervus plantaris medialis
en_insertion:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 104 characters]

en_function:
  straightens the oblique traction of the flexor digitorum longus (participates in flexion of the toes)

related_objects:
  os calcis,musculus flexor digitorum longus,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale, os fibula, tibia

syntopy_related:
  musculus abductor hallucis,musculus abductor digiti minimi,musculus flexor digitorum brevis,os calcis,musculus flexor digitorum longus


system: 222
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Musculi pedis
latin: musculi interossei
en: Interossei
en_description:
  The organisation of the <b>interossei muscles of the foot </b>differs from the organisation of the interossei muscles of the hand. They act on a virtual <b>axis that runs through the 2nd toe </b>(on the hand this axis runs through the 3rd finger). The interossei muscles maintain the <b>transverse arch of the foot</b>. <b>The lumbricals </b>are <b>4 small muscles originating from the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus</b>. The common innervation of the interossei and lumbricals is from the <b>lateral plantar nerve</b>, with the exception of the 2 medial lumbricals, which are innervated by <b>medial plantar nerve</b>.

general_description:
  <b>The biggest interossei </b>are at the fourth toe (2nd plantar and 4th dorsal)and their origins also cover the largest area.


system: 224
custom_hierarchy: 5.1.1
brief_parent: musculi interossei plantares
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculi interossei plantares
object_id: musculi interossei plantares primus
latin: musculus interosseus plantaris primus
en: 1st Plantar interossei
innervation_related: ramus profundus nervi plantaris lateralis,nervus tibialis,nervus plantaris lateralis
related_objects:
  os metatarsale 3,phalanx proximalis pedis 3,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

bloodsupply_related:
  arteriae metatarsales plantares,arcus plantaris profundus,arteria plantaris lateralis,musculi interossei plantares primus


system: 233
custom_hierarchy: 6.1.1
brief_parent: musculi lumbricales
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: musculi lumbricales
memorix_page: 64/6.1
object_id: musculus lumbricales primus
latin: musculus lumbricales primus
en: 1st Lumbricals
related_objects:
  fl exor digitorum longus,phalanx proximalis pedis 2,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria plantaris lateralis,arteriae metatarsales plantares,arteriae metatarsales dorsales,arteriae digitales dorsales

innervation_related:
  nervus digitalis plantaris proprius hallucis,nervi digitalis plantaris proprii nervi plantaris medialis,pami digitales plantares proprii nervi plantaris lateralis,nervi digitales plantares communes,nervus plantaris medialis,nervus tibialis


system: 239
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the lower limb
parent: Muscles of the lower limb
en: Fasciae of the lower limb
en_description:
  <b>The fasciae of the lower limb cover the muscles and create the osteofascial spaces of the lower limb</b>. Thickened fasciae in the tarsal region, where tendons run from the leg to the foot, from the <b>flexor retinaculum, superior and inferior extensor retinaculum </b>and <b>superior and inferior fibular retinaculum</b>.

clinical_notes:
  <b>During lateral fasciotomy </b>it is possible to open all four compartments of the leg from one incision.

  <b>Patients with plantar fasciitis </b>complains of acute pain over the middle of the sole and/or on the heel. The Pain is worse in the morning and when walking. During examination,the pain gets worse when the big toe is passively extended.


system: 250
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Fasciae of the lower limb
parent: Fasciae of the lower limb
object_id: retinaculum musculorum flexorum pedis
latin: retinaculum musculorum flexorum
en: Flexor retinaculum
en_description:
  - a thickened fascia of the leg, stretched from the medial malleolus to the calcaneal tuberosity
  - covers the tendons of the deep layer of the posterior group of muscles of the leg
  - borders the malleolar canal medially

related_objects:
  phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale,tibia,corpus fibula


system: 264
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the lower limb
parent: Muscles of the lower limb
latin: Vaginae tendinum membri inferioris
en: Tendinous sheaths of the lower limb
en_description:
  <b>Tendinous sheaths </b>are filled with viscous fluid. <b>They coat tendons in places of high vulnerability during movement</b>. This occurs where tendons pass under the flexor retinaculum, the superior and inferior extensor retinaculum, the superior and inferior fibular retinaculum and on the toes. Tendinous sheaths make <b>smooth sliding movements of tendons </b>possible.

general_description:
  <b>Vincula tendinum </b>are fibrous connections of the flexor digitorum longus and brevis tendons inside the tendon sheaths. Their function is to provide nutrition of the tendons.Vincula tendinum always occur in pairs in each tendon sheath.Vinculum breve is triangular and is located at the tendon insertion. Vinculum Longum has a longer thread like appearance (serving as adaptation for tendon movement during contraction). It is located proximally to the vinculum breve of the sametendon.

  <b>The cribriform fascia </b>(fascia cribrosa)is part of the fascia lata in the area of the saphenous opening,containing openings for the passage of small blood and lymph vessels.

  <b>The plantar aponeurosis </b>helps to maintain the longitudinal arch of the foot."


system: 267
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the lower limb
parent: vaginae tendinum tarsales tibiales
object_id: vagina tendinis musculi tibialis posterioris
latin: vagina tendinis musculi tibialis posterioris
en: T. sheath of tibialis posterior
general_description: <b>The plantar aponeurosis </b>helps to maintain the longitudinal arch of the foot.
related_objects:
  musculus tibialis posterior,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale,tibia,corpus fibula


system: 268
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the lower limb
parent: vaginae tendinum tarsales tibiales
object_id: vagina tendinum musculi flexor digitorum longus
latin: vagina tendinis musculi flexoris digitorum longi
en: T.sheath of flexor digitorum longus
related_objects:
  musculus flexor digitorum longus,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale,tibia,corpus fibula


system: 269
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the lower limb
parent: vaginae tendinum tarsales tibiales
object_id: vagina tendinum musculi flexor hallucis longus
latin: vagina tendinis musculi flexoris hallucis longi
en: T. sheath of flexor hallucis longus
related_objects:
  musculus flexor hallucis longus,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale,tibia,corpus fibula


system: 272
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the lower limb
parent: vaginae tendinum tarsales anteriores
object_id: vagina tendinis musculi tibialis anterioris
latin: vagina tendinis musculi tibialis anterioris
en: T. sheath of tibialis anterior
related_objects:
  musculus tibialis anterior,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale,tibia,corpus fibula


system: 273
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the lower limb
parent: vaginae tendinum tarsales anteriores
object_id: vagina tendinis musculi extensor hallucis longi
latin: vagina tendinis musculi extensoris hallucis longi
en: T. sheath of extensor hallucis longus
related_objects:
  musculus extensor hallucis longus,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale,tibia,corpus fibula


system: 274
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.3
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the lower limb
parent: vaginae tendinum tarsales anteriores
object_id: vagina tendinum musculi extensoris digitorum longi
latin: vagina tendinis musculi extensoris digitorum longi
en: T. sheath of extensor digitorum longus
related_objects:
  musculus extensor digitorum longus,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale,tibia,corpus fibula


system: 277
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.1
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the lower limb
parent: vaginae tendinum tarsales fibulares
object_id: vagina communis tendinum musculorum fibularium
latin: vagina communis tendinum musculorum fibularium
en: Common tendinous sheath of fibulares
related_objects:
  musculus fibularis brevis,musculus fibularis longus,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale,tibia,corpus fibula


system: 281
custom_hierarchy: 2.4
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the lower limb
parent: vaginae tendinum tarsales anteriores
object_id: vagina tendinum muscularis fibularis tertii
latin: vagina tendinis musculi extensoris fibularis tertii
en: T. sheath of fibularis tertius
related_objects:
  musculus fibularis tertius,phalanx distalis pedis 5, phalanx media pedis 5, phalanx proximalis pedis 5, os metatarsale 5, os metatarsale 4, phalanx proximalis pedis 4, phalanx media pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 4, phalanx distalis pedis 3, phalanx media pedis 3, phalanx distalis pedis 2, phalanx media pedis 2, phalanx distalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis hallucis 1, phalanx proximalis pedis 2, os metatarsale 2, os metatarsale hallucis 1, os metatarsale 3, phalanx proximalis pedis 3, os cuneiforme intermedium, os naviculare, os talus, os calcis, os cuboideum, os cuneiforme laterale, os cuneiforme mediale,tibia,corpus fibula


system: 282
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the thigh
parent: Musculi membri inferioris
latin: Musculi femoris
en: Muscles of the thigh
en_description:
  The muscles of the thigh are organised into <b>three groups</b>: anterior, medial and lateral groups. <b>The quadriceps femoris </b>forms the anterior group and is the <b>only extensor of the leg</b>.


system: 283
custom_hierarchy: 6.1
brief_parent: musculi lumbricales
main_group: Muscles of the lower limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the foot
parent: Lumbricals of the foot
en_origin: the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus of the 2nd-5th toe
latin: musculi lumbricales
en: Lumbricals
en_insertion:
  dorsal aponeurosis of the 2nd-5th toe, the bases of the proximal phalanges of the 2nd-5th toe (on their medial surfaces)

en_function:
  flexion of the toes at the metatarsophalangeal joints, extension of the toes at the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints (by pulling the dorsal aponeurosis), medial duction of the toes towards the big toe

en_innervation:
  <b>Lumbricals I and II:</b> tibial nerve - medial plantar nerve (L5-S2)
  <b>Lumbricals III and IV: </b>tibial nerve - lateral plantar nerve (L5-S2)


system: 287
main_group: Muscles of the neck
latin: Musculi colli
en: Muscles of the neck
en_description:
   <b>The muscles of the neck </b>can be divided into <b>5 groups</b>: the superficial muscle group, the suprahyoid muscles, the infrahyoid muscles, the scaleni and the deep muscle group. 


system: 288
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Superficial muscle group of neck
parent: Musculi colli
memorix_page: 14/1
latin: musculi colli superficiales
en: Superficial muscle group of neck
en_description:
  <b>The superficial muscles of the neck </b>consist of two muscles: the platysma and the sternocleidomastoid. <b>The platysma </b>is located above to the cervical fascia and <b>the sternocleidomastoid </b>is embedded with it. These two muscles have a different origins, insertions and innervations. They are united only by their <b>superficial location in the neck</b>. 


system: 289
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Superficial muscle group of neck
parent: musculi colli superficiales
en_origin: pectoral and deltoid fascia (below the clavicle)
en_innervation: facial nerve - cervical branch
memorix_page: 14/1.1, 15
object_id: Platysma
latin: Platysma
en: Platysma
bloodsupply_related: arteria submentalis,arteria suprascapularis
innervation_related: ramus colli nervi facialis,nervus facialis
en_insertion:
  mandibular part: mandible - caudal margin,
  labial part: lower lip - lateral part,
  modiolar part: skin around the angle of the mouth
  (at the modiolus)

en_function:
  controls tension in the skin of the neck, contributes to depression of the angle of the mouth and mandible

clinical_notes:
   <b>Trigger points in the platysma </b>cause pain on the lateral side of the mandible. This pain is commonly described as prickling.

syntopy_related:
  musculus sternocleidomastoideus,scapula,musculus trapezius pars descendens,musculus deltoideus pars acromialis,musculus pectoralis major,musculus deltoideus pars clavicularis,musculus depressor labii inferioris,pars superfacialis musculi masseteris,musculus depressor anguli oris,mandibula


system: 290
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Superficial muscle group of neck
parent: musculi colli superficiales
en_insertion:
  temporal bone - mastoid process,
  occipital bone - superior nuchal line (lateral margin)

en_innervation: accessory nerve (n. XI), additional fibres from the anterior rami of the spinal nerves C2-C4
memorix_page: 14/1.2, 15
object_id: musculus sternocleidomastoideus
latin: musculus sternocleidomastoideus
en: Sternocleidomastoid
related_objects: manubrium sterni, clavicula,os temporale 1, os occipitale
bloodsupply_related: arteria thyroidea superior,ramus sternocleidomasoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris
en_origin:
  - the two origins form the lesser supraclavicular fossa which is located between them
  - the jugular fossa is located between the sternal origins of the sternocleidomastoids of each side

en_function:
  ventral flexion of the head (anterior fibers), dorsal flexion of the head (posterior fibers), protraction of the head (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion of the head to the side of the contracted muscle and rotation of the head to the opposite side (unilateral contraction)

clinical_notes:
  <b>Pain in the sternocleidomastoid </b>can radiate to various parts of the body, such as the forehead, eyes, ears and vertex. 

  <b>Trigger points in the sternocleidomastoid </b>may lead to postural instability and impairment in motion perception. A patient develops difficulties in perception of the initiation and termination of particular movements. This occurs most commonly during traveling in vehicles. 

  <b>Trigger points in the sternocleidomastoid </b>may be activated by the bird watching posture (a forward position of the head with retroflexion at the atlantooccipital joint). 

  <b>Increased tone in the sternocleidomastoid </b>may lead to impairment in swallowing. It has to be differentiated from other disorders leading to problems with swallowing by the following maneuver: the patient is in the supine position, the muscle is gripped by examiners fingers as in pincers and the patient is requested to swallow. If pain does not occur, it is caused by the sternocleidomastoid. 

  <b>Torticollis </b>is a shortening (spasm or dystonia) of the sternocleidomastoid causing the head to tilt to the affected side and rotate towards the unaffected side. 

innervation_related:
  ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis secundi,vertebrae cervicales c6,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis terti,nervus accessorius

syntopy_related:
  musculus sternohyoideus,manubrium sterni,musculus scalenus medius,venter posterior musculi digastrici,os occipitale,clavicula,musculus splenius capitis,platysma,os temporale 1


system: 291
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Suprahyoid muscles
parent: Musculi colli
memorix_page: 14/2,
latin: musculi suprahyoidei
en: Suprahyoid muscles
en_description:
  The suprahyoid muscles are located within the <b>superficial layer of the cervical fascia and cranially to the hyoid bone</b>. The common function of the suprahyoid muscles is <b>movement of the hyoid bone</b>. Additionally, some of the suprahyoid muscles <b>act on the mandible</b>. 


system: 292
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
brief_parent: musculus digastricus
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Suprahyoid muscles
parent: musculi suprahyoidei
memorix_page: 14/2.1, 16
latin: musculus digastricus
en: Digastric
en_description:
  - the digastric has two bellies that are connected in the middle by a tendon that is partially attached to the hyoid bone

general_description:
  <b>The anterior belly of the digastric </b>is one of the most variable muscles in the human body. The anatomical description of this muscle is seen in less than 50 % of dissections. 

clinical_notes:
  <b>Hypertonicity of the digastric </b>leads to a pathological position of the hyoid bone protruding to the unaffected side. 


system: 293
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1
brief_parent: musculus digastricus
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Suprahyoid muscles
parent: musculus digastricus
en_origin:
  continues from the posterior belly
  through the tendon that inserts on the hyoid bone

en_insertion: mandible - digastric fossa
en_function:
  depresses the mandible,
  elevates the hyoid bone

en_innervation: mandibular nerve (n. V3) - nerve to the mylohyoid
object_id: venter anterior musculi digastrici
latin: venter anterior musculi digastrici
en: Anterior part of digastric muscle
related_objects: os hyoideum,mandibula
bloodsupply_related: arteria facialis,ramus suprahyoideus arteriae lingualis
syntopy_related: musculus stylohyoideus,os hyoideum,musculus hyoglossus,os temporale 1
innervation_related:
  nervus alveolaris inferior,divisio posterior nervi mandibularis,nervus mylohyoideus,nervus mandibularis


system: 294
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.2
brief_parent: musculus digastricus
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Suprahyoid muscles
parent: musculus digastricus
en_origin: temporal bone (mastoid process) - mastoid notch
en_insertion: into the tendon that inserts on the hyoid bone
en_function: elevates the hyoid bone
en_innervation: facial nerve - digastric branch
object_id: venter posterior musculi digastrici
latin: venter posterior musculi digastrici
en: Posterior part of digastric muscle
related_objects: os temporale 1,os hyoideum
bloodsupply_related: arteria occipitalis,ramus suprahyoideus arteriae lingualis
innervation_related: nervus facialis,ramus digastricus nervi facialis
syntopy_related:
  musculus sternocleidomastoideus,musculus stylohyoideus,os hyoideum,musculus hyoglossus,os temporale 1


system: 299
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Infrahyoid muscles
parent: Musculi colli
memorix_page: 14/3
latin: musculi infrahyoidei
en: Infrahyoid muscles
en_description:
  The infrahyoid muscles are located <b>caudally to the hyoid bone</b>. Their <b>common innervation </b>comes from <b>the deep cervical ansa</b>. The infrahyoid muscles are located within the <b>pretracheal layer of the cervical fascia. The omohyoideus form the lateral border of this fascia. </b>The infrahyoid muscles <b>help maintain the position of the hyoid bone</b>. Without this, depression of the mandible would not be possible. The infrahyoid muscles also <b>change the height of the larynx </b>and therefore change the frequency of produced tones in voice production.


system: 300
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Infrahyoid muscles
parent: musculi infrahyoidei
en_insertion: hyoid bone - body (caudal margin)
en_function: depression of the hyoid bone, stretches the pretracheal layer of the cervical fascia
en_innervation: deep cervical ansa (branches of the spinal nerves C1-C3)
memorix_page: 14/3.1, 17
object_id: musculus sternohyoideus
latin: musculus sternohyoideus
en: Sternohyoid
related_objects: clavicula, manubrium sterni,os hyoideum
general_description: <b>The sternohyoid </b>tightens the pretracheal lamina of the cervical fascia.
bloodsupply_related: arteria thyroidea superior
innervation_related: radix inferior ansae cervicalis,ansa cervicalis profunda,radix superior ansae cervicalis
syntopy_related: manubrium sterni,clavicula,os hyoideum,musculus thyrohyoideus,musculus sternothyroideus
en_origin:
  clavicle - sternal end,
  sternum - manubrium of sternum,
  dorsal part of the sternoclavicular joint (posterior sternoclavicular ligament)
  <b>Course of fibers:</b> the paired muscles diverge caudally


system: 301
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Infrahyoid muscles
parent: musculi infrahyoidei
en_insertion: thyroid cartilage - oblique line
en_function: depression of the larynx and thyroid cartilage
en_innervation: deep cervical ansa (branches of the spinal nerves C1-C3)
memorix_page: 14/3.2, 17
object_id: musculus sternothyroideus
latin: musculus sternothyroideus
en: Sternothyroid
related_objects: manubrium sterni,cartilago thyroidea
bloodsupply_related: arteria thyroidea superior,ramus glandularis anterior arteriae thyroideae superioris
innervation_related: radix inferior ansae cervicalis,ansa cervicalis profunda,radix superior ansae cervicalis
en_origin:
  manubrium of sternum - posterior surface, cartilage of the 1st rib (posterior margin)
  <b>Course of fibers:</b>: the paired muscles diverge cranially

syntopy_related:
  clavicula,manubrium sterni,musculus sternohyoideus,musculus thyrohyoideus,musculus omohydeus venter superior


system: 302
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Infrahyoid muscles
parent: musculi infrahyoidei
en_origin: thyroid cartilage - oblique line
en_insertion: hyoid bone - greater horn
en_function: depression of the hyoid bone, elevation of the larynx and thyroid cartilage
en_innervation: superior root of deep cervical ansa (anterior ramus of spinal nerve C1 via the hypoglossal nerve)
memorix_page: 14/3.3, 17
object_id: musculus thyrohyoideus
latin: musculus thyrohyoideus
en: Thyrohyoid
related_objects: cartilago thyroidea,os hyoideum
innervation_related: ansa cervicalis profunda,radix superior ansae cervicalis
bloodsupply_related:
  arteria thyroidea superior,ramus glandularis anterior arteriae thyroideae superioris,ramus suprahyoideus arteriae lingualis


system: 303
custom_hierarchy: 3.4
brief_parent: musculus omohyoideus
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Infrahyoid muscles
parent: musculi infrahyoidei
en_insertion: hyoid bone - body (superior belly)
en_innervation: deep cervical ansa (branches of spinal nerves C1-C3)
memorix_page: 14/3.4, 17
latin: musculus omohyoideus
en: Omohyoid
en_description:
  - a muscle that has two bellies, which are connected by a tendinous intersection
  - this intermediate tendon is fused to the carotid sheath

en_function:
  depresses the hyoid bone, stretches the pretracheal layer of the cervical fascia and pulls the carotid sheath, which dilates the internal jugular vein and increases the blood flow within it


system: 307
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Scaleni
parent: Musculi colli
memorix_page: 14/4
latin: musculi scaleni
en: Scaleni
en_description:
  <b>The scaleni </b>are a group of muscles that run from the vertebral column to the 1st and 2nd ribs. Their fibres course in a <b>lateral caudal direction</b>. They are <b>accessory muscles of inspiration </b>and are located within the <b>prevertebral layer of the cervical fascia</b>.

general_description:
  <b>The main function of the scalene muscles </b>is stabilisation of the cervical part of the vertebral column. The auxiliary inspiration function is activated only during deep breathing. 

  <b>The scalene fissure </b>( fissura scalenorum) is a slit between the anterior and middle scalene that contains the brachial plexus and subclavian artery . 

  <b>The scalenes and upper scapula fixators </b>are often found to be simultaneously hypertonic on clinical examination. This leads to impairment in the moving the head backwards.

clinical_notes:
   <b>Some people activate the scalene muscles </b>during respiration, which typically leads to overloading of these muscles. This causes cervical pain and even atypical pain that radiates to the upper extremity. This pain is different from the cervical radicular syndromes, in which pain follows a radicular distribution (for details see the peripheral nervous system chapter). Overload of the scalene muscles may cause the finger flexion test to be positive, as the patient is not able to touch his metacarpophalangeal joints with his fingertips due to the pain. 

   <b>Some people activate the scalene muscles </b>during respiration, which typically leads to overloading of these muscles. This causes cervical pain and even atypical pain that radiates to the upper extremity. This pain is different from the cervical radicular syndromes, in which pain follows a radicular distribution (for details see the peripheral nervous system chapter). Overload of the scalene muscles may cause the finger flexion test to be positive, as the patient is not able to touch his metacarpophalangeal joints with his fingertips due to the pain.


system: 308
custom_hierarchy: 4.1
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Scaleni
parent: musculi scaleni
en_origin: vertebrae C3-C6 - transverse processes
en_insertion: 1st rib - scalene tubercle
en_innervation: anterior rami of the spinal nerves C5-C7
memorix_page: 14/4.1, 18
object_id: musculus scalenus anterior
latin: musculus scalenus anterior
en: Scalenus anterior / anterior scalene
bloodsupply_related: arteria cervicalis ascendens
en_function:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 322 characters]

related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c3,costa prima 1

innervation_related:
  ramus anterior nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis quinti

syntopy_related:
  vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,musculus lonngus colii,vertebrae cervicales c6,costa prima 1


system: 309
custom_hierarchy: 4.2
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Scaleni
parent: musculi scaleni
en_origin: vertebrae C2-C7 - transverse processes
en_insertion: 1st rib - dorsal to the subclavian artery
en_innervation: anterior rami of the spinal nerves C3-C8
memorix_page: 14/4.2, 18
object_id: musculus scalenus medius
latin: musculus scalenus medius
en: Scalenus medius / middle scalene
bloodsupply_related: arteria cervicalis ascendens
en_function:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 322 characters]

related_objects:
  vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c3, axis c2, atlas c1,costa prima 1

innervation_related:
  ramus anterior nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis terti,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis quinti

syntopy_related:
  musculus levator scapulae,musculus scalenus posterior,costa prima 1,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c3,axis c2


system: 310
custom_hierarchy: 4.3
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Scaleni
parent: musculi scaleni
en_origin: vertebrae C5-C7 - transverse processes
en_insertion: 2nd rib - dorsal to the tuberosity for the serratus anterior
en_innervation: anterior rami of the spinal nerves C6-C8
memorix_page: 14/4.3, 18
object_id: musculus scalenus posterior
latin: musculus scalenus posterior
en: Scalenus posterior / posterior scalene
related_objects: vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4,costa secunda 2
bloodsupply_related: arteria cervicalis ascendens
en_function:
  ventral flexion of the cervical vertebral column (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion of the cervical vertebral column to the side of the contracted muscle and rotation to the opposite side (unilateral contraction), elevation of the 2nd rib (acts as an accessory muscle of inspiration when the vertebral column is fixed)

innervation_related:
  ramus anterior nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis sexti

syntopy_related:
  musculus levator scapulae,musculus scalenus medius,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,costa secunda 2


system: 312
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Deep muscle group of neck
parent: Musculi colli
memorix_page: 14/5
latin: musculi colli profundi
en: Deep muscle group of neck
en_description:
   <b>The deep group of the cervical muscles </b>are located ventrally to the cervical vertebral column and are covered by the <b>prevertebral layer of the cervical fascia</b>. The common function of these muscles is <b>movement of the cervical vertebral column</b>. 


system: 314
custom_hierarchy: 5.2
brief_parent: musculus longus colli
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Deep muscle group of neck
parent: musculi colli profundi
en_description: - longus colli is subdivided into three parts
memorix_page: 14/5.2, 19
object_id: musculus lonngus colii
latin: musculus longus colli
en: Longus colli
bloodsupply_related: arteria vertebralis 1,arteria pharyngea ascendens,arteria thyroidea inferior
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae cervicales c7, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c6, vertebrae cervicales c5, vertebrae cervicales c4, vertebrae cervicales c3, axis c2, atlas c1

innervation_related:
  ramus anterior nervi cervicalis secundi,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis terti,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis quarti,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis sexti,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis quinti

syntopy_related:
  musculus constrictor pharyngis inferior,atlas c1,axis c2,vertebrae cervicales c3,vertebrae cervicales c4,vertebrae cervicales c5,vertebrae cervicales c6,vertebrae cervicales c7,vertebrae thoracales t1,vertebrae thoracales t2,vertebrae thoracales t3,vertebrae thoracales t4


system: 318
custom_hierarchy: 5.3
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Deep muscle group of neck
parent: musculi colli profundi
en_origin: atlas (C1) - lateral mass and transverse process (anterior surface)
en_insertion: occipital bone (dorsocranially to the pharyngeal tubercle)
en_innervation: anterior rami of the spinal nerves C1-C2
memorix_page: 14/5.3, 19
object_id: musculus rectus capitis anterior
latin: musculus rectus capitis anterior
en: Rectus capitis anterior
related_objects: atlas c1,os occipitale,axis c2
bloodsupply_related: arteria vertebralis 1,arteria pharyngea ascendens
innervation_related: ramus anterior nervi cervicalis primi,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis secundi
syntopy_related: atlas c1,os occipitale
en_function:
  ventral flexion of the head (bilateral contraction), lateroflexion of the head (unilateral contraction), fine balancing movements of the head

general_description:
   <b>The rectus capitis anterior and lateralis </b>are sometimes classified as nuchal muscles (according to TA 1998). From the developmental point of view, these muscles are derived from the hypaxial myotomes and thus their innervation differs from the nuchal muscles. On the other hand, their functional activity may be considered to be similar to the nuchal muscles.


system: 319
custom_hierarchy: 5.4
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Deep muscle group of neck
parent: musculi colli profundi
en_origin: atlas (C1) - transverse process (cranial surface)
en_insertion: occipital bone - jugular process
en_function: lateroflexion of the head
en_innervation: anterior rami of the spinal nerves C1-C2
memorix_page: 14/5.4, 19
object_id: musculus rectus capitis lateralis
latin: musculus rectus capitis lateralis
en: Rectus capitis lateralis
related_objects: atlas c1,os occipitale,axis c2
innervation_related: ramus anterior nervi cervicalis primi,ramus anterior nervi cervicalis secundi
syntopy_related: os occipitale,musculus rectus capitis anterior,atlas c1
bloodsupply_related:
  arteria vertebralis 1,arteria pharyngea ascendens,arteria occipitalis,musculus rectus capitis lateralis


system: 320
main_group: Muscles of the neck
muscle_group: Cervical fascia
parent: Musculi colli
latin: fascia cervicalis
en: Cervical fascia
en_description:
   <b>The cervical fascia has three layers </b>that embed and cover the cervical muscles. The fascia forms spaces, which contain organs nerves and vessels.


system: 328
main_group: Muscles of the pelvic floor
latin: musculi diaphragmatis pelvis
en: Muscles of the pelvic floor
general_description:
   <b>The pelvic floor muscles </b>work as a one complex unit. They support and protect organs against herniation and work as antagonists of the diaphragm.

clinical_notes:
   <b>Exercise of the pelvic floor muscles </b>is recommended before and after delivery as well as for elderly women. Proper exercise helps to minimize the risk of prolapse of organs (urinary bladder, vagina, uterus or rectum) and urine incontinence.


system: 330
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Muscles of the pelvic floor
muscle_group: Pelvic diaphragm / pelvic floor
parent: musculus levator ani
en_insertion: coccyx - lateral side, iliococcygeal raphe (connects to the anococcygeal ligament)
en_innervation: fourth sacral nerve
memorix_page: 35/1
object_id: musculus iliococcygeus
latin: musculus iliococcygeus
en: Iliococcygeus
related_objects: pelvis,pelvis_CLONED,os coccygis
bloodsupply_related: arteria glutea inferior,arteria vesicalis inferior,arteria pudenda interna
innervation_related: nervus musculi levator ani,nervus sacralis quartus
en_origin:
  hip bone - ischial spine, tendinous arch of the levator ani (ligamentous band on the obturator fascia)

syntopy_related:
  pelvis,musculus ischiococcygeus,musculus obturatorius internus,musculi sphincteris ani externus pars profunda,os coccygis,musculus pubococcygeus


system: 331
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Muscles of the pelvic floor
muscle_group: Pelvic diaphragm / pelvic floor
parent: musculus levator ani
en_innervation: pudendal nerve (S2- S4)
memorix_page: 35/2
object_id: musculus pubococcygeus
latin: musculus pubococcygeus
en: Pubococcygeus
related_objects: os sacrum, pelvis,pelvis_CLONED
bloodsupply_related: arteria glutea inferior,arteria vesicalis inferior,arteria pudenda interna
innervation_related: nervus pudendus
en_description:
  - muscular bands between the coccyx and pubis
  - encircles the organs of the lesser pelvis
  - is divided into parts that are not macroscopically visible (puboperineal, puboprostatic, pubovaginal and puboanal parts)

syntopy_related:
  musculi sphincteris ani externus pars profunda,os sacrum,musculus puborectalis,musculus iliococcygeus,pelvis


system: 332
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Muscles of the pelvic floor
muscle_group: Pelvic diaphragm / pelvic floor
parent: musculus levator ani
en_description: - muscular bands below the pubococcygeus
en_origin: pubis - superior ramus
en_insertion: encircles the rectum - connects to the contralateral muscle
en_innervation: perineal branches of the S3 and S4 nerve roots
memorix_page: 35/3
object_id: musculus puborectalis
latin: musculus puborectalis
en: Puborectal
related_objects: pelvis, pelvis_CLONED
bloodsupply_related: arteria glutea inferior,arteria vesicalis inferior,arteria pudenda interna
innervation_related: plexus rectalis medius 1,plexus rectalis inferior 1
syntopy_related:
  musculus pubococcygeus,musculi sphincteris ani externus pars subcutanea,pelvis,musculi sphincteris ani externus pars profunda


system: 354
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Thoracohumeral muscles
parent: Thoracohumeral muscles
en_innervation: pectoral nerves (medial and lateral)
memorix_page: 28/1.1, 29
object_id: musculus pectoralis major
latin: musculus pectoralis major
en: Pectoralis major
related_objects: clavicula, corpus sterni, manubrium sterni,humerus
bloodsupply_related: arteria thoracoacromialis ramus pectoralis,rami perforantes arteriae thoracicae internae
innervation_related: nervus pectoralis medialis,nervus pectoralis lateralis
en_description:
  According to its origin the pectoralis major can be divided into three parts, which are capable of contracting independently.

en_origin:
  <b>Clavicular part</b> (pars clavicularis) - clavicle - medial part
  <b>Sternocostal part</b> (pars sternocostalis) - sternum to the attachment of the 7th rib, cartilage of the 1st-7th rib (1st and 7th rib variably)
  <b>Abdominal part </b> (pars abdominalis) - aponeuroses of the lateral muscles of the abdomen

en_insertion:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 121 characters]

en_function:
  adduction, flexion and internal rotation of the arm at the shoulder joint, an accessory muscle of inspiration (when the upper limb is fixed)

general_description:
  <b>The anterior axillary fold </b>(plica axillaris anterior) is formed by the tendon of the pectoralis major.

clinical_notes:
  <b>All three parts of the pectoralis major </b>tend to shorten and must be evaluated and exercised separately.

  <b>Trigger points in the sternocostal part of the pectoralis major </b>may cause hypersensitivity of the nipple and areola. <b>The trigger point of cardiac arrhythmia </b>is a trigger point situated in the sternocostal part of the pectoralis major under the 5th rib 3nd;4 cm laterally from the midline. It may cause a sense of palpitations, but there is no underlying cardiac pathology.

syntopy_related:
  musculus serratus anterior,clavicula,corpus sterni,musculus obliquus externus abdominis,musculus subscapularis2,humerus,musculus pectoralis minor


system: 355
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Thoracohumeral muscles
parent: Thoracohumeral muscles
en_origin: 3rd-5th rib (lateral to the cartilage)
en_insertion: scapula - coracoid process
en_innervation: medial pectoral nerve (and variably by the lateral pectoral nerve)
memorix_page: 28/1.2, 29
object_id: musculus pectoralis minor
latin: musculus pectoralis minor
en: Pectoralis minor
related_objects: os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5,scapula
bloodsupply_related: arteria thoracoacromialis ramus pectoralis,arteria thoracis superior,arteria thoracica lateralis
innervation_related: nervus pectoralis medialis,nervus pectoralis lateralis
en_function:
  protraction and depression of the scapula,
  an accessory muscle of inspiration (when the upper limb is fixed)

general_description:
  <b>The pectoralis minor </b>may compress some branches of the axillary artery and distal parts of the brachial plexus. This muscle is usually examined in abduction and lateral rotation of the shoulder. 

  <b>Shortening of the pectoralis minor </b>leads to protraction of the arms. A hypertonic pectoralis minor is associated with pain in the infraclavicular region.

syntopy_related:
  scapula,musculus deltoideus pars clavicularis,musculus serratus anterior,os costale 3,os costale 4,os costale 5,musculus pectoralis major


system: 356
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Thoracohumeral muscles
parent: Thoracohumeral muscles
en_insertion: scapula - medial border
en_innervation: long thoracic nerve
memorix_page: 28/1.3, 29
object_id: musculus serratus anterior
latin: musculus serratus anterior
en: Serratus anterior
bloodsupply_related: arteria thoracodorsalis,arteria thoracis superior,arteria thoracica lateralis
innervation_related: nervus thoracicus longus
en_origin:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 112 characters]

en_function:
  protraction of the scapula, holds the scapula on the thoracic wall, external rotation of the scapula (rotates the inferior angle laterally and elevates the arm above the horizontal plane, a synergist of the trapezius, an auxiliary inspiration muscle (when the upper limb is fixed)

related_objects:
  scapula,costa prima 1, costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9

general_description:
  <b>Trigger points in the serratus anterior </b>may lead to problems with breathing. Such patient may suffer from a lack of air and may even complain of painful inspiration. The pain may radiate to the ulnar part of the arm, forearm and hand.

syntopy_related:
  musculus serratus posterior inferior,musculus subscapularis2,musculus pectoralis major,musculus obliquus externus abdominis,scapula,os costale 3,costa prima 1,costa secunda 2,os costale 4,os costale 5,os costale 6,os costale 7,costae spuriae 8,costae spuriae 9


system: 357
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Thoracohumeral muscles
parent: Thoracohumeral muscles
en_origin: 1st rib
en_insertion: clavicle - subclavian groove
en_function:
  depression of the clavicle,
  elevation of the 1st rib - fixation of the sternoclavicular joint

en_innervation: subclavian nerve
memorix_page: 28/1.4, 29
object_id: musculus subclavius
latin: musculus subclavius
en: Subclavius
related_objects: costa prima 1,clavicula
general_description: <b>The subclavius </b>is functionally considered to be part of the pectoralis major.
bloodsupply_related: arteria thoracoacromialis ramus clavicularis,arteria suprascapularis
innervation_related: subclavian nerve
syntopy_related: clavicula,musculus sternocleidomastoideus,costa prima 1,musculus intercostales externi
clinical_notes:
  <b>The subclavius </b>protects the vessels and nerves that run under the clavicle. This is important in fractures of the clavicle.


system: 359
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Proper muscles of the thorax
parent: Proper muscles of the thorax
memorix_page: 28/2.1, 30
latin: musculi intercostales
en: Intercostal muscles
general_description:
   <b>The sternalis </b>is an inconstant muscle (present in 1 % of the population) close to the sternocostal part of the pectoralis major. It runs near to the margin of the sternum.


system: 360
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Proper muscles of the thorax
parent: musculi intercostales
en_insertion: ribs - cranial margin of the rib below the origin
en_function: elevation of the ribs (main inspiration muscles)
memorix_page: 28/2.1.1, 30
object_id: musculus intercostales interni
latin: musculi intercostales externi
en: External intercostal muscles
en_description:
  -the superficial layer of the intercostal muscles
  -are located in the dorsal two thirds of the intercostal space, extending from the vertebral column to the transition between the bony rib and rib cartilage
  -are absent in the region of the costal cartilages where they are substituted by the external intercostal membrane

en_origin:
  ribs - caudal margin of the rib
  <b>Course of fibres:</b> the fibres run in an oblique ventrocaudal direction

related_objects:
  costa prima 1, costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,costa prima 1, costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior secundae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior quartae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior quintae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior sextae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior septimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior octavae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior nonae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior decimae 1

innervation_related:
  ramus anterior nervi thoracici undecimi,nervus intercostalis primus,nervus thoracicus primus,ramus anterior nervi thoracicus primi,radix anterior nervi thoracicus primi,radix posterior nervi thoracicus primi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici primi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus cutaneous anterior nervi intercostalis primus,ramus collateralis nervus intercostali primus,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici primi,nervus thoracicus secundus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici secundi,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici secundi,radix anterior nervi thoracici secundi,radix posterior nervi thoracici secundi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici secundi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,nervus thoracicus tertius,ramus anterior nervi thoracici tertii,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici tertii,radix anterior nervi thoracici tertii,radix posterior nervi thoracici tertii,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus posterior nervi thoracici tertii,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,nervus thoracicus quartius,ramus anterior nervi thoracici quarti,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici quarti,radix anterior nervi thoracici quarti,radix posterior nervi thoracici quarti,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,nervus thoracicus quintus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici quinti,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici quinti,radix anterior nervi thoracici quinti,radix posterior nervi thoracici quinti,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,nervus thoracicus sextus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici sexti,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici sexti,radix anterior nervi thoracici sexti,radix posterior nervi thoracici sexti,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,nervus thoracicus septimus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici septimi,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici septimi,radix anterior nervi thoracici septimi,radix posterior nervi thoracici septimi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,nervus thoracicus octavus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici octavi,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici octavi,radix anterior nervi thoracici octavi,radix posterior nervi thoracici octavi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici octavi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,nervus thoracicus nonus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici noni,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici noni,radix anterior nervi thoracici noni,radix posterior nervi thoracici noni,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus posterior nervi thoracici noni,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,nervus thoracicus decimus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici decimi,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici decimi,radix anterior nervi thoracici decimi,radix posterior nervi thoracici decimi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici decimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi,nervus thoracicus undecimus,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici undecimi,radix anterior nervi thoracici undecimi,radix posterior nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,nervus thoracicus duodecimus,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici duodecimi,radix anterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,radix posterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi

syntopy_related:
  costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,costa prima 1,cartilago costalis,costa secunda 2,os costale 3,os costale 4,os costale 5,os costale 6,os costale 7,costae spuriae 8,costae spuriae 9,costae spuriae 10,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11


system: 361
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.2
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Proper muscles of the thorax
parent: musculi intercostales
en_origin:
  ribs - caudal margin of the rib
  <b>Course of fibers:</b> oblique dorsocaudal

en_insertion: ribs - cranial margin on the rib below the origin
en_function: depression of the ribs (muscles of expiration), stabilisation of the ribs (aid the diaphragm)
memorix_page: 28/2.1.2, 30
object_id: musculus intercostales externi
latin: musculi intercostales interni
en: Internal intercostal muscles
en_description:
  - the middle layer of the intercostal muscles
  - are located in the ventral two thirds of the intercostal space, extending from the angle of the rib to the sternum
  - are absent from the vertebral column to the angle of the rib where they are substituted by the internal intercostal membrane

related_objects:
  costa prima 1, costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,costa prima 1, costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior secundae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior quartae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior quintae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior sextae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior septimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior octavae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior nonae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior decimae 2

innervation_related:
  ramus anterior nervi thoracici undecimi,nervus intercostalis primus,nervus thoracicus primus,ramus anterior nervi thoracicus primi,radix anterior nervi thoracicus primi,radix posterior nervi thoracicus primi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici primi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus cutaneous anterior nervi intercostalis primus,ramus collateralis nervus intercostali primus,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici primi,nervus thoracicus secundus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici secundi,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici secundi,radix anterior nervi thoracici secundi,radix posterior nervi thoracici secundi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici secundi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,nervus thoracicus tertius,ramus anterior nervi thoracici tertii,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici tertii,radix anterior nervi thoracici tertii,radix posterior nervi thoracici tertii,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus posterior nervi thoracici tertii,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,nervus thoracicus quartius,ramus anterior nervi thoracici quarti,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici quarti,radix anterior nervi thoracici quarti,radix posterior nervi thoracici quarti,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,nervus thoracicus quintus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici quinti,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici quinti,radix anterior nervi thoracici quinti,radix posterior nervi thoracici quinti,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,nervus thoracicus sextus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici sexti,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici sexti,radix anterior nervi thoracici sexti,radix posterior nervi thoracici sexti,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,nervus thoracicus septimus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici septimi,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici septimi,radix anterior nervi thoracici septimi,radix posterior nervi thoracici septimi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,nervus thoracicus octavus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici octavi,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici octavi,radix anterior nervi thoracici octavi,radix posterior nervi thoracici octavi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici octavi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,nervus thoracicus nonus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici noni,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici noni,radix anterior nervi thoracici noni,radix posterior nervi thoracici noni,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus posterior nervi thoracici noni,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,nervus thoracicus decimus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici decimi,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici decimi,radix anterior nervi thoracici decimi,radix posterior nervi thoracici decimi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici decimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi,nervus thoracicus undecimus,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici undecimi,radix anterior nervi thoracici undecimi,radix posterior nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,nervus thoracicus duodecimus,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici duodecimi,radix anterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,radix posterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi

syntopy_related:
  costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,costa prima 1,cartilago costalis,costa secunda 2,os costale 3,os costale 4,os costale 5,os costale 6,os costale 7,costae spuriae 8,costae spuriae 9,costae spuriae 10,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11


system: 362
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.3
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Proper muscles of the thorax
parent: musculi intercostales
en_origin:
  ribs - caudal margin
  <b>Course of fibers:</b> oblique dorsocaudal

en_insertion: ribs - cranial margin of the rib below the origin
en_function: depression of the ribs (muscles of expiration), stabilisation of the ribs (aid the diaphragm)
en_innervation: intercostal nerves I-XI
memorix_page: 28/2.1.3, 30
object_id: musculus intercostales intimi
latin: musculi intercostales intimi
en: Innermost intercostal muscles
en_description:
  - the internal layer of the intercostal muscles
  - follow the course of the internal intercostal muscles
  - weak and often with missing parts
  - only in the ventral two thirds of the intercostal space extending from the angle of the rib to the sternum

related_objects:
  costa prima 1, costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,costa prima 1, costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior secundae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior quartae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior quintae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior sextae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior septimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior octavae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior nonae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis arteria intercostalis posterior decimae 3

innervation_related:
  ramus anterior nervi thoracici undecimi,nervus intercostalis primus,nervus thoracicus primus,ramus anterior nervi thoracicus primi,radix anterior nervi thoracicus primi,radix posterior nervi thoracicus primi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici primi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus cutaneous anterior nervi intercostalis primus,ramus collateralis nervus intercostali primus,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici primi,nervus thoracicus secundus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici secundi,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici secundi,radix anterior nervi thoracici secundi,radix posterior nervi thoracici secundi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici secundi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,nervus thoracicus tertius,ramus anterior nervi thoracici tertii,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici tertii,radix anterior nervi thoracici tertii,radix posterior nervi thoracici tertii,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus posterior nervi thoracici tertii,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,nervus thoracicus quartius,ramus anterior nervi thoracici quarti,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici quarti,radix anterior nervi thoracici quarti,radix posterior nervi thoracici quarti,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,nervus thoracicus quintus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici quinti,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici quinti,radix anterior nervi thoracici quinti,radix posterior nervi thoracici quinti,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,nervus thoracicus sextus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici sexti,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici sexti,radix anterior nervi thoracici sexti,radix posterior nervi thoracici sexti,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,nervus thoracicus septimus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici septimi,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici septimi,radix anterior nervi thoracici septimi,radix posterior nervi thoracici septimi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,nervus thoracicus octavus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici octavi,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici octavi,radix anterior nervi thoracici octavi,radix posterior nervi thoracici octavi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici octavi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,nervus thoracicus nonus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici noni,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici noni,radix anterior nervi thoracici noni,radix posterior nervi thoracici noni,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus posterior nervi thoracici noni,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,nervus thoracicus decimus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici decimi,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici decimi,radix anterior nervi thoracici decimi,radix posterior nervi thoracici decimi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici decimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi,nervus thoracicus undecimus,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici undecimi,radix anterior nervi thoracici undecimi,radix posterior nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,nervus thoracicus duodecimus,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici duodecimi,radix anterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,radix posterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi,ramus medialis rami posterioris nervi thoracici duodecimi

syntopy_related:
  costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,costa prima 1,cartilago costalis,costa secunda 2,os costale 3,os costale 4,os costale 5,os costale 6,os costale 7,costae spuriae 8,costae spuriae 9,costae spuriae 10,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11


system: 363
custom_hierarchy: 2.2
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Proper muscles of the thorax
parent: Proper muscles of the thorax
en_origin: sternum (caudal third of the internal surface), cartilage of the 4th-7th rib
en_insertion: cartilage of the 2nd-6th ribs
en_function: depression of the ribs (an auxiliary muscle of expiration)
en_innervation: intercostal nerves I-VI
memorix_page: 28/2.2, 30
object_id: musculus transversus thoracis
latin: musculus transversus thoracis
en: Transverse thoracis
bloodsupply_related: arteria thoracica interna
syntopy_related: musculus transversus thoracis
en_description:
  - the transverse thoracis is a muscle whose fibres radiate outwards on the internal surface of the sternum

related_objects:
  corpus sterni,cartilago costalis,costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, processus xiphoideus

innervation_related:
  ramus anterior nervi thoracici sexti,nervus intercostalis primus,nervus thoracicus primus,ramus anterior nervi thoracicus primi,radix anterior nervi thoracicus primi,radix posterior nervi thoracicus primi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici primi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici primi,ramus cutaneous anterior nervi intercostalis primus,ramus collateralis nervus intercostali primus,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici primi,nervus thoracicus secundus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici secundi,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici secundi,radix anterior nervi thoracici secundi,radix posterior nervi thoracici secundi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici secundi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,nervus thoracicus tertius,ramus anterior nervi thoracici tertii,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici tertii,radix anterior nervi thoracici tertii,radix posterior nervi thoracici tertii,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus posterior nervi thoracici tertii,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,nervus thoracicus quartius,ramus anterior nervi thoracici quarti,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici quarti,radix anterior nervi thoracici quarti,radix posterior nervi thoracici quarti,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,nervus thoracicus quintus,ramus anterior nervi thoracici quinti,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici quinti,radix anterior nervi thoracici quinti,radix posterior nervi thoracici quinti,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,nervus thoracicus sextus,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici sexti,radix anterior nervi thoracici sexti,radix posterior nervi thoracici sexti,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus cutaneous anterior rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici sexti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici sexti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti,nervus thoracicus septimus,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici septimi,radix anterior nervi thoracici septimi,radix posterior nervi thoracici septimi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,nervus thoracicus octavus,ganglion spinale nervi thoracici octavi,radix anterior nervi thoracici octavi,radix posterior nervi thoracici octavi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici octavi


system: 364
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Proper muscles of the thorax
parent: Proper muscles of the thorax
en_function: elevation of the ribs
en_innervation: Innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerves
memorix_page: 28/2.3, 30
latin: musculi levatores costarum
en: Levatores costarum
general_description:
   <b>The levatores costarum</b>, from the developmental point of view, are epaxial muscles and, together with the diaphragm, they have a phasic activity in inspiration.


system: 365
custom_hierarchy: 2.3.1
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Proper muscles of the thorax
parent: musculi levatores costarum
en_origin: vertebrae C7-T11 - transverse processes
en_insertion: rib - between the tubercle and angle of the rib (one rib caudally)
memorix_page: 30/1
object_id: musculi levatores costarum breves
latin: musculi levatores costarum breves
en: Levatores costarum breves
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c8,costa prima 1, costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12, vertebrae cervicales c7,

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1,ramus dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1

innervation_related:
  ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici decimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus posterior nervi thoracici noni,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici octavi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici primi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici secundi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus posterior nervi thoracici tertii,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti


system: 366
custom_hierarchy: 2.3.2
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Proper muscles of the thorax
parent: musculi levatores costarum
en_origin: vertebrae T8-T11 - transverse processes
en_insertion: rib - in between the tubercle and angle of the rib (two ribs caudally)
memorix_page: 30/2
object_id: musculi levatores costarum longi
latin: musculi levatores costarum longi
en: Levatores costarum longi
related_objects:
  vertebrae thoracales t11, vertebrae thoracales t10, vertebrae thoracales t9, vertebrae thoracales t8, vertebrae thoracales t7, vertebrae thoracales t6, vertebrae thoracales t5, vertebrae thoracales t4, vertebrae thoracales t3, vertebrae thoracales t2, vertebrae thoracales t1, vertebrae cervicales c7,costa secunda 2, os costale 3, os costale 4, os costale 5, os costale 6, os costale 7, costae spuriae 8, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris primae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris secundae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris tertiae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quartae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris quintae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris sextae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris septimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris decimae 1,ramus cutaneous lateralis rami dorsalis arteriae intercostalis posterioris undecimae 1

innervation_related:
  ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici decimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus posterior nervi thoracici noni,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici octavi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici octavi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici septimi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis septimi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi cervicalis octavi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici primi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici secundi,ramus posterior nervi thoracici secundi,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici tertii,ramus posterior nervi thoracici tertii,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quarti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici quarti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici quinti,ramus posterior nervi thoracici quinti,ramus lateralis rami posterioris nervi thoracici sexti


system: 367
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Proper muscles of the thorax
parent: Proper muscles of the thorax
en_description: - The musculi subcostales are skeletal muscles belonging to the intercostal musculature
en_origin: inner surface of one rib
en_insertion: inner surface of the second or third rib below, near its angle
en_function: depresses ribs
en_innervation: intercostal nerves
object_id: musculi subcostalis
latin: musculi subcostales
en: The Subcostales
related_objects:
  costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 10, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12,costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11

general_description:
   <b>The subcostal muscles are rudimentary muscles </b>underneath the innermost intercostal muscles. Their origins are situated on the inner surface of the ribs close to the angle of the rib and their attachments are situated caudally, usually skipping one or two ribs and again to the angle of the rib. Their function is mainly fixation of the ribs in cooperation with the internal intercostal muscles.

bloodsupply_related:
  ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris octavae 1,arteria intercostalis posterior decima 1,ramus collateralis arteriae intercostalis posterioris nonae 1

innervation_related:
  ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici decimi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus anterior nervi thoracici noni


system: 368
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Diaphragm Muscle
parent: Musculi thoracis
en_innervation: phrenic nerve (C4 and small connections from C3-C5)
memorix_page: 31
latin: diaphragma
en: Diaphragm Muscle
en_origin:
  1- Lumbar part (pars lumbalis)
  1.1 Right crus (crus dextrum): bodies of the vertebrae L1-L4
  1.2 Left crus (crus sinistrum): bodies of the vertebrae L1-L3
  1.3 Median arcuate ligament (ligamentum arcuatum medianum)
  - the aortic arcade
  - intersection of the right and left crus
  - encloses the aortic hiatus
  1.4 Medial arcuate ligament (ligamentum arcuatum mediale)
  - the psoatic arcade
  - from the body of the vertebrae L1-L2 to the costal process of L1
  1.5 Lateral arcuate ligament (ligamentum arcuatum laterale)
  - the quadratic arcade
  - from the costal process of L1 to the 12th rib
  2 Costal part (pars costalis)
  2.1 7th-12th rib - alternate with the origins of the transversus abdominis
  3 Sternal part (pars sternalis)
  3.1 Sternum - xiphoid process
  3.2 Rectus sheath (vagina musculi recti abdominis)

en_insertion:
  4 Central tendon (centrum tendineum)
  - is located in the middle of the diaphragm
  - the tendinous insertion of all three parts of the diaphragm

en_function:
  - the main muscle of inspiration and an important postural muscle
  - contributes to stabilisation of the thoracolumbar transition of the vertebral column
  - separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
  - organs, nerves and vessels run through openings in the diaphragm
  - contributes to closure of the oesophagus at the cardia
  (the phrenoesophageal membrane of Leimer)
  - fixates and stabilises the caudal ribs

related_objects:
  vertebrae lumbales l3, vertebrae lumbales l4, vertebrae lumbales l2, vertebrae lumbales l1, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11, costae spuriae 10, costae spuriae 9, costae spuriae 8, os costale 7, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 12_CLONED, costae arcuraiae fluctuantes 11_CLONED, costae spuriae 10_CLONED, costae spuriae 9_CLONED, costae spuriae 8_CLONED, os costale 7_CLONED, corpus sterni, processus xiphoideus

general_description:
   <b>The muscular fibres of the diaphragm </b>may intermingle with the fibres of the psoas major. 

   <b>The diaphragm </b>has three different functions: respiratory, stabilization and (esophageal) sfincter function. Equilibrium is important for its proper functions.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Hiccups </b>( singultus) are caused by reflexive contractions of the diaphragm. They can be stopped by post-isometric relaxation of the diaphragm. This can be achieved by elevating the arm while holding the breath in inspiration.

  <b>The thoracic fasciae </b>are contracted in majority of the population. This is associated with hypertonic and even painful pectoral muscles.


system: 376
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the thorax
muscle_group: Diaphragm Muscle
parent: diaphragma
object_id: diaphragm
latin: diaphragma*2
en: Diaphragma*3
bloodsupply_related:
  arteria phrenica inferior 1,arteria phrenica inferior 2,arteriae phrenicae superiores 1,arteriae phrenicae superiores 2,arteria subcostalis 2,arteria subcostalis 1

innervation_related:
  ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici undecimi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici decimi,ramus anterior nervi thoracici decimi,ramus collateralis rami anterioris nervi thoracici noni,ramus anterior nervi thoracici noni

syntopy_related:
  cartilago costalis,vertebrae thoracales t9,vertebrae thoracales t10,vertebrae thoracales t11,vertebrae lumbales l2,vertebrae thoracales t12,vertebrae lumbales l1,vertebrae lumbales l3


system: 379
custom_hierarchy: 1
brief_parent: musculus deltoideus
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the shoulder joint
parent: Muscles of the shoulder joint
en_description: - multipennate muscle
en_insertion: humerus - deltoid tuberosity
en_innervation: axillary nerve (C5 and C6)
memorix_page: 37
latin: musculus deltoideus
en: Deltoid
en_function:
  the muscle working as whole presses the head of the humerus into the articular fossa of the shoulder joint and therefore increases stability of the shoulder joint

general_description:
  <b>Particular parts of the deltoid have</b> different functions: the spinal part and clavicular part are phasic muscles, in comparison to the acromial part which is more tonic. The Acromial part of the deltoid and supraspinatus fix the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Triggers point in the deltoid </b>may be caused by injuries or may originate in other muscles (infraspinatus, pectoralis major and trapezius).

  <b>Pain from the deltoid </b>is typically located in the area of the deltoid tuberosity. Weakening of the deltoid leads to disequilibrium of the deltoid and trapezius with a typical position of the arm in elevation and abduction.


system: 380
brief_parent: musculus deltoideus
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the shoulder joint
parent: musculus deltoideus
en_origin: scapula - acromion
en_function: abduction of the arm
object_id: musculus deltoideus pars acromialis
latin: pars acromialis musculi deltoidei
en: Acromial part (Deltoid)
related_objects: scapula,humerus
innervation_related: ramus musculi deltoidei nervi axillaris,nervus axillaris
bloodsupply_related:
  ramus deltoideus,arteria thoracoacromialis ramus deltoideus,arteria subscapularis,arteria circumflexa humeri posterior,arteria circumflexa humeri anterior

syntopy_related:
  clavicula,scapula,musculus infraspinatus,musculus teres minor,caput longum musculi tricipitis brachii,caput laterale musculi tricipitis brachii,musculus brachialis,humerus,musculus pectoralis major


system: 383
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the shoulder joint
parent: Muscles of the shoulder joint
en_origin: scapula - supraspinous fossa
en_insertion: humerus - greater tubercle
en_innervation: suprascapular nerve (C5)
memorix_page: 37
object_id: musculus supraspinatus
latin: musculus supraspinatus
en: Supraspinatus
related_objects: scapula,humerus
bloodsupply_related: arteria suprascapularis
innervation_related: nervus suprascapularis
en_function:
  initial abduction and external rotation of the arm, stabilisation of the head of the humerus in the articular fossa of the shoulder joint

clinical_notes:
  <b>The most commonly injured tendon of</b> the external arm rotators is the tendon of the supraspinatus. Pain Typically radiates to the acromial region and lateral humeral epicondyle.

syntopy_related:
  musculus deltoideus pars spinalis,musculus deltoideus pars clavicularis,musculus deltoideus pars acromialis,humerus,scapula,musculus infraspinatus


system: 384
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the shoulder joint
parent: Muscles of the shoulder joint
en_origin: scapula - infraspinous fossa
en_insertion: humerus - greater tubercle
en_function: adduction and external rotation of the arm
en_innervation: suprascapular nerve (C5 and C6)
memorix_page: 37
object_id: musculus infraspinatus
latin: musculus infraspinatus
en: Infraspinatus
related_objects: scapula,humerus
bloodsupply_related: arteria suprascapularis,arteria circumflexa scapulae
innervation_related: nervus suprascapularis
clinical_notes:
  <b>The infraspinatus and supraspinatus are</b> the most common triggers of pain in the region of the arm. Pain originating in the infraspinatus radiates to the lateral side of the arm and forearm and the ventral shoulder region. Trigger points of this muscle may lead to sleep disturbances that predominantly occur when sleeping in the supine position.

syntopy_related:
  musculus deltoideus pars acromialis,musculus deltoideus pars clavicularis,humerus,musculus deltoideus pars spinalis,musculus teres minor,musculus teres major,scapula


system: 385
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the shoulder joint
parent: Muscles of the shoulder joint
en_origin: scapula - caudal 1/3 of the lateral border
en_insertion: humerus - crest of the lesser tubercle
en_function: adduction, dorsal flexion and internal rotation of the arm
en_innervation: subscapular nerve (C6)
memorix_page: 37/4
object_id: musculus teres major
latin: musculus teres major
en: Teres major
related_objects: scapula,humerus
bloodsupply_related: arteria thoracodorsalis,arteria circumflexa humeri posterior
innervation_related: nervus suprascapularis
clinical_notes:
  <b>When performing chin-ups, </b>an acute overload injury of the teres major may occur. This results in slight reduction in ventral flexion.

syntopy_related:
  caput longum musculi tricipitis brachii,musculus teres minor,scapula,musculus subscapularis2,humerus


system: 386
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the shoulder joint
parent: Muscles of the shoulder joint
en_origin: scapula - cranial 2/3 of the lateral border
en_insertion: humerus - greater tubercle
en_function: adduction and external rotation of the arm
en_innervation: axillary nerve (V5, variably C4-C6)
memorix_page: 37/5
object_id: musculus teres minor
latin: musculus teres minor
en: Teres minor
related_objects: scapula,humerus
bloodsupply_related: arteria circumflexa scapulae,arteria dorsalis scapulae
innervation_related: ramus musculi teretis minoris nervi axillaris,nervus axillaris,musculus teres minor
general_description:
  <b>The infraspinatus and teres minor</b> (external rotators of the arm) tend to weaken frequently in comparison to the internal rotators (pectoralis major, subscapularis, latissimus dorsi and teres major).

clinical_notes:
  <b>A trigger point in the teres minor can</b> cause a loss of sensation or tingling sensation in the fourth and fifth fingers. This has to be distinguished from palsy of the ulnar nerve.

syntopy_related:
  musculus deltoideus pars clavicularis,musculus deltoideus pars acromialis,musculus deltoideus pars spinalis,caput longum musculi tricipitis brachii,humerus,musculus infraspinatus,scapula,musculus teres major


system: 388
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the arm
parent: Musculi membri superioris
memorix_page: 38
latin: musculi brachii
en: Muscles of the arm
en_description:
  The muscles around the humerus can be divided into an <b>anterior and a posterior group</b>.These muscles <b>act on the shoulder and elbow joints</b>. <b>The anterior group </b>consists of flexors of the shoulder and elbow joints and is innervated by the <b>musculocutaneous nerve</b>. <b>The posterior group </b>consists of <b>extensors </b>of the shoulder and elbow joints andis innervated by the <b>radial nerve</b>.

general_description:
  <b>Cubitus </b>is a Latin term for elbow.
  <b>Ancon </b>is a Greek term for elbow.
  <b>Lacerta </b>is a Latin term for lizard.


system: 391
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.1
brief_parent: musculus biceps brachii
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the arm
parent: musculus biceps brachii
en_origin: scapula - supraglenoid tubercle
en_innervation: musculocutaneous nerve (C5 and C6)
memorix_page: 38/1.1
object_id: musculus biceps brachii caput longum
latin: caput longum musculi bicipitis brachii
en: Biceps brachii long head
related_objects: scapula,radius,humerus
bloodsupply_related: arteria profunda brachii,arteria collateralis radialis,arteria brachialis
syntopy_related: caput longum musculi bicipitis brachii
innervation_related:
  ramus capitis brevis musculi bicipitis brachii nervi musculocutanei,ramus capitis longi musculi bicipitis brachii nervi musculocutanei,nervus musculocutaneus


system: 392
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.2
brief_parent: musculus biceps brachii
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the arm
parent: musculus biceps brachii
en_origin: scapula - coracoid process
object_id: musculus biceps brachii caput breve
latin: caput breve musculi bicipitis brachii
en: Biceps brachii short head
related_objects: scapula,radius,humerus
bloodsupply_related: arteria profunda brachii,arteria collateralis radialis,arteria brachialis
innervation_related:
  ramus capitis brevis musculi bicipitis brachii nervi musculocutanei,ramus capitis longi musculi bicipitis brachii nervi musculocutanei,nervus musculocutaneus

syntopy_related:
  radius,musculus brachialis,musculus coracobrachialis,musculus pectoralis major,scapula,musculus biceps brachii caput longum


system: 395
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the arm
parent: Anterior (flexor) group *1
en_origin: humerus (anterior surface) - distal half
en_insertion: ulna - tuberosity of ulna
en_function: flexion of the forearm
en_innervation: musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C6)
memorix_page: 38/1.3
object_id: musculus brachialis
latin: musculus brachialis
en: Brachialis
related_objects: humerus,ulna
innervation_related: ramus musculi brachialis nervi musculocutanei,nervus musculocutaneus,musculus brachialis
bloodsupply_related:
  arteria brachialis,rete articulare cubiti,arteria collateralis ulnaris inferior,arteria collateralis ulnaris superior

syntopy_related:
  musculus deltoideus pars spinalis,musculus deltoideus pars acromialis,musculus deltoideus pars clavicularis,musculus coracobrachialis,humerus,musculus biceps brachii caput breve,musculus biceps brachii caput longum,ulna


system: 398
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the arm
parent: musculus triceps brachii
en_origin: humerus - distal to the radial groove
object_id: musculus triceps brachii caput mediale
latin: caput mediale musculi tricipitis brachii
en: Triceps brachii medial head
related_objects: humerus,ulna,radius
bloodsupply_related: arteria profunda brachii,arteria collateralis ulnaris superior
innervation_related:
  ramus capitis longi musculi tricipitis brachii nervi radialis,nervus radialis,ramus capitis lateralis musculi tricipitis brachii nervi radialis

syntopy_related:
  ulna,tendon triceps brachii,caput longum musculi tricipitis brachii,caput laterale musculi tricipitis brachii,humerus


system: 399
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.2
brief_parent: musculus triceps brachii
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the arm
parent: musculus triceps brachii
en_origin: humerus - proximal to the radial groove
object_id: caput laterale musculi tricipitis brachii
latin: caput laterale musculi tricipitis brachii
en: Triceps brachii lateral head
related_objects: humerus,ulna,radius
bloodsupply_related: arteria profunda brachii,arteria collateralis ulnaris superior
innervation_related:
  ramus capitis longi musculi tricipitis brachii nervi radialis,nervus radialis,ramus capitis lateralis musculi tricipitis brachii nervi radialis

syntopy_related:
  tendon triceps brachii,caput longum musculi tricipitis brachii,musculus triceps brachii caput mediale,humerus


system: 400
custom_hierarchy: 2.1.3
brief_parent: musculus triceps brachii
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the arm
parent: musculus triceps brachii
en_origin: scapula - infraglenoid tubercle
object_id: caput longum musculi tricipitis brachii
latin: caput longum musculi tricipitis brachii
en: Triceps brachii long head
related_objects: scapula,ulna,radius,humerus
bloodsupply_related: arteria profunda brachii,arteria collateralis ulnaris superior
innervation_related:
  ramus capitis longi musculi tricipitis brachii nervi radialis,nervus radialis,ramus capitis lateralis musculi tricipitis brachii nervi radialis

syntopy_related:
  musculus teres minor,musculus triceps brachii caput mediale,tendon triceps brachii,caput laterale musculi tricipitis brachii,musculus teres major,scapula,humerus


system: 403
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Musculi membri superioris
latin: Musculi antebrachii
en: Muscles of the forearm
en_description:
  The muscles of the forearm are divided into <b>3 groups</b>: anterior, lateral and posterior groups. They act on <b>the elbow joint, wrist joint and joints of the hand</b>.

general_description:
  <b>The common ulnar head </b>(caput commune ulnare)is the common origin of the first and the second layers of the ventral group of the forearm muscles.

  <b>The flexors and supinators of the forearm </b>are more dominant than extensors and pronators. The flexors and supinators may shorten during long periods of inactivity, occurs in bedridden patients.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Golfer's elbow </b>is an overuse injury of the flexors that originate on the medial epicondyle. It can be caused by manual labor and is characterised by pain over the medial epicondyle.<b>Tennis elbow </b>is an overuse injury of the extensors that originate on the lateral epicondyle. It can be caused by working on computers for long periods of time and is characterised by pain over the lateral epicondyle.<b>

  The palm and the palmar part of the wrist </b>are painful when <b>the palmaris longus is overloaded</b>. The Pain is described as “thousands of tiny needles” and it makes it difficult work with tools.

  <b>Pain from trigger points of the lateral group of the forearm muscles is</b> located over the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.

  <b>Transposition of the tendons of the forearm muscles </b>is a surgical procedure to regain hand function after injury to the tendons of the forearm muscles. If muscles important for hand function are irreversibly damaged, it is possible to transpose a tendon of another muscle which is not essential for hand function (for example the extensor pollicis brevis flexor digitorum superficialis) on the stump of the original tendon. The result is a functional muscle that has the origin, belly and supply of the transposed muscle, but the insertion and similar function as the lost muscle.


system: 406
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: 1st layer of the forearm muscles
en_description: - a muscle of the 1st layer
en_origin: humerus - medial epicondyle and antebrachial fascia
en_insertion: palmar aponeurosis, flexor retinaculum
en_function: an accessory flexor of the forearm and hand, stretches the palmar aponeurosis
en_innervation: median nerve (C8, variably C7-T1)
memorix_page: 40/1.1
object_id: musculus palmaris longus
latin: musculus palmaris longus
en: Palmaris longus
related_objects: humerus,retinaculum musculorum flexorum,aponeurosis palmaris,ulna, radius
bloodsupply_related: arteria recurrens ulnaris anterior,arteria comitans nervi mediani
innervation_related: nervus medianus
general_description:
  <b>The palmaris longus </b>is a functionally insignificant muscle and is absent in 10 % of cases. It can be used for tendon grafts.

syntopy_related:
  musculus flexor digitorum superficialis,musculus flexor carpi ulnaris,musculus flexor carpi radialis,humerus


system: 407
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: 1st layer of the forearm muscles
en_description: - a muscle of the 1st layer
en_insertion: radius - pronator tuberosity
en_function: flexion and pronation of the forearm
en_innervation: median nerve (C6-C7)
memorix_page: 40/1.2
object_id: musculus pronator teres
latin: musculus pronator teres
en: Pronator teres
related_objects: humerus,ulna,radius,ulna
bloodsupply_related: arteria brachialis,arteria radialis,arteria ulnaris
innervation_related: nervus medianus,ramus musculi pronatoris teresis nervi mediani
en_origin:
  1<b> Humeral head</b> (caput humerale):
  humerus - medial epicondyle
  2<b> Ulnar head</b> (caput ulnare):
  ulna - coronoid process

clinical_notes:
  <b>Shortening of the pronator teres occurs</b> from working on a computer while positioning the mouse in front of the body, rather than on the side. This position is characterised by internal rotation of the arm and flexion and pronation of the forearm. The shortened pronator teres limits the extent of flexion of the forearm and makes the extensors of the forearm disproportionately long.

syntopy_related:
  musculus extensor carpi radialis longus,humerus,musculus flexor carpi radialis,musculus brachialis,musculus flexor digitorum superficialis,radius


system: 408
custom_hierarchy: 1.3
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: 1st layer of the forearm muscles
en_description: - a muscle of the 1st layer
en_origin: humerus - medial epicondyle and antebrachial fascia
en_insertion: base of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpal (anterior surface)
en_function: flexion of the forearm, radial duction and flexion of the hand
en_innervation: median nerve (C6-C7)
memorix_page: 40/1.3
object_id: musculus flexor carpi radialis
latin: musculus flexor carpi radialis
en: Flexor carpi radialis
bloodsupply_related: arteria recurrens ulnaris anterior,arteria recurrens ulnaris posterior,arteria radialis
innervation_related: nervus medianus,ramus musculi flexor carpi radialis nervi mediani
related_objects:
  humerus,os metacarpale 2, os metacarpale 3,ulna, radius,ulna, os hamatum, os capitatum, os trapezoideum, os trapezium, os scaphoideum, os lunatum, os triquetrum

general_description:
  <b>The flexor carpi radialis </b>courses through the carpal canal in its own separate section and then through a groove on the trapezium.

clinical_notes:
  <b>The flexor carpi radialis brevis </b>is a variable muscle, which, if present can compress the anterior interosseous nerve.

syntopy_related:
  humerus,musculus pronator teres,musculus palmaris longus,musculus flexor digitorum superficialis,musculus flexor policis longus,os metacarpale 2


system: 409
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: 1st layer of the forearm muscles
en_description: - a muscle of the 1st layer
en_function: flexion of the forearm, ulnar duction and flexion of the hand
en_innervation: ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
memorix_page: 40/1.4
object_id: musculus flexor carpi ulnaris
latin: musculus flexor carpi ulnaris
en: Flexor carpi ulnaris
bloodsupply_related: arteria ulnaris,arteria recurrens ulnaris posterior
innervation_related: nervus medianus,ramus musculi flexor carpi radialis nervi mediani
en_origin:
  1 <b>Humeral head </b>(caput humerale): 
  humerus - medial epicondyle
  2 <b>Ulnar head </b>(caput ulnare):
  ulna - olecranon and posterior border

en_insertion:
  pisiform, hook of hamate (as the pisohamate ligament), base of the 5th metacarpal (as the pisometacarpal ligament)

related_objects:
  humerus,os pisiforme,ulna, os hamatum, os capitatum, os trapezoideum, os trapezium, os scaphoideum, os lunatum, os triquetrum, radius

syntopy_related:
  os pisiforme,musculus extensor carpi ulnaris,musculus flexor digitorum superficialis,musculus palmaris longus,humerus,ulna


system: 411
custom_hierarchy: 1.5
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: 2nd layer of the forearm muscles
en_description: - a muscle of the 2nd layer
en_innervation: median nerve (C7-T1)
memorix_page: 40/1.5
object_id: musculus flexor digitorum superficialis
latin: musculus flexor digitorum superficialis
en: Flexor digitorum superficialis
bloodsupply_related: arteria ulnaris,arteria radialis,arteria comitans nervi mediani
innervation_related: nervus medianus
en_origin:
  1 <b>Humero-ulnar head</b> (caput humeroulnare):
  humerus - medial epicondyle, 
  ulna - ulnar tuberosity,
  ulnar collateral ligament
  2 <b>Radial head </b>(caput radiale):
  radius - anterior surface from radial to pronator tuberosity

en_insertion:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 112 characters]

en_function:
  flexion of the 2nd-5th digits at the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints, accessory flexion of the forearm and hand

related_objects:
  humerus,ulna, radius,phalanx media manus 2,phalanx media manus 3,phalanx media manus 4,phalanx media manus 5,os proximalis manus 2,os proximalis manus 3,os proximalis manus 4,os proximalis manus 5,os metacarpale 2,os metacarpale 3,os metacarpale 4,os metacarpale 5,os hamatum, os capitatum, os trapezoideum, os trapezium, os scaphoideum, os lunatum, os triquetrum,os pisiforme

syntopy_related:
  phalanx media manus 2,phalanx media manus 3,phalanx media manus 4,phalanx media manus 5,musculus flexor carpi ulnaris,musculus palmaris longus,musculus flexor carpi radialis,musculus pronator teres,humerus,radius


system: 413
custom_hierarchy: 1.6
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: 3rd layer of the forearm muscles
en_description: - a muscle of the 3rd layer
en_origin:
  ulna - anterior surface,
  interosseous membrane of forearm

en_insertion: as four tendons on the 2nd-5th finger that insert on the base of the distal phalanges
en_innervation: median nerve (C7-T1) - for the 2nd and 3rd finger, ulnar nerve (C8-T1) - for the 4th and 5th finger
memorix_page: 40/1.6
object_id: musculus flexor digitorum profundus
latin: musculus flexor digitorum profundus
en: Flexor digitorum profundus
en_function:
  flexion of the 2nd-5th fingers at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints, accessory flexion of the hand

related_objects:
  ulna,membrana interossea antebrachii,phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 5,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius

general_description:
  <b>Contraction of the flexor digitorum profundus </b>is not possible during passive extension of the fingers. This effect is diagnostically important when examining the hand and wrist when injury to the tendons is suspected.
  <b>Tendinous chiasm </b>(chiasma tendinum) means crossing of tendons. This occurs at the middle phalanges as the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus pass through the bifurcated tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis to insert on the distal phalanges.

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria comitans nervi mediani,arteria ulnaris,arteria recurrens ulnaris posterior,arteria interossea anterior,arteria interossea communis

innervation_related:
  ramus musculi profundi flexoris digitorum nervi ulnaris,nervus ulnaris,nervus medianus,ramus musculi profundi flexoris digitorum nervi mediani

syntopy_related:
  musculus flexor digitorum superficialis,phalanx distalis manus 5,phalanx distalis manus 4,phalanx distalis manus 3,phalanx distalis manus 2,radius,ulna


system: 414
custom_hierarchy: 1.7
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: 3rd layer of the forearm muscles
en_description: - a muscle of the 3rd layer
en_insertion: base of the distal phalanx of the thumb
en_innervation: median nerve (C6-C7)
memorix_page: 40/1.7
object_id: musculus flexor policis longus
latin: musculus flexor pollicis longus
en: Flexor pollicis longus
bloodsupply_related: arteria interossea anterior,arteria radialis
en_origin:
  radius - anterior surface, between the insertion of the pronator teres proximally and the insertion of the pronator quadratus distally, interosseous membrane of forearm

en_function:
  flexion of the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints,accessory flexion of the hand

related_objects:
  radius,membrana interossea antebrachii,phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx distalis pollicis 1,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius

clinical_notes:
  <b>When a trigger point is present in the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus</b>, the patient feels pain in the whole finger and even distally to the fingertips.

innervation_related:
  nervus medianus,nervus interosseus antebrachii anterior,ramus musculi flexor pollicis longi nervi mediani

syntopy_related:
  musculus flexor digitorum superficialis,musculus opponens pollicis,musculus flexor pollicis brevis,phalanx distalis pollicis 1,ulna,radius


system: 416
custom_hierarchy: 1.8
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: 4th layer of the forearm muscles
en_description: - a muscle of the 4th layer
en_origin: ulna - distal 1/4 of the anterior surface
en_insertion: radius - distal 1/4 of the anterior surface
en_function: pronation of the forearm
en_innervation: median nerve (C7-T1)
memorix_page: 40/1.8
object_id: musculus pronator quadratus
latin: musculus pronator quadratus
en: Pronator quadratus
related_objects: ulna,radius
bloodsupply_related: arteria interossea anterior
syntopy_related: musculus flexor digitorum profundus,musculus flexor policis longus,ulna,radius
innervation_related:
  nervus medianus,nervus interosseus antebrachii anterior,ramus musculi pronatores quadrati nervi mediani


system: 419
custom_hierarchy: 2.1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Superficial layer (radial) of forearm
en_description: - a muscle of the superficial layer
en_origin: humerus - lateral supraepicondylar ridge
en_insertion: radius - suprastyloid crest
en_innervation: radial nerve (C5-C6)
memorix_page: 40/2.1
object_id: musculus brachioradialis
latin: musculus brachioradialis
en: Brachioradialis
related_objects: humerus,radius
bloodsupply_related: arteria collateralis radialis,arteria radialis,arteria recurrens radialis
innervation_related: nervus radialis,rami musculi brachioradialis nervi radialis
en_function:
  supination of the extended forearm, pronation of the flexed forearm, flexion of the forearm, stabilises the elbow joint to prevent its overstretching

syntopy_related:
  musculus pronator teres,musculus triceps brachii caput mediale,musculus brachialis,musculus extensor carpi radialis longus,humerus,radius


system: 421
custom_hierarchy: 2.3
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Superficial layer (radial) of forearm
en_description: - a muscle of the superficial layer
en_origin: humerus - lateral epicondyle, radial collateral ligament
en_insertion: base of the 3rd metacarpal - posterior surface
en_innervation: radial nerve (C6-C7)
memorix_page: 40/2.3
object_id: musculus extensor carpi radialis brevis
latin: musculus extensor carpi radialis brevis
en: Extensor carpi radialis brevis
bloodsupply_related: arteria radialis,arteria recurrens radialis,arteria profunda brachii
en_function:
  dorsal flexion and radial duction of the hand, supination of the extended forearm, pronation of the flexed forearm

related_objects:
  humerus,os metacarpale 3,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius

innervation_related:
  nervus radialis,ramus profundus nervi radialis,rami musculi radialis brevi extensoris carpi nervi radialis

syntopy_related:
  os metacarpale 3,musculus abductor pollicis longus,humerus,musculus extensor carpi radialis longus,musculus extensor digitorum


system: 423
custom_hierarchy: 2.4
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Deep layer (radial) of forearm
en_description:
  - a muscle of the deep layer
  - consists of 2 parts (layers)

en_insertion: radius - laterally and proximally to the pronator tuberosity
en_function: supination of the forearm
en_innervation: radial nerve (C5-C7)
memorix_page: 40/2.4
object_id: musculus supinator
latin: musculus supinator
en: Supinator
related_objects: humerus,radius,ulna,radius
bloodsupply_related: arteria recurrens radialis,arteria interossea posterior,arteria interossea reccurens
syntopy_related: humerus,musculus abductor pollicis longus,radius,musculus extensor carpi radialis brevis
en_origin:
  1 <b>Superficial layer:</b>
  humerus - lateral epicondyle, radial collateral ligament, annular ligament of radius
  2 <b>Deep layer:</b>
  ulna - supinator crest

general_description:
  <b>The supinator canal </b>(canalis supinatorius)is a space between the layers of the supinator where the deep branch of the radial nerve passes.

innervation_related:
  nervus radialis,ramus profundus nervi radialis,nervus interosseus antebrachii posterior,ramus musculi supinatoris nervi radialis


system: 427
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Superficial layer (extensor)
en_description: - a muscle of the superficial layer
en_origin: humerus - lateral epicondyle
en_insertion: dorsal aponeurosis of the 5th finger on the base of the middle and distal phalanges
en_innervation: radial nerve (C7-C8)
memorix_page: 40/3.2
object_id: musculus extensor digiti minimi
latin: musculus extensor digiti minimi
en: Extensor digiti minimi
bloodsupply_related: arteria interossea posterior,arteria interossea anterior,arteria recurrens radialis
en_function:
  extension of the 5th finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint and proximal and distal interphalangeal joints, flexion of the hand

related_objects:
  humerus,phalanx distalis manus 5,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius

general_description:
  <b>The dorsal aponeurosis </b>(aponeurosis dorsalis) is a fibrous structure on the back of the fingers, which attaches to the middle and distal phalanges. The extensor digitorum, extensor indicis, extensor digiti minimi, lumbricals and interossei insertion the phalanges through the dorsal aponeurosis.

innervation_related:
  nervus radialis,ramus profundus nervi radialis,nervus interosseus antebrachii posterior,ramus musculi extensoris pollicis longi nervi radialis,rami musculi extensoris digiti minimi nervi radialis

syntopy_related:
  musculus abductor pollicis longus,humerus,musculus extensor carpi ulnaris,phalanx media manus 5,phalanx distalis manus 5


system: 428
custom_hierarchy: 3.3
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Superficial layer (extensor)
en_description: - a muscle of the superficial layer
en_insertion: base of the 5th metacarpal - medial side
en_function: ulnar duction and dorsal flexion of the hand
en_innervation: radial nerve (C7-C8, variably C6)
memorix_page: 40/3.3
object_id: musculus extensor carpi ulnaris
latin: musculus extensor carpi ulnaris
en: Extensor carpi ulnaris
bloodsupply_related: arteria interossea anterior,arteria recurrens radialis
en_origin:
  1 <b>Humeral head</b> (caput humerale):
  humerus - lateral epicondyle
  2 <b>Ulnar head </b>(caput ulnare):
  ulna - posterior border

related_objects:
  humerus,ulna,os metacarpale 5,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius

innervation_related:
  nervus radialis,ramus profundus nervi radialis,nervus interosseus antebrachii posterior,ramus musculi extensor carpi ulnaris nervi radialis

syntopy_related:
  humerus,musculus anconeus,musculus flexor carpi ulnaris,musculus extensor digiti minimi,os metacarpale 5


system: 430
custom_hierarchy: 3.4
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Deep layer (extensor)
en_description: - a muscle of the deep layer
en_insertion: base of the 1st metacarpal - lateral side trapezium
en_function: abduction of the thumb, radial duction of the hand
en_innervation: radial nerve (C6-C7)
memorix_page: 40/3.4
object_id: musculus abductor pollicis longus
latin: musculus abductor pollicis longus
en: Abductor pollicis longus
bloodsupply_related: arteria interossea posterior,arteria interossea anterior
en_origin:
  radius - middle 1/3 of the posterior surface
  ulna - middle 1/3 of the posterior surface
  interosseous membrane of forearm - middle 1/3 of the posterior surface

related_objects:
  radius,ulna,membrana interossea antebrachii,os metacarpale pollicis 1,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius

innervation_related:
  nervus radialis,ramus profundus nervi radialis,nervus interosseus antebrachii posterior,ramus musculi abductor pollicis longi nervi radialis

syntopy_related:
  musculus extensor pollicis longus,musculus extensor carpi radialis brevis,musculus supinator,radius,musculus extensor pollicis brevis,os metacarpale pollicis 1


system: 431
custom_hierarchy: 3.5
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Deep layer (extensor)
en_description: - a muscle of the deep layer
en_insertion: proximal phalanx of thumb - posterior surface
en_function: extension and abduction of the thumb at the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints
en_innervation: radial nerve (C6-C7)
memorix_page: 40/3.5
object_id: musculus extensor pollicis brevis
latin: musculus extensor pollicis brevis
en: Extensor pollicis brevis
bloodsupply_related: arteria interossea posterior,arteria interossea anterior
en_origin:
  radius - middle 1/3 of the posterior surface interosseous membrane of forearm - middle 1/3 of the posterior surface

related_objects:
  radius,membrana interossea antebrachii,phalanx proximalis pollicis 1,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius

innervation_related:
  nervus radialis,ramus profundus nervi radialis,nervus interosseus antebrachii posterior,ramus musculi extensoris pollicis brevis nervi radialis

syntopy_related:
  phalanx proximalis pollicis 1,musculus abductor pollicis longus,musculus extensor pollicis longus,radius


system: 432
custom_hierarchy: 3.6
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Deep layer (extensor)
en_description: - a muscle of the deep layer
en_insertion: distal phalanx of thumb (posterior surface)
en_innervation: radial nerve (C6-C7, variably C8)
memorix_page: 40/3.6
object_id: musculus extensor pollicis longus
latin: musculus extensor pollicis longus
en: Extensor pollicis longus
bloodsupply_related: arteria interossea posterior,arteria interossea anterior
syntopy_related: musculus extensor pollicis longus
en_origin:
  ulna - middle 1/3 of the posterior surface interosseous membrane of forearm - middle 1/3 of the posterior surface

en_function:
  extension of the thumb (in the carpometacarpal, metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joint), accessory abductor of the thumb

related_objects:
  ulna,membrana interossea antebrachii,phalanx distalis pollicis 1,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius

innervation_related:
  nervus radialis,ramus profundus nervi radialis,nervus interosseus antebrachii posterior,ramus musculi extensoris pollicis longi nervi radialis


system: 433
custom_hierarchy: 3.7
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the forearm
parent: Deep layer (extensor)
en_description: - a muscle of the deep layer
en_insertion: dorsal aponeurosis of the 2nd finger, base of the middle and distal phalanges of the 2nd digit
en_innervation: radial nerve (C6-C7)
memorix_page: 40/3.7
object_id: musculus extensor indicis
latin: musculus extensor indicis
en: Extensor indicis
bloodsupply_related: arteria interossea posterior,arteria interossea anterior
syntopy_related: musculus extensor pollicis longus,phalanx media manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 2,ulna
en_origin:
  ulna - distal 1/3 of the posterior surface
  interosseous membrane of forearm - distal 1/3 of the posterior surface

en_function:
  extension of the 2nd digit at the metacarpophalangeal joint and proximal and distal interphalangeal joints, accessory flexion of the hand

related_objects:
  ulna,membrana interossea antebrachii,phalanx media manus 2, phalanx distalis manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5, ulna, radius

innervation_related:
  nervus radialis,ramus profundus nervi radialis,nervus interosseus antebrachii posterior,ramus musculi extensoris pollicis longi nervi radialis,ramus musculi extensoris indicis nervi radialis


system: 434
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: Musculi membri superioris
latin: Musculi manus
en: Muscles of the hand
en_description:
  <b>The intrinsic muscles of the hand </b>can be divided into <b>4 groups: the muscles of the thenar eminence, the muscles of the hypothenar eminence</b>, <b>the interossei muscles and the lumbricals</b>. The superficial thenar muscles (abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis and superficial head of the flexor pollicis brevis) and the two medial lumbricals are innervated by <b>the median nerve</b>. All other intrinsic hand muscles are innervated by the<b> ulnar nerve</b>.

general_description:
  <b>The order of the thenar and hypothenar muscles </b>(excluding the palmaris brevis) going from lateral to medial and superficial to deep can be remembered by the following mnemonic: :
  <b>PAFO </b>and <b>MAFO</b>
  <b>P </b>- Pollex (thumb)
  <b>A </b>- Abductor pollicis brevis
  <b>F </b>- Flexor pollicis brevis
  <b>O </b>- Opponens pollicis
  <b>A </b>- Adductor pollicis
  <b>M </b>- Digitus Minimus (little finger)
  <b>A </b>- Abductor digiti minimi
  <b>F </b>- Flexor digiti minimi
  <b>O </b>- Opponens digiti minimi


system: 435
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: Thenar muscles (thumb group)
en_origin: radial carpal eminence, flexor retinaculum
en_insertion: base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb (lateral side), lateral sesamoid bone of the thumb
en_function: abduction of the thumb
en_innervation: median nerve (C6-C7)
memorix_page: 46/1.1
object_id: musculus abductor pollicis brevis
latin: musculus abductor pollicis brevis
en: Abductor pollicis brevis
bloodsupply_related: ramus palmaris superficialis
innervation_related: nervus medianus
related_objects:
  ligamentum carpi transversum,,phalanx proximalis pollicis 1,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,

general_description:
  <b>The opponens pollicis and adductor pollicis can be overloaded </b>during activities such as gardening, writing and sewing. Load-relieving exercises such as shaking the arms, forearms and wrists with relaxed fingers should be performed regularly to prevent injury to these muscles.

syntopy_related:
  musculus flexor pollicis brevis,phalanx proximalis pollicis 1,os scaphoideum,musculus opponens pollicis


system: 438
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: Thenar muscles (thumb group)
en_insertion: base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb (medial side), medial sesamoid bone of the thumb
en_function: adduction of the thumb
en_innervation: ulnar nerve (C6-C7)
memorix_page: 46/1.4
latin: Musculus adductor pollicis
en: Adductor pollicis
bloodsupply_related: arcus palmaris profundus
innervation_related: nervus ulnaris,ramus profundus nervi ulnaris,ramus musculi adductoris pollicis nervi ulnaris
en_origin:
  1 <b>Oblique head</b> (caput obliquum):
  - capitate,
  - trapezoid,
  - base of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpal (anterior surface)
  2 <b>Transverse head</b> (caput transversum):
  - 3rd metacarpal (anterior surface)

related_objects:
  os metacarpale 3,phalanx proximalis pollicis 1,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,

clinical_notes:
  <b>Overload of the adductor pollicis </b>is probably related with the nodes of Heberden in the interphalangeal joint of the thumb.
  <b>Hypertonus in the adductor pollicis </b>often occurs with the spasmodic type of grasping or holding of a burden (e.g. texting on a mobile phone).


system: 443
custom_hierarchy: 3.1
brief_parent: musculi interossei palmares
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi interossei
en_innervation: ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
memorix_page: 46/3.1
latin: musculi interossei palmares
en: Palmar interossei
innervation_related: nervus ulnaris
en_description:
  - the palmar interossei (PI) are three muscles located in the 2nd-4th interosseous spaces between the metacarpals

en_origin:
  2nd metacarpal - medial side (1st PI)
  4th metacarpal - lateral side (2nd PI)
  5th metacarpal - lateral side (3rd PI)

en_insertion:
  dorsal aponeurosis and base of proximal phalanges on the sides facing the 3rd digit
  2nd digit, proximal phalanx - medial side (1st PI)
  4th digit, proximal phalanx - lateral side (2nd PI)
  5th digit, proximal phalanx - lateral side (3rd PI)

en_function:
  flexion of the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints, extension of the phalanges at the interphalangeal joints (by pulling the dorsal aponeurosis),
  duction of the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints to an axis that runs through the centre of the 3rd finger


system: 444
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.1
brief_parent: musculi interossei palmares
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi interossei palmares
object_id: musculus interosseous palmares primus
latin: musculus interosseus palmaris primus
en: 1st Palmar interossei
innervation_related: nervus ulnaris,ramus profundus nervi ulnaris,ramus musculi interosseorum palmarium nervi ulnaris
related_objects:
  os metacarpale 2,os proximalis manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria radialis indicis,rami perforantes arcus palmaris profundus,arteriae metacarpales dorsales,arcus palmaris profundus


system: 445
custom_hierarchy: 3.1.2
brief_parent: musculi interossei palmares
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi interossei palmares
object_id: musculus interosseous palmares secundus
latin: musculus interosseus palmaris secundus
en: 2nd Palmar interossei
innervation_related: nervus ulnaris,ramus profundus nervi ulnaris,ramus musculi interosseorum palmarium nervi ulnaris
related_objects:
  os metacarpale 4,os proximalis manus 4,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,

bloodsupply_related:
  arteriae metacarpales palmares,rami perforantes arcus palmaris profundus,arteriae metacarpales dorsales,arcus palmaris profundus


system: 447
custom_hierarchy: 3.2
brief_parent: musculi interossei dorsales
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi interossei
en_innervation: ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
memorix_page: 46/3.2
latin: musculi interossei dorsales
en: Dorsal interossei
en_description:
  - the dorsal interossei (DI) are four muscles located in the 1st-4th interosseous spaces between the metacarpals

en_origin:
  as two heads on adjacent metacarpals which meet in the interosseous space, resembling the shape of a tree

en_insertion:
  the dorsal aponeurosis of the digits 2-5 both sides of the proximal phalanx of the 3rd digit and on the sides facing away from the 3rd digit of the proximal phalanges of the 2nd and 4th digit
  2nd digit, proximal phalanx - lateral side (1st DI),
  3rd digit, proximal phalanx - lateral side (2nd DI) and medial side (3rd DI)
  4th digit, proximal phalanx - medial side (4th DI)

en_function:
  flexion of the digits at the metacarpophalangeal joints, extension of the phalanges at the interphalangeal joints (by pulling the dorsal aponeurosis), duction of the fingers at metacarpophalangeal joints towards an axis that runs through the centre of the 3rd digit)

clinical_notes:
  <b>Flexion and extension of the dorsal interossei </b>need far less force than abduction and adduction. When these muscles are impaired, lateral movements are limited at first.

  <b>Pain from a trigger point in the first dorsal interosseus </b>is located in the palm.


system: 448
custom_hierarchy: 3.2.1
brief_parent: musculi interossei dorsales
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi interossei dorsales
object_id: musculus interossei dorsalis manus primus
latin: musculus interosseus dorsalis manus primus
en: 1st Dorsal interossei
bloodsupply_related: arteria metacarpalis palmaris prima,arteria metacarpalis dorsalis prima
related_objects:
  os metacarpale pollicis 1, os metacarpale 2,os proximalis manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,

general_description:
  <b>Through the heads of the first dorsal interosseus </b>the radial artery and veins pass to the palm.

innervation_related:
  ramus musculi interosseorum palmarium nervi ulnaris,ramus profundus nervi ulnaris,musculus abductor digiti minimi manus,nervus ulnaris


system: 453
custom_hierarchy: 4.1.1
brief_parent: musculi lumbricales manus
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: musculi lumbricales manus
en_innervation: median nerve (C8-T1)
object_id: musculus lumbricales manus primus
latin: musculus lumbricalis manus primus
en: 1st Lumbricals
bloodsupply_related: arcus palmaris superficialis
related_objects:
  musculus flexor digitorum profundus,os proximalis manus 2,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,

innervation_related:
  ramus profundus nervi plantaris lateralis,nervus plantaris lateralis,nervi digitales plantares communes,nervus plantaris medialis,nervus tibialis,musculus lumbricales tertius,musculus lumbricales secundus,musculus lumbricales quartius,musculus lumbricales primus


system: 457
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: Musculi membri superioris
latin: Vaginae tendinum membri superioris
en: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
en_description:
  <b>Tendinous sheaths </b>are filled with viscous fluid. <b>They coat tendons in places of high vulnerability during movement</b>, especially when tendons pass under the the flexor and extensor retinaculum and on the fingers. Tendinous sheaths make <b>smooth sliding movements of tendons </b>possible.

general_description:
  <b>The anterior compartment of the forearm </b>is divided into a superficial and deep part by a fibrous septum between the second and third layer of the ventral group of the forearm muscles. The median nerve runs through this septum.

  <b>The intertubercular tendon sheath </b>(vagina tendinis intertubercularis) is a sheath for the long head of the biceps brachii. It arises from the shoulder joint capsule.

clinical_notes:
  <b>Tenosynovitis </b>is inflammation inside the tendon sheath associated with pain, swelling and movement limitation. The condition can be caused by muscle overload.

  <b>Trigger finger </b>(digitus saltans) is a finger disorder caused by swelling of the flexor tendons at the first circular fibrous band (pars anularis A1). A high amount of force is needed to “thread” the swollen tendon through the narrow bands. Treatment is surgical and based on cutting through the bands.

  <b>Contracture of Dupuytren </b>is a pathological shortening of the palmar aponeurosis, which forms thick bands and limits the extent of extension of the fingers. It is a relapsing chronic disease that most typically occurs in men and alcohol consumers. The treatment options range from cutting through the bands to excision of the whole aponeurosis.


system: 458
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: Palmar tendinous sheaths
memorix_page: 50/1
object_id: vagina synovialis musculus flexor carpi radialis
latin: vagina tendinis musculi flexoris carpi radialis
en: Tendinous sheath of flexor carpi radialis
related_objects:
  musculus flexor carpi radialis,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,radius,ulna


system: 459
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: Palmar tendinous sheaths
memorix_page: 50/2
object_id: vagina tendinis musculi longi flexoris pollicis
latin: vagina tendinis musculi flexoris pollicis longi
en: Tendinous sheath of flexor pollicis longus
related_objects:
  musculus flexor policis longus,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,radius,ulna


system: 460
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: Palmar tendinous sheaths
memorix_page: 50/3
object_id: vagina communis tendinum musculorum flexorum
latin: vagina communis tendinum musculorum flexorum
en: Common flexor sheath
en_description:
  - the common sheath for the flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus
  - usually continues as the tendinous sheath of the little finger

related_objects:
  musculus flexor digitorum superficialis,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,radius,ulna


system: 462
custom_hierarchy: 4
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: Palmar tendinous sheaths
en_description: - individual sheaths for the 2nd, 3rd and 4th fingers
memorix_page: 50/4
object_id: vagina fibrosae digitorum manus
latin: vaginae synoviales digitorum manus
en: Synovial sheaths of digits of hand
related_objects:
  phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,radius,ulna


system: 463
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: Dorsal tendinous sheaths
memorix_page: 50/1
object_id: vagina synovialis musculus abductor pollicis longus
latin: vagina tendinum musculorum abductoris longi et extensoris pollicis brevis
en: Tendinous sheath of abductor pollicis longus
related_objects:
  musculus abductor pollicis longus,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,radius,ulna


system: 464
custom_hierarchy: 2
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: Dorsal tendinous sheaths
memorix_page: 50/1
object_id: vagina synovialis musculus extensor pollicis brevis
latin: vagina tendinum musculorum abductoris longi et extensoris pollicis brevis
en: Tendinous sheath of extensor pollicis brevis
related_objects:
  musculus extensor pollicis brevis,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,radius,ulna


system: 465
custom_hierarchy: 3
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: Dorsal tendinous sheaths
memorix_page: 50/2
object_id: vagina synovialis musculus extensor carpi radialis brevis
latin: vagina communis tendinum musculorum extensorum carpi radialium
en: Tendinous sheath of extensores carpi radiales
related_objects:
  musculus extensor carpi radialis brevis,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,radius,ulna


system: 467
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: Dorsal tendinous sheaths
memorix_page: 50/4
object_id: vagina synovialis musculus extensor digitorum
latin: vagina tendinum musculorum extensoris digitorum et extensoris indicis
en: Tendinous sheath of extensor digitorum
related_objects:
  musculus extensor digitorum,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,radius,ulna


system: 468
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: Dorsal tendinous sheaths
memorix_page: 50/4
object_id: vagina synovialis musculus extensor indicis
latin: vagina tendinum musculorum extensoris digitorum et extensoris indicis
en: Tendinous sheath of extensor indicis
related_objects:
  musculus extensor indicis,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,radius,ulna


system: 469
custom_hierarchy: 7
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: Dorsal tendinous sheaths
memorix_page: 50/5
object_id: vagina synovialis musculus extensor digiti minimi
latin: vagina tendinis musculi extensoris digiti minimi
en: Tendinous sheath of extensor digiti minimi
related_objects:
  musculus extensor digiti minimi,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,radius,ulna


system: 470
custom_hierarchy: 8
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: Dorsal tendinous sheaths
memorix_page: 50/6
object_id: vagina synovialis musculus extensor carpi ulnaris
latin: vagina tendinis musculi extensoris carpi ulnaris
en: Tendinous sheath of extensor carpi ulnaris
related_objects:
  musculus extensor carpi ulnaris,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,radius,ulna


system: 471
custom_hierarchy: 9
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: Dorsal tendinous sheaths
memorix_page: 50/6
object_id: vagina synovialis musculus extensor carpi radialis longus
latin: vagina tendinis musculi extensoris carpi radialis longus
en: Tendinous sheath of extensor carpi radialis longus
related_objects:
  musculus extensor carpi radialis longus,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,


system: 473
custom_hierarchy: 1.1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Tendinous sheaths of the upper limb
parent: vaginae fibrosae digitorum manus
memorix_page: 50/1.1
latin: vincula tendinum
en: Vincula tendina
en_description:
  - fibrous connections inside the tendinous sheaths between the flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus
  - provide nutrition to the tendons

general_description:
  <b>Vincula tendinum </b>are always in pair in each tendon sheath. Vinculum breve is triangular and is located at the tendon insertion. Vinculum longum has a longer thread like appearance (adaptation for tendon movement during contraction). It is located proximally to the vinculum breve on the same tendon.


system: 495
custom_hierarchy: 1.4.1
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: Musculus adductor pollicis
memorix_page: 46/1.5
object_id: musculus adductor pollicis transversus
latin: caput transversum musculus adductor pollicis
en: Transverse head of adductor pollicis
innervation_related: nervus ulnaris,ramus profundus nervi ulnaris,ramus musculi adductoris pollicis nervi ulnaris
related_objects:
  os metacarpale 4,phalanx proximalis pollicis 2,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,


system: 496
custom_hierarchy: 1.4.2
main_group: Muscles of the upper limb
muscle_group: Muscles of the hand
parent: Musculus adductor pollicis
memorix_page: 46/1.6
object_id: musculus adductor pollicis caput obliquum
latin: caput obliquum musculus adductoris pollicis
en: Oblique head of adductor pollicis
related_objects:
  os metacarpale 5,phalanx proximalis pollicis 3,phalanx distalis manus 5, phalanx media manus 5, phalanx media manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 4, phalanx distalis manus 3, phalanx media manus 3, phalanx distalis manus 2, phalanx media manus 2, os proximalis manus 2, os proximalis manus 3, os proximalis manus 4, os metacarpale 5, os metacarpale 4, os metacarpale 3, os metacarpale 2, phalanx distalis pollicis 1, phalanx proximalis pollicis 1, os metacarpale pollicis 1, os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os scaphoideum, os capitatum, os hamatum, os triquetrum, os lunatum, os proximalis manus 5,


system: 519
custom_hierarchy: 1.5
main_group: Perineum
muscle_group: Urogenital floor
parent: Urogenital floor
memorix_page: 256
object_id: musculus bulbospongiosus,musculus bulbospongiosus f
latin: musculus bulbospongiosus
en: Bulbospongius muscle
related_objects: os sacrum, os coccygis, pelvis
bloodsupply_related: arteria perinealis
innervation_related: nervi perineales
syntopy_related: pelvis
en_description:
  - evacuates the urethra during micturition and ejaculation (male)
  - compresses the vestibule, evacuating the vestibular glands (female)


system: 526
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the digestive system
parent: Muscles of the tongue
en_origin: superior mental spine
en_insertion: lingual aponeurosis
en_function: protrusion and depression of the tongue and protects the tongue from falling backwards
memorix_page: 177
object_id: musculus genioglosus
latin: musculus genioglosus
en: Genioglosus
related_objects: mandibula
bloodsupply_related: arteria sublingualis,arteria lingualis,arteria profunda linguae
innervation_related: nervus hypoglossus
syntopy_related:
  gingiva,glandula submandibularis 1,pars oralis pharyngis,pars laryngea pharyngis,os hyoideum,linguae frontal,linguae distal,mandibula


system: 532
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the digestive system
parent: Palate muscles
en_insertion: palatine aponeurosis
en_innervation: mandibular nerve (branch of the trigeminal nerve)
object_id: musculus tensor veli palatini
latin: musculus tensor veli palatini
en: Tensor veli plalatini
related_objects: os temporale 1,os palatinum 1,musculus uvulae
bloodsupply_related: arteria palatina major,arteria palatina ascendens
innervation_related: nervus pterygoideus medialis
en_description:
  <b>Course</b>: descends laterally from the medial lamina of the pterygoid process of sphenoid bone, its inserting tendon turns medially around the pterygoid hamulus

en_origin:
  spine of sphenoid bone, scaphoid fossa of sphenoid bone, lateral side of the cartilaginous part of the auditory tube

en_function:
  tenses the soft palate and narrows the auditory tube by pressing its tendon on the wall of the auditory tube

syntopy_related:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 133 characters]


system: 533
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the digestive system
parent: Palate muscles
en_origin: apex of petrous part of temporal bone, medial wall of the cartilaginous part of auditory tube
en_insertion: palatine aponeurosis
en_function: elevates the soft palate
en_innervation: vagus nerve
object_id: musculus levator veli palatini
latin: musculus levator veli palatini
en: Levator veli palatini
related_objects: os temporale 1,os palatinum 1,musculus uvulae
bloodsupply_related: arteria palatina ascendens
innervation_related: plexus pharyngeus
en_description:
  the levator of the soft palate
  <b>Course</b>: descends medially from the medial lamina of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone

syntopy_related:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 133 characters]


system: 537
custom_hierarchy: 1
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the digestive system
parent: musculi constrictores pharyngis
object_id: raphe pharyngis
latin: raphe pharyngis
en: Pharyngeal raphe
bloodsupply_related: arteria pharyngea ascendens,ramus tonsillaris arteriae facialis,
innervation_related: plexus pharyngeus
en_description:
  - a band of connective tissue in the posterior wall of the pharynx, where the pharyngeal constrictors are inserted

related_objects:
  os occipitale,pars cervicalis oseophagi,mandibula,os hyoideum,pars abdominalis oseophagi,pars thoracica oseophagi

syntopy_related:
  gingiva,pars oralis pharyngis,pars laryngea pharyngis,os hyoideum,linguae distal,linguae frontal,mandibula,os temporale 1,musculus stylopharyngeus


system: 550
custom_hierarchy: 5
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the digestive system
parent: musculi levatores pharyngis
object_id: musculus stylopharyngeus
latin: musculus stylopharyngeus
en: Stylopharyngeus
related_objects: os temporale 1,musculus constrictor pharyngis inferior,mandibula,os hyoideum
bloodsupply_related: ramus pahryngeus superior trunci pharyngei,truncus pharyngeus,arteria pharyngea ascendens
innervation_related: nervus glossopharyngeus
en_description:
  - originates on the styloid process and inserts on the outer wall of the pharynx
  - runs through a cleft between the superior and middle constrictors
  - innervation: pharyngeal plexus (n. IX)

syntopy_related:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 146 characters]


system: 551
custom_hierarchy: 6
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the digestive system
parent: musculi levatores pharyngis
object_id: musculus salpingopharyngeus
latin: musculus salpingopharyngeus
en: Salpingopharyngeus
related_objects: musculus palatopharyngeus,mandibula,os hyoideum
innervation_related: plexus pharyngeus
en_description:
  - originates on the medial margin of the cartilaginous part of the auditory tube and inserts on the inner wall of the pharynx
  - innervation: pharyngeal plexus

bloodsupply_related:
  arteria palatina ascendens,arteria palatina major,ramus pahryngeus superior trunci pharyngei,truncus pharyngeus,arteria pharyngea ascendens

syntopy_related:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 146 characters]


system: 552
custom_hierarchy: 7
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the digestive system
parent: musculi levatores pharyngis
latin: musculus palatopharyngeus *2
en: Palatopharyngeus *2
en_description:
  - originates on the margin of the soft palate, runs in the palatopharyngeal arch and inserts on the inner wall of the pharynx
  - innervation: pharyngeal plexus


system: 557
custom_hierarchy: 1.1.1
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the respiratory system
parent: musculus cricothyroideus
object_id: musculus cricothyroideus recta 1
latin: pars recta musculi cricothyroidei
en: Cricothyroid straight part
bloodsupply_related: ramus cricothyroideus arteriae thyroideae superioris
innervation_related: ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 1
related_objects:
  os hyoideum,membrana thyrohyoidea,ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum,ligamentum cricothyroideum medianum,tunica mucosa laryngis,cartilago epiglottica,membrana quadrangularis 1,membrana quadrangularis 2,cartilago cricoidea,cartilago arytenoidea 1,cartilago arytenoidea 2,ligamentum vestibulare 1,ligamentum vestibulare 2,ligamentum vocale 1,ligamentum vocale 2,conus elasticus 1,conus elasticus 2

syntopy_related:
  cartilago epiglottica,cartilago cricoidea,pars laryngea pharyngis,pars oralis pharyngis,os hyoideum,cartilago thyroidea,ligamentum cricotracheale,cartilagines tracheales,ligamenta anularia


system: 562
custom_hierarchy: 2.2.1
main_group: Internal organ muscles
muscle_group: Muscles of the respiratory system
parent: musculus thyroarytenoideus
object_id: musculus vocalis
latin: musculus vocalis
en: Vocalis muscle
bloodsupply_related: ramus cricothyroideus arteriae thyroideae superioris,arteria laryngea superior
en_description:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 199 characters]

related_objects:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 394 characters]

innervation_related:
  rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis 1,rami laryngei nervi laryngei recurrentis,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 1,ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris 

syntopy_related:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 188 characters]


system: 570
main_group: Perineum
muscle_group: Urogenital floor
parent: perineum et musculi perinei
en: Urogenital floor
en_description:
  The perineum is the<b> region between the external genitalia and the anus</b>. The striated perineal muscles are arranged in two layers. They form the triangular fibromuscular <b>urogenital floor</b> (diaphragma urogenitale) spread between the ischial tuberosities and the inferior pubic rami. The urogenital floor contains a hiatus for the terminal segment of the urogenital tract. The perineal muscles <b>act as sphincters and contribute to erection and ejaculation</b>. They are innervated by <b>the pudendal nerve</b> (from spinal cord segments S2-S4).


system: 571
custom_hierarchy: 1.4
main_group: Perineum
muscle_group: Urogenital floor
parent: Urogenital floor
object_id: musculus ischiocavernosus,musculus ischiocavernosus f
latin: musculus ischiocavernosus
en: Ischiocavernosus
related_objects: os sacrum, os coccygis, pelvis,pelvis_CLONED
bloodsupply_related: arteria perinealis
innervation_related: rami musculares nervi perinealis,nervus perinealis superficialis,nervi perineales
syntopy_related: pelvis
en_description:
  - compresses the crus of the penis, contributing to erection (male)
  - compresses the crus of the clitoris (female)


system: 572
custom_hierarchy: 1.2
main_group: Perineum
muscle_group: Urogenital floor
parent: Urogenital floor
en_description: - the deep muscular part of the urogenital floor
latin: musculus transversus perinei profundus
en: Deep transverse perineal muscle
related_objects: os sacrum, os coccygis, pelvis,pelvis_CLONED
bloodsupply_related: arteria pudenda interna
innervation_related: nervus pudendus
syntopy_related: pelvis
object_id:
  musculus transversus profundus perinei 1,musculus transversus profundus perinei 2,musculus transversus profundus perinei f 1,musculus transversus profundus perinei f 2


system: 573
custom_hierarchy: 1.6
main_group: Perineum
muscle_group: Urogenital floor
parent: Urogenital floor
en_description: - compresses and extends the urethra
object_id: compressor urethrae f 1,compressor urethrae f 2
latin: musculus compressor urethrae
en: Compressor urethrae
related_objects: os sacrum, os coccygis, pelvis,pelvis_CLONED
innervation_related: nervi perineales
syntopy_related: pelvis
bloodsupply_related:
  arteria pudenda interna,arteria vesicalis inferior,arteria rectalis media 1,arteria rectalis media 2


system: 574
custom_hierarchy: 1.7
main_group: Perineum
muscle_group: Urogenital floor
parent: Urogenital floor
object_id: musculus sphincter uretrae f
latin: musculus sphincter uretrae
en: Urethral sphincter
related_objects: os sacrum, os coccygis, pelvis,pelvis_CLONED
innervation_related: nervi perineales
syntopy_related: pelvis
bloodsupply_related:
  arteria pudenda interna,arteria vesicalis inferior,arteria rectalis media 1,arteria rectalis media 3


